BIBLIOGRAHY ALMAZAN, JENNIFER T. APRIL 2008....
BIBLIOGRAHY
ALMAZAN, JENNIFER T. APRIL 2008. Growth and Yield Performance of Rice
Varieties as Affected by Planting Distance. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Macario D. Cadatal, Ph D.
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to: determine the effect of the different planting distance on the
growth and yield of the different varieties used, determine the best recommended
distance of planting for our highland farmers with regard to the suitability of the variety
used, determine the interaction effect between rice varieties and planting distance on the
growth and yield of rice; and which treatment has the highest return on cash expense
(ROCE).
Based on the results, the varieties significantly differed in all the growth and yield
parameters such as initial height, tillering, panicle length, final height, ripening, number
and weight of grains. Wagwag and Kamuros are resistant to whiteheads and lodging.
Planting distance had significant effect on the varieties in some growth
parameters. Planting distance of 50 cm x 50 cm resulted in the highest number of
productive and non productive tillers for all varieties. Further, the planting distance of 50
cm x 50 cm resulted in most grains for Tudoy and Wagwag and most filled grains per
panicle for Kamuros and Wagwag. Tudoy was the earliest to ripen at 30 cm x 30 cm
planting distance. Variety Kamuros and Wagwag were the earliest to ripen at 20 cm x 20
cm planting distance. Rice plants spaced at 20 cm x 20 cm produced the highest grain
yield. All the varieties spaced at 50 cm x 50 cm, 40 cm x 40 cm, and 20 cm x 20 cm
interact significantly in terms of maximum and productive tillers. All varieties produced
the heaviest grain yield and early ripening for Kamuros and Wagwag at the traditional
distancing of 20 cm x 20 cm. Tudoy ripened early at 30cm x 30 cm planting distance.
Return on cash expense was positive in all the planting distance used for variety
Wagwag. The highest ROCE was obtained from Wagwag spaced at 40 cm x 40 cm
planting distance.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………... i
Abstract………………………………………………………………........................
i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………...
iii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………..
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………………………….
4
METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………….
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSION ……………………………………………………...
14
Meteorological data ………………………… ...……………………………
14
Initial height of seedling (29 DAS) ……………………................................
15
Number of days from transplanting
to tillering……………………………………………………. ……………..
15
Number of maximum tillers…………………………………. …………….
17
Number of productive tillers…………………………...……………………
19
Number of days from transplanting
to heading…………………………………………..………………………..
23
Number of days from transplanting to
to ripening……………………………………………………………………
28
Length of panicle……………………………………………………………
28
Final height………………………………………………………………….
33
Number of grains per panicle ……………………………………………….
33
Number of filled grains per panicle ……… . ………………………………
35
Grain yield per treatment …………………………………………………...
36
iii
Computed yield per hectare…………………………………………………
40
Return on cash expense ……………………………………………………..
40
Stem borer evaluation…………… ………………………………………..
43
Lodging resistance…………………………………………..........................
48
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION……………………..
49
Summary ………………………………………………………....................
49
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….
50
Recommendation …………………………………………………………...
50
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………………..
51
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………...
53
iv
INTRODUCTION
The world’s increasing population demands that every crop has its own role in the
area of production technology to cope up with every single population need. In cereal
production, the rice plant (Oryza Sativa Linn) is one of the well-known cultivated species
of Genus Oryza belonging to the family Graminae and serve as one of the most important
crops of Asia. Rice in general as compared to other grain crops is very important The
New World Book Encyclopedia, 1984) for it is the pre-dominant staple food in at least 33
developing countries providing 27 % of dietary energy supply, 20% dietary protein and
3% dietary fat (IRRI, 2005). The Philippines for instance proves the importance of this
crop, for over 80 % of Filipinos population makes rice as their staple food (PhilRice,
1992). Being the staple food of the Filipinos, rice is the main source of carbohydrates and
proteins of most Filipino diet. In addition, rice can contribute nutritionally significant
amounts of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and zinc to the diet and smaller amounts of other
micronutrients (IRRI, 2005).
Being an important crop it is widely cultivated through out the world where the
two methods of planting are being practice. In most countries of the world, direct seeding
is widely practiced just like in the case of eastern India where rice cultivation is often
performed by direct seeding rather than transplanting (IRRI, 2005). Direct seeding is an
appropriate method of growing rice if farmers want to reduce labor for it does away with
seedbed preparation, seed care, pulling of seedlings and transplanting (PhilRice, 1992).
However, direct seeding has a big problem on weed management (IRRI, 2005) and for
Benguet farmers it is not acceptable due to cultural constraints. According to them, it is
not appropriate because in direct seeding, they have to protect a large area against rats
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
2
(CECAP and Phil Rice, 2000). Due to these constraints, the transplanting method is
widely adopted to highland farmers following the straight row planting where definite
spacing is maintained between plants that enhances the attainment of optimum plant
population and facilitates fertilizer application and weeding operations (PhilRice, 1992).
For lowland rice production, spacing of 50 x50 cm between rows and hills are practice in
the “Margate system” regardless of season, variety and soil fertility, while in the
“masagana system” the seedlings are transplanted in straight rows with spacing varying
with the season, variety and soil fertility. However, spacing between rows and hills in
rows do not exceed 40 cm (UPCA, 1983). In the case of the highland rice production, a
recommendation of proper planting distance is being practiced depending in the season of
planting. During wet season, a 20 x 20 cm distance of planting is recommended to the
advantage of slight sunlight and to prevent shading on the seedling; while during the dry
season, it is advisable to let the spacing a bit closer with a distance of 20 x 15 cm
(Gintong Ani, 1996).
In crop production one of the most considerable factors of production is the Total
Cost of Production (TCP) which serves as their basis of adopting new introduced
technologies. In rice production, the four most laborious operations include transplanting
and weeding. Transplanting takes 18 % of the TCP (CECAP and Phil Rice, 2000)
wherein they are following the distance regardless of variety and soil fertility, in this
study, the use of different planting distance to evaluate tillering ability and yield
performance of the different cultivars is implemented. Therefore, this study may serve as
the basis of adopting new planting distance in correlation with the variety to be grown
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
3
with lesser or minimum TCP with high or better yield than the traditional planting
distance use.
The objectives of the study were to:
1. determine the effect of the different planting distance on the growth and yield
of the different varieties used;
2. determine the best recommended planting distance for our highland rice
farmers with regard to the suitability of the variety to be used;
3. determine the interaction effect between rice varieties and planting distance on
the growth and yield of rice; and
4. determine which treatment has the highest Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE).
The study was conducted at Togoy, Ba-ayan, Tublay, Benguet from July 2007 to
January 2008.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
An advantage of rice is its high yield when it is cultivated properly. Because of its
high yield, rice has long been a symbol of fertility (World Book Encyclopedia, 1991).
Most of our Benguet rice-farmers have their own choice of rice varieties to grow
on their farm. Some of these varieties are traditionally grown while others are locally
introduced into the farm but were adopted by the farmers.
Traditional rice varieties have broad genetic base, as they are products of
continuous selection and purification through the years. Preferences for these traditional
varieties is due to the following reasons: resistance to several insect pest and diseases,
low fertilizer requirement, non-lodging, non-shattering, extended and long panicles for
easy harvesting and storage, adoptable to low temperature, long awns to aerate seeds
while in storage and to protect against birds and chickens, good eating quality, stability
for wine making and are important in keeping with cultures and traditions such as
ceremonial purposes- weddings and caňaos.
Traditional rice grains are generally long, medium shaped and awns possessing
red, brown, white or black with stripped when hulled (PhilRice,1988).
Distance and Depth of Planting
One important factor to consider in transplanted rice is plant spacing. Rice planted
closer than necessary increases the cost of transplanting and the chances of lodging. On
the other hand, spacing wider than necessary may result in lower yield because the
number of plant in the area maybe less than the optimum number needed for high yield
(de Datta, 1981).
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
5
A straight row planting method during transplanting is recommended following a
20 x 20 cm, 15 x 15 cm or 10 x 15 cm spacing with 2-3 seedlings per hill at a depth of 2-
3 cm for bed seedlings. There is no single spacing recommended for all varieties (Phil
Rice, 1992).
Effect of Planting Distance
Different spacing of seedlings in rice production gives a variety of results. A wide
spacing in rich soils gives maximum tillering but reduces the number of productive tillers
per plant. It is also observed that the number of tillers per plant increases as the distance
between plants increases (Arraudeau and Vergara, 1998).
Efferson (1952), stated that some varieties when properly spaced, produce as
many as 50 productive tillers per plant, but the average for transplanted rice is 15 – 20
tillers per plant and for broadcast or drilled rice 5 – 8 tillers per plant.
Based on the study conducted by Aowat (1995) on the effect of planting distance
on the growth and yield performance of native rice, he stated that plants spaced at 20 x 20
cm significantly produced better results as compared to other distances used on the study
in terms of total plant weight. However, the distance (20 x 20 cm) resulted to higher
weight of unfilled grains.
Trials on cotton production in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao shows comparable
seed cotton yield between the 3 varieties tested in accordance to distance of planting.
CRDI-1 planted at 30 cm and 40 cm between hills produced significantly higher seed
cotton yield in Tampakon, South Cotabato. More bolls were produced in wider hill
spacing in Ampatuan, Maguindanao. In Panay, Capiz cotton planted either at 30 cm or 40
cm gave higher seed cotton yield compared at 50 cm between hills.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
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Determining the optimum spatial arrangement (row and hill) spacing of cotton in
cowpea intercropping set up is a step to maximize productivity. In San Juan, Ilocos Sur
plants spaced at 40 cm between hills produced more sympodial blades. However, 40 cm
did not differ significantly from 20 cm and 30 cm hill spacing (CRDI, 1992-1993).
Planting in distance in vegetable such as onions and cabbage affects their final
size up to a certain limit, allowing them more space means they grow larger. By reversing
this and growing them more closely with less growing space, the result is vegetable of
smaller size. In most cases, over all yields is also increased. Bulb onions illustrate the
influence of spacing on size. For large bulbs, an equal spacing of 8 in x 8 in is ideal
(Pears, 2002).
Tillering
According to Efferson (1952) tillers grows as in the true stem, the vertical and the
lateral growth both of the stem and the tillers continuous to grow simultaneously. After
some time a tiller may develop into independent stalks and along with the main stem
mature and produce ear-heads. All tillers, however may not develop and produce ear-
head at all. The size of the ear- head also varies, with the first formed tillers usually
producing a larger head than the later ones.
Harvesting, Threshing, and Drying
Harvesting and its related handling operations are significant points in post
production sequence where losses can be incurred (PCCARD, 2001). Basically,
harvesting in the highlands is done by the use of rakem (PhilRice, 1988), however, about
97 % of Filipino farmers use the serrated sickle while other use both the serrated sickle
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
7
and the yatao but an increasing number of farmers, particularly in the intensively
cultivated rice areas and urban centers where labor is deficient are now using mechanical
harvesting machines to be able to cope up with the labor shortages and delays caused by
the peak seasonal demand for manual harvesting labor (PCARRD, 2001). In terms of
maturity, rice is harvested when 80-90 % o cf the grains have finally passed the dough
stage that is when the lowest grains in the panicle have hardened.
Threshing is the process of detaching or separating rice grains from the panicle.
It’s timing, availability, and efficiency greatly affects the quality of the grains produced
(PCARRD, 2001). Threshing is usually done at least one day after harvest to allow the
panicles to be readily threshed.
Another important post harvest of rice before storage which is done purposely to
lower the moisture content if a newly threshed palay with the aim of reducing its
susceptibility to mold infestation, prevent sprouting, prolong its shelf life and at the same
time preserve its quality is drying up to 14 % MC (PCARRD, 2001). Most farmers rely
on practically cheapest type of drying, this is the sun drying wherein the use of solar
energy is used during the dry season, however during the wet season, the natural air
movement or air drying is done. Another practice during rainy days is the “pausukan”
where the rice bundles are placed over the fire place (UPCA, 1983).
Rice Production Cost and Returns
Cost of production and expected income per hectare are two important items to
consider before going into rice production (UPCA, 1983).
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
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Rice production costs have increased steadily by annual average of 18 % while
returns nominally grew by 9 % from 1985-1991, the later being largely a function of
yield growth and fluctuation in farms price.
Labor cost have historically dominated production cost across all farm types and
season although recent years also show faster growth in the cost share for materials
composed of fertilizer, pesticide, and seed. Labor cost in 1991 accounted to P11, 089.00
per hectare or P3, 513.00 per meter.
Regardless of farm types, production cost during the dry season was observed to
be higher due to higher expenditures on fertilizers, pesticides and seeds as well as the
corresponding higher harvesting labor associated with higher dry season yields.
Transplanted rice generally incurs higher cost relative to direct seeded attributable to the
transplanting labor differential although the later has higher material and maintenance
cost during the dry season (Serrano, and et al., 1995).
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
9
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Planting Materials and Equipment
Three varieties of rice seeds such as Kamuros, Wagwag, and Tudoy were used as
planting materials. T-14 was applied as fertilizer at the rate of 490 kg / ha for 20 cm x 20
cm, 417 kg / ha for 30 cm x 30 cm, 260 kg / ha for 40 cm x 40 cm, 156 kg / ha for 50 cm
x 50 cm and Karate was sprayed for crop protection. Thorough land preparation was
done with the use of plow, harrow and level (wood) before planting and string was use to
follow straight row with different distances per treatment.
Land Preparation and Experimental Design
An area of 345.6 m2 was thoroughly plowed, harrowed, and leveled. It was
divided into three blocks with 3 replication composing of 12 plots each block measuring
1.6 x 6 m following 3 x 4 factor factorial using randomized complete block design
( RCBD). Seedlings were transplanted at one seedling per hill.
Treatments
The experiment consisted of 12 treatments involving 2 factors: A and B. Factor
A consist of 3 varieties (V) while the different planting distance (D) serves as Factor B.
Factor
A
Factor
B
V1-Kamuros
D1-20 cm x 20 cm (check)
V2-Tudoy
D2-30 cm x 30 cm
V3-Wagwag
(check) D3-40 cm x 40 cm
D4-50 cm x 50 cm
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
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Data gathered
1. Initial seedling height (cm). The heights of seedlings were measured before
transplanting.
2. Number of days from transplanting to tillering. This was recorded when 50% of
the total plants per treatment start to produce tillers.
3. Number of maximum tillers at tillering stage. This was counted and recorded
when 50% of the total plants in each plot produce their flag leaf using 10 sample hills.
4. Total number of productive tillers. The total numbers of productive tillers were
recorded at heading
. 5. Number of days from transplanting to heading. The number of days from
transplanting to heading of the plants was recorded. The time of heading was recorded
when 50% of the rice plants produced heads.
6. Number days from transplanting to maturity. It was recorded when 80% of the
grains in the panicle turned yellow using 10 sample hills selected per treatment.
7. Length of panicle (cm). The length of the panicle was measured from the base
of the panicle to the tip of the panicle excluding awn using 10 sample panicles selected at
random per treatment at harvest.
8. Final height. This was measured from the soil surface to the tip of the longest
panicle excluding awn.
9. Total number of grains per panicle. The total number of grains using 10
panicles from 5 sample hills taken at random was recorded before harvest.
10. Number of filled grains per panicle. The number of filled grains was recorded
from data no.4.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
11
11. Grain yield per treatment. (g) (9.6 m 2). The total weight of winnowed grains
was recorded after sun drying for 5 days.
12. Computed grain yield per hectare (tons). Grain yield per treatment (9.6 m2)
was converted to yield per hectare using ratio and proportion as shown below.
Yield
Yield
X
9.6 m2
10,000 m2
13. Return On Cash Expenses. This was determined to find out which practice
gives the highest ROCE.
14. Stem borer (White heads). Evaluation of stem borer expressed as white heads
was done at heading time.
The following standard scale was used: (PhilRice, 1996)
Rating Index Description % Whiteheads
1 Resistant 1-5
3 Moderately Resistant 6-10
5 Intermediate 11-15
7 Moderately Susceptible 16-25
9 Susceptible 26 and above
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
12
15. Lodging Resistance. Lodging resistance was recorded two weeks after
heading and maturity using the following scale (PhilRice, 1996).
Scale Description
Remarks
1 All plants were erect
Resistant
3 Plants were leaning at
Moderate resistant
an angle of 90°
5 Plant was leaning at about 45º; Intermediate
more than 50 % of population
affected
7
Plants were leaning at an angle Moderate Susceptible
of 30º; more than 50% of the
population is affected
9
All plants had fallen on the ground Susceptible
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
13
A. Basic Land preparation (plowing)
B. Harvesting of rice plants
Figure 1.Some basic operations in rice production
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data during the Conduct of the Study
Environmental factors for rice production such as temperature, relative humidity,
amount of rainfall, and sunshine duration were presented on Table 1 covering the
duration of the study from July to December. Temperature mean ranged from 15.5 ºC to
22.5 ºC. Relative humidity has a mean of 84% while rainfall recorded a mean of 15.3 mm
which is very low as compared to the monthly rainfall requirement as stated by Schiller
et. al. (2006) that 200mm of monthly rainfall for lowland rice and 100mm of rainfall for
upland rice during the establishment phase and a minimum monthly rainfall of 125 mm at
vegetative stage. Sunshine duration had an average mean of 317.6 kj. Rice can be grown
successfully in regions that have a mean of temperature of about 22 ºC or above duration
the entire growing season of four to six months (Martin, et al.)
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall and sunshine duration during
the conduct of the study
MONTHS
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE RAINFALL SUNSHINE
HUMIDITY AMOUNT
DURATION
MAX MIN
(%)
(mm)
(kj)
July
23.8 16.5 82 6.6 42.8
August
19.5 14.3 77 45.0 141.3
September
16.1 85 12.3 793.9
October
22.3 16.0 86 21.8 329.6
November
22.6 14.6 88 16.4 229.3
December
24.3 15.5 88 1.9 368.8
MEAN
22.5 15.5 84 15.3 317.6
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
15
Initial Height of Seedlings
Effect of variety. At 29 days after sowing (DAS) Wagwag was significantly the
tallest with 36.32 cm followed by Tudoy while Kamuros with seedling height of 27.97
cm, respectively. Initial height of seedlings is important, for taller seedlings are desirable
in the wet season due to sudden floods that may cause damage to the rice crop during the
early stage (de Datta, 1981).
Effect of planting distance. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences
on the initial height of seedlings as affected by the different planting distance used.
Interaction
effect. Table 2 presents the initial height of seedlings at 29 DAS,
showing no significant interaction between the two factors; Varieties (A) and Planting
Distance (B).
Number of Days from Transplanting to Tillering
Effect of variety. Data on the number of days from transplanting to tillering are
presented on Table 3. It was observed that check variety Wagwag reached the tillering
stage earlier at 17 days than the two other varieties. Kamuros follows 5 days later while
Tudoy starts tillering at 25 days from transplanting. Results showed highly significant
differences among varieties tested. This could be due to their varietal differences.
Effect of planting distance. Results on the number of days from transplanting to
tillering as affected by planting distance shows that rice planted at wider spacing
produced tillers earlier by one day than those planted at closer spacing. However,
statistical analysis revealed no significant differences.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
16
Interaction
effect. Although results on the effect of varieties shows highly
significant differences on the number of days from transplanting to tillering, it was
statistically proven that their were no significant interaction on both factors.
Table 2. Initial height of seedlings (29 DAS)
INITIAL HIEGHT
TREATMENT
(cm)
Variety(A)
Kamuros
27.97 c
Tudoy
30.67 b
Wagwag (check)
36.28 a
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
31.83
30 cm x 30 cm
31.30
40cm x 40 cm
32.22
50cm x 50 cm
31.23
Ax B
ns
CV% 4.06
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
17
Table 3. Number of days from transplanting to tillering
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM
TREATMENT
TRANSPLANTING TO TILLERING.
Variety(A)
Kamuros
22b
Tudoy
25a
Wagwag (check)
17c
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
22
30 cm x 30 cm
22
40cm x 40 cm
21
50cm x 50 cm
21
Ax B
ns
CV% 3.44
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Number of Maximum Tillers at Tillering Stage
Effect of variety. In terms on the number of maximum tillers at tillering stage,
highly significant differences were observed. The check variety (Wagwag) significantly
produced the highest number of tillers. This could be due to its varietal characteristics.
Numerically, Tudoy produced the lowest number of tillers, however statistical analysis
reveals that Kamuros with a higher number of tillers than Tudoy is not significantly
different.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
18
Effect of planting distance. The different planting distance used in the study was
observed to have a highly significant effect on the number of maximum tillers at tillering
stage. The highest number of tillers (15) at maximum tillering produced were counted at
the widest planting distance used (50 x 50 cm), followed by 40 x 40 cm planting distance
with 12 tillers, 9 tillers at 30 x 30 cm and the lowest (5 tillers) were counted at the
traditional distancing of 20 x 20 cm. Higher number of tillers were observed on wider
planting distance rather than on the traditional planting distance due to their ability to
compensate for missing hills (de Datta, 1981) on wider spacing.
Interaction effect. Results on Table 4 shows highly significant interaction effect
on the number of tillers at maximum tillering stage on both factors. Different planting
distances used in the study were observed to interact significantly with the check variety
Wagwag. Figure 1 shows that as the planting distance becomes wider the number of
maximum tillers in Wagwag also increases. On the other hand Kamuros slightly
increased in tiller numbers on the two planting distances as based on the tillers produced
by plants on the traditional distancing, while Tudoy shows an increase on 30 x 30 cm and
produced the same number of tillers even on the following wider planting distance. Data
on the maximum number of tillers reveals that the check variety can be planted on wider
spacing to achieve maximum tillers while Kamuros achieved maximum tillers at 40 x 40
cm and Tudoy may obtain the highest number of tillers at a distance of 30 x 30 cm.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
19
Table 4. Number of maximum tillers at tillering stage
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF MAXIMUM TILLERS
Variety(A)
Kamuros
6b
Tudoy
5b
Wagwag (check)
20 a
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
5d
30 cm x 30 cm
9c
40cm x 40 cm
12b
50cm x 50 cm
15a
Ax B
.**
CV% 12.26
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Number of Productive Tillers
Effect of variety. Data on productive tillers shows that check variety Wagwag
with 12 tillers had highly significant difference as compared to Tudoy and Kamuros
having the lowest number of tillers. Gamsawen, (2006) stated that the five traditional
cultivar that he had tested on his study at Maligcong, Bontoc spaced at 20 x 20 cm had
produced a mean of three productive tillers per plant.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
20
35
30
25
i
l
l
e
r
u
m t
20 cm x 20 cm
x
i
m
20
30 cm x 30 cm
f
ma
e
r
o
40 cm x 40 cm
15
mb
Nu
50 cm x 50 cm
10
5
0
Kamuros
Tudoy
Wagwag
Variety
Figure 2. Interaction effect on the number of maximum tillers at tillering stage
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
21
Figure 3. Different treatments at maximum tillering stage
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
22
Figure 4 . Rice plants at maximum tillering stage per treatment (top, center)and over view
(bottom)
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
23
Effect of planting distance. Rice plants grown at 50 cm x 50 cm 9 productive
tillers shows highly significant difference on the number of productive tillers over the
other planting distances used. Crops distanced at 20 cm x 20 cm produced the least
number of productive tillers due to the higher number of panicles with unfilled grains.
Aowat (1995) stated that crops distanced at 20 cm x 20 cm resulted also to higher weight
of unfilled grains.
Interaction
effect. Highly significant interaction effect was observed on the check
variety (Wagwag). Planting distance had greatly affected the total number of productive
tillers on Wagwag. As the planting distance becomes wider the total number of tillers
also increases. Slight interaction results were observed in Kamuros and Tudoy. This
interaction effect can be significant in choosing the proper planting distance for each
tested varieties to produce maximum productive tillers that may provide higher yield.
According to Efferson (1952) some varieties when properly spaced, produced as many as
50 productive tillers but the average for transplanted rice is 15- 20 tillers per plant. It was
noted that the check variety- Wagwag had achieved 20 productive tillers under 50 cm x
50 cm planting distance as shown on Figure 4.
Number of Days from Transplanting to Heading
Effect of variety. Data on the number of days from transplanting to heading shows
highly significant differences among the different varieties (Table 6). Significantly,
Kamuros with 84 days was the earliest to produce heads followed by Tudoy with 91 days.
On the other hand the check variety- Wagwag was the latest reaching 114 days from
transplanting to heading. Significant differences could be attributed to their varietal
differences.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
24
Table 5. Number of productive tillers
NUMBER OF PRODUCTIVE TILLERS
TREATMENT
Variety(A)
Kamuros
4b
Tudoy
3b
Wagwag (check)
12a
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
3c
30 cm x 30 cm
5c
40cm x 40 cm
8b
50cm x 50 cm
9a
Ax B
**
CV% 13.14
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Effect of planting distance. Results shows almost the same number of days from
sowing to heading on the different planting distance used (96 days) except for the widest
planting distance a mean of 97 days. Statistical results showed no significant differences
among the different planting distance used.
Interaction
effect. Statistical analysis reveals no significant interaction effect on
the different varieties (A) and different planting distance (B) used in the study on the
number of days from transplanting to heading.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
25
25
20
t
i
l
l
e
r
15
t
i
ve
20 cm x 20 cm
oduc
pr
30 cm x 30 cm
r
of
be 10
40 cm x 40 cm
um
N
50 cm x 50 cm
5
0
Kamuros
Tudoy
Wagwag
Variety
Figure 5. Interaction effect on the number of productive tillers
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
26
Table 6. Number of days from transplanting to heading
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM
TREATMENT TRANSPLANTING TO HEADING
Variety(A)
Kamuros
84c
Tudoy
91b
Wagwag (check)
114a
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
96
30 cm x 30 cm
96
40cm x 40 cm
96
50cm x 50 cm
97
Ax B
ns
CV% 1.49
Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
27
(a)
(b)
Figure 6. Different varieties at booting stage (a), Tudoy variety at ripening stage (b)
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
28
Number of Days from Transplanting to Ripening
Effect of variety. Highly significant results were recorded on the number of days
from transplanting to ripening as shown in Table 7. It was observed that the check variety
Wagwag was the earliest to ripen at 123 days followed by Kamuros with 132 days and
the latest was Tudoy that reached its ripening at 140 DAT. Days of maturity is significant
in the production of rice for it’s the most important physiological character used in
classifying commercial rice varieties (Efferson, 1952). Results shows that Wagwag
belongs to early maturing groups while Kamuros and Tudoy both belongs to medium
maturing variety as to relative maturity grouping (Efferson, 1952). Maturity is also
important for local farmers especially for those who are planting rice the whole year for
most of them select varieties which are early maturing to be able to catch up with the two
cropping season.
Effect of planting distance. Maturity days of rice plants were observed to be
highly significant as affected by different planting distance. Statistical analysis reveals
that plants under the traditional distancing of 20 cm x 20 cm were the ones that mature
earlier than those plants of the other distances. Latest maturity were observed on the
widest distancing 50 cm x 50 cm. Results could be associated to the fact that plants on 20
cm x 20 cm had a shorter length of vegetative phase due to lesser number of tillers while
plants on 50 cm x 50 cm had a longer vegetative phase due to longer time of maximum
tillering stage.
Interaction
effect. Highly significant interaction effect were observed on the
number of maturity days for Tudoy as affected by the different planting distance used
(Fig. 4). Results shows that as the distances were increased the number of maturity days
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
29
also increases while Kamuros grown under the traditional planting distance matured
earlier than the other distances used which shows constant number of maturity days. On
the other hand wigwag shows stable number of maturity days.
Table 7. Number of days from transplanting to ripening
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM
TREATMENT
TRANSPLANTING TO RIPENING
Variety(A)
Kamuros
132b
Tudoy
140b
Wagwag (check)
123c
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
129b
30 cm x 30 cm
131ab
40cm x 40 cm
132ab
50cm x 50 cm
135a
Ax B
**
CV% 2.04
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
30
160
140
120
i
p
e
n
i
n
100
t
o r
20 cm x 20 cm
i
ng
p
l
a
nt
80
30 cm x 30 cm
t
r
ans
40 cm x 40 cm
r
om
f
60
a
ys
50 cm x 50 cm
D
40
20
0
Kamuros
Tudoy
Wagwag
Variety
Figure 7. Interaction effect on the number of days from transplanting to ripening
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
31
KAMUROS
WAGWAG
Figure 8. Rice varieties and overview at ripening stage
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
32
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 9. Some of the harvested rice plants per variety: (a) Kamuros,
Tudoy (b), Wagwag (c)
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
33
Length of Panicle
Effect of variety. Statistically, highly significant differences were observed on the
length of panicles (Table 8). According to Efferson (1952), the size and shape of the
panicles vary widely in the different varieties. Results shows that longest panicles were
measured from Tudoy with a mean of 77.56 cm followed by the check variety 69.68 cm
long and the shortest was measured from Kamuros, however numerical differences on
Kamuros and Tudoy were not significantly different as per statistical analysis. Size and
shape of panicles are included as the most commonly used morphological characters for
classification of rice varieties (Efferson, 1952). One general characteristic of traditional
rice varieties are extended and long panicles for easy harvesting and storage (PhilRice,
1988).
Effect of planting distance. Results show numerical differences on the length of
panicle as affected by planting distance. The longest panicle as affected by planting
distance measures 73.93 cm on 50 cm x 50 cm followed by 73.13 cm, 70.99 cm, and
67.88 cm in order of decreasing planting distance but was not significantly different as
per statistical basis.
Interaction
effect. No significant interactions were observed on the length of
panicle on Factor A (variety) and Factor B (planting distance).
Final Height
Effect of variety. Table 8 shows highly significant differences on the final height
of the rice plant at maturity. It was observed that tallest plants were measured from
Tudoy which has the longest panicle length of 45 cm followed by the check variety
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
34
(Wagwag) measuring 134 cm and the shortest was Kamuros with 124 cm. Differences in
height could be due to their varietal differences.
Effect of planting distance. Plants on 40 cm x 40 cm measured the tallest plants
with 137 cm while plants on traditional spacing- 20 x 20 cm were the shortest but were
comparable to plant heights at 30 cm x 30 cm and 40 cm x 40 cm.
Interaction
effect. Statistically, no significant interactions were observed from the
two factors on final height.
Table 8 . Length of panicle and final height
LENGTH OF PANICLE
FINAL HIEGHT
TREATMENT
Variety(A)
Kamuros
67.21b
124b
Tudoy
77.56a
145a
Wagwag (check)
69.68b
134b
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
67.88
132b
30 cm x 30 cm
70.99
134ab
40cm x 40 cm
73.13
137a
50cm x 50 cm
73.93
135ab
Ax B
ns
ns
CV% 4.77
4.90
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DM
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
35
Number of Grains per Panicle
Effect of variety. Table 9 showed that Wagwag with an average grains of per
panicle of 202 and Tudoy having 210 average grains both produced significantly higher
grains over Kamuros with only 180 grains this result could be attributed to their varietal
characteristics.
Effect on planting distance. Table 9 presents the effect of planting distance on the
total number of grains per panicle. Data shows that the total number of grains were
significantly higher as planting distance increased from 30 cm x 30 cm over plants
distanced at 20 cm x 20 cm. However, significant results do not exist among wider
distances such as: 30 cm x 30 cm; 40 cm x 40 cm and 50 cm x 50 cm. The significant
result could be attributed to the fact that as the plants are distanced wider, the panicle
becomes longer as in Table 9, length of panicle shows. It seems that the longer the
panicle, the more grains it produces.
Interaction effect. Significant interaction effect on the total number of grains per
panicle was observed between the two factors; variety and planting distance. Results
show that the check variety responded well to planting distance. Figure 5 shows that there
is a corresponding increase on the total number of grains as planting distance were made
wider. On the other hand Tudoy had an increasing number of grains on 30 x 30 cm and
50 x 50 cm but a slight decrease were observed on 40 cm x 40 cm as compared to the
grain numbers on 30 cm x 30 cm. For Kamuros constant numbers of grains were not
affected by the changes in planting distance. It was also noted that total number of grains
had declined greatly in the widest planting distance used. Significantly results show that
the highest total number of grains for Tudoy and Wagwag were obtained on 50 x 50 cm
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
36
which could be adopted by farmers to help them increase yield and reduce labor and cost
of seedlings.
Number of Filled Grains per Panicle
Effect of variety. The number of filled grains per panicle shows significant
differences on the varieties tested. As shown in Table 9 check variety (Wagwag) had the
highest number of filled grains (172) which is significant over Tudoy with 120 grains but
not significant over Kamuros with 145 grains. Tudoy and Wagwag are not significantly
different from each other.
Effect of planting distance. Number of filled grains as affected by planting
distance shows highly significant results. 40 cm x 40 cm significantly produced higher
number of filled grains than the traditional distancing of 20 x 20 cm, a difference of 46
grains was counted. 30 cm x 30 cm had produced 149 filled grains while 50 cm x 50 cm
had 140 filled grains which are both comparable to the number of grains in 20 cm x 20
cm and 40 cm x 40 cm. It seems that the best planting distance under the condition of this
study to produce higher number of filled grain is 40 cm x 40 cm. Results could be
associated to the amount of solar energy received from as early as panicle initiation until
crop maturation most during grain production (de Datta, 1981) wherein 20 cm x 20 cm
planting distance encounters possible shading as compared to plants in the wider
distances.
Interaction effect. Highly significant interactions were observed on the number of
filled grains. All the varieties had a consistent increase on the number of filled grains per
panicle as distancing became wider, however when they reached the widest distancing of
50 x 50 cm, Kamuros increased slightly with 4 grains, Tudoy had declined greatly in
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
37
number which was due to heavy infestation of whiteheads that resulted to a higher
number of unfilled grains than filled grains. On the other hand Check variety Wagwag
tapered down when it reached the widest distancing.
Table 9. Number of grains per panicle and number of filled grains per panicle
TREATMENT NUMBER
OF
GRAINS PER PANICLE FILLED GRAINS PER
PANICLE
Variety(A)
Kamuros
180b
145ab
Tudoy
210a
120b
Wagwag (check)
202a
172a
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
168b
123b
30 cm x 30 cm
200ab
149ab
40cm x 40 cm
203ab
169a
50cm x 50 cm
230a
140ab
Ax B
*
*
CV% 11.63
17.60
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
38
300
250
200
20 cm x 20 cm
30 cm x 30 cm
a
i
n
s
gr
of
40 cm x 40 cm
150
ber
u
m
50 cm x 50 cm
N
100
50
0
Kamuros
Tudoy
Wagwag
Varieties
Figure 10. Interaction effect on the number of grains per panicle
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
39
250
200
n
s
ai
20 cm x20 cm
150
30 cm x 30 cm
i
l
l
ed gr
f
40 cm x40 cm
b
e
r
of
100
u
m
N
50 cm x 50 cm
50
0
Kamuros
Tudoy
Wagwag
Variety
Figure 11. Interaction effect on the number of filled grains per panicle
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
40
Grain Yield per Treatments
Effect of variety. Check variety Wagwag significantly had the heaviest weight in
terms of grain yield per treatment (3,735 g) which is significantly higher than both
Kamuros (1,235 g) and Tudoy (1,010 g), respectively. Kamuros and Tudoy did not differ
significantly. Numerically, Wagwag had the highest number of grains and filled grains
over the two other varieties (Table 10). This further explains the significant differences
aside from their varietal characteristics.
Effect of planting distance. As shown in Table 10, rice planted at a planting
distance of 20 cm x 20 cm, 30 cm x 30 cm and 40 cm x 40 cm did not differ significantly
from each other. Plants distanced at 50 cm x 50 cm significantly produced lower grains
over plants both planted at 20 cm x 20 cm but not significantly higher than those planted
on 40 cm x 40 cm distance. De Datta (1981), states that spacing wider than necessary
result in lower yield because the number of plants in the area may be less than the
optimum number needed for high yield. This statement may explain the results of the
study on the weight of grain yield as affected by planting distance.
Interaction
effect. Statistically, no significant interaction was observed on the
weight of grains per treatment.
Computed Yield per Hectare (tons)
Effect of variety. Check variety Wagwag significantly had the heaviest computed
grain yield of 3.89 tons / ha which is significantly higher than both Kamuros (1.28 tons /
ha) and Tudoy (1.05 tons / ha), respectively. Numerically, Wagwag had the heaviest
grain yield per treatment over the two other varieties (Table 10). This further explains the
significant differences in the computed yield per hectare.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
41
Effect of planting distance. Computed grain yields of rice planted at a planting
distance of 20 cm x 20 cm, 30 cm x 30 cm and 40 cm x 40 cm did not differ significantly
from each other. Plants distanced at 50 cm x 50 cm significantly had the lowest computed
grain yield over the plants both planted at 20 cm x 20 cm but not significantly higher than
those planted on 40 cm x 40 cm distance.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis shows no significant interaction besides
highly significant difference on variety and planting distance alone.
Table10. Grain yield per treatment and computed yield per hectare
GRAIN YIELD PER
COMPUTED YIELD
TREATMENT
TREATMENT (g / 9.6 m2)
(tons / ha)
Variety(A)
Kamuros
1,235b
1.29b
Tudoy
1,010b
1.05b
Wagwag (check)
3,735a
3.89a
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
2,579a 2.86a
30 cm x 30 cm
2,196a
2.29a
40cm x 40 cm
1,921ab
2.00ab
50cm x 50 cm
1,277b
1.33b
Ax B
ns
ns
CV%
21.59
21.62
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
42
KAMUROS
TUDOY
WAGWAG
Figure 12. Grain yields of the different varieties
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
43
Return on Cash Expense
Effect of variety. Computed return on cash expense (ROCE) shows negative
results except for the check variety (Wagwag) that has an ROCE of 72.64 %. Results
shows that higher negative ROCE was computed from Tudoy which has the lowest grain
yield because of heavy infestation of whiteheads and lodging, while Kamuros had a better
yield however still obtained negative ROCE.
Effect of planting distance. Computed results on ROCE as affected by planting
distance shows that the traditional planting distance (20 cm x 20 cm) commonly used by
our farmers gives negative ROCE while 30 cm x 30 cm and 40 cm x 40 cm had given
low however positive ROCE. On the other hand the widest planting distance of 50 cm x
50 cm had resulted to a much higher negative ROCE. Results show that 40 cm x 40 cm is
a better distancing to be adopted by our local farmers for the traditional varieties.
Interaction
effect. Results per treatment combination show that the check variety
shows positive interaction effect on distancing. Computed results shows a corresponding
increase in ROCE as spacing became wider however it was noted that 40 cm x 40 cm had
higher ROCE than 50 cm x 50 cm. On the other hand the two varieties tested provided
negative results on ROCE.
Stem borer Damage Evaluation
Visual rating was used to evaluate the occurrence of whiteheads caused by stem
borers that was done at heading time. Rating shows that the check variety was resistant to
stem borer while Tudoy were susceptible and it had resulted to a very low yield. On the
other hand, Kamuros were found to be moderately resistant.
Most of the planting distance used had an intermediate effect on stem borer.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
44
Table 11. Return in cash expense
SEED
TOTAL COST
GROSS
NET
TREATMENT
YIELD OF
INCOME
INCOME ROCE %
(kg)
PRODUCTION
(pHp)
(pHp)
(pHp)
Variety(A)
V1- Kamuros
14.82
337.77
207.48
-130.29
-30.57
V2- Tudoy
12.13
332.57
169.82
-162.75
-48.94
V3- Wagwag 44.83 363.55 627.62
264.07
72.64
(check)
Distancing
D1-20 cm
23.22 332.14 325.08 -7.06 -2.13
(check)
D2 -30 cm
19.16
270.67
276.64
5.97
2.21
D3 – 40cm
17.3
235.07
242.20
7.13
3.03
D4 – 50cm
11.5
196.01
161.00
-35.01
-17.86
• Total cost of production includes labor (such as plowing, harrowing, leveling,
cleaning, spraying, chemical application, and harvesting ), seedlings, fertilizer,
and chemicals.
• Seedlings were priced at 3 cents per seedling.
• Grains were priced 14 pHp per kg
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
45
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
20 cm x 20 cm
10
%
30 cm x 30 cm
CE
0
RO -10
Kamuros
Tudoy
Wagwag
40 cm x 40 cm
-20
-30
50 cm x 50 cm
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
Variety
Figure 13. Return on cash expenses (%)
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
46
Table 12. Stem borer evaluation (Whiteheads)
STEMBORER
TREATMENT
(WHITE HEADS)
Variety(A)
V1- Kamuros
Moderately Susceptible
V2- Tudoy
Susceptible
V3- Wagwag (check)
Resistant
Distancing
D1-20 cm (check)
Intermediate
D2 -30 cm
Intermediate
D3 – 40cm
Intermediate
D4 – 50cm
Susceptible
1-Resistant, 3- Moderately Resistant, 5- Intermediate, 7- Moderately Susceptible
9-Susceptible
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
47
Figure 14. Tudoy variety attacked with stem borer (white heads)
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
48
Lodging Resistance
Lodging was been recorded at maturity by visual rating and observations. It was
observed that check variety Wagwag were resistant to lodging effect while Kamuros were
moderately resistant. On the other hand Tudoy were moderately susceptible to lodging
which could be associated to its height and long panicles. Distancing shows moderate
resistant to lodging
Table 13. Lodging resistance
TREATMENT
LODGING RESISTANCE
Variety(A)
V1- Kamuros
Moderate Resistant
V2- Tudoy
Moderate Susceptible
V3- Wagwag (check)
Resistant
Distancing
D1-20 cm (check)
Moderate Resistant
D2 -30 cm
Moderate Resistant
D3 – 40cm
Moderate Resistant
D4 – 50cm
Moderate Resistant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
49
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Togoy, Ba-ayan, Tublay, Benguet to determine the
effect of different planting distance in the growth and yield of the different varieties used,
determine the best recommended distance of planting for our highland rice farmers with
regards to the suitability of the variety to be used, determine the interaction effect
between rice varieties and planting distance on the growth and yield of rice and to
determine which treatment has the highest Return on Cash Expense.
Results show that Wagwag performs best than the two other varieties in most
growth parameters such as highest number of tillers at tillering stage, productive tillers
and were the earliest to produce tillers. Yield components such as highest total number of
grains, most filled grains and highest grain yield were also recorded from the same
variety.
Visual rating was also done for the evaluation of stem borer (white heads) and
lodging resistance. Kamuros and Wagwag are resistant to stem borer and lodging while
Tudoy was susceptible to whiteheads and lodging.
Positive ROCE was computed from variety Wagwag of 72.64 %.
Numerical differences were observed on the effect of planting distance in terms of
initial height, transplanting to ripening, transplanting to heading, and panicle length,
however statistical analysis reveals no significant effect.
Treatment combinations of both factors show significant interaction effect on
growth and yield. Highest number of tillers at maximum tillering stage, productive
tillers, and most filled grains per panicle were counted from Wagwag spaced at 50 cm x
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
50
50 cm. Wagwag recorded early ripening on all the planting distance used. Significant
total number of grains per panicle was counted from Tudoy spaced at 50 cm x 50 cm.
Positive ROCE were computed in all the distances combined with variety
Wagwag. Rice plants spaced at 40cm x 40 cm gives the highest ROCE of 89.21 %.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study Wagwag spaced at 50 cm x 50 cm planting
distance had the highest tillers at maximum tillering stage and had the most productive
tillers. Most filled grains per panicle were produced from rice plants grown at 40 cm x 40
cm planting distance. Heaviest grain yield were produced from rice plants at 20 cm x 20
cm planting distance. Highest possible ROCE can be obtained from Wagwag spaced at
40 cm x 40 cm planting distance.
Recommendation
Based on results of the study, the best recommended planting distance for variety
Wagwag is 40 cm x 40 cm. Spacing of 50 cm x 50 cm may also be adapted as planting
distance for Wagwag.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
51
LITERATURE CITED
AOWAT, R.D. 1995. Effects of distance of planting on the growth and yield of native rice.
BS. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 16.
CECAP and PHILRICE. 2000. Highland Rice Production in the Philippines Cordillera.
Central Cordillera Agricultural Program, Banaue Ifugao and Philippine Rice
Research Institute, Maligaya Munoz, Nueva Ecija. Pp.7, 30.
CRDI. 1992-1993. Cotton Research Highlights. Cotton Research and Development Institute,
Batac, Ilocos Norte. P. 56.
DE DATTA. 1981. Principles and Practices of Rice Production. Copyright John Willey’s
and Sons Publishing Com., Canada P. 230-231.
EFFERSON, J. 1952. The Production and Marketing of Rice. Copyright The Rice Journal
806. Perdido Street, New Orleans, Louisiana. Pp. 61, 62, 65, 72, 74.
GAMSAWEN. E. L. 2006. Agronomic characterization and evaluation of traditional rice
cultivar in Maligcong, Bontoc, MountainProvince. BS. Thesis Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 16.
GINTONG ANI IRRI. 1998. Hybrid Rice Production. Brochure. P.2.
IRRI. 2005. Rice Today. IRRI, Metro Manila, Philippines. (4; 2) P. 26.
MARTIN.J, W.H. LEONARD., and D.L. STAMP. Principles of Field Crops Production. (3rd
ed.). Mc Millan, Publishing Com. Inc., New York. P. 325.
PCCARD. 2001. The Philippine Recommends for Rice Production and Post Production
Operations. Los Banos, Laguna. Pp. 7, 12, 25, 42.
PEARS, P. 2002. Rodalle’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening.(2nd ed.). D.Y.
Publishing Company, New York, New York. Pp. 316-317.
PHILRICE. 1983. Rice Techno guide for the Cordillera. Philippine Rice Research Institute.
UPLB Campus, Laguna, Philippines. P. 46
PHILRICE. 1992. Rice Production Technoguide.Maligaya, Munoz, Nueva Ecija. Pp. ix, 17-
18.
SCHILLER, J. M., M.B. CHANGMENGXAY, B. LINGUIST and S. APPARAO. (Ed.)
2006. Rice in Laos. Los Banos, Philippines. P. 25.
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52
SERRANO, S.R. and et. Al. 1995. Status and Prospects of Lowland Rice Farming in the
Philippines. PhilRice Tech. Bull. 1:1 (Pub). Philippines Research Institute. P.
126-127.
THE NEW WORLD BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 1984. The New World Book of
Knowledge. Grolier Incorporated. Volume 13 P. 229.
UPCA. 1983. Rice Production in the Philippines (A Student Manual for Use Vocational
Agriculture). UP College Laguna, Philippines. P. 34-35.
WORLD BOOK ENCYCLOPEDIA 1991. The World Book Encyclopedia. World Book,
Inc. 525 West Monroe Chicago, IL 60606. Vol. 13 P. 322.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
53
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Initial height of seedlings (29 DAS) cm
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
27.38 29.79 26.43 83.60 27.87
D2 27.82 28.12 26.95 82.89 27.63
D3 28.72 28.84 27.75 85.31 28.44
D4 28.02 27.82 28.04 83.88 27.96
V2D1 35.52 32.07 28.76 96.35 32.12
D2 31.11 29.83 30.93 91.87 30.62
D3 32.07 30.24 30.07 92.38 30.79
D4
28.9 28.56 30.02 87.48 29.16
V3D1 35.66 36.07 34.77 106.50 35.50
D2 36.38 35.09 35.45 106.92 35.64
D3 36.63 38.52 37.17 112.32 37.44
D4 35.81 38.5 35.41 109.72 36.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 1.994
3.997
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
431.830
215.915
131.01**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
5.938
1.979
1.20ns
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
15.614
2.602
1.58ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
36.241
1.647
TOTAL 35 497.616
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns-not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
54
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Number of days from transplanting to tillering
TREATMENT BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
22 22 23 67 22
D2 22 22 24 68 23
D3 21 22 23 66 22
D4 22 22 23 67 22
V2D1 22 25 26 75 25
D2 24 25 26 75 25
D3 23 24 26 73 24
D4 24 23 26 73 24
V3D1 18 17 17 52 17
D2 18 17 17 52 17
D3 17 17 17 51 17
D4 17 17 17 51 17
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 8.722
176.778
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
353.556
0.630
325.60**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
1.889
0.074
1.16ns
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
0.414
0.543
1.14ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
11.944
TOTAL 35 376.56
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns- not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
55
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Number of maximum tillers at tillering stage
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
4 2 4 10 3
D2 6 6 7 19 6
D3 7 8 8 23 8
D4 6 7 10
23 8
V2D1 3 2 3 8 3
D2 6 4 6 16 5
D3 7 4 4 15 5
D4 3 5 6 14 5
V3D1 8 10 10 28 9
D2 18 16 16 50 17
D3 21 22 23 66 22
D4 30 33 31 94 31
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 4.500
2.250
Treatment
Variety
(A) 2 1702.167
851.083
548.01**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
425.444
141.815
91.31**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
396.722
66.120
45.57**
2.37 3.37
Error 22
34.167
1.553
TOTAL 35
2563.000
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
56
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Number of productive tillers
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
3 3 2 8 3
D2 4 5 3 12 4
D3 6 6 4 16 5
D4 6 5 5 16 5
V2D1 2 2 3 7 2
D2 2 2 2 6 2
D3 3 4 5 12 4
D4 2 2 4 8 3
V3D1 4 3 4 11 4
D2 10 8 9 27 9
D3 15 14 14 43 14
D4 20 20 19 59 20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 0.500
0.250
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
543.167
271.583
402.80**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
219.417
73.139
108.48**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
228.833
38.139
56.57**
2.37 3.37
Error 22
14.833
0.674
TOTAL 35
1006.750
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
57
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Number of days from transplanting to heading
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
80 82 85 247 82
D2 82 85 87 254 85
D3 82 85 86 253 84
D4 82 85 86 253 8/4
V2D1 87 92 93 272 91
D2 85 92 93 270 90
D3 87 92 92 271 90
D4 92 92 95 279 93
V3D1 114 115 115 344 115
D2 114 114 114 344 114
D3 112 114 114 340 113
D4
114
114
114
342
114
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 82.056
41.020
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
936.722
968.361
1142.30**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
8.386
2.769
1.34ns
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
21.278
3.546
1.72 ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
45.278
2.058
TOTAL 35
6093.639
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns- not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
58
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Number of days from transplanting to ripening
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
123 128 128 379 126
D2 128 136 138 402 134
D3 130 136 137 403 134
D4 130 136 136 402 134
V2D1 133 138 139 410 137
D2 133 138 136 407 136
D3 133 140 144 417 139
D4 144 144 156 444 148
V3D1 123 123 123 369 123
D2 123 123 123 369 123
D3 123 123 123 369 123
D4 123 123 123 369 123
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 150.000
79.000
Treatment
Variety
(A) 2 1704.667
852.333
118.19**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
188.222
62.741
8.70**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
232.444
38.741
5.37 **
2.37 3.37
Error 22
158.667
7.212
TOTAL 35
2422.000
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
59
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Length of panicle
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
61.15 65.05 60.08 187.00 62.33
D2 66.25
67.03 66.60 200.15 66.72
D3 67.00 69.75 71.25 208.00 69.33
D4 70.15 81.85 69.40 221.40 73.80
V2D1 76.00 72.50 72.02 220.52 73.51
D2 81.90 82.50 67.65 232.05 77.35
D3 75.80 77.90 85.20 238.90 79.63
D4 80.20 82.99 76.30 239.49 79.83
V3D1 68.15 67.05 68.30 203.50 67.83
D2 71.05 70.20 65.45 206.70 68.90
D3 72.15 69.60 69.80 211.55 70.52
D4 71.60 70.00 72.90 214.50 71.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 19.958
9.979
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
700.32
350.161
30.11**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
197.368
65.789
2.66ns
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
21.078
3.513
0.30ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
255.876
11.631
TOTAL 35
1194.876
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns- not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
60
APPENDIX TABLE 8. Final height (cm)
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
106 126 11 349 116
D2
135
119
7119
373
124
D3 125 132 120 377 126
D4 127 128 129 384 128
V2D1 154 146 139 439 146
D2 157 149 140 446 149
D3 143 143 144 430 143
D4 143 149 132 424 141
V3D1 130 132 134 396 132
D2 126 139 126 391 130
D3 153 136 133 22 144
D4 137 134 133 404 135
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 261.056
130.528
Treatment
Variety
(A) 2 2730.889
1365.444
31.50** 3.27
5.27
Planting
3
114.992
38.324
0.88ns
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
395.111
65.852
1.52ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
953.611
43.346
TOTAL 35
4455.639
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns- not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
61
APPENDIX TABLE 9. Total number of grains per panicle
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
147 134 167 595 198
D2 197 209 186 592 197
D3 175 230 188 593 198
D4 172 176 185 533 148
V2D1 194 175 187 556 185
D2 239 217 189 645 215
D3 187 218 206 611 204
D4 256 299 250 805 268
V3D1 167 171 170 508 169
D2 225 190 144 559 186
D3 230 185 212 627 209
D4 219 289 222 730 243
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 1461.056
730.528
Treatment
Variety
(A) 2 8533.722
4266.861
7.87** 3.27
5.27
Planting
3
17303.639
5767.880
10.64**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
8023.611
1337.269
2.47*
2.37 3.37
Error 22
11923.611
541.982
TOTAL 35
47245.639
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
*- Significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
62
APPENDIX TABLE 10. Number of filled grains per panicle
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
133 98 118 349 116
D2 158 157 131 446 148
D3 137 192 129 458 153
D4 126 230 115 471 157
V2D1 141 112 95 348 116
D2 151 139 124 414 138
D3 139 191 147 477 159
D4 85 87 33 205 68
V3D1 136 130 145 411 137
D2 193 172 115 480 160
D3 200 213 174 587 196
D4 168 228 191 587 196
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 7840.222
3120.111
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
16122.056
8060.028
12.20**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
9871.639
3290.546 4.98**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
14278.611
2379.769
3.60**
2.37 3.37
Error 22
14535.778
660.717
TOTAL 35
62646.306
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
63
APPENDIX TABLE 11. Grain yield per treatment (g) (9.6m2)
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
2473 1628 1260 5361 1787
D2 2117 1597 1128 4843 1614
D3 1203
1287
855
3346
1115
D4 320 461 490 1271 424
V2D1 2522 1820 765 5108 1703
D2 1400
1320
381
3101
1034
D3 1055 920 902 2877 959
D4 439 480 119 1038 346
V3D1 4030 4325 4390 12745 4248
D2 4507 3700 3615 11822 3941
D3 3390 4765 2910 11065 3688
D4 2912 3570 2705 9187 3062
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 2430576.056
1215288.0
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
54897134.222 27448567
148.26**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
8120748.306 2706914.7 14.62**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
293827.111
48971.185
0.26ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
4072924.611
132.937
TOTAL 35
69812506.306
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns- not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
64
APPENDIX TABLE 12. Computed grain yield per hectare (tons / ha)
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
2.58 1.70 1.31 5.59 1.86
D2 2.21 1.66 1.18 5.04 1.68
D3 1.25 1.34 0.89 3.47 1.16
D4 0.33 0.48 0.51 1.32 0.44
V2D1 2.62 1.90 0.78 5.32 1.77
D2 1.46 1.38 0.40 3.23 1.07
D3 1.10 0.96 0.94 3.00 1.00
D4 0.45 0.50 0.12 1.08 0.36
V3D1 4.20 4.51 4.57 13.28 4.43
D2 4.70 3.85 3.77 12.32 4.11
D3 3.53 4.96 3.03 11.53 3.84
D4 3.03 3.72 2.82 9.57 3.19
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 2618.0165
1309.000
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
59675.226 29837.612
148.20**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
8758.972
2919.657 14.50**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
1308.343
51.390
0.26ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
4429.219
201.328
TOTAL 35
75789.770
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns- not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
65
APPENDIX TABLE 13. Return on cash expense
TOTAL COST
SEED
GROSS
NET INCOME
TREATMENT
OF
YIELD
INCOME
(pHp)
ROCE %
PRODUCTION
(g)
(pHp)
(pHp)
V1D1
108.48 5.36
75.04
-33.44 -30.83
D2 88.77
4.84 67.75 -21.01
-23.66
D3 76.91
3.35 46.9 -30.01
-39.02
D4 63.61
1.27 17.78 -45.83
-72.04
V2D1 106.54
5.11 71.54 -35
-32.85
D2 87.33
3.10 43.4 -43.93
-50.30
D3 76.25
2.88 40.32 -35.93
-47.12
D4 62.45
1.04 14.56 -47.89
-76.69
V3D1 117.12
12.75 178.5 -61.38
52.41
D2 94.57
11.82
165.48
70.91
74.98
D3 81.91
11.07
154.98
73.07
89.21
D4 69.95
9.19 128.66
58.71
83.93
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
ALMAZAN, JENNIFER T. APRIL 2008. Growth and Yield Performance of Rice
Varieties as Affected by Planting Distance. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Macario D. Cadatal, Ph D.
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to: determine the effect of the different planting distance on the
growth and yield of the different varieties used, determine the best recommended
distance of planting for our highland farmers with regard to the suitability of the variety
used, determine the interaction effect between rice varieties and planting distance on the
growth and yield of rice; and which treatment has the highest return on cash expense
(ROCE).
Based on the results, the varieties significantly differed in all the growth and yield
parameters such as initial height, tillering, panicle length, final height, ripening, number
and weight of grains. Wagwag and Kamuros are resistant to whiteheads and lodging.
Planting distance had significant effect on the varieties in some growth
parameters. Planting distance of 50 cm x 50 cm resulted in the highest number of
productive and non productive tillers for all varieties. Further, the planting distance of 50
cm x 50 cm resulted in most grains for Tudoy and Wagwag and most filled grains per
panicle for Kamuros and Wagwag. Tudoy was the earliest to ripen at 30 cm x 30 cm
planting distance. Variety Kamuros and Wagwag were the earliest to ripen at 20 cm x 20
cm planting distance. Rice plants spaced at 20 cm x 20 cm produced the highest grain
yield. All the varieties spaced at 50 cm x 50 cm, 40 cm x 40 cm, and 20 cm x 20 cm
interact significantly in terms of maximum and productive tillers. All varieties produced
the heaviest grain yield and early ripening for Kamuros and Wagwag at the traditional
distancing of 20 cm x 20 cm. Tudoy ripened early at 30cm x 30 cm planting distance.
Return on cash expense was positive in all the planting distance used for variety
Wagwag. The highest ROCE was obtained from Wagwag spaced at 40 cm x 40 cm
planting distance.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………... i
Abstract………………………………………………………………........................
i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………...
iii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………..
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………………………….
4
METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………….
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSION ……………………………………………………...
14
Meteorological data ………………………… ...……………………………
14
Initial height of seedling (29 DAS) ……………………................................
15
Number of days from transplanting
to tillering……………………………………………………. ……………..
15
Number of maximum tillers…………………………………. …………….
17
Number of productive tillers…………………………...……………………
19
Number of days from transplanting
to heading…………………………………………..………………………..
23
Number of days from transplanting to
to ripening……………………………………………………………………
28
Length of panicle……………………………………………………………
28
Final height………………………………………………………………….
33
Number of grains per panicle ……………………………………………….
33
Number of filled grains per panicle ……… . ………………………………
35
Grain yield per treatment …………………………………………………...
36
iii
Computed yield per hectare…………………………………………………
40
Return on cash expense ……………………………………………………..
40
Stem borer evaluation…………… ………………………………………..
43
Lodging resistance…………………………………………..........................
48
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION……………………..
49
Summary ………………………………………………………....................
49
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….
50
Recommendation …………………………………………………………...
50
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………………..
51
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………...
53
iv
INTRODUCTION
The world’s increasing population demands that every crop has its own role in the
area of production technology to cope up with every single population need. In cereal
production, the rice plant (Oryza Sativa Linn) is one of the well-known cultivated species
of Genus Oryza belonging to the family Graminae and serve as one of the most important
crops of Asia. Rice in general as compared to other grain crops is very important The
New World Book Encyclopedia, 1984) for it is the pre-dominant staple food in at least 33
developing countries providing 27 % of dietary energy supply, 20% dietary protein and
3% dietary fat (IRRI, 2005). The Philippines for instance proves the importance of this
crop, for over 80 % of Filipinos population makes rice as their staple food (PhilRice,
1992). Being the staple food of the Filipinos, rice is the main source of carbohydrates and
proteins of most Filipino diet. In addition, rice can contribute nutritionally significant
amounts of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and zinc to the diet and smaller amounts of other
micronutrients (IRRI, 2005).
Being an important crop it is widely cultivated through out the world where the
two methods of planting are being practice. In most countries of the world, direct seeding
is widely practiced just like in the case of eastern India where rice cultivation is often
performed by direct seeding rather than transplanting (IRRI, 2005). Direct seeding is an
appropriate method of growing rice if farmers want to reduce labor for it does away with
seedbed preparation, seed care, pulling of seedlings and transplanting (PhilRice, 1992).
However, direct seeding has a big problem on weed management (IRRI, 2005) and for
Benguet farmers it is not acceptable due to cultural constraints. According to them, it is
not appropriate because in direct seeding, they have to protect a large area against rats
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
2
(CECAP and Phil Rice, 2000). Due to these constraints, the transplanting method is
widely adopted to highland farmers following the straight row planting where definite
spacing is maintained between plants that enhances the attainment of optimum plant
population and facilitates fertilizer application and weeding operations (PhilRice, 1992).
For lowland rice production, spacing of 50 x50 cm between rows and hills are practice in
the “Margate system” regardless of season, variety and soil fertility, while in the
“masagana system” the seedlings are transplanted in straight rows with spacing varying
with the season, variety and soil fertility. However, spacing between rows and hills in
rows do not exceed 40 cm (UPCA, 1983). In the case of the highland rice production, a
recommendation of proper planting distance is being practiced depending in the season of
planting. During wet season, a 20 x 20 cm distance of planting is recommended to the
advantage of slight sunlight and to prevent shading on the seedling; while during the dry
season, it is advisable to let the spacing a bit closer with a distance of 20 x 15 cm
(Gintong Ani, 1996).
In crop production one of the most considerable factors of production is the Total
Cost of Production (TCP) which serves as their basis of adopting new introduced
technologies. In rice production, the four most laborious operations include transplanting
and weeding. Transplanting takes 18 % of the TCP (CECAP and Phil Rice, 2000)
wherein they are following the distance regardless of variety and soil fertility, in this
study, the use of different planting distance to evaluate tillering ability and yield
performance of the different cultivars is implemented. Therefore, this study may serve as
the basis of adopting new planting distance in correlation with the variety to be grown
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
3
with lesser or minimum TCP with high or better yield than the traditional planting
distance use.
The objectives of the study were to:
1. determine the effect of the different planting distance on the growth and yield
of the different varieties used;
2. determine the best recommended planting distance for our highland rice
farmers with regard to the suitability of the variety to be used;
3. determine the interaction effect between rice varieties and planting distance on
the growth and yield of rice; and
4. determine which treatment has the highest Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE).
The study was conducted at Togoy, Ba-ayan, Tublay, Benguet from July 2007 to
January 2008.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
An advantage of rice is its high yield when it is cultivated properly. Because of its
high yield, rice has long been a symbol of fertility (World Book Encyclopedia, 1991).
Most of our Benguet rice-farmers have their own choice of rice varieties to grow
on their farm. Some of these varieties are traditionally grown while others are locally
introduced into the farm but were adopted by the farmers.
Traditional rice varieties have broad genetic base, as they are products of
continuous selection and purification through the years. Preferences for these traditional
varieties is due to the following reasons: resistance to several insect pest and diseases,
low fertilizer requirement, non-lodging, non-shattering, extended and long panicles for
easy harvesting and storage, adoptable to low temperature, long awns to aerate seeds
while in storage and to protect against birds and chickens, good eating quality, stability
for wine making and are important in keeping with cultures and traditions such as
ceremonial purposes- weddings and caňaos.
Traditional rice grains are generally long, medium shaped and awns possessing
red, brown, white or black with stripped when hulled (PhilRice,1988).
Distance and Depth of Planting
One important factor to consider in transplanted rice is plant spacing. Rice planted
closer than necessary increases the cost of transplanting and the chances of lodging. On
the other hand, spacing wider than necessary may result in lower yield because the
number of plant in the area maybe less than the optimum number needed for high yield
(de Datta, 1981).
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
5
A straight row planting method during transplanting is recommended following a
20 x 20 cm, 15 x 15 cm or 10 x 15 cm spacing with 2-3 seedlings per hill at a depth of 2-
3 cm for bed seedlings. There is no single spacing recommended for all varieties (Phil
Rice, 1992).
Effect of Planting Distance
Different spacing of seedlings in rice production gives a variety of results. A wide
spacing in rich soils gives maximum tillering but reduces the number of productive tillers
per plant. It is also observed that the number of tillers per plant increases as the distance
between plants increases (Arraudeau and Vergara, 1998).
Efferson (1952), stated that some varieties when properly spaced, produce as
many as 50 productive tillers per plant, but the average for transplanted rice is 15 – 20
tillers per plant and for broadcast or drilled rice 5 – 8 tillers per plant.
Based on the study conducted by Aowat (1995) on the effect of planting distance
on the growth and yield performance of native rice, he stated that plants spaced at 20 x 20
cm significantly produced better results as compared to other distances used on the study
in terms of total plant weight. However, the distance (20 x 20 cm) resulted to higher
weight of unfilled grains.
Trials on cotton production in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao shows comparable
seed cotton yield between the 3 varieties tested in accordance to distance of planting.
CRDI-1 planted at 30 cm and 40 cm between hills produced significantly higher seed
cotton yield in Tampakon, South Cotabato. More bolls were produced in wider hill
spacing in Ampatuan, Maguindanao. In Panay, Capiz cotton planted either at 30 cm or 40
cm gave higher seed cotton yield compared at 50 cm between hills.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
6
Determining the optimum spatial arrangement (row and hill) spacing of cotton in
cowpea intercropping set up is a step to maximize productivity. In San Juan, Ilocos Sur
plants spaced at 40 cm between hills produced more sympodial blades. However, 40 cm
did not differ significantly from 20 cm and 30 cm hill spacing (CRDI, 1992-1993).
Planting in distance in vegetable such as onions and cabbage affects their final
size up to a certain limit, allowing them more space means they grow larger. By reversing
this and growing them more closely with less growing space, the result is vegetable of
smaller size. In most cases, over all yields is also increased. Bulb onions illustrate the
influence of spacing on size. For large bulbs, an equal spacing of 8 in x 8 in is ideal
(Pears, 2002).
Tillering
According to Efferson (1952) tillers grows as in the true stem, the vertical and the
lateral growth both of the stem and the tillers continuous to grow simultaneously. After
some time a tiller may develop into independent stalks and along with the main stem
mature and produce ear-heads. All tillers, however may not develop and produce ear-
head at all. The size of the ear- head also varies, with the first formed tillers usually
producing a larger head than the later ones.
Harvesting, Threshing, and Drying
Harvesting and its related handling operations are significant points in post
production sequence where losses can be incurred (PCCARD, 2001). Basically,
harvesting in the highlands is done by the use of rakem (PhilRice, 1988), however, about
97 % of Filipino farmers use the serrated sickle while other use both the serrated sickle
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
7
and the yatao but an increasing number of farmers, particularly in the intensively
cultivated rice areas and urban centers where labor is deficient are now using mechanical
harvesting machines to be able to cope up with the labor shortages and delays caused by
the peak seasonal demand for manual harvesting labor (PCARRD, 2001). In terms of
maturity, rice is harvested when 80-90 % o cf the grains have finally passed the dough
stage that is when the lowest grains in the panicle have hardened.
Threshing is the process of detaching or separating rice grains from the panicle.
It’s timing, availability, and efficiency greatly affects the quality of the grains produced
(PCARRD, 2001). Threshing is usually done at least one day after harvest to allow the
panicles to be readily threshed.
Another important post harvest of rice before storage which is done purposely to
lower the moisture content if a newly threshed palay with the aim of reducing its
susceptibility to mold infestation, prevent sprouting, prolong its shelf life and at the same
time preserve its quality is drying up to 14 % MC (PCARRD, 2001). Most farmers rely
on practically cheapest type of drying, this is the sun drying wherein the use of solar
energy is used during the dry season, however during the wet season, the natural air
movement or air drying is done. Another practice during rainy days is the “pausukan”
where the rice bundles are placed over the fire place (UPCA, 1983).
Rice Production Cost and Returns
Cost of production and expected income per hectare are two important items to
consider before going into rice production (UPCA, 1983).
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
8
Rice production costs have increased steadily by annual average of 18 % while
returns nominally grew by 9 % from 1985-1991, the later being largely a function of
yield growth and fluctuation in farms price.
Labor cost have historically dominated production cost across all farm types and
season although recent years also show faster growth in the cost share for materials
composed of fertilizer, pesticide, and seed. Labor cost in 1991 accounted to P11, 089.00
per hectare or P3, 513.00 per meter.
Regardless of farm types, production cost during the dry season was observed to
be higher due to higher expenditures on fertilizers, pesticides and seeds as well as the
corresponding higher harvesting labor associated with higher dry season yields.
Transplanted rice generally incurs higher cost relative to direct seeded attributable to the
transplanting labor differential although the later has higher material and maintenance
cost during the dry season (Serrano, and et al., 1995).
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
9
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Planting Materials and Equipment
Three varieties of rice seeds such as Kamuros, Wagwag, and Tudoy were used as
planting materials. T-14 was applied as fertilizer at the rate of 490 kg / ha for 20 cm x 20
cm, 417 kg / ha for 30 cm x 30 cm, 260 kg / ha for 40 cm x 40 cm, 156 kg / ha for 50 cm
x 50 cm and Karate was sprayed for crop protection. Thorough land preparation was
done with the use of plow, harrow and level (wood) before planting and string was use to
follow straight row with different distances per treatment.
Land Preparation and Experimental Design
An area of 345.6 m2 was thoroughly plowed, harrowed, and leveled. It was
divided into three blocks with 3 replication composing of 12 plots each block measuring
1.6 x 6 m following 3 x 4 factor factorial using randomized complete block design
( RCBD). Seedlings were transplanted at one seedling per hill.
Treatments
The experiment consisted of 12 treatments involving 2 factors: A and B. Factor
A consist of 3 varieties (V) while the different planting distance (D) serves as Factor B.
Factor
A
Factor
B
V1-Kamuros
D1-20 cm x 20 cm (check)
V2-Tudoy
D2-30 cm x 30 cm
V3-Wagwag
(check) D3-40 cm x 40 cm
D4-50 cm x 50 cm
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
10
Data gathered
1. Initial seedling height (cm). The heights of seedlings were measured before
transplanting.
2. Number of days from transplanting to tillering. This was recorded when 50% of
the total plants per treatment start to produce tillers.
3. Number of maximum tillers at tillering stage. This was counted and recorded
when 50% of the total plants in each plot produce their flag leaf using 10 sample hills.
4. Total number of productive tillers. The total numbers of productive tillers were
recorded at heading
. 5. Number of days from transplanting to heading. The number of days from
transplanting to heading of the plants was recorded. The time of heading was recorded
when 50% of the rice plants produced heads.
6. Number days from transplanting to maturity. It was recorded when 80% of the
grains in the panicle turned yellow using 10 sample hills selected per treatment.
7. Length of panicle (cm). The length of the panicle was measured from the base
of the panicle to the tip of the panicle excluding awn using 10 sample panicles selected at
random per treatment at harvest.
8. Final height. This was measured from the soil surface to the tip of the longest
panicle excluding awn.
9. Total number of grains per panicle. The total number of grains using 10
panicles from 5 sample hills taken at random was recorded before harvest.
10. Number of filled grains per panicle. The number of filled grains was recorded
from data no.4.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
11
11. Grain yield per treatment. (g) (9.6 m 2). The total weight of winnowed grains
was recorded after sun drying for 5 days.
12. Computed grain yield per hectare (tons). Grain yield per treatment (9.6 m2)
was converted to yield per hectare using ratio and proportion as shown below.
Yield
Yield
X
9.6 m2
10,000 m2
13. Return On Cash Expenses. This was determined to find out which practice
gives the highest ROCE.
14. Stem borer (White heads). Evaluation of stem borer expressed as white heads
was done at heading time.
The following standard scale was used: (PhilRice, 1996)
Rating Index Description % Whiteheads
1 Resistant 1-5
3 Moderately Resistant 6-10
5 Intermediate 11-15
7 Moderately Susceptible 16-25
9 Susceptible 26 and above
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
12
15. Lodging Resistance. Lodging resistance was recorded two weeks after
heading and maturity using the following scale (PhilRice, 1996).
Scale Description
Remarks
1 All plants were erect
Resistant
3 Plants were leaning at
Moderate resistant
an angle of 90°
5 Plant was leaning at about 45º; Intermediate
more than 50 % of population
affected
7
Plants were leaning at an angle Moderate Susceptible
of 30º; more than 50% of the
population is affected
9
All plants had fallen on the ground Susceptible
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
13
A. Basic Land preparation (plowing)
B. Harvesting of rice plants
Figure 1.Some basic operations in rice production
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data during the Conduct of the Study
Environmental factors for rice production such as temperature, relative humidity,
amount of rainfall, and sunshine duration were presented on Table 1 covering the
duration of the study from July to December. Temperature mean ranged from 15.5 ºC to
22.5 ºC. Relative humidity has a mean of 84% while rainfall recorded a mean of 15.3 mm
which is very low as compared to the monthly rainfall requirement as stated by Schiller
et. al. (2006) that 200mm of monthly rainfall for lowland rice and 100mm of rainfall for
upland rice during the establishment phase and a minimum monthly rainfall of 125 mm at
vegetative stage. Sunshine duration had an average mean of 317.6 kj. Rice can be grown
successfully in regions that have a mean of temperature of about 22 ºC or above duration
the entire growing season of four to six months (Martin, et al.)
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall and sunshine duration during
the conduct of the study
MONTHS
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE RAINFALL SUNSHINE
HUMIDITY AMOUNT
DURATION
MAX MIN
(%)
(mm)
(kj)
July
23.8 16.5 82 6.6 42.8
August
19.5 14.3 77 45.0 141.3
September
16.1 85 12.3 793.9
October
22.3 16.0 86 21.8 329.6
November
22.6 14.6 88 16.4 229.3
December
24.3 15.5 88 1.9 368.8
MEAN
22.5 15.5 84 15.3 317.6
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
15
Initial Height of Seedlings
Effect of variety. At 29 days after sowing (DAS) Wagwag was significantly the
tallest with 36.32 cm followed by Tudoy while Kamuros with seedling height of 27.97
cm, respectively. Initial height of seedlings is important, for taller seedlings are desirable
in the wet season due to sudden floods that may cause damage to the rice crop during the
early stage (de Datta, 1981).
Effect of planting distance. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences
on the initial height of seedlings as affected by the different planting distance used.
Interaction
effect. Table 2 presents the initial height of seedlings at 29 DAS,
showing no significant interaction between the two factors; Varieties (A) and Planting
Distance (B).
Number of Days from Transplanting to Tillering
Effect of variety. Data on the number of days from transplanting to tillering are
presented on Table 3. It was observed that check variety Wagwag reached the tillering
stage earlier at 17 days than the two other varieties. Kamuros follows 5 days later while
Tudoy starts tillering at 25 days from transplanting. Results showed highly significant
differences among varieties tested. This could be due to their varietal differences.
Effect of planting distance. Results on the number of days from transplanting to
tillering as affected by planting distance shows that rice planted at wider spacing
produced tillers earlier by one day than those planted at closer spacing. However,
statistical analysis revealed no significant differences.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
16
Interaction
effect. Although results on the effect of varieties shows highly
significant differences on the number of days from transplanting to tillering, it was
statistically proven that their were no significant interaction on both factors.
Table 2. Initial height of seedlings (29 DAS)
INITIAL HIEGHT
TREATMENT
(cm)
Variety(A)
Kamuros
27.97 c
Tudoy
30.67 b
Wagwag (check)
36.28 a
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
31.83
30 cm x 30 cm
31.30
40cm x 40 cm
32.22
50cm x 50 cm
31.23
Ax B
ns
CV% 4.06
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
17
Table 3. Number of days from transplanting to tillering
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM
TREATMENT
TRANSPLANTING TO TILLERING.
Variety(A)
Kamuros
22b
Tudoy
25a
Wagwag (check)
17c
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
22
30 cm x 30 cm
22
40cm x 40 cm
21
50cm x 50 cm
21
Ax B
ns
CV% 3.44
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Number of Maximum Tillers at Tillering Stage
Effect of variety. In terms on the number of maximum tillers at tillering stage,
highly significant differences were observed. The check variety (Wagwag) significantly
produced the highest number of tillers. This could be due to its varietal characteristics.
Numerically, Tudoy produced the lowest number of tillers, however statistical analysis
reveals that Kamuros with a higher number of tillers than Tudoy is not significantly
different.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
18
Effect of planting distance. The different planting distance used in the study was
observed to have a highly significant effect on the number of maximum tillers at tillering
stage. The highest number of tillers (15) at maximum tillering produced were counted at
the widest planting distance used (50 x 50 cm), followed by 40 x 40 cm planting distance
with 12 tillers, 9 tillers at 30 x 30 cm and the lowest (5 tillers) were counted at the
traditional distancing of 20 x 20 cm. Higher number of tillers were observed on wider
planting distance rather than on the traditional planting distance due to their ability to
compensate for missing hills (de Datta, 1981) on wider spacing.
Interaction effect. Results on Table 4 shows highly significant interaction effect
on the number of tillers at maximum tillering stage on both factors. Different planting
distances used in the study were observed to interact significantly with the check variety
Wagwag. Figure 1 shows that as the planting distance becomes wider the number of
maximum tillers in Wagwag also increases. On the other hand Kamuros slightly
increased in tiller numbers on the two planting distances as based on the tillers produced
by plants on the traditional distancing, while Tudoy shows an increase on 30 x 30 cm and
produced the same number of tillers even on the following wider planting distance. Data
on the maximum number of tillers reveals that the check variety can be planted on wider
spacing to achieve maximum tillers while Kamuros achieved maximum tillers at 40 x 40
cm and Tudoy may obtain the highest number of tillers at a distance of 30 x 30 cm.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
19
Table 4. Number of maximum tillers at tillering stage
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF MAXIMUM TILLERS
Variety(A)
Kamuros
6b
Tudoy
5b
Wagwag (check)
20 a
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
5d
30 cm x 30 cm
9c
40cm x 40 cm
12b
50cm x 50 cm
15a
Ax B
.**
CV% 12.26
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Number of Productive Tillers
Effect of variety. Data on productive tillers shows that check variety Wagwag
with 12 tillers had highly significant difference as compared to Tudoy and Kamuros
having the lowest number of tillers. Gamsawen, (2006) stated that the five traditional
cultivar that he had tested on his study at Maligcong, Bontoc spaced at 20 x 20 cm had
produced a mean of three productive tillers per plant.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
20
35
30
25
i
l
l
e
r
u
m t
20 cm x 20 cm
x
i
m
20
30 cm x 30 cm
f
ma
e
r
o
40 cm x 40 cm
15
mb
Nu
50 cm x 50 cm
10
5
0
Kamuros
Tudoy
Wagwag
Variety
Figure 2. Interaction effect on the number of maximum tillers at tillering stage
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
21
Figure 3. Different treatments at maximum tillering stage
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
22
Figure 4 . Rice plants at maximum tillering stage per treatment (top, center)and over view
(bottom)
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
23
Effect of planting distance. Rice plants grown at 50 cm x 50 cm 9 productive
tillers shows highly significant difference on the number of productive tillers over the
other planting distances used. Crops distanced at 20 cm x 20 cm produced the least
number of productive tillers due to the higher number of panicles with unfilled grains.
Aowat (1995) stated that crops distanced at 20 cm x 20 cm resulted also to higher weight
of unfilled grains.
Interaction
effect. Highly significant interaction effect was observed on the check
variety (Wagwag). Planting distance had greatly affected the total number of productive
tillers on Wagwag. As the planting distance becomes wider the total number of tillers
also increases. Slight interaction results were observed in Kamuros and Tudoy. This
interaction effect can be significant in choosing the proper planting distance for each
tested varieties to produce maximum productive tillers that may provide higher yield.
According to Efferson (1952) some varieties when properly spaced, produced as many as
50 productive tillers but the average for transplanted rice is 15- 20 tillers per plant. It was
noted that the check variety- Wagwag had achieved 20 productive tillers under 50 cm x
50 cm planting distance as shown on Figure 4.
Number of Days from Transplanting to Heading
Effect of variety. Data on the number of days from transplanting to heading shows
highly significant differences among the different varieties (Table 6). Significantly,
Kamuros with 84 days was the earliest to produce heads followed by Tudoy with 91 days.
On the other hand the check variety- Wagwag was the latest reaching 114 days from
transplanting to heading. Significant differences could be attributed to their varietal
differences.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
24
Table 5. Number of productive tillers
NUMBER OF PRODUCTIVE TILLERS
TREATMENT
Variety(A)
Kamuros
4b
Tudoy
3b
Wagwag (check)
12a
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
3c
30 cm x 30 cm
5c
40cm x 40 cm
8b
50cm x 50 cm
9a
Ax B
**
CV% 13.14
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Effect of planting distance. Results shows almost the same number of days from
sowing to heading on the different planting distance used (96 days) except for the widest
planting distance a mean of 97 days. Statistical results showed no significant differences
among the different planting distance used.
Interaction
effect. Statistical analysis reveals no significant interaction effect on
the different varieties (A) and different planting distance (B) used in the study on the
number of days from transplanting to heading.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
25
25
20
t
i
l
l
e
r
15
t
i
ve
20 cm x 20 cm
oduc
pr
30 cm x 30 cm
r
of
be 10
40 cm x 40 cm
um
N
50 cm x 50 cm
5
0
Kamuros
Tudoy
Wagwag
Variety
Figure 5. Interaction effect on the number of productive tillers
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
26
Table 6. Number of days from transplanting to heading
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM
TREATMENT TRANSPLANTING TO HEADING
Variety(A)
Kamuros
84c
Tudoy
91b
Wagwag (check)
114a
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
96
30 cm x 30 cm
96
40cm x 40 cm
96
50cm x 50 cm
97
Ax B
ns
CV% 1.49
Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
27
(a)
(b)
Figure 6. Different varieties at booting stage (a), Tudoy variety at ripening stage (b)
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
28
Number of Days from Transplanting to Ripening
Effect of variety. Highly significant results were recorded on the number of days
from transplanting to ripening as shown in Table 7. It was observed that the check variety
Wagwag was the earliest to ripen at 123 days followed by Kamuros with 132 days and
the latest was Tudoy that reached its ripening at 140 DAT. Days of maturity is significant
in the production of rice for it’s the most important physiological character used in
classifying commercial rice varieties (Efferson, 1952). Results shows that Wagwag
belongs to early maturing groups while Kamuros and Tudoy both belongs to medium
maturing variety as to relative maturity grouping (Efferson, 1952). Maturity is also
important for local farmers especially for those who are planting rice the whole year for
most of them select varieties which are early maturing to be able to catch up with the two
cropping season.
Effect of planting distance. Maturity days of rice plants were observed to be
highly significant as affected by different planting distance. Statistical analysis reveals
that plants under the traditional distancing of 20 cm x 20 cm were the ones that mature
earlier than those plants of the other distances. Latest maturity were observed on the
widest distancing 50 cm x 50 cm. Results could be associated to the fact that plants on 20
cm x 20 cm had a shorter length of vegetative phase due to lesser number of tillers while
plants on 50 cm x 50 cm had a longer vegetative phase due to longer time of maximum
tillering stage.
Interaction
effect. Highly significant interaction effect were observed on the
number of maturity days for Tudoy as affected by the different planting distance used
(Fig. 4). Results shows that as the distances were increased the number of maturity days
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
29
also increases while Kamuros grown under the traditional planting distance matured
earlier than the other distances used which shows constant number of maturity days. On
the other hand wigwag shows stable number of maturity days.
Table 7. Number of days from transplanting to ripening
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM
TREATMENT
TRANSPLANTING TO RIPENING
Variety(A)
Kamuros
132b
Tudoy
140b
Wagwag (check)
123c
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
129b
30 cm x 30 cm
131ab
40cm x 40 cm
132ab
50cm x 50 cm
135a
Ax B
**
CV% 2.04
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
30
160
140
120
i
p
e
n
i
n
100
t
o r
20 cm x 20 cm
i
ng
p
l
a
nt
80
30 cm x 30 cm
t
r
ans
40 cm x 40 cm
r
om
f
60
a
ys
50 cm x 50 cm
D
40
20
0
Kamuros
Tudoy
Wagwag
Variety
Figure 7. Interaction effect on the number of days from transplanting to ripening
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
31
KAMUROS
WAGWAG
Figure 8. Rice varieties and overview at ripening stage
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
32
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 9. Some of the harvested rice plants per variety: (a) Kamuros,
Tudoy (b), Wagwag (c)
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
33
Length of Panicle
Effect of variety. Statistically, highly significant differences were observed on the
length of panicles (Table 8). According to Efferson (1952), the size and shape of the
panicles vary widely in the different varieties. Results shows that longest panicles were
measured from Tudoy with a mean of 77.56 cm followed by the check variety 69.68 cm
long and the shortest was measured from Kamuros, however numerical differences on
Kamuros and Tudoy were not significantly different as per statistical analysis. Size and
shape of panicles are included as the most commonly used morphological characters for
classification of rice varieties (Efferson, 1952). One general characteristic of traditional
rice varieties are extended and long panicles for easy harvesting and storage (PhilRice,
1988).
Effect of planting distance. Results show numerical differences on the length of
panicle as affected by planting distance. The longest panicle as affected by planting
distance measures 73.93 cm on 50 cm x 50 cm followed by 73.13 cm, 70.99 cm, and
67.88 cm in order of decreasing planting distance but was not significantly different as
per statistical basis.
Interaction
effect. No significant interactions were observed on the length of
panicle on Factor A (variety) and Factor B (planting distance).
Final Height
Effect of variety. Table 8 shows highly significant differences on the final height
of the rice plant at maturity. It was observed that tallest plants were measured from
Tudoy which has the longest panicle length of 45 cm followed by the check variety
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
34
(Wagwag) measuring 134 cm and the shortest was Kamuros with 124 cm. Differences in
height could be due to their varietal differences.
Effect of planting distance. Plants on 40 cm x 40 cm measured the tallest plants
with 137 cm while plants on traditional spacing- 20 x 20 cm were the shortest but were
comparable to plant heights at 30 cm x 30 cm and 40 cm x 40 cm.
Interaction
effect. Statistically, no significant interactions were observed from the
two factors on final height.
Table 8 . Length of panicle and final height
LENGTH OF PANICLE
FINAL HIEGHT
TREATMENT
Variety(A)
Kamuros
67.21b
124b
Tudoy
77.56a
145a
Wagwag (check)
69.68b
134b
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
67.88
132b
30 cm x 30 cm
70.99
134ab
40cm x 40 cm
73.13
137a
50cm x 50 cm
73.93
135ab
Ax B
ns
ns
CV% 4.77
4.90
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DM
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
35
Number of Grains per Panicle
Effect of variety. Table 9 showed that Wagwag with an average grains of per
panicle of 202 and Tudoy having 210 average grains both produced significantly higher
grains over Kamuros with only 180 grains this result could be attributed to their varietal
characteristics.
Effect on planting distance. Table 9 presents the effect of planting distance on the
total number of grains per panicle. Data shows that the total number of grains were
significantly higher as planting distance increased from 30 cm x 30 cm over plants
distanced at 20 cm x 20 cm. However, significant results do not exist among wider
distances such as: 30 cm x 30 cm; 40 cm x 40 cm and 50 cm x 50 cm. The significant
result could be attributed to the fact that as the plants are distanced wider, the panicle
becomes longer as in Table 9, length of panicle shows. It seems that the longer the
panicle, the more grains it produces.
Interaction effect. Significant interaction effect on the total number of grains per
panicle was observed between the two factors; variety and planting distance. Results
show that the check variety responded well to planting distance. Figure 5 shows that there
is a corresponding increase on the total number of grains as planting distance were made
wider. On the other hand Tudoy had an increasing number of grains on 30 x 30 cm and
50 x 50 cm but a slight decrease were observed on 40 cm x 40 cm as compared to the
grain numbers on 30 cm x 30 cm. For Kamuros constant numbers of grains were not
affected by the changes in planting distance. It was also noted that total number of grains
had declined greatly in the widest planting distance used. Significantly results show that
the highest total number of grains for Tudoy and Wagwag were obtained on 50 x 50 cm
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
36
which could be adopted by farmers to help them increase yield and reduce labor and cost
of seedlings.
Number of Filled Grains per Panicle
Effect of variety. The number of filled grains per panicle shows significant
differences on the varieties tested. As shown in Table 9 check variety (Wagwag) had the
highest number of filled grains (172) which is significant over Tudoy with 120 grains but
not significant over Kamuros with 145 grains. Tudoy and Wagwag are not significantly
different from each other.
Effect of planting distance. Number of filled grains as affected by planting
distance shows highly significant results. 40 cm x 40 cm significantly produced higher
number of filled grains than the traditional distancing of 20 x 20 cm, a difference of 46
grains was counted. 30 cm x 30 cm had produced 149 filled grains while 50 cm x 50 cm
had 140 filled grains which are both comparable to the number of grains in 20 cm x 20
cm and 40 cm x 40 cm. It seems that the best planting distance under the condition of this
study to produce higher number of filled grain is 40 cm x 40 cm. Results could be
associated to the amount of solar energy received from as early as panicle initiation until
crop maturation most during grain production (de Datta, 1981) wherein 20 cm x 20 cm
planting distance encounters possible shading as compared to plants in the wider
distances.
Interaction effect. Highly significant interactions were observed on the number of
filled grains. All the varieties had a consistent increase on the number of filled grains per
panicle as distancing became wider, however when they reached the widest distancing of
50 x 50 cm, Kamuros increased slightly with 4 grains, Tudoy had declined greatly in
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
37
number which was due to heavy infestation of whiteheads that resulted to a higher
number of unfilled grains than filled grains. On the other hand Check variety Wagwag
tapered down when it reached the widest distancing.
Table 9. Number of grains per panicle and number of filled grains per panicle
TREATMENT NUMBER
OF
GRAINS PER PANICLE FILLED GRAINS PER
PANICLE
Variety(A)
Kamuros
180b
145ab
Tudoy
210a
120b
Wagwag (check)
202a
172a
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
168b
123b
30 cm x 30 cm
200ab
149ab
40cm x 40 cm
203ab
169a
50cm x 50 cm
230a
140ab
Ax B
*
*
CV% 11.63
17.60
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
38
300
250
200
20 cm x 20 cm
30 cm x 30 cm
a
i
n
s
gr
of
40 cm x 40 cm
150
ber
u
m
50 cm x 50 cm
N
100
50
0
Kamuros
Tudoy
Wagwag
Varieties
Figure 10. Interaction effect on the number of grains per panicle
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
39
250
200
n
s
ai
20 cm x20 cm
150
30 cm x 30 cm
i
l
l
ed gr
f
40 cm x40 cm
b
e
r
of
100
u
m
N
50 cm x 50 cm
50
0
Kamuros
Tudoy
Wagwag
Variety
Figure 11. Interaction effect on the number of filled grains per panicle
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
40
Grain Yield per Treatments
Effect of variety. Check variety Wagwag significantly had the heaviest weight in
terms of grain yield per treatment (3,735 g) which is significantly higher than both
Kamuros (1,235 g) and Tudoy (1,010 g), respectively. Kamuros and Tudoy did not differ
significantly. Numerically, Wagwag had the highest number of grains and filled grains
over the two other varieties (Table 10). This further explains the significant differences
aside from their varietal characteristics.
Effect of planting distance. As shown in Table 10, rice planted at a planting
distance of 20 cm x 20 cm, 30 cm x 30 cm and 40 cm x 40 cm did not differ significantly
from each other. Plants distanced at 50 cm x 50 cm significantly produced lower grains
over plants both planted at 20 cm x 20 cm but not significantly higher than those planted
on 40 cm x 40 cm distance. De Datta (1981), states that spacing wider than necessary
result in lower yield because the number of plants in the area may be less than the
optimum number needed for high yield. This statement may explain the results of the
study on the weight of grain yield as affected by planting distance.
Interaction
effect. Statistically, no significant interaction was observed on the
weight of grains per treatment.
Computed Yield per Hectare (tons)
Effect of variety. Check variety Wagwag significantly had the heaviest computed
grain yield of 3.89 tons / ha which is significantly higher than both Kamuros (1.28 tons /
ha) and Tudoy (1.05 tons / ha), respectively. Numerically, Wagwag had the heaviest
grain yield per treatment over the two other varieties (Table 10). This further explains the
significant differences in the computed yield per hectare.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
41
Effect of planting distance. Computed grain yields of rice planted at a planting
distance of 20 cm x 20 cm, 30 cm x 30 cm and 40 cm x 40 cm did not differ significantly
from each other. Plants distanced at 50 cm x 50 cm significantly had the lowest computed
grain yield over the plants both planted at 20 cm x 20 cm but not significantly higher than
those planted on 40 cm x 40 cm distance.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis shows no significant interaction besides
highly significant difference on variety and planting distance alone.
Table10. Grain yield per treatment and computed yield per hectare
GRAIN YIELD PER
COMPUTED YIELD
TREATMENT
TREATMENT (g / 9.6 m2)
(tons / ha)
Variety(A)
Kamuros
1,235b
1.29b
Tudoy
1,010b
1.05b
Wagwag (check)
3,735a
3.89a
Planting Distance
20 cm x 20 cm (check)
2,579a 2.86a
30 cm x 30 cm
2,196a
2.29a
40cm x 40 cm
1,921ab
2.00ab
50cm x 50 cm
1,277b
1.33b
Ax B
ns
ns
CV%
21.59
21.62
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
42
KAMUROS
TUDOY
WAGWAG
Figure 12. Grain yields of the different varieties
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
43
Return on Cash Expense
Effect of variety. Computed return on cash expense (ROCE) shows negative
results except for the check variety (Wagwag) that has an ROCE of 72.64 %. Results
shows that higher negative ROCE was computed from Tudoy which has the lowest grain
yield because of heavy infestation of whiteheads and lodging, while Kamuros had a better
yield however still obtained negative ROCE.
Effect of planting distance. Computed results on ROCE as affected by planting
distance shows that the traditional planting distance (20 cm x 20 cm) commonly used by
our farmers gives negative ROCE while 30 cm x 30 cm and 40 cm x 40 cm had given
low however positive ROCE. On the other hand the widest planting distance of 50 cm x
50 cm had resulted to a much higher negative ROCE. Results show that 40 cm x 40 cm is
a better distancing to be adopted by our local farmers for the traditional varieties.
Interaction
effect. Results per treatment combination show that the check variety
shows positive interaction effect on distancing. Computed results shows a corresponding
increase in ROCE as spacing became wider however it was noted that 40 cm x 40 cm had
higher ROCE than 50 cm x 50 cm. On the other hand the two varieties tested provided
negative results on ROCE.
Stem borer Damage Evaluation
Visual rating was used to evaluate the occurrence of whiteheads caused by stem
borers that was done at heading time. Rating shows that the check variety was resistant to
stem borer while Tudoy were susceptible and it had resulted to a very low yield. On the
other hand, Kamuros were found to be moderately resistant.
Most of the planting distance used had an intermediate effect on stem borer.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
44
Table 11. Return in cash expense
SEED
TOTAL COST
GROSS
NET
TREATMENT
YIELD OF
INCOME
INCOME ROCE %
(kg)
PRODUCTION
(pHp)
(pHp)
(pHp)
Variety(A)
V1- Kamuros
14.82
337.77
207.48
-130.29
-30.57
V2- Tudoy
12.13
332.57
169.82
-162.75
-48.94
V3- Wagwag 44.83 363.55 627.62
264.07
72.64
(check)
Distancing
D1-20 cm
23.22 332.14 325.08 -7.06 -2.13
(check)
D2 -30 cm
19.16
270.67
276.64
5.97
2.21
D3 – 40cm
17.3
235.07
242.20
7.13
3.03
D4 – 50cm
11.5
196.01
161.00
-35.01
-17.86
• Total cost of production includes labor (such as plowing, harrowing, leveling,
cleaning, spraying, chemical application, and harvesting ), seedlings, fertilizer,
and chemicals.
• Seedlings were priced at 3 cents per seedling.
• Grains were priced 14 pHp per kg
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
45
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
20 cm x 20 cm
10
%
30 cm x 30 cm
CE
0
RO -10
Kamuros
Tudoy
Wagwag
40 cm x 40 cm
-20
-30
50 cm x 50 cm
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
Variety
Figure 13. Return on cash expenses (%)
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
46
Table 12. Stem borer evaluation (Whiteheads)
STEMBORER
TREATMENT
(WHITE HEADS)
Variety(A)
V1- Kamuros
Moderately Susceptible
V2- Tudoy
Susceptible
V3- Wagwag (check)
Resistant
Distancing
D1-20 cm (check)
Intermediate
D2 -30 cm
Intermediate
D3 – 40cm
Intermediate
D4 – 50cm
Susceptible
1-Resistant, 3- Moderately Resistant, 5- Intermediate, 7- Moderately Susceptible
9-Susceptible
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
47
Figure 14. Tudoy variety attacked with stem borer (white heads)
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
48
Lodging Resistance
Lodging was been recorded at maturity by visual rating and observations. It was
observed that check variety Wagwag were resistant to lodging effect while Kamuros were
moderately resistant. On the other hand Tudoy were moderately susceptible to lodging
which could be associated to its height and long panicles. Distancing shows moderate
resistant to lodging
Table 13. Lodging resistance
TREATMENT
LODGING RESISTANCE
Variety(A)
V1- Kamuros
Moderate Resistant
V2- Tudoy
Moderate Susceptible
V3- Wagwag (check)
Resistant
Distancing
D1-20 cm (check)
Moderate Resistant
D2 -30 cm
Moderate Resistant
D3 – 40cm
Moderate Resistant
D4 – 50cm
Moderate Resistant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
49
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Togoy, Ba-ayan, Tublay, Benguet to determine the
effect of different planting distance in the growth and yield of the different varieties used,
determine the best recommended distance of planting for our highland rice farmers with
regards to the suitability of the variety to be used, determine the interaction effect
between rice varieties and planting distance on the growth and yield of rice and to
determine which treatment has the highest Return on Cash Expense.
Results show that Wagwag performs best than the two other varieties in most
growth parameters such as highest number of tillers at tillering stage, productive tillers
and were the earliest to produce tillers. Yield components such as highest total number of
grains, most filled grains and highest grain yield were also recorded from the same
variety.
Visual rating was also done for the evaluation of stem borer (white heads) and
lodging resistance. Kamuros and Wagwag are resistant to stem borer and lodging while
Tudoy was susceptible to whiteheads and lodging.
Positive ROCE was computed from variety Wagwag of 72.64 %.
Numerical differences were observed on the effect of planting distance in terms of
initial height, transplanting to ripening, transplanting to heading, and panicle length,
however statistical analysis reveals no significant effect.
Treatment combinations of both factors show significant interaction effect on
growth and yield. Highest number of tillers at maximum tillering stage, productive
tillers, and most filled grains per panicle were counted from Wagwag spaced at 50 cm x
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
50
50 cm. Wagwag recorded early ripening on all the planting distance used. Significant
total number of grains per panicle was counted from Tudoy spaced at 50 cm x 50 cm.
Positive ROCE were computed in all the distances combined with variety
Wagwag. Rice plants spaced at 40cm x 40 cm gives the highest ROCE of 89.21 %.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study Wagwag spaced at 50 cm x 50 cm planting
distance had the highest tillers at maximum tillering stage and had the most productive
tillers. Most filled grains per panicle were produced from rice plants grown at 40 cm x 40
cm planting distance. Heaviest grain yield were produced from rice plants at 20 cm x 20
cm planting distance. Highest possible ROCE can be obtained from Wagwag spaced at
40 cm x 40 cm planting distance.
Recommendation
Based on results of the study, the best recommended planting distance for variety
Wagwag is 40 cm x 40 cm. Spacing of 50 cm x 50 cm may also be adapted as planting
distance for Wagwag.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
51
LITERATURE CITED
AOWAT, R.D. 1995. Effects of distance of planting on the growth and yield of native rice.
BS. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 16.
CECAP and PHILRICE. 2000. Highland Rice Production in the Philippines Cordillera.
Central Cordillera Agricultural Program, Banaue Ifugao and Philippine Rice
Research Institute, Maligaya Munoz, Nueva Ecija. Pp.7, 30.
CRDI. 1992-1993. Cotton Research Highlights. Cotton Research and Development Institute,
Batac, Ilocos Norte. P. 56.
DE DATTA. 1981. Principles and Practices of Rice Production. Copyright John Willey’s
and Sons Publishing Com., Canada P. 230-231.
EFFERSON, J. 1952. The Production and Marketing of Rice. Copyright The Rice Journal
806. Perdido Street, New Orleans, Louisiana. Pp. 61, 62, 65, 72, 74.
GAMSAWEN. E. L. 2006. Agronomic characterization and evaluation of traditional rice
cultivar in Maligcong, Bontoc, MountainProvince. BS. Thesis Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 16.
GINTONG ANI IRRI. 1998. Hybrid Rice Production. Brochure. P.2.
IRRI. 2005. Rice Today. IRRI, Metro Manila, Philippines. (4; 2) P. 26.
MARTIN.J, W.H. LEONARD., and D.L. STAMP. Principles of Field Crops Production. (3rd
ed.). Mc Millan, Publishing Com. Inc., New York. P. 325.
PCCARD. 2001. The Philippine Recommends for Rice Production and Post Production
Operations. Los Banos, Laguna. Pp. 7, 12, 25, 42.
PEARS, P. 2002. Rodalle’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening.(2nd ed.). D.Y.
Publishing Company, New York, New York. Pp. 316-317.
PHILRICE. 1983. Rice Techno guide for the Cordillera. Philippine Rice Research Institute.
UPLB Campus, Laguna, Philippines. P. 46
PHILRICE. 1992. Rice Production Technoguide.Maligaya, Munoz, Nueva Ecija. Pp. ix, 17-
18.
SCHILLER, J. M., M.B. CHANGMENGXAY, B. LINGUIST and S. APPARAO. (Ed.)
2006. Rice in Laos. Los Banos, Philippines. P. 25.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
52
SERRANO, S.R. and et. Al. 1995. Status and Prospects of Lowland Rice Farming in the
Philippines. PhilRice Tech. Bull. 1:1 (Pub). Philippines Research Institute. P.
126-127.
THE NEW WORLD BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 1984. The New World Book of
Knowledge. Grolier Incorporated. Volume 13 P. 229.
UPCA. 1983. Rice Production in the Philippines (A Student Manual for Use Vocational
Agriculture). UP College Laguna, Philippines. P. 34-35.
WORLD BOOK ENCYCLOPEDIA 1991. The World Book Encyclopedia. World Book,
Inc. 525 West Monroe Chicago, IL 60606. Vol. 13 P. 322.
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
53
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Initial height of seedlings (29 DAS) cm
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
27.38 29.79 26.43 83.60 27.87
D2 27.82 28.12 26.95 82.89 27.63
D3 28.72 28.84 27.75 85.31 28.44
D4 28.02 27.82 28.04 83.88 27.96
V2D1 35.52 32.07 28.76 96.35 32.12
D2 31.11 29.83 30.93 91.87 30.62
D3 32.07 30.24 30.07 92.38 30.79
D4
28.9 28.56 30.02 87.48 29.16
V3D1 35.66 36.07 34.77 106.50 35.50
D2 36.38 35.09 35.45 106.92 35.64
D3 36.63 38.52 37.17 112.32 37.44
D4 35.81 38.5 35.41 109.72 36.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 1.994
3.997
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
431.830
215.915
131.01**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
5.938
1.979
1.20ns
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
15.614
2.602
1.58ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
36.241
1.647
TOTAL 35 497.616
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns-not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
54
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Number of days from transplanting to tillering
TREATMENT BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
22 22 23 67 22
D2 22 22 24 68 23
D3 21 22 23 66 22
D4 22 22 23 67 22
V2D1 22 25 26 75 25
D2 24 25 26 75 25
D3 23 24 26 73 24
D4 24 23 26 73 24
V3D1 18 17 17 52 17
D2 18 17 17 52 17
D3 17 17 17 51 17
D4 17 17 17 51 17
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 8.722
176.778
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
353.556
0.630
325.60**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
1.889
0.074
1.16ns
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
0.414
0.543
1.14ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
11.944
TOTAL 35 376.56
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns- not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
55
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Number of maximum tillers at tillering stage
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
4 2 4 10 3
D2 6 6 7 19 6
D3 7 8 8 23 8
D4 6 7 10
23 8
V2D1 3 2 3 8 3
D2 6 4 6 16 5
D3 7 4 4 15 5
D4 3 5 6 14 5
V3D1 8 10 10 28 9
D2 18 16 16 50 17
D3 21 22 23 66 22
D4 30 33 31 94 31
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 4.500
2.250
Treatment
Variety
(A) 2 1702.167
851.083
548.01**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
425.444
141.815
91.31**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
396.722
66.120
45.57**
2.37 3.37
Error 22
34.167
1.553
TOTAL 35
2563.000
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
56
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Number of productive tillers
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
3 3 2 8 3
D2 4 5 3 12 4
D3 6 6 4 16 5
D4 6 5 5 16 5
V2D1 2 2 3 7 2
D2 2 2 2 6 2
D3 3 4 5 12 4
D4 2 2 4 8 3
V3D1 4 3 4 11 4
D2 10 8 9 27 9
D3 15 14 14 43 14
D4 20 20 19 59 20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 0.500
0.250
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
543.167
271.583
402.80**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
219.417
73.139
108.48**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
228.833
38.139
56.57**
2.37 3.37
Error 22
14.833
0.674
TOTAL 35
1006.750
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
57
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Number of days from transplanting to heading
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
80 82 85 247 82
D2 82 85 87 254 85
D3 82 85 86 253 84
D4 82 85 86 253 8/4
V2D1 87 92 93 272 91
D2 85 92 93 270 90
D3 87 92 92 271 90
D4 92 92 95 279 93
V3D1 114 115 115 344 115
D2 114 114 114 344 114
D3 112 114 114 340 113
D4
114
114
114
342
114
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 82.056
41.020
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
936.722
968.361
1142.30**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
8.386
2.769
1.34ns
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
21.278
3.546
1.72 ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
45.278
2.058
TOTAL 35
6093.639
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns- not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
58
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Number of days from transplanting to ripening
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
123 128 128 379 126
D2 128 136 138 402 134
D3 130 136 137 403 134
D4 130 136 136 402 134
V2D1 133 138 139 410 137
D2 133 138 136 407 136
D3 133 140 144 417 139
D4 144 144 156 444 148
V3D1 123 123 123 369 123
D2 123 123 123 369 123
D3 123 123 123 369 123
D4 123 123 123 369 123
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 150.000
79.000
Treatment
Variety
(A) 2 1704.667
852.333
118.19**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
188.222
62.741
8.70**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
232.444
38.741
5.37 **
2.37 3.37
Error 22
158.667
7.212
TOTAL 35
2422.000
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
59
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Length of panicle
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
61.15 65.05 60.08 187.00 62.33
D2 66.25
67.03 66.60 200.15 66.72
D3 67.00 69.75 71.25 208.00 69.33
D4 70.15 81.85 69.40 221.40 73.80
V2D1 76.00 72.50 72.02 220.52 73.51
D2 81.90 82.50 67.65 232.05 77.35
D3 75.80 77.90 85.20 238.90 79.63
D4 80.20 82.99 76.30 239.49 79.83
V3D1 68.15 67.05 68.30 203.50 67.83
D2 71.05 70.20 65.45 206.70 68.90
D3 72.15 69.60 69.80 211.55 70.52
D4 71.60 70.00 72.90 214.50 71.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 19.958
9.979
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
700.32
350.161
30.11**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
197.368
65.789
2.66ns
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
21.078
3.513
0.30ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
255.876
11.631
TOTAL 35
1194.876
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns- not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
60
APPENDIX TABLE 8. Final height (cm)
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
106 126 11 349 116
D2
135
119
7119
373
124
D3 125 132 120 377 126
D4 127 128 129 384 128
V2D1 154 146 139 439 146
D2 157 149 140 446 149
D3 143 143 144 430 143
D4 143 149 132 424 141
V3D1 130 132 134 396 132
D2 126 139 126 391 130
D3 153 136 133 22 144
D4 137 134 133 404 135
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 261.056
130.528
Treatment
Variety
(A) 2 2730.889
1365.444
31.50** 3.27
5.27
Planting
3
114.992
38.324
0.88ns
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
395.111
65.852
1.52ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
953.611
43.346
TOTAL 35
4455.639
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns- not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
61
APPENDIX TABLE 9. Total number of grains per panicle
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
147 134 167 595 198
D2 197 209 186 592 197
D3 175 230 188 593 198
D4 172 176 185 533 148
V2D1 194 175 187 556 185
D2 239 217 189 645 215
D3 187 218 206 611 204
D4 256 299 250 805 268
V3D1 167 171 170 508 169
D2 225 190 144 559 186
D3 230 185 212 627 209
D4 219 289 222 730 243
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 1461.056
730.528
Treatment
Variety
(A) 2 8533.722
4266.861
7.87** 3.27
5.27
Planting
3
17303.639
5767.880
10.64**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
8023.611
1337.269
2.47*
2.37 3.37
Error 22
11923.611
541.982
TOTAL 35
47245.639
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
*- Significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
62
APPENDIX TABLE 10. Number of filled grains per panicle
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
133 98 118 349 116
D2 158 157 131 446 148
D3 137 192 129 458 153
D4 126 230 115 471 157
V2D1 141 112 95 348 116
D2 151 139 124 414 138
D3 139 191 147 477 159
D4 85 87 33 205 68
V3D1 136 130 145 411 137
D2 193 172 115 480 160
D3 200 213 174 587 196
D4 168 228 191 587 196
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 7840.222
3120.111
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
16122.056
8060.028
12.20**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
9871.639
3290.546 4.98**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
14278.611
2379.769
3.60**
2.37 3.37
Error 22
14535.778
660.717
TOTAL 35
62646.306
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
63
APPENDIX TABLE 11. Grain yield per treatment (g) (9.6m2)
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
2473 1628 1260 5361 1787
D2 2117 1597 1128 4843 1614
D3 1203
1287
855
3346
1115
D4 320 461 490 1271 424
V2D1 2522 1820 765 5108 1703
D2 1400
1320
381
3101
1034
D3 1055 920 902 2877 959
D4 439 480 119 1038 346
V3D1 4030 4325 4390 12745 4248
D2 4507 3700 3615 11822 3941
D3 3390 4765 2910 11065 3688
D4 2912 3570 2705 9187 3062
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 2430576.056
1215288.0
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
54897134.222 27448567
148.26**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
8120748.306 2706914.7 14.62**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
293827.111
48971.185
0.26ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
4072924.611
132.937
TOTAL 35
69812506.306
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns- not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
64
APPENDIX TABLE 12. Computed grain yield per hectare (tons / ha)
TREATMENT
BLOCK TOTAL MEAN
I II III
V1D1
2.58 1.70 1.31 5.59 1.86
D2 2.21 1.66 1.18 5.04 1.68
D3 1.25 1.34 0.89 3.47 1.16
D4 0.33 0.48 0.51 1.32 0.44
V2D1 2.62 1.90 0.78 5.32 1.77
D2 1.46 1.38 0.40 3.23 1.07
D3 1.10 0.96 0.94 3.00 1.00
D4 0.45 0.50 0.12 1.08 0.36
V3D1 4.20 4.51 4.57 13.28 4.43
D2 4.70 3.85 3.77 12.32 4.11
D3 3.53 4.96 3.03 11.53 3.84
D4 3.03 3.72 2.82 9.57 3.19
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULATED
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2 2618.0165
1309.000
Treatment
Variety (A)
2
59675.226 29837.612
148.20**
3.27
5.27
Planting
3
8758.972
2919.657 14.50**
2.87 4.40
Distance(B)
A x B
6
1308.343
51.390
0.26ns
2.37 3.37
Error 22
4429.219
201.328
TOTAL 35
75789.770
**- Highly significant
Coefficient of Variance= 4.06
ns- not significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
65
APPENDIX TABLE 13. Return on cash expense
TOTAL COST
SEED
GROSS
NET INCOME
TREATMENT
OF
YIELD
INCOME
(pHp)
ROCE %
PRODUCTION
(g)
(pHp)
(pHp)
V1D1
108.48 5.36
75.04
-33.44 -30.83
D2 88.77
4.84 67.75 -21.01
-23.66
D3 76.91
3.35 46.9 -30.01
-39.02
D4 63.61
1.27 17.78 -45.83
-72.04
V2D1 106.54
5.11 71.54 -35
-32.85
D2 87.33
3.10 43.4 -43.93
-50.30
D3 76.25
2.88 40.32 -35.93
-47.12
D4 62.45
1.04 14.56 -47.89
-76.69
V3D1 117.12
12.75 178.5 -61.38
52.41
D2 94.57
11.82
165.48
70.91
74.98
D3 81.91
11.07
154.98
73.07
89.21
D4 69.95
9.19 128.66
58.71
83.93
Growth and Yield Performance of Rice Varieties
as Affected by Planting Distance / Jennifer T. Almazan. 2008
Document Outline
- Growth and Yield Performance of Rice
Varieties as Affected by Planting Distance
- BIBLIOGRAHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Meteorological Data during the Conduct of the Study
- Initial Height of Seedlings
- Number of Days from Transplanting to Tillering
- Number of Maximum Tillers at Tillering Stage
- Number of Productive Tillers
- Number of Days from Transplanting to Heading
- Number of Days from Transplanting to Ripening
- Length of Panicle
- Final Height
- Number of Grains per Panicle
- Number of Filled Grains per Panicle
- Grain Yield per Treatments
- Computed Yield per Hectare (tons)
- Return on Cash Expense
- Stem borer Damage Evaluation
- Lodging Resistance
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES