Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers In Philex Mines, Tuba, Benguet
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APLAT, SANTA M. MARCH 2008. Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers
in Philex Mines, Tuba, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to describe the socio-economic profile mineworkers
in Philex Mines, Tube, Benguet. The social profiles of the mineworkers were their
economic and social condition; the income and expenditure pattern and their needs
and problems.
Results showed that mineworkers of Philex Mining Corporation (PMC) were
receiving a lot of benefits such as free housing, electricity, water, medical and
transportation within the area, rice allowance and half of the tuition for the
mineworkers’ children in elementary and high school. Thus, salary of mineworkers is
spent on other basic needs such as food, clothing, and education for college,
transportation outsides and other essential needs.
However, because of the large family sized the income of mineworkers is still
not enough for their essential needs. There were problems/ needs identified by
mineworkers. These problems include sanitation because of common facilities used by
families/ occupants in bank houses, low salary/ wage, lacked of other livelihood
projects, lacked of school buildings and clinics, lacked of medical assistance and
lacked of credit facilities. Lacked of school buildings and clinics and medical
assistance was due to the large population of households in the area.
Therefore, I recommend that Philex Mining Corporation should conduct
training to introduce other livelihood activities, improved housing facilities and
increase school buildings and clinics to cater the needs of its worker.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………... i
Table of Contents ……………………………….…………………………….….. iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study ……………………………………………………. 1
Statement of the Problem ………………………………………………… 2
Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………….. 2
Importance of the Study …………………………………………………. 2
Scope and Limitation of the Study ………………………………………. 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Mining Industry ……………………………………………………... 4
Effects of Mining Operations to the Society …………………………….. 5
Matter of Life and Limb …………………………………………………. 7
Social and Economic Problems ………………………………………….. 7
List of Abbreviations …………………………………………………….. 8
Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………… 8
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study …………………………………………… 9
Respondents of the Study ………………………………………………. . 9
Data Collection …………………………………………………………... 9
Data Gathered ………………………………………………………….. .. 9
iii
Data Analysis ……………………………………………………………. 10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Respondents Profile ………………………………………………………. 12
Social Condition of Mineworkers ………………………………………… 12
Economic Condition of Mineworkers …………………………………….. 16
Level of Income …………………………………………………………... 16
Expenditure Pattern ………………………………………………………. 18
Needs and Problems ……………………………………………………… 19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………………………. 20
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….. 21
Recommendation ……………………………………………………………. 22
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………………… 23
iv
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
The National economic and Development Authority (NEDA) stated that most
rural poor are farmers, laborers, loggers, hunters and related works. The primary income
comes solely from agriculture, but in areas with scarce potentials for agricultural growth,
farmers engage themselves in their other fields like handicraft and entrepreneurial
activities to supplement their income.
Daily newspapers are filled with stories on crimes, violence, and graft and
corruption. Some say social disorders, caused by drug addiction and some say they are
due to poverty.
The upliftment of the social and economic conditions of the rural people is at
present a vital concern. This is because many rural folks dwell in areas far from hospitals
and learning centers. Moreover the lack of electricity, efficient transportation and
communication facilities are contributory factors to their life which is characterized by
poverty, ignorance, illiteracy and illness. Therefore, to them from poverty it is important
to give attention to the needs and problems of the rural people.
Some other officials are reprioritizing the goals in order to respond to the needs of
people in the rural areas so that they will not flock the city.
In spite of the fact that surveys of the social and economic conditions have been
undertaken in some provinces, very little emphasis has been given to rural folks. Hence
this study will be conducted
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
2
Statement of the Problem
This study sought to find out the socio-economic profile of mineworkers at Philex
Mines Tuba Benguet and to seek answers to the following:
1. What is the socio-economic profile of mineworkers at philex Mines, Tuba,
Benguet.
2. What is their average level of income?
3. What are their living conditions?
4. What are their needs and problems?
Objectives of the Study
This study aimed:
1. To describe the social profile of mineworkers in terms of their socio-
economic conditions.
2. To determine the income and expenditure pattern
3. To identify their needs and problems
Importance of the Study
An accurate knowledge of the rural conditions is necessary before an effective
program and improvement can be implemented by the government. To support such
program and to aid in the formulation of plans and polices, a benchmark information
related to the current socio-economic conditions of the rural people is needed.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
3
This research could lead to finding solutions to the problems prevailing over
the rural areas. Further research is an essential factor for insights to the life situation of
the mineworkers. Hence this study was conducted
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study is limited to the socio-economic conditions of mineworkers in Philex
Mines, Tuba, Benguet, the income and expenditure patterns, and their needs and
problems.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The Mining Industry
The mining industry has played a significant role in the Philippine economy by
contributing consistently high inputs to the country’s gross domestic product. It has
boosted the Philippine in terms of foreign exchange, earnings, taxes, and employment
contributions. In 1990, foreign from mineral exports accounted 10.6% of the country’s
total exports receipt. Despite its role in the economy, the mining sector is facing a lot of
criticism due to the nature of mining operations not being environmentally friendly
(Lagunilla, 1992 as cited by Alcedo 2000)
Cerilles, (2000) stated that the mineral industry as it is today is one sector
often accused as among the culprits in the destruction of the environment. Yet modern
mining can play a crucial role in our economy as the counting positions itself toward
globalization.
Dressher, (1983) as cited by Alcedo (2000) stated that mining is a fascinating
and difficult task because the earth does not give its mineral resources easily. People
must tear them from the earth with picks and shovels, drills and exposure. But the work is
well worthy the trouble because our modern civilization could not exist without the
materials provided for mining. Furthermore, Courtney (1973), state d that the ultimate
challenge to man is to maintain the stability and magnificent diversity of life. Man
himself is inexorably and utterly dependent o natural resources and is directly a product
of biological evolution. He must learn to maintain a reasonable balance with non-nature
based on the facts of ecology. Revillera, (1996) added that mining is perceived by
conservationist as essentially destructive to natures ecological balance and the
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
5
Environment. Revillera also claimed that mining changes the natural order of things and
is not conducive to ecological balance and that it depletes the water sources around the
mine site. Botengan, (1997) stated that mining is not bad as long as the contours of the
ore for mining is clearly defined however the mining industry is not exempted from
having problems.
Effects of Mining Operations to the Society
Mining operations is very detrimental to the environment because of the activities
that are practically destructive to its immediate surrounding and beyond its area. These
effect is called the “transboundery,” meaning the effect are not only concentrated in the
area where it comes from. Activities like soil moving can create pollution in the form of
dust and particles carried by the air, which can travel to other places. Likewise, the
blasting activities being done and the “drone of running engines of heavy equipment” are
contributory to noise pollution. One great effect is the pollution of rivers and
sedimentation triggered by the mine wastes dumped into the rivers. There is also the
displacement of the indigenes from their ancestral and communal lands, on which
activities basically farming are undertaken to support the economy of their household.
This causes strains on the livelihoods of the people and also causes high unemployment
rates in the rural communities within the catchments of the mines, particularly as the
mining companies do not provide enough jobs to make up for the number of people
displaced from agriculture (Adjei,2007)
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
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Surface mining entails heavy use of cyanide, a highly toxic substance that causes
adverse effects on the environment and the health of residents in mining communities.
Aside from expanding operations to lands on which the locals are
Farming for a living, the capital intensive surface mining methods employ a relatively
small labor force in its operations. This brings the livelihoods of many dwellers in the
mining communities directly under pressure and strains (Adjei, 2007).
On the other hand, at a local level, a mine has the potential to significantly benefit
the local population through the creation of direct and indirect employment; skills
transfer, enhancing the capacity of health and education services, improved
infrastructure, and small and medium business opportunities (Awas, 2005
Balacua, (2000) as cited by Bawas (2005 stated that complete rehabilitation of the
disturbed area directly affected by mining operations measure are properly placed in the
right perspective thereby reducing the direct impact of these activities reducing further
the risk involve.
President Arroyo, (2004) mentioned in her meeting with the mining presidents
that remediation and rehabilitation should be accorded top priority to address the negative
effect of the post mining activity. Urbano, (2003) as cited by Awel (2006) believes also
that we should face the challenge to protect and conserve, develop and utilize the natural
resources of the stable for the benefit of the present and future generation.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
7
Matter of Life and Limb
The mineworkers are exposed to dust, smoke, falling rocks and boulders, intense
vibration and loud blast. There were numerous reported fatal accidents among the
mineworkers especially those in the underground operations, manifesting unsafe mining
practices. They work for 8 hours according to their calendared shift. They have staggered
rest days every week.
A worker daily pay is p350 additional benefits computed in monetary terms is p260,
which is why in monetary terms, the benefit per worker amount to p260, which is why
the daily wage is p610 per day. Then again, the benefit, like allowances, and rubber
boots, are not given daily but once a month or a year only. The National Coordinating
Board and the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) report that in the
Cordillera region, a family of 6 needs at least p573 to survive daily. How could a descent
survival possibly be in this exploitative state of affairs?
Social and Economic Problems
The major problem faced by the Philippine today is the rapid population growth,
which is getting larger and larger particularly in the rural areas. The rapid growth of the
population leads to social and economic problems like poverty, and lack of employment
(Adawi, 2005)
Dulinen, (1997) also stated that daily newspapers are filled with stories on crimes,
violence, graft and corruption. Some say social disorders are caused by drug addiction.
Some say they are due to poverty. Eslao, et .al, (1979) as cited by Navarro, (1983)
reported that the specific problems that hamper socio-economic progress of a community
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
8
are; big sized families, low income, unemployment, financial incapability to start a
chosen career, and tenancy system.
Therefore, to improve the communities, there must be a realistic plan of
development program in the following areas; adult education, visual program, radio
broadcast, transportation facilities, communication networks, infrastructure, health and
sanitation, and religious development.
List of Abbreviations:
BPSO- Barangay Peace Safety Officer
PISA- Philex Integrated Sewers Association
NEDA- National Economic Development Authority
PMC-Philex Mining Corporation
Definition of Terms:
Profile- pertains to all the information and data that are gathered from the Philex
Mining Corporation.
Income- this is the money received by a mineworker from various sources.
Expenditure- this refers to the cash outlay incurred by a mineworker. It only
includes regular expenditure.
Household-commonly perceived as referring to a group of people who pool
resources or “eat from the same pot”.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted at Philex Mines, Tuba; Benguet from January to February
2008.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study were 50 mineworkers in Philex Mines, Tuba,
Benguet with at least 25 to 50 years old. The respondents were selected through a random
sampling and were asked to answer the survey questionnaire.
Data Collection
The researcher gathered relevant information through interview with the aid of
open and close ended questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed to the chosen
respondents allowing ample time for them to answer each question completely.
Data Gathered
Secondary data were gathered to validate ad supplement primary data. The
data gathered were average monthly income, and average monthly expenditure and the
needs and problems of mineworkers in Philex Mines, Tuba, Benguet.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
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Data Analysis
The data gathered were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted according to the
objectives of the study using simple statistical tools such as frequency counts, mean and
percentage.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
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Figure 1. Map of Tuba, Benguet showing the location of the study
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondent’s Profile
Age. As shown in Table 1, majority of the respondents belonged to the age
bracket of 46 to 55 years old with a percentage of 42%, 38% belonged to the age
bracket of 36 to 45 years old and 20% belong to the age bracket of 25 to 35 years old.
The average age of the respondents was 32.72.
Educational attainment. The educational attainments were categorized into four as
follows: primary, secondary, vocational and tertiary. Majority of the respondents
pursued secondary level with a total of 60 %, 10 % claimed that they finished tertiary,
and 30 % claimed they finished vocational. The findings showed that all the
respondents had formal education.
Civil status. In the study, all of the respondents were married and are mostly
males which are eighty percent (80 %) of the total respondents, and twenty percent (20
%) were Females. This indicates that all of the respondents have families to support.
Number of household members in the family. Among the fifty respondents, 50%
claimed that their family consists of 3-6 members, 46% respondents claimed that their
family consist of 7-10 members and 4% respondents claimed that their family consist of
11-14 members as shown in the result, most of the respondents have big family sized.
Social Condition Of Mineworkers
Religion. Table 1 indicated that Roman Catholic and Baptist were the religious
sects existing on the locality, 80% of the respondents were Roman Catholic and 20% of
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
13
the respondents were Baptist. The biggest membership was Roman Catholic and all of
the 50 respondents were all Christians.
Membership in any organization and recreational activities. Among the 50
respondents interviewed 20 % were members of any type of cooperative, 10% were
member of Philex Integrated Sewers Association (PISA), 2% was member of Barangay
Peace Safety Officer (BPSO) ,2% was member of Gintong Malay and 66% were none
members in any organization.
As to recreational activities of the respondents, ballgames specifically
volleyball was the most common form of recreation among the mineworkers with a
total percentage of 50%, 18% prefer going to movies, 10% choose reading any article,
books etc. and 12% choose outing during their free time.
Table 1. Profile of the Respondents
PARTICULAR FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Age
25-35 10 20
36-45 19 38
46-55 21 42
______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 50 100
Mean=32
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
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Table 1. Continued ……
PARTICULAR FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Educational attainment
Secondary 30 60
Vocational 15 30
Tertiary 5 10
TOTAL 50 100
Civil status
Single 0 0
Married 50 100
Separated 0 0
Widowed 0 0
TOTAL 50 100
Sex
Male 40 80
Female 10 20
TOTAL 50 100
Family sized
3-6 23 46
7-10 25 50
11-14 2 4
TOTAL 50 100
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
15
Table 1. Continued……
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Religion
Roman Catholic 40 80
Baptist 10 20
TOTAL 50 100
Organization
Cooperative 10 20
PISA 5 10
BPSO 1 2
Gintong Malay 1 2
None Members 33 66
TOTAL 50 100
Recreational activities
Going to movies 9 18
Ball games 25 50
Reading 10 20
Outing 6 12
TOTAL 50 100
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
16
Economic Condition
Type of house. All the respondents are residing in bank houses built by the Philex
Mining Corporation for their employees. It is a three or more stores’s made up of
galvanized iron and cement. Each employee is given a room space for them to stay.
Bathroom and toilet facilities were common for all the occupants of the bank house. An
average of 20 families stays in one bank house. Water is pump to the big water tank and
distributed to the different bank houses on a scheduled time and day.
Source of light. All the respondents used electricity as their source of light.
Electricity is free; occupants are not required to pay.
Level of income. From the survey, it was found out that most of the mineworker or
68 % of the respondents have an income ranging from Php 10,001 to Php 15,000, 20 % of
the respondents have an income ranging from Php 5,000 to Php10, 000, 10 % of the
respondents have an income of below Php 5,000, and only 2 % have an income ranging
from Php 15,001 to Php 20,000. The average monthly income of the respondents was Php
8070. The National Coordinating Board and NEDA reported that in the Cordillera
Region, a family of six members needs at least Php 573.00 to survive daily or Php
17,190.00 pr month. Since their average income is Php 8,070 per month, this indicates
that most of the respondents are living below poverty line. Their income is not enough to
support their family most especially that respondents have a big sized, in their case most
of the respondents have seven to ten members in the family. All respondents have no
other source of income.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
17
Home facilities and convenience . The data in Table 3 shows that almost all the
respondents have radio, television (TV) set, gas stove, and refrigerator. Television set and
radio were priority among the respondents and they usually bought on installment basis
because this is the recreation and source of information especially that about more than
one hour drive from Baguio City. Refrigerator is also a necessity because the main source
of goods for consumption was from Baguio City and goods in the area are expensive.
There were also 10 respondents or 20% of the respondents have their own sewing
machine.
Table 2. Average monthly income received by the respondents
LEVEL OF INCOME (Php) FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
_____________________________________________________________________
5,000 and Below 5 10
5,001-10,000 10 20
10,001-15,000 34 68
15,001- 20,000 1 2
______________________________________________________________________
Total 50 100
Mean=8,070
Table 3. Home facilities and convenience.
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
____________________________________________________________________
Home facilities and convenience
Radio 50 100
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
18
Table 3. Continued……
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
TV Set 50 100
Gas Stove 50 100
Sewing Machine 10 20
Refrigerator 50 100
* Multiple responses
Expenditure. Table 4 presents the average expenditures per time of respondents
on the specific items. The average expenditure of the respondents on food was Php 4,750
per month, Php 5,500 per year for clothing, Php 6,000 per child per sem, and for other
personal expenses they spent Php 4,500 per month. Other expenses include cosmetics,
parlor, haircut, soap and other luxuries. The bills for water and electricity were being paid
by Philex Mining Corporation. Thus the expenses were concentrated on these above
mentioned items. Medical assistance is also provided by the corporation. However
transportation is free only when inside mining and residential area of the respondents, the
corporation is also providing one cavan of rice every two months per family for free.
Thus, food expenses were more of grocery items, fish, meat, and vegetables. The
respondents or mineworkers only pay half of the tuition fees of their children for
elementary and secondary the other half of the tuition fees were being paid by the Philex
Mining Corporation.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
19
Needs/ Problems. Despite of te benefits like free medical, transportation, rice
allowance, free electricity and water the respondents still enumerated some needs and
problems. Problems identified includes low salary or wage with a total percentage of 60
%, followed by lacked of any other livelihood project with 40 % of the total respondents,
then lacked of sanitation facilities (common bathroom and toilet) with 20 % of the total
respondents, 10 % of the respondents claimed that they lacked school buildings and
clinics, 6 % of the respondents claimed that they lacked credit facilities and 4 % of the
respondents claimed that they lacked medical assistance. Lacked of medical assistance
maybe due to the large population in the area that not everybody is catered.
Table 4. Expenditure on different items by the respondents per time.
PARTICULARS AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER TIME
______________________________________________________________________
Food Php 4,750 per month
Clothing Php 5,500 per year
Education Php 14,000 per child per sem
Transportation Php 1,500 per year
Other personal expenses Php 4,500 per month
* Multiple responses
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was primarily conducted to (1) described the social profile of
mineworkers in terms of their economic and social condition, (2) to determine the
income and expenditure pattern and (3) to identify their needs and problems.
The mean age of the respondents was 32 years. Among the respondents 80%
were males and 20% were females with high educational attainment and were all
married. Majority of the respondents have 7-10 members in the family.
All of the 50 respondents were Christians, 80% were Roman Catholic and 20 %
were Baptist. As to membership in any organization, 66% were not a member of any
organization, 20% were member of any type of cooperative, 10 % were member of
PISA, 2 % were member of BPSO and 2 % were member of Gintong Malay. All of the
respondents were engaged in different types of recreational activities like going to
movies, ballgames, reading, outing during weekends.
All of the mineworkers lived in a bank house made of galvanized iron and
cement owned by the Philex Mining Corporation and they derived their water mainly
from the big water tank at a scheduled time and day. As to the source of light, they all
utilized electric lights provided by the Philex Mining Corporation.
Radio, television (TV) set, gas stove, and refrigerator was the most common
home facilities of the mineworkers, some have sewing machines with 20 % of the total
respondents. The respondents used flush system toilet but is shared with other
occupants of the bank house.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
21
The income of the mineworkers ranges from Php 5,000 to Php20, 000 with an
average income of Php 8,070. Their income was obtained primarily from wages as
mineworkers. Majority of the respondents don’t have other sources of income since
they work for eight hours a day according to their calendar shift. The majority of the
mineworkers spent Php 5,000 and below per month for each of their family living
expenses such as food, clothing, education, transportation and other personal expenses.
Medical is given free by the Philex Mining Corporation (PMC); also transportation is
given free when inside Philex Mines at Padcal, Tuba Benguet. Electricity is not
included in their monthly expenditures since all electric bills were being paid by the
PMC.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were made:
1. Majority of the respondents were males and are all married having an average
number of seven to ten household members. This indicates that they all have
families to support.
2. The source of family income was derived mainly from mining.
3. Monthly income is not enough to support their families.
4. Expenditures on various items were constrained within the expense bracket of
Php 6,000 and below per time.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
22
Recommendation
1. Increase income by introducing other livelihood activities especially the wives
who are not employed/ working.
2. Philex Mining Corporation should provide training for livelihood activities.
3. Improve housing facilities and increase school buildings and clinics to cater the
needs of its workers.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
ADAWI, E.2005.Socio-Economic Profile of the Out of School Youths in Selected
Sitios in Ampucao, Itogon, Benguet.Unpublished Thesis. Benguet,
State, University.pp1.
ALCEDO, P.D.2000.Assesment of the Open Pit Operation of Antamok, Gold Project in
Antamok, Itogon, Benguet. Unpublished Thesis. Benguet State University.pp.4.
ADJEI, E.2007.Impact of Mining on the Livelihood of Rural Households. A Case Study
of Farmers in Wassa, Mining Region, Ghana. Retrieved on August 08, 2007
www.diva-portal.org/ntru/undergraduate/abstract.vsq?dbid=1528
AWEL, N.M.2006. Perception of People of Barangay Colalo, Mankayan, Benguet
Regarding Lepanto Mining Corporation. Unpublished Thesis. Benguet State
University. Pp.1, 4, 5.
BAWAS, P.C. 2000. Perception of people of Barangay Bulalacao, Mankayan, Benguet
Regarding Mines Operations. Unpublished Thesis. Benguet State
University.pp.1.
DELFIN, J.1983.Socio-Ecoomic Profile of Rural Families in Atok, Benguet.
Unpublished Thesis. Benguet, State, University.pp.7-8.
DULINEN, F.1997.Socio-Economic Profile of Farm Families in Tinoc, Ifugao.
Unpublished Thesis .Benguet, State, University.pp.4.
JURANI, R.ET AL.2003.Cu-Au Bulletin.vol.XXXI, no.3.
NAVARRO, C.1983.Socio-Economic Profile of Rice Farmers in Mangaldan,
Pangasinan Unpublished Thesis. Benguet, State, University.pp.4
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
APLAT, SANTA M. MARCH 2008. Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers
in Philex Mines, Tuba, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to describe the socio-economic profile mineworkers
in Philex Mines, Tube, Benguet. The social profiles of the mineworkers were their
economic and social condition; the income and expenditure pattern and their needs
and problems.
Results showed that mineworkers of Philex Mining Corporation (PMC) were
receiving a lot of benefits such as free housing, electricity, water, medical and
transportation within the area, rice allowance and half of the tuition for the
mineworkers’ children in elementary and high school. Thus, salary of mineworkers is
spent on other basic needs such as food, clothing, and education for college,
transportation outsides and other essential needs.
However, because of the large family sized the income of mineworkers is still
not enough for their essential needs. There were problems/ needs identified by
mineworkers. These problems include sanitation because of common facilities used by
families/ occupants in bank houses, low salary/ wage, lacked of other livelihood
projects, lacked of school buildings and clinics, lacked of medical assistance and
lacked of credit facilities. Lacked of school buildings and clinics and medical
assistance was due to the large population of households in the area.
Therefore, I recommend that Philex Mining Corporation should conduct
training to introduce other livelihood activities, improved housing facilities and
increase school buildings and clinics to cater the needs of its worker.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………... i
Table of Contents ……………………………….…………………………….….. iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study ……………………………………………………. 1
Statement of the Problem ………………………………………………… 2
Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………….. 2
Importance of the Study …………………………………………………. 2
Scope and Limitation of the Study ………………………………………. 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Mining Industry ……………………………………………………... 4
Effects of Mining Operations to the Society …………………………….. 5
Matter of Life and Limb …………………………………………………. 7
Social and Economic Problems ………………………………………….. 7
List of Abbreviations …………………………………………………….. 8
Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………… 8
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study …………………………………………… 9
Respondents of the Study ………………………………………………. . 9
Data Collection …………………………………………………………... 9
Data Gathered ………………………………………………………….. .. 9
iii
Data Analysis ……………………………………………………………. 10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Respondents Profile ………………………………………………………. 12
Social Condition of Mineworkers ………………………………………… 12
Economic Condition of Mineworkers …………………………………….. 16
Level of Income …………………………………………………………... 16
Expenditure Pattern ………………………………………………………. 18
Needs and Problems ……………………………………………………… 19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………………………. 20
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….. 21
Recommendation ……………………………………………………………. 22
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………………… 23
iv
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
The National economic and Development Authority (NEDA) stated that most
rural poor are farmers, laborers, loggers, hunters and related works. The primary income
comes solely from agriculture, but in areas with scarce potentials for agricultural growth,
farmers engage themselves in their other fields like handicraft and entrepreneurial
activities to supplement their income.
Daily newspapers are filled with stories on crimes, violence, and graft and
corruption. Some say social disorders, caused by drug addiction and some say they are
due to poverty.
The upliftment of the social and economic conditions of the rural people is at
present a vital concern. This is because many rural folks dwell in areas far from hospitals
and learning centers. Moreover the lack of electricity, efficient transportation and
communication facilities are contributory factors to their life which is characterized by
poverty, ignorance, illiteracy and illness. Therefore, to them from poverty it is important
to give attention to the needs and problems of the rural people.
Some other officials are reprioritizing the goals in order to respond to the needs of
people in the rural areas so that they will not flock the city.
In spite of the fact that surveys of the social and economic conditions have been
undertaken in some provinces, very little emphasis has been given to rural folks. Hence
this study will be conducted
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
2
Statement of the Problem
This study sought to find out the socio-economic profile of mineworkers at Philex
Mines Tuba Benguet and to seek answers to the following:
1. What is the socio-economic profile of mineworkers at philex Mines, Tuba,
Benguet.
2. What is their average level of income?
3. What are their living conditions?
4. What are their needs and problems?
Objectives of the Study
This study aimed:
1. To describe the social profile of mineworkers in terms of their socio-
economic conditions.
2. To determine the income and expenditure pattern
3. To identify their needs and problems
Importance of the Study
An accurate knowledge of the rural conditions is necessary before an effective
program and improvement can be implemented by the government. To support such
program and to aid in the formulation of plans and polices, a benchmark information
related to the current socio-economic conditions of the rural people is needed.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
3
This research could lead to finding solutions to the problems prevailing over
the rural areas. Further research is an essential factor for insights to the life situation of
the mineworkers. Hence this study was conducted
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study is limited to the socio-economic conditions of mineworkers in Philex
Mines, Tuba, Benguet, the income and expenditure patterns, and their needs and
problems.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The Mining Industry
The mining industry has played a significant role in the Philippine economy by
contributing consistently high inputs to the country’s gross domestic product. It has
boosted the Philippine in terms of foreign exchange, earnings, taxes, and employment
contributions. In 1990, foreign from mineral exports accounted 10.6% of the country’s
total exports receipt. Despite its role in the economy, the mining sector is facing a lot of
criticism due to the nature of mining operations not being environmentally friendly
(Lagunilla, 1992 as cited by Alcedo 2000)
Cerilles, (2000) stated that the mineral industry as it is today is one sector
often accused as among the culprits in the destruction of the environment. Yet modern
mining can play a crucial role in our economy as the counting positions itself toward
globalization.
Dressher, (1983) as cited by Alcedo (2000) stated that mining is a fascinating
and difficult task because the earth does not give its mineral resources easily. People
must tear them from the earth with picks and shovels, drills and exposure. But the work is
well worthy the trouble because our modern civilization could not exist without the
materials provided for mining. Furthermore, Courtney (1973), state d that the ultimate
challenge to man is to maintain the stability and magnificent diversity of life. Man
himself is inexorably and utterly dependent o natural resources and is directly a product
of biological evolution. He must learn to maintain a reasonable balance with non-nature
based on the facts of ecology. Revillera, (1996) added that mining is perceived by
conservationist as essentially destructive to natures ecological balance and the
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
5
Environment. Revillera also claimed that mining changes the natural order of things and
is not conducive to ecological balance and that it depletes the water sources around the
mine site. Botengan, (1997) stated that mining is not bad as long as the contours of the
ore for mining is clearly defined however the mining industry is not exempted from
having problems.
Effects of Mining Operations to the Society
Mining operations is very detrimental to the environment because of the activities
that are practically destructive to its immediate surrounding and beyond its area. These
effect is called the “transboundery,” meaning the effect are not only concentrated in the
area where it comes from. Activities like soil moving can create pollution in the form of
dust and particles carried by the air, which can travel to other places. Likewise, the
blasting activities being done and the “drone of running engines of heavy equipment” are
contributory to noise pollution. One great effect is the pollution of rivers and
sedimentation triggered by the mine wastes dumped into the rivers. There is also the
displacement of the indigenes from their ancestral and communal lands, on which
activities basically farming are undertaken to support the economy of their household.
This causes strains on the livelihoods of the people and also causes high unemployment
rates in the rural communities within the catchments of the mines, particularly as the
mining companies do not provide enough jobs to make up for the number of people
displaced from agriculture (Adjei,2007)
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
6
Surface mining entails heavy use of cyanide, a highly toxic substance that causes
adverse effects on the environment and the health of residents in mining communities.
Aside from expanding operations to lands on which the locals are
Farming for a living, the capital intensive surface mining methods employ a relatively
small labor force in its operations. This brings the livelihoods of many dwellers in the
mining communities directly under pressure and strains (Adjei, 2007).
On the other hand, at a local level, a mine has the potential to significantly benefit
the local population through the creation of direct and indirect employment; skills
transfer, enhancing the capacity of health and education services, improved
infrastructure, and small and medium business opportunities (Awas, 2005
Balacua, (2000) as cited by Bawas (2005 stated that complete rehabilitation of the
disturbed area directly affected by mining operations measure are properly placed in the
right perspective thereby reducing the direct impact of these activities reducing further
the risk involve.
President Arroyo, (2004) mentioned in her meeting with the mining presidents
that remediation and rehabilitation should be accorded top priority to address the negative
effect of the post mining activity. Urbano, (2003) as cited by Awel (2006) believes also
that we should face the challenge to protect and conserve, develop and utilize the natural
resources of the stable for the benefit of the present and future generation.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
7
Matter of Life and Limb
The mineworkers are exposed to dust, smoke, falling rocks and boulders, intense
vibration and loud blast. There were numerous reported fatal accidents among the
mineworkers especially those in the underground operations, manifesting unsafe mining
practices. They work for 8 hours according to their calendared shift. They have staggered
rest days every week.
A worker daily pay is p350 additional benefits computed in monetary terms is p260,
which is why in monetary terms, the benefit per worker amount to p260, which is why
the daily wage is p610 per day. Then again, the benefit, like allowances, and rubber
boots, are not given daily but once a month or a year only. The National Coordinating
Board and the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) report that in the
Cordillera region, a family of 6 needs at least p573 to survive daily. How could a descent
survival possibly be in this exploitative state of affairs?
Social and Economic Problems
The major problem faced by the Philippine today is the rapid population growth,
which is getting larger and larger particularly in the rural areas. The rapid growth of the
population leads to social and economic problems like poverty, and lack of employment
(Adawi, 2005)
Dulinen, (1997) also stated that daily newspapers are filled with stories on crimes,
violence, graft and corruption. Some say social disorders are caused by drug addiction.
Some say they are due to poverty. Eslao, et .al, (1979) as cited by Navarro, (1983)
reported that the specific problems that hamper socio-economic progress of a community
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
8
are; big sized families, low income, unemployment, financial incapability to start a
chosen career, and tenancy system.
Therefore, to improve the communities, there must be a realistic plan of
development program in the following areas; adult education, visual program, radio
broadcast, transportation facilities, communication networks, infrastructure, health and
sanitation, and religious development.
List of Abbreviations:
BPSO- Barangay Peace Safety Officer
PISA- Philex Integrated Sewers Association
NEDA- National Economic Development Authority
PMC-Philex Mining Corporation
Definition of Terms:
Profile- pertains to all the information and data that are gathered from the Philex
Mining Corporation.
Income- this is the money received by a mineworker from various sources.
Expenditure- this refers to the cash outlay incurred by a mineworker. It only
includes regular expenditure.
Household-commonly perceived as referring to a group of people who pool
resources or “eat from the same pot”.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted at Philex Mines, Tuba; Benguet from January to February
2008.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study were 50 mineworkers in Philex Mines, Tuba,
Benguet with at least 25 to 50 years old. The respondents were selected through a random
sampling and were asked to answer the survey questionnaire.
Data Collection
The researcher gathered relevant information through interview with the aid of
open and close ended questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed to the chosen
respondents allowing ample time for them to answer each question completely.
Data Gathered
Secondary data were gathered to validate ad supplement primary data. The
data gathered were average monthly income, and average monthly expenditure and the
needs and problems of mineworkers in Philex Mines, Tuba, Benguet.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
10
Data Analysis
The data gathered were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted according to the
objectives of the study using simple statistical tools such as frequency counts, mean and
percentage.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
11
Figure 1. Map of Tuba, Benguet showing the location of the study
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondent’s Profile
Age. As shown in Table 1, majority of the respondents belonged to the age
bracket of 46 to 55 years old with a percentage of 42%, 38% belonged to the age
bracket of 36 to 45 years old and 20% belong to the age bracket of 25 to 35 years old.
The average age of the respondents was 32.72.
Educational attainment. The educational attainments were categorized into four as
follows: primary, secondary, vocational and tertiary. Majority of the respondents
pursued secondary level with a total of 60 %, 10 % claimed that they finished tertiary,
and 30 % claimed they finished vocational. The findings showed that all the
respondents had formal education.
Civil status. In the study, all of the respondents were married and are mostly
males which are eighty percent (80 %) of the total respondents, and twenty percent (20
%) were Females. This indicates that all of the respondents have families to support.
Number of household members in the family. Among the fifty respondents, 50%
claimed that their family consists of 3-6 members, 46% respondents claimed that their
family consist of 7-10 members and 4% respondents claimed that their family consist of
11-14 members as shown in the result, most of the respondents have big family sized.
Social Condition Of Mineworkers
Religion. Table 1 indicated that Roman Catholic and Baptist were the religious
sects existing on the locality, 80% of the respondents were Roman Catholic and 20% of
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
13
the respondents were Baptist. The biggest membership was Roman Catholic and all of
the 50 respondents were all Christians.
Membership in any organization and recreational activities. Among the 50
respondents interviewed 20 % were members of any type of cooperative, 10% were
member of Philex Integrated Sewers Association (PISA), 2% was member of Barangay
Peace Safety Officer (BPSO) ,2% was member of Gintong Malay and 66% were none
members in any organization.
As to recreational activities of the respondents, ballgames specifically
volleyball was the most common form of recreation among the mineworkers with a
total percentage of 50%, 18% prefer going to movies, 10% choose reading any article,
books etc. and 12% choose outing during their free time.
Table 1. Profile of the Respondents
PARTICULAR FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Age
25-35 10 20
36-45 19 38
46-55 21 42
______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 50 100
Mean=32
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
14
Table 1. Continued ……
PARTICULAR FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Educational attainment
Secondary 30 60
Vocational 15 30
Tertiary 5 10
TOTAL 50 100
Civil status
Single 0 0
Married 50 100
Separated 0 0
Widowed 0 0
TOTAL 50 100
Sex
Male 40 80
Female 10 20
TOTAL 50 100
Family sized
3-6 23 46
7-10 25 50
11-14 2 4
TOTAL 50 100
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
15
Table 1. Continued……
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Religion
Roman Catholic 40 80
Baptist 10 20
TOTAL 50 100
Organization
Cooperative 10 20
PISA 5 10
BPSO 1 2
Gintong Malay 1 2
None Members 33 66
TOTAL 50 100
Recreational activities
Going to movies 9 18
Ball games 25 50
Reading 10 20
Outing 6 12
TOTAL 50 100
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
16
Economic Condition
Type of house. All the respondents are residing in bank houses built by the Philex
Mining Corporation for their employees. It is a three or more stores’s made up of
galvanized iron and cement. Each employee is given a room space for them to stay.
Bathroom and toilet facilities were common for all the occupants of the bank house. An
average of 20 families stays in one bank house. Water is pump to the big water tank and
distributed to the different bank houses on a scheduled time and day.
Source of light. All the respondents used electricity as their source of light.
Electricity is free; occupants are not required to pay.
Level of income. From the survey, it was found out that most of the mineworker or
68 % of the respondents have an income ranging from Php 10,001 to Php 15,000, 20 % of
the respondents have an income ranging from Php 5,000 to Php10, 000, 10 % of the
respondents have an income of below Php 5,000, and only 2 % have an income ranging
from Php 15,001 to Php 20,000. The average monthly income of the respondents was Php
8070. The National Coordinating Board and NEDA reported that in the Cordillera
Region, a family of six members needs at least Php 573.00 to survive daily or Php
17,190.00 pr month. Since their average income is Php 8,070 per month, this indicates
that most of the respondents are living below poverty line. Their income is not enough to
support their family most especially that respondents have a big sized, in their case most
of the respondents have seven to ten members in the family. All respondents have no
other source of income.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
17
Home facilities and convenience . The data in Table 3 shows that almost all the
respondents have radio, television (TV) set, gas stove, and refrigerator. Television set and
radio were priority among the respondents and they usually bought on installment basis
because this is the recreation and source of information especially that about more than
one hour drive from Baguio City. Refrigerator is also a necessity because the main source
of goods for consumption was from Baguio City and goods in the area are expensive.
There were also 10 respondents or 20% of the respondents have their own sewing
machine.
Table 2. Average monthly income received by the respondents
LEVEL OF INCOME (Php) FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
_____________________________________________________________________
5,000 and Below 5 10
5,001-10,000 10 20
10,001-15,000 34 68
15,001- 20,000 1 2
______________________________________________________________________
Total 50 100
Mean=8,070
Table 3. Home facilities and convenience.
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
____________________________________________________________________
Home facilities and convenience
Radio 50 100
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
18
Table 3. Continued……
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
TV Set 50 100
Gas Stove 50 100
Sewing Machine 10 20
Refrigerator 50 100
* Multiple responses
Expenditure. Table 4 presents the average expenditures per time of respondents
on the specific items. The average expenditure of the respondents on food was Php 4,750
per month, Php 5,500 per year for clothing, Php 6,000 per child per sem, and for other
personal expenses they spent Php 4,500 per month. Other expenses include cosmetics,
parlor, haircut, soap and other luxuries. The bills for water and electricity were being paid
by Philex Mining Corporation. Thus the expenses were concentrated on these above
mentioned items. Medical assistance is also provided by the corporation. However
transportation is free only when inside mining and residential area of the respondents, the
corporation is also providing one cavan of rice every two months per family for free.
Thus, food expenses were more of grocery items, fish, meat, and vegetables. The
respondents or mineworkers only pay half of the tuition fees of their children for
elementary and secondary the other half of the tuition fees were being paid by the Philex
Mining Corporation.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
19
Needs/ Problems. Despite of te benefits like free medical, transportation, rice
allowance, free electricity and water the respondents still enumerated some needs and
problems. Problems identified includes low salary or wage with a total percentage of 60
%, followed by lacked of any other livelihood project with 40 % of the total respondents,
then lacked of sanitation facilities (common bathroom and toilet) with 20 % of the total
respondents, 10 % of the respondents claimed that they lacked school buildings and
clinics, 6 % of the respondents claimed that they lacked credit facilities and 4 % of the
respondents claimed that they lacked medical assistance. Lacked of medical assistance
maybe due to the large population in the area that not everybody is catered.
Table 4. Expenditure on different items by the respondents per time.
PARTICULARS AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER TIME
______________________________________________________________________
Food Php 4,750 per month
Clothing Php 5,500 per year
Education Php 14,000 per child per sem
Transportation Php 1,500 per year
Other personal expenses Php 4,500 per month
* Multiple responses
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was primarily conducted to (1) described the social profile of
mineworkers in terms of their economic and social condition, (2) to determine the
income and expenditure pattern and (3) to identify their needs and problems.
The mean age of the respondents was 32 years. Among the respondents 80%
were males and 20% were females with high educational attainment and were all
married. Majority of the respondents have 7-10 members in the family.
All of the 50 respondents were Christians, 80% were Roman Catholic and 20 %
were Baptist. As to membership in any organization, 66% were not a member of any
organization, 20% were member of any type of cooperative, 10 % were member of
PISA, 2 % were member of BPSO and 2 % were member of Gintong Malay. All of the
respondents were engaged in different types of recreational activities like going to
movies, ballgames, reading, outing during weekends.
All of the mineworkers lived in a bank house made of galvanized iron and
cement owned by the Philex Mining Corporation and they derived their water mainly
from the big water tank at a scheduled time and day. As to the source of light, they all
utilized electric lights provided by the Philex Mining Corporation.
Radio, television (TV) set, gas stove, and refrigerator was the most common
home facilities of the mineworkers, some have sewing machines with 20 % of the total
respondents. The respondents used flush system toilet but is shared with other
occupants of the bank house.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
21
The income of the mineworkers ranges from Php 5,000 to Php20, 000 with an
average income of Php 8,070. Their income was obtained primarily from wages as
mineworkers. Majority of the respondents don’t have other sources of income since
they work for eight hours a day according to their calendar shift. The majority of the
mineworkers spent Php 5,000 and below per month for each of their family living
expenses such as food, clothing, education, transportation and other personal expenses.
Medical is given free by the Philex Mining Corporation (PMC); also transportation is
given free when inside Philex Mines at Padcal, Tuba Benguet. Electricity is not
included in their monthly expenditures since all electric bills were being paid by the
PMC.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were made:
1. Majority of the respondents were males and are all married having an average
number of seven to ten household members. This indicates that they all have
families to support.
2. The source of family income was derived mainly from mining.
3. Monthly income is not enough to support their families.
4. Expenditures on various items were constrained within the expense bracket of
Php 6,000 and below per time.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
22
Recommendation
1. Increase income by introducing other livelihood activities especially the wives
who are not employed/ working.
2. Philex Mining Corporation should provide training for livelihood activities.
3. Improve housing facilities and increase school buildings and clinics to cater the
needs of its workers.
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
ADAWI, E.2005.Socio-Economic Profile of the Out of School Youths in Selected
Sitios in Ampucao, Itogon, Benguet.Unpublished Thesis. Benguet,
State, University.pp1.
ALCEDO, P.D.2000.Assesment of the Open Pit Operation of Antamok, Gold Project in
Antamok, Itogon, Benguet. Unpublished Thesis. Benguet State University.pp.4.
ADJEI, E.2007.Impact of Mining on the Livelihood of Rural Households. A Case Study
of Farmers in Wassa, Mining Region, Ghana. Retrieved on August 08, 2007
www.diva-portal.org/ntru/undergraduate/abstract.vsq?dbid=1528
AWEL, N.M.2006. Perception of People of Barangay Colalo, Mankayan, Benguet
Regarding Lepanto Mining Corporation. Unpublished Thesis. Benguet State
University. Pp.1, 4, 5.
BAWAS, P.C. 2000. Perception of people of Barangay Bulalacao, Mankayan, Benguet
Regarding Mines Operations. Unpublished Thesis. Benguet State
University.pp.1.
DELFIN, J.1983.Socio-Ecoomic Profile of Rural Families in Atok, Benguet.
Unpublished Thesis. Benguet, State, University.pp.7-8.
DULINEN, F.1997.Socio-Economic Profile of Farm Families in Tinoc, Ifugao.
Unpublished Thesis .Benguet, State, University.pp.4.
JURANI, R.ET AL.2003.Cu-Au Bulletin.vol.XXXI, no.3.
NAVARRO, C.1983.Socio-Economic Profile of Rice Farmers in Mangaldan,
Pangasinan Unpublished Thesis. Benguet, State, University.pp.4
Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers in Philex Mines,
Tuba, Benguet / Santa M. Aplat. 2009
Document Outline
- Socio-Economic Profile of Mineworkers In Philex Mines, Tuba, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Rationale of the Study
- Statement of the Problem
- Objectives of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Scope and Limitation of the Study
- REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- The Mining Industry
- Effects of Mining Operations to the Society
- Matter of Life and Limb
- Social and Economic Problems
- List of Abbreviations
- Definition of Terms
- METHODOLOGY
- Locale and Time of the Study
- Respondents of the Study
- Data Collection
- Data Gathered
- Data Analysis
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Respondent�s Profile
- Social Condition Of Mineworkers
- Economic Condition
- Level of income
- Expenditure
- Needs/ Problems
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED