BIBLIOGRAPHY BANGSOYAO, EUNICE K. APRIL 2009....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BANGSOYAO, EUNICE K. APRIL 2009. Effect of Inoculation on the Seed
Yield of Garden Pea Accessions under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet condition. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Danilo P. Padua, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
These study was conducted to determine the effect of inoculation on the
nodulation, growth and seed yield of garden pea; to determine the garden pea accessions
that best responds to inoculation; to determine the interaction of inoculation and garden
pea accessions; and to determine the profitability of using inoculant on the garden pea
accessions under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet condition.
Rhizobium inoculation significantly affected nodule count and seed yield of the
garden pea accessions. Among the six garden pea accessions inoculated, CGP 34
significantly outperformed the other accessions in terms of nodule count and CLG, CGP
34 and CGP 13 also produced the highest seed yield per plot. In all the parameters
measured no significant interaction effects were observed between inoculation and the
garden pea accessions except for the nodule count and total seed yield per plot. In terms
of the return on cash expense, inoculation gave the highest return of 11.53%.
INTRODUCTION
There is money in garden pea (Pisum sativum). It is not only a popular vegetable
but also commands a high market price which at times exceeds PhP 100 per kilo.
Garden pea, locally known “sweet pea” or “citzaro” is an annual legume grown
for its edible pods and matured seeds. In Benguet where the weather is generally cool
throughout the year, garden pea is not difficult to grow as this crop generally favor a
relatively cool climate and, it yield in about three months (HARRDEC, 1996).
Garden pea is rich in nutritional value and good source of proteins and vitamins.
The fresh green pods contain about 0.3g fat, 57 calorie, 3.3g proteins, 13.0g
carbohydrates and 35.0g minerals per 100g edible portion (Purseglove, 1972). The seeds
are also processed into canned products while the by products and vines are used as
animal feeds (Purseglove, 1972).
Legumes crops can symbiotically fix nitrogen in association with rhizobium. If
the legume crop is used as green manure, considerable amounts of N can be supplied to
the succeeding crop as the residues decompose (Badaruddin and Meyer, 1990: Welty et
al.,1998).
Inoculation is known to have important role in legume production. Inoculation or
introducing proper strain of bacteria to legume seeds intended for planting by adding
rhizobium will allow the legume to secure nitrogen from the air (Pog-ok, 2001).
Pascua (1996) stated that inoculation increase the nitrogen content and there are
benefits derived such as prevention of early starvation, the reduction of demand for soil
nitrogen and the improvement of grain and protein yield.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
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Excessive or improper use of chemical fertilizers may lead to serious
environmental problems. Most farmers apply high inputs of synthetic fertilizer to supply
nitrogen which has a short term effect. Furthermore, synthetic fertilizers are causing
problems to soil and water. Biofertilizers and microbial inoculants are viewed as a
plausible alternative to chemical fertilizers as far as sustainable agriculture is concerned
(Puyongan 1997). This study will provide information on minimizing inputs and reducing
cost.
Inoculation or fertilization plus inoculation may increase N-content , N-
accumulation of the leaves and stems, nodule count and vine length, plant height,
nitrogen balance in the soil after harvest, dry matter production and pod setting
percentage , marketable and non-marketable pods, pod yield and weight of seed of garden
pea.
The study was conducted to:
1. determine the effect of rhizobium inoculation on the nodulation, growth and
seed yield of garden pea accessions under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet condition;
2. determine the garden pea accessions that best responds to inoculation under
Bangao, Buguias, Benguet condition;
3. determine the interaction effect of inoculation and garden pea accessions; and
4. determine the profitability of using inoculatns on the garden pea accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet condition.
This study was conducted at Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition from
November 2008 to March 2009.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
REVIEW OR LITERATURE
Legumes and Rhizobia
Mckey (1994) stated that the ability to fix N2 in association with bacteria actually
evolved in legumes in response to the demands of maintaining high leaf N concentration.
Legumes developed N-rich leaves to begin with because the efficiency of photosynthesis
increases the tissue N concentration. Beijerinck (1988) stated that pure culture of the
bacteria was shown to induce nodule when reinoculated on the same pea plant.
Manguiat
et. al (1980) further noted that rhizobial inoculation significantly
increased the nodule weight and number during the first cropping but the effect of
rhizobial inoculation on nodulation was no longer detected during the succeeding legume
crop.
Bishop et.al (1983) explained that the relationship between bacteria and the
legume plants is considered a symbiotic one, two organisms living together for their
mutual benefit. Legumes provide carbohydrates (food) and water to the bacteria in turn
bacteria fixes nitrogen. FAO (1989) reported that inoculation of legumes with rhizobium
increase nodulation, nitrogen fixation and yield of the crop. The same report shows that a
combination of rhizobium and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) substantially
increased the yield nitrogen uptake, nodulation and nitrogenous activity in chickpea.
Assimilation of Biologically Fixed Nitrogen
Ludwig (1984) stated that nitrogen derived from N2 fixation in obtained first in
the form of ammonia. Generally, this will be protonated to form ammonium (NH +
4 ) ions,
which must be assimilated. This assimilation may be by the N2 fixing organism itself, in
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
4
which case the organism can feed directly on N2 and can correctly be termed a
diazotroph. In legume symbiotic associations however, the fixed nitrogen is assimilated
not by the prokaryotic symbiont but by the host plant. There is considerable evidence
indicating that neither rhizobium nor rhizobium species can grow on the products of the
N2 fixation, and this strictly they not diazotroph.
The ability of the legume crops to fix atmospheric nitrogen often result in a lower
utilization of in organic nitrogen sources in the soil profile as compared to non fixing
crops (Jensen, 1989). In this way in organic nitrogen in conserved for the following crop
unless it is lost by volatilization, leaching or denitrification.
Nodulation and N2 - Fixation Activity
Nodulation comes about due to the symbiotic association between rhizobium
bacteria and the legumes, the atmospheric nitrogen available for rhizobium species to its
legumes host which, in turn, provide shelter and food to the bacteria. Nitrogen fixation
occurs in root nodules and is mediated by resting cells of rhizobium utilizing a source
energy supplied internally through the host (Pearson and Adams, 1976).Nitrogen fixation
have high potential benefits to soil and high legume production (Peoples et.at 1989) .
Devlin and Witham (1983) stated that generally the fixation of nitrogen is
inhibited by ammonia or nitrate. These compounds do not interfere with the mechanisms
of nitrogen fixation, but merely are preferred to molecule as nitrogen source.
Alexander (1977) stated that because fixation serves as a means of obtaining
nitrogen required for growth it is surprising that simple inorganic compounds inhibit
nitrogen fixation. However, nitrogen depresses the internal carbohydrates supply and has
retarding influence on nodulation.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
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Usually when mature nodules begin to lose their bacteriology active period and
become old, new ones are formed in new root growth in most of the legumes, particularly
in biennial and perennial and even in common bean. However, the ability to form new
nodules to replace the old ones highly depends upon the rhizobial genotype and its
interaction with the host genotype (Padua,1997).
Rhizobium, upon infection of the appropriate legume can cause the formation of
nodules and participate in the symbiotic acquisition of nitrogen. The root nodules are
important in nitrogen fixation, their development on the roots determine the survival of
the plant particularly at a low level of nitrogen (Alexander, 1997). Moreover, if the
proper strain is present and the nodules formed, the legume plants use little soil nitrogen
(Chapman and Carter, 1976).
Black (1976) as cited by Ramos (1991) mentioned that root nodules of legumes
are of various sizes and shapes, and they differ in effectiveness in fixing nitrogen. The
best visual criterion of effectiveness is probably the color. Effective nodules have pink or
reddish centers and ineffective nodules have a greenish white center. In addition, there is
a tendency for effective nodules to be relatively larger in size, fewer in number in the
main roots and ineffective nodules to be relatively small in size, larger in number and
scattered on the lateral or secondary roots. Both the effective and ineffective nodules may
occur on a single plant. The number per plant may range from none to hundreds.
Effect of Inoculation
Legumes have a good relationship with bacteria fixing atmospheric nitrogen for
plant use. The amount of nitrogen fixed by the legumes depends on many factors:
condition of the soil like aeration, drainage, moisture content and amount of chemical
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
6
applied to the plants and the soil (Brady, 1985). Talusig (1996) stated that the growth of
inoculated snap bean was significantly greater than those of uninoculated plants in terms
of nodule count, nodule weight and final pH of the soil. There were significant interaction
effect of snap bean and rhizobial strain on the weight of fresh leaves, stems, and roots and
on the final pH of the soil. He also stated that the significantly greater nodulation of pole
snap bean attribute to fibrous roots that bore more nodules. It is widely claimed that the N
content of the plants tissue is significantly increased by inoculation this may also true to
garden pea.
Hill (1994) also noted that legumes do not always nodulate when introduced in
the soil. Even in soil which rhizobia are present, they may not be effective such as they
may not produce much nitrogen. If fully effective, they may not be present in sufficient
numbers to promote prompt and adequate nodulation. For these reasons, it had been
found necessary for the farmers to introduce the rhizobia to the soil. This is done by seed
inoculation when the pasture or crops is grown. Inoculation is desirable when there is
doubt about the soil containing the bacteria in abundance. In contrast, the author also
mentioned that most growers do not inoculate their seeds. They feel it is simpler to
provide the nitrogen for legumes in fertilizer form rather than by inoculation.
Evaluated legumes that was inoculated produced the long vine, also had
significantly heavier fresh and dry weight of pods which was not constructed as due to its
greater yield potential but merely as a result of its earlier maturity, also has high number
of root nodule that attribute to the greater fibrous roots that bore more nodules resulting
to positive response to inoculation. It also increase soil pH, soil nitrogen and, plant
nitrogen Puyongan (1997). High vigor, ability to withstand stress, diseases and pest, and
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
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good marketable yield and desirable qualities in a variety, and that nutrition in health
value maybe used to distinguish varieties in the future.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Land Preparation and Planting
A total land area of 180 m2 was prepared two to three weeks before sowing. The
area was divided into three blocks. Each block was divided into 12 plots measuring 1m x
5 m. Two to three seeds were sown per hill at a distance of 20 cm between rows and hills.
The treatments were laid-out following the split-plot design with three replications.
The treatments are as follows:
Main plot (Inoculation)
Code
Treatment
I1
Uninoculated
I2
Inoculated
Subplot (Garden Pea Accessions)
Code
Accessions
Source
V1
CGP 13
BSU
V2 CGP
59 BSU
V3
CGP 110
BSU
V4
CGP 18A
BSU
V5 CGP
34 BSU
V6
CLG
(check)
BSU
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
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Seed Sterilization
Uniform and undamaged seeds were surface sterilized by immersing in (70%)
alcohol for 2-3 minutes, then washed 5 times in sterile distilled water, surface sterilized
by immersing them in Sodium hypochlorite (25%) for 5 minutes and then washed in
sterile distilled water for at least six times (Somasegaran and Hoben, 1994).
Seed Inoculation
Sterilized seeds were mixed thoroughly with the inoculants using direct coating
method of inoculation. Seeds were placed in a paper box then sufficient amount of
inoculants was added to completely and uniformly coat the seeds. Seeds were spread on
clean blotting paper and air dried.
Data Gathered:
1. Plant maturity
a. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was recorded by counting the
number of days from sowing to emergence.
b. Number of days from emergence to first flowering. This was recorded by
counting the number of days from emergence to the time when at least 50% of the plants
in the plot have fully opened flowers.
c. Number of days to pod setting. This was done by counting the number of days
from flowering until the pods were fully developed.
d. Number of days from pod setting to first harvest. This was obtained by
counting the number of days from pod setting to first harvest.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
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2. Nodules
a. Nodule count. This was gathered by counting the numbers of root nodule at 40
DAP.
b. Nodule weight. Plant samples were up rooted and washed carefully to facilitate
the removal of the nodules.
1. Nodule fresh weight (g) – the nodule was gathered and weighed
2. Nodule dry weight (g) – nodules was air dried and oven dried at 40 0C
before weighing.
3. Nitrogen content of the soil (%). Soils were gathered and brought to the Bureau
of soils and water management San Fernando, La Union for the initial and final nitrogen
content analysis.
4. Initial and Final pH of the soil. Soils were gathered and soil to the Bureau of
soils and water management San Fernando, La Union for soil pH analysis.
5. Reaction to leaf miner and powdery mildew
a. Reaction to leaf miner. The resistance of different varieties of garden pea to leaf
miner was rated at the peak of harvesting fresh pods following this rating (Buena, 2004).
Scale
Percent
infestation
Description
1 No
damage
Highly
resistant
2
1-25% of total leaves per plant
Mildly resistant
and
per
plot
infested
3
25-50% of total leaves per plant
Moderately resistant
and per plot infested
4
51-75% of total leaves per plant
Moderately susceptible
and per plot infested
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
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5
76-100% of total leaves per plant
Very susceptible
and per plot infested
b. Reaction to powdery mildew. This was determined using the following
Scale
Percent
infestation
Description
1 No
damage
Highly
resistant
2
1-25% of total leaves per plant
mildly resistant
and
per
plot
infested
3
25-50% of total leaves per plant
Moderately resistant
and per plot infested
4
51-75% of total leaves per plant Moderately
susceptible
and per plot infested
5
76-100% of total leaves per plant
Very susceptible
and per plot infested
6. Seed yield
a. Total seed yield per plot (g). This was gathered by getting the total weight of
the seeds per plot.
b. Weight of 200 seeds (g). The weight of 200 seeds per treatment was recorded
after five days of continuous sun drying.
7. Return On Cash Expense (ROCE). This was computed using the following
formula:
Gross sales – Total expenses
ROCE =────────────────── x 100
Total cost of production
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
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Data Analysis
All the quantitative data gathered were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA). The significance of difference among means was tested using the Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSSION
Days from Sowing to Emergence of Garden
Pea as affected by Inoculation and Different
Accessions
Inoculation. Table 1 shows no significant differences on the number of days from
sowing to emergence of garden pea as affected by inoculation. This finding signifies that
rhizobium inoculation neither enhances nor delay seed germination or emergence.
Accessions. Analysis revealed that there were highly significant differences on
the days from sowing to emergence as affected by the different accessions. Majority of
the accessions emerged at 7 days. Only CGP 59 and CGP 34 emerged after one day later.
Results show that the accessions have different response in the days from sowing to
emergence.
Interaction
Effect. No significant interaction existed between the inoculation and
accessions of garden pea on the number of days from sowing to its emergence. This may
be due to the same response of the different accessions to inoculation.
Number of Days from Emergence to Flowering
Inoculation. The number of days from emergence to flowering of garden pea as
affected by inoculation is shown in Table 1. Analysis revealed that the number of days
from emergence to flowering is not affected by inoculation.
Accessions. Analysis revealed marked differences on the days from emergence to
first flowering as affected by the different accessions. It was noted that CGP 18A and
CGP 13 were the first accessions to produce flowers in 37 days; followed about one week
later by Chinese Light Green, CGP 59 and CGP 110, CGP 34 produced flower about two
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
14
weeks later. This signifies that different accessions have different characteristics in
response of emergence to flowering.
Interaction effect. There were no significant differences on the interaction
between the inoculation and accessions of garden pea on the number of days from
emergence to first flowering.
Table 1. Days from sowing to emergence, from emergence to first flowering, from
flowering to pod setting, from pod setting to harvesting as affected by
inoculation and garden pea accessions
NUMBER OF DAYS
TO
FROM
FROM
FROMPOD
TREATMENT
EMERGENCE
EMERGENCE TO FLOWERING
SETTING TO
FLOWERING
TO POD
FIRST HARVEST
SETTING
Inoculation (I)
Uninoculated
7
42
12
37
Inoculated
7
42
12
37
Accessions (A)
CGP 13
7a
37a
14c
37c
CGP 59
8b
44b
10b
35a
CGP 110
7a
45b
9a
35a
CGP 18A
7a
37a
12b
37c
CGP 34
8b
48c
17c
41d
CLG
7a
43b
9a
36b
I x A
0.531ns 0.914 ns 0.636
ns 0.50ns
CV (a)
12.03
2.78
2.40
0.00
CV (b)
6.03
1.05
3.56
0.00
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
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Number of Days from Flowering to Pod Setting
Inoculation. Table 1 also shows the number of days from flowering to pod setting
of garden pea as affected by inoculation. No appreciable difference between the
inoculated and uninoculated garden pea was observed.
Accessions. Differences were noted on the number of days from flowering to pod
setting among the different accessions used (Table1 and Fig. 1). Chinese Light Green and
CGP 110 produced pods the earliest at 9 days followed by CGP 59 and CGP 18A in 10
days and 12 days, respectively; lastly, CGP 13 and CGP 34 produced pods in 14 days and
17 days, respectively. The significant difference could be the effect of climate adaptation
of the different accessions and their genetic characteristics.
Interaction Effect. No significant interaction was noted between inoculation and
accessions on the number of days from flowering to emergence of garden pea.
Number of Days from Pod Setting to First Harvest
Inoculation. Table 1 shows no significant difference between inoculated and
uninoculated garden peas in terms of the number of days from pod setting to first harvest.
It was noted that both inoculated and uninoculated garden peas were harvested 37 days
after pod setting.
Accessions. The same table shows significant differences on the days from pod
setting to first harvesting of the garden peas as affected by the different accessions. CGP
59 and CGP 110 were harvested 35 days after pod setting while the other strains were
harvested from 37 days to 41 days after pod setting. This result suggests that CGP 59 and
CGP 110 were better accessions in terms of pod setting to first harvest.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
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(a) Vegetative stage
(b) Flowering stage
(c)
Pod
development
Figure 1. Plant stand at the different stages growth
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
17
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect was noted between inoculant
and accessions of garden peas on the number of days from pod setting to first harvest.
Nodule Count
Inoculation. Results revealed that inoculated garden peas significantly produced
greater nodule count as compared to uninoculated garden peas (Table 2). This finding
signifies that there is a significant effect of inoculation on the nodule count of garden pea.
It was noted that inoculated garden pea produced an average of 165 nodules no. per 5
plant at 40 DAP which is relatively higher than the uninoculated garden pea with a mean
of 135 nodules only. Table 2 shows that CGP 34 was the better accession since it had the
highest number of nodule which is 168 as compared with the other accessions that had
the nodule number of 154 to 137 only.
The result shows that inoculation of garden pea before planting promotes
nodulation. This is similar to the findings of Manguiat et al. (1980) and FAO (1989) that
rhizobial inoculation significantly increased the nodule count of the legume plant. It also
coincides with the statement of Sanchez (1976) that the practice of inoculating seeds with
the appropriate rhizobial strain promotes nodulation. It is therefore beneficial to inoculate
garden pea seed to ensure production of nodules.
Accessions. Analysis also revealed significant differences on the nodule count of
garden pea as affected by the different accessions (Table 2). It was observed that CGP 34
produced the highest number of nodules at 40 DAP with a mean of 168 nodules as
compared to the other accessions which produced nodules of only 137 to 144 nodules
only.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
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The result may be attributed to the formation of more fibrous roots of CGP 34
with greater potential of producing more nodules. This confirms with the statement of
Alexander (1977) as cited by Ramos (1991) that legumes with fibrous root character
frequently have greater nodule count.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect between the inoculation and
accessions of garden pea on the number of nodule count was observed.
Table 2. Nodule count, nodule fresh weight and nodule dry weight at as affected by
inoculation and garden pea accessions.
TREATMENT NODULE COUNT NODULE FRESH DRY WEIGHT
(No./5 PLANTS) WEIGHT
(g)
(g)
Inoculation (I)
Uninoculated
135b
0.51
0.26
Inoculated
165a
0.70
0.30
Accessions (A)
CGP 13
144c
0.52
0.26
CGP 59
149c
0.47
0.29
CGP 110
147c
0.52
0.24
CGP 18A
137d
0.70
0.33
CGP 34
168a
0.84
0.34
CLG
154b
0.59
0.23
I x A
0.721ns
1.210ns
2.068ns
________________________________________________________________________
CV
(a)
%
6.58
24.32
37.46
CV
(b)
%
8.47
36.29
35.71
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
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Nodule fresh weight
Inoculation. Table 2 shows the number of nodule weight of garden pea as affected
by inoculation. Analysis revealed that there were no significant differences on the nodule
weight for both inoculated and uninoculated garden pea. However, it was noted that
inoculated garden pea produced a greater weight of 0.70 g as compared to uninoculated
garden pea which produced a nodule weight of 0.51 g only. The difference on the nodule
weight maybe attributed to the higher number and bigger size of nodules produced by
inoculated garden pea as compared to uninoculated garden pea.
Accessions. The same table shows no significant differences on the nodule weight
of garden pea as affected by the different accessions. It was noted that CGP 34 produced
the heaviest nodule fresh weight of 0.84 g. followed by CGP 18A with 0.70 g and
Chinese light green with 0.59 g, CGP 59 produced the lightest nodule fresh of 0.47 g
only. This may be attributed to the differences on the genetic characteristics of the
different accession in terms of nodulation as well as the number of nodules produced by
the different varieties (Fig. 3).
Interaction
effect. No significant differences were noted on the nodule weight of
garden pea as affected by the interaction of inoculation and the different accessions.
Nodule Dry Weight
Inoculation. As shown in Table 2, no significant difference on the dry weight of
nodules between the inoculated and uninoculated garden pea. Although inoculated garden
pea appear to have produced a higher nodule dry weight of 0.30 g as compared to
uninoculated garden pea with 0.26 g only.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
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(a) CGP 34 Inoculated
(b)
CGP
34
Uninoculated
Figure 2. Root nodule at 40 DAP
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
21
Accessions. The different accessions of garden pea have no significant differences
on the nodule dry weight as shown on Table 2. However, numerical data shows that CGP
34 produced the highest nodule dry weight of 0.34 g as compared to the other accessions
whose nodule dry weight ranges from 0.23 g to 0.33 g only.
Interaction
effect. Analysis revealed no significant differences on the nodule dry
weight of garden pea at as affected by the interaction of inoculation and the different
accessions. Numerical data indicates that the total weighted mean of the nodule dry
weight of the garden pea as affected by inoculation and accessions is 0.28 grams.
Final soil pH
Inoculation. Table 3 shows the final pH of the soil after harvest. It was noted that
both uninoculated and inoculated garden pea have a final pH of 5.30 from the initial pH
of 5.0. This indicates that inoculation was not significantly influenced the final pH of the
and that any increase in soil pH maybe attributed to other factors.
Accessions. The final pH of the different accessions is shown in Table 3. CGP 13
had the highest final pH (6.10) while the other accessions has pH ranging from 5.00 to
5.45 only. This result shows that CGP 13 is the accession that has the potential to
increase soil pH.
Final N Content
Inoculation. The final N-content of uninoculated and inoculated treatment is
shown in Table 3. It was observe that inoculated treatment did not have any marked
difference with the uninoculated treatment. It was noted through that there was an
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
22
increase on the soil nitrogen content after harvest. The inoculant used was able to
nodulate the plants but it was not effective in producing much nitrogen.
Accessions. Among the different accessions, it was observed that CGP 34 and
CGP 18A had the highest N-content of 0.18 while the least N content of 0.14 was
exhibited by CGP 59. It was noted that CGP 34 had the highest number and weight of
nodules indicating its greater potential to fix nitrogen. This explains partly why CGP 34
and CGP 18A exhibited relatively higher nitrogen content.
Table 3. Soil pH and soil nitrogen as affected by inoculation and garden pea accessions
pH
N CONTENT
Inoculation (I)
Uninoculated
5.31
0.158
Inoculated
5.25
0.166
Accessions (A)
CGP
13
6.1
0.162
CGP
59
5.45
0.137
CGP
110
5.0
0.162
CGP
18A
5.0
0.175
CGP
34
5.0
0.175
CLG 5.15
0.162
Initial
Analysis
5.0
0.125
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
23
Reaction to Leaf Miner
Inoculation. Table 4 shows the reaction of garden pea to leaf miner as affected by
inoculation. Data shows that uninoculated garden pea were mildly resistant to leaf miner
while inoculated garden pea was moderately resistant to leaf miner. This implies that
inoculation increase the resistance of garden pea to leaf miner.
Table 4. Resistance to leaf miner and powdery mildew as affected by inoculation and
garden pea accessions.
TREATMENT
REACTION TO:
LEAF MINER
POWDERY MILDEW
________________________________________________________________________
Inoculation
(I)
Uninoculated
2 3
Inoculated
3 3
Accessions (A)
CGP
13
3 3
CGP
59
2 3
CGP
110
2 2
CGP
18A
3 2
CGP
34
3 3
CLG 2 2
I x A
1.000ns
0.357 ns
________________________________________________________________________
CV (a) %
14.40
5.58
CV (b) %
21.39
9.31
Rating scale: 1- highly resistant, 2 mildly resistant, 3- moderately resistant, 4 moderately
susceptible, 5- very susceptible
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
24
Accessions. Table 4 shows the reaction of the different garden pea accessions
against leaf miner. CGP 13, CGP 18A and CGP 34 were moderately resistant while CGP
59, CGP 110 and CLG were noted to be mildly resistant to leaf miner.
Interaction effect. Did not have significant interaction effects on resistance to leaf
miner.
Resistance to Powdery Mildew
Inoculation. Table 4 shows the reaction of garden pea to powdery mildew as
affected by inoculation. It was noted that both inoculated and uninoculated garden peas
were rated (3) moderately resistant to powdery mildew
Accessions. CGP 13, CGP 59 and CGP 34 were rated moderately resistant to
powdery mildew (Table 4). Both CGP 110and CLG were rated mildly resistant together
with CGP 18A.
Interaction effect. There were no significant effects of the interaction of
inoculation and accessions on the resistance of garden pea to powdery mildew.
Total Seed Yield per Plot (g)
Inoculation. Table 5 shows that inoculated garden pea produced greater total seed
yield per plot with a mean of 251.29 g as compared to uninoculated garden pea with a
mean of 235.380 g only. This indicates the benefit that could be derived from
inoculation.
Accessions. Analysis revealed significant differences on the total seed yield per
plot of garden pea as affected by the different accessions (Table 5). It was noted that
Chinese Light Green, CGP 13 and CGP 34 produced the highest total seed yield per plot
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
25
with means of 383.50 g, 281.55 g and 280.63 g, respectively. This finding signifies that
the accessions used have varying potential on seed yield per plot of the garden pea.
Interaction effect. A significant effect of interaction between inoculation and
accession on the total seed yield per plot of garden peas was observed (Fig. 4). It was
noted that uninoculated accessions attained both the highest and lowest seed yields while
Table 5. Total seed yield per plot (g) and total weight of 200 seeds per plot as affected by
inoculation and garden pea accessions.
SEED YIELD WEIGHT OF
PER PLOT 200 SEEDS
(g/5 m2) (g)
________________________________________________________________________
Inoculation (I)
Uninoculated
235.380b
30.88
Inoculated
251.29 a 30.97
Accessions (A)
CGP 13
281.55a 36.72a
CGP 59
188.30 c 29.18c
CGP 110
219.63 b 29.28c
CGP 18A
206.40 c 34.27b
CGP 34
280.63 a 29.00c
CLG
283.50 a 27.10d
I
x
A
2.914
* 1.093
ns
________________________________________________________________________
CV
(a)
%
27.19
17.00
CV
(b)
%
26.20
10.73
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
26
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
27
1000
Uninoculated
Inoculated
950
900
850
800
750
l
ot (g)
700
d per P650
el
600
550
Seed Yi
500
Total
450
400
350
CGP 13
CGP 59
CGP 110
CGP 18A
CGP34
CLG
Garden Pea Accessions
Figure 4. The interaction effect of inoculation and garden pea accessions on the total
seed yield per plot.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
28
the inoculated accessions yielded seeds on the average range. This result does not
confirm with the finding on nodule count where CGP 34 had the highest nodule
production.
Weight of 200 Seeds (g)
Inoculation. Table 5 shows no significant differences on the weight of 200 seeds
of garden pea as affected by inoculation although the inoculated plants produced
numerically heavier weight of 200seeds as compared to the uninoculated.
Accessions. Significant differences were noted on the weight of 200 seeds of
garden pea as affected by accession (Table 4). Results showed that CGP 13 produced a
mean of 36.72 g on the weight of 200 seeds which was relatively higher than the other
accessions this signifies that the weight of seeds of garden pea differ from one accession
to the other this may due to their seed size. Based on the results, CGP 13 produced the
heaviest of 200 seeds due to the bigger size of seed while Chinese light green produced
the lightest had the smaller seed size.
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect between the inoculation and
accessions of garden pea in terms of the weight of 200 seed weight.
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)
Inoculation. Table 6 show the result of return on cash expense (ROCE).
Inoculated plants had the greater seed yield of 251g, with the high gross income of PhP
90.38 and a net income of PhP 9.36. Also it was noted that inoculated plants reveal the
highest return on cash expense of 11.528%, compared to the uninoculated plants with a
8.313% ROCE. Results show that inoculation of seed increased seed yield of garden pea.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
29
Accession. Among the different accessions CLG, CGP 34 and CGP 13 yielded
seeds of 285.5 g, 282 g and 281 g respectively. The lowest seed yield was attained from
CGP 59 of 188 g seed weight. Also it was noted that the same accessions attain the
highest seed weight and highest return on cash expense of 28.74, 27.61 and 27.07. This is
due to the high seed yield of production.
Table 6. Return on Cash Expenses of six garden pea accessions as affected by
inoculation.
TREATMENT SEED
VARIABLE GROSS NET ROCE
YIELD
COST INCOME INCOME
%
(g) (PhP) (PhP) (PhP)
________________________________________________________________________
Inoculation (I)
Uninoculated 236.33 78.39
84.91
6.17 8.313
Inoculated 251.5 81.18
90.38
9.36 11.53
Accessions (A)
CGP 13
281 79.785
101.16
21.375
27.07
CGP 59 188 79.785
67.68
-12.105 -15.67
CGP 110 220
79.785
79.24
-0.565 -1.075
CGP 18A 207 79.785 73.48
-5.805 -7.155
CGP 34 282 79.785 112.5 21.735 27.61
CLG 285.5 79.785 102.78 22.995 28.74
Variable costs include labor cost, seeds, pesticide, stick, inoculant and twines.
Selling price were based at PhP 360.00 / kilo
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Effect of Inoculation
The effect of inoculation and six accessions of garden pea were studied under
open field condition. The six accessions were CGP 13, CGP 59, CGP 110, CGP 18A,
CGP 34 and CLG while the two accessions were inoculated and uninoculated.
Findings revealed that the effect of inoculation on some parameters did not differ
significantly. Specifically, analysis revealed that the number of days from sowing to
emergence, from emergence to flowering, from flowering to pod setting, from pod setting
to first harvesting of garden pea as affected by inoculation were not significantly different
from each other.
Also analysis revealed no significant differences on the nodule count, nodule
fresh weight and nodule dry weight of nodules for both inoculated and uninoculated
garden pea. Soil pH and soil nitrogen generally slightly increased after harvest but
differences among the treatments were not substantial.
In terms of leaf miner and powdery mildew reaction of garden pea, inoculation
had no significant influences.
Findings also revealed no significant differences on the weight of 200 seeds of
garden pea. However, it was noted that there is significant on the total seed yield per plot
as affected by inoculation.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
32
Effect of Accession
On the days from sowing to emergence majority of the accessions emerged in 7
days except for CGP 59 and CGP 34 which emerged a day later. Almost similar was
trend observed on days from emergence to flowering where CGP 18A and CGP 13 were
the first to produce flower. On the other hand CLG and CGP 110 produced pods earlier at
a days from flowering. From pod setting to harvesting of garden pea seeds, only slight
differences were noted.
Significant differences were observed on the nodule count of garden pea as
affected by the different accessions with CGP 34 producing the highest number of
nodules.
CLG, CGP 13 and CGP 34 appear to produce the highest total seed yield per plot
but they were not statistically different from the rest.
For the interaction, majority of the parameters were not significantly different
from each other. However, highly significant effect of interaction between inoculation
and accession on the total seed yield per plot of garden pea was observed.
Conclusion
Inoculation of seed before planting helps to enhance more nodules and give high
seed yield of garden pea. CGP 34, CLG and CGP 13 were the best accessions that
respond to inoculation in terms of nodulation and seed yield. Significant interaction
observed on the total seed yield per plot. Inoculation noted to have the highest return on
cash expenses of 28.72, 27.61 and 27.07.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
32
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, inoculation is effective under open field
condition. Application of proper inoculant to seed before planting is recommended to
obtain higher yield.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
ALEXANDER, M. 1977. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. 2nd ed. New York: John
Willy and Sons. Inc. Pp. 315-322.
BISHOP, D.D., L.P. CARTER; S. R. CHAMPMAN and W.F BARBETT. 1983. Crop
Science and food production. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. Pp.39-41
BRADY, N.C. 1985. Nature and Properties of Soils. 8th Ed. New York: McMillan
Pub.Co. Pp. 39-41
BUENA C.G. 2004. Seed production of garden pea (Pisum sativum) applied with
dolomite and coconut coir dust. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-2
DEVLIN, R. M. and F.H WITHAM. 1983. Plant Physiology. 4th ed. Boston: Prindle,
Weber and Schimidt. Pp. 157-162
HIGHLAND AGRICULTURE RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM
(HARRDEC) 1996. Highland Garden Pea Techno guide. Benguet State
University. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 2,3
HILL, M. S 1994. Inoculation and Coating of Grass and Legumes Seeds. Seed
Technology Center (Massey University Palmeston North, New Zealand) 1 (1):2-5
JENSEN. E. S 1989. Role of pea cultivation in the nitrogen economy of soils and
succeeding crops in legumes in farming system (P. Plaquartand R, Hagar, Eds).
Kluwer, Dordrecht. Pp. 3,15
MANGUIAT. T.J. P.M. MENDOZA and S.N. TILO 1985. Influence of the legumes
Rhizobia symbiosis on the economy of legumes based cropping system. Phil.
Agric. Jour 6: Pp.44-45
PADUA, D.P. 1997. The role of plant-rhizobial genotypes in biological nitrogen fixation
in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) PhD. Dissertation. University of Gent,
Gent Belgium. Pp. 26-27
PASCUA M.D. 1996. Nodulation and nitrogen fixation of two snap bean varieties as
affected by different rhizobial strain, BS Thesis. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 11-12,
14-15,38
PUYONGAN B. A. 1997. evaluation of different rhizobial strain for Biological nitrogen
fixation ability in two varieties of snap bean.BS Thesis. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 5, 20, 40,41
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
34
RAMOS, R.B. 1991. Compatibility of different rhizobial strains to the three snap bean
varieties. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet Pp. 5,11
TALUSIG, A. T. 1996. Potential of snap bean entries for biological nitrogen fixation. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp 4, 27, 40
TIPAYNO, M.T. 2006. Organic characters of five bush snap bean varieties inoculated
with BIO N and VITAL N. BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad,
Benguet. P.4.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Days from sowing to emergence
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
II
TOTAL
MEAN
UN INOCULATED
CGP 13
7
7
7
21
7
CGP 59
8
8
8
24
8
CGP 110
7
7
7
21
7
CGP 18A
7
8
7
22
7
CGP34
8
8
8
24
8
CLG
7
7
7
21
7
SUB-TOTAL 44
45 44 133 7
INOCULATED
CGP 13
7
7
7
21
7
CGP 59
8
8
8
24
8
CGP 110
7
7
7
21
7
CGP 18A
7
7
7
21
7
CGP34
8
8
8
24
8
CLG
7
7
7
21
7
SUB-TOTAL 44
44 44 132 7
TOTAL 88
89
88
265
2.44
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED INOCULATED TOTAL MEAN
C GP 13
21
21
42
2.33
CGP 59
24
24
48
2.66
CGP 110
21
21
42
2.33
CGP 18A
21
21
42
2.33
CGP34 24
24
48
2.66
CLG 21
21
42
2.33
TOTAL 132
132
264
MEAN 22
22
2.44
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
36
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2 0.889
0.444
0.571ns
19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1 0.028
0.028 0.036ns
18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2 1.556
0.778
Sub – plot (B)
5 11.806
2.361 13.281**
2.71 4.10
AxB
5 0.472
0.094 0.531ns
2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20 3.556
0.178
TOTAL
35 18.306
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
12.60%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
6.03%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
37
Appendix 2. Days from emergence to first flowering.
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I
II
II
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP
13
37 37 37 111 37
CGP
59
44 44 44 132 44
CGP
110
45 45 45 135 45
CGP
18A
39 39 38 116 38
CGP34
48 48 48 143 48
CLG
43 42 43 128 43
SUB-TOTAL 256 255 255 765 42.5
INOCULATED
CGP
13
37 37 37 111 37
CGP
59
44 44 44 132 44
CGP
110
45 45 45 135 45
CGP
18A
39 39 39 117 39
CGP34
48 48 48 143 48
CLG
43 42 43 128 43
SUB-TOTAL 256 255 256 766 42.56
TOTAL 512
510
511
1533
14.18
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
111
111
222
12.34
CGP 59
132
132
264
14.67
CGP 110
135
135
270
15
CGP 18A
116
117
233
12.94
CGP34 143
143
286
15.89
CLG 128
128
256
14.22
TOTAL 765 766
1531
MEAN 42.5
42.56
14.18
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
38
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.722
0.361
0.265ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.111
0.111
0.082ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
2.722
1.361
Sub – plot (B)
5
509.889
101.978
524.457** 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.889
0.178
0.914ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
3.889
0.194
TOTAL
35
518.222
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
2.78%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
1.05%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
39
Appendix 3. Days from flowering to pod setting
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Uninoculated
CGP 13
13
14
14
41
14
CGP 59
10
10
10
30
10
CGP 110
9
9
10
28
9
CGP 18A
12
12
12
36
12
CGP34 17
17
17
51
17
CLG 9
8
9
26
9
SUB-TOTAL 70 70 72 212 12
INOCULATED
CGP 13
13
14
14
41
14
CGP 59
10
10
10
30
10
CGP 110
9
9
10
28
9
CGP 18A
12
12
12
36
12
CGP34 17
17
17
51
17
CLG 9
8
9
26
9
SUB-TOTAL 70 70 72 212 12
TOTAL 140
140
144
424
4
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED
INOCULATED TOTAL
MEAN
CGP 13
41
41
82
5
CGP 59
30
30
60
3
CGP 110
28
28
56
3
CGP 18A
36
36
72
4
CGP34 51
51
102
6
CLG 26
26
52
3
TOTAL 212
212
424
MEAN 12
12
4
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
40
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
2.167
1.083
13.00ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.250
0.250
3.00ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
0.167
0.083
Sub – plot (B)
5
287.917
57.583
314.091** 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.583
0.117
0.636ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
3.667
0.183
TOTAL
35
294.750
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
2.40%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
3.56%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
41
Table 4. Days from pod setting to first harvest
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II III
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP 13
37
37
37
111
37
CGP 59
35
35
35
105
35
CGP 110
35
35
35
105
35
CGP 18A
37
37
37
111
37
CGP34 41
41
41
123
41
CLG 36
36
36
108
36
SUB-TOTAL 221
221
221
663 37
INOCULATED
CGP 13
37
37
37
111
37
CGP 59
35
35
35
105
35
CGP 110
35
35
35
105
35
CGP 18A
37
37
37
111
37
CGP34 41
41
41
123
41
CLG 36
36
36
108
36
SUB-TOTAL 221
221
221
663 37
TOTAL 442
442
442
1226
12
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
111
111
222
12
CGP 59
105
105
210
12
CGP 110
105
105
210
12
CGP 18A
111
111
222
12
CGP34 123
123
246
14
CLG 108
108
116
6
TOTAL 663 663
1226
MEAN 37
37
12
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
42
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.167
0.083
3.00ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.028
0.028
1.00ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
0.056
0.028
Sub – plot (B)
5
469.250
93.850
1689.30** 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.139
0.028
0.50ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
1.111
0.056
TOTAL
35
470.750
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
0.35%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
0.49%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
43
Appendix 5. Nodule count at 40 DAP
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
B I
B II
B II
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP 13
132
120
132
384
128
CGP 59
129
137
129
395
131.67
CGP 110
123
134
131
388
139.33
CGP 18A
159
120
114
393
131
CGP34 157
163
136
456
152
CLG 124
139
150
413
137.67
SUB-TOTAL 824
813
792
2429
136.61
INOCULATED
CGP 13
183
155
144
482
160.67
CGP 59
166
165
166
497
165.67
CGP 110
161
169
164
494
164.67
CGP 18A
165
144
122
431
143.67
CGP34 199
185
178
562
187.33
CLG 169
174
169
512
170.67
SUB-TOTAL 1043
992 943
2978
165.45
TOTAL 1867
1805
1735
5407
50.34
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
384
482
866
48.11
CGP 59
395
497
892
49.56
CGP 110
388
494
882
49
CGP 18A
393
431
824
45.79
CGP34 456
562
1018
56.57
CLG 413
512
925
51.39
TOTAL 24.29
27.78
54.07
MEAN 134.95
165.45
50.35
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
44
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
726.889
363.444
3.734ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
8372.250
8372.250
86.016* 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
194.667
97.333
Sub – plot (B)
5
3643.472
728.694
4.511** 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
581.917
116.383
0.721ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
3230.444
161.522
TOTAL
35
16749.639
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
6.58%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
8.47%
* - significant
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
45
Appendix 6. Nodule fresh weight at 40 DAP
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP 13
0.43
0.34
0.65
1.42
0.47
CGP 59
0.55
0.46
0.56
1.57
0.52
CGP 110
0.2
0.48
0.56
1.24
0.41
CGP
18A
0.63 0.3 0.43 1.36 0.45
CGP34 0.56
0.95
0.68
2.19
0.73
CLG 0.48
0.45
0.49
1.42
0.47
SUB-TOTAL 2.85
2.98
3.37 9.2 0.16
INOCULATED
CGP 13
0.56
0.64
0.49
1.69
0.56
CGP 59
0.45
0.27
0.51
1.23
0.41
CGP
110
0.52 0.66 0.7 1.88 0.63
CGP 18A
1.58
0.49
0.77
2.84
0.95
CGP34 0.79
1.16
0.91
2.86
0.95
CLG 0.68
0.66
0.78
2.12
0.71
SUB-TOTAL 4.58 3.88 4.16 12.62 0.23
TOTAL
7.43 6.86 7.53 21.82 0.07
TWO WAY TABLE
GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
TREATMENT UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
1.42
1.69
3.11
0.17
CGP 59
1.57
1.23
2.8
0.16
CGP 110
1.24
1.88
3.12
0.17
CGP 18A
1.36
2.84
4.2
0.23
CGP34 2.19
2.86
5.05
0.28
CLG 1.42
2.12
3.54
0.21
TOTAL 9.2
12.62
21.82
MEAN 0.16
0.23
0.07
\\
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.022
0.011
0.495ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.325
0.325
14.763ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
0.044
0.022
Sub – plot (B)
5
0.595
0.119
2.429ns 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.296
0.059
1.210ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
0.979
0.049
TOTAL
35
2.261
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
24.32%
CV
(b)
=
36.29%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
47
Appendix 7. Nodule dry weight at 40 DAP
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
II
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP
13
0.19 0.2 0.26 0.65 0.22
CGP 59
0.35
0.49
0.24
1.08
0.36
CGP 110
0.12
0.28
0.21
0.61
0.20
CGP 18A
0.28
0.14
0.28
0.7
0.23
CGP34 0.32
0.6
0.2
1.12
0.37
CLG
0.18 0.16 0.2 0.54 0.18
SUB-TOTAL 1.44
1.87
1.39 4.7 0.26
INOCULATED
CGP 13
0.41
0.32
0.16
0.89
0.30
CGP 59
0.28
0.13
0.21
0.65
0.22
CGP
110
0.28 0.3 0.24 0.82 0.27
CGP 18A
0.55
0.28
0.42
1.25
0.42
CGP34 0.23
0.41
0.28
0.92
0.31
CLG 0.26
0.25
0.31
0.82
0.27
SUB-TOTAL 2.01
1.69
1.62
5.35
0.30
TOTAL
3.45 3.56 3.01 10.06 0.09
TWO WAY TABLE
GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
TREATMENT UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
0.65
0.89
1.54
0.09
CGP 59
1.08
0.65
1.73
0.10
CGP 110
0.61
0.82
1.43
0.08
CGP 18A
0.7
1.25
1.96
0.11
CGP34 1.12
0.92
2.04
0.11
CLG 0.54
0.82
1.36
0.08
TOTAL 4.7
5.35
10.06
MEAN 0.26
0.30
0.09
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
48
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.015
0.008
0.706ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.012
0.012
1.086ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
0.022
0.011
Sub – plot (B)
5
0.065
0.013
1.264ns 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.106
0.210
2.068ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
0.205
0.010
TOTAL
35
0.425
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
37.46%
CV
(b)
=
35.71%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
49
Appendix 8. Resistance to leaf miner
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II III
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP
13
3 3 3 9 3
CGP
59
3 3 2 8 2
CGP
110
2 2 3 7 2
CGP
18A
3 3 2 8 3
CGP34
3 3 3 9 3
CLG
2 2 2 6 2
SUB-TOTAL 16 16 15 47 2
INOCULATED
CGP
13
3 3 3 9 3
CGP
59
3 3 2 8 3
CGP
110
2 2 3 7 2
CGP
18A
3 3 2 8 3
CGP34
3 3 3 9 3
CLG
2 2 2 6 2
SUB-TOTAL 16 16 15 47 3
TOTAL
32 32 30 94 1
TWO WAY TABLE
GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
TREATMENT UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
9
9
18
1
CGP 59
8
8
16
0.89
CGP 110
7
7
14
0.78
CGP 18A
8
8
16
0.89
CGP34 9 9
18
1
CLG 6
6
12
0.67
TOTAL 47 47
94
MEAN 2 3
1
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.167
0.083
1.000ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.250
0.250
3.000ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
0.167
0.083
Sub – plot (B)
5
3.583
0.717
3.909* 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.917
0.183
1.000ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
3.667
0.183
TOTAL
35
8.750
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
14.40%
*
-
significant
CV
(b)
=
21.39%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
51
Appendix 9. Resistance to powdery mildew
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP
13
3 3 3 9 3
CGP
59
3 3 3 9 3
CGP
110
2 2 2 6 2
CGP
18A
2 3 2 7 3
CGP34
3 3 3 9 3
CLG
2 2 2 6 2
SUB-TOTAL 15 16 15 46 3
INOCULATED
CGP
13
3 3 3 9 3
CGP
59
3 3 3 9 3
CGP
110
2 2 2 6 2
CGP
18A
2 3 2 7 3
CGP34
3 3 3 9 3
CLG
2 2 2 6 2
SUB-TOTAL 15 16 15 46 3
TOTAL
30 32 30 92 1
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
9
9
18
9
CGP 59
9
9
18
9
CGP 110
6
6
12
6
CGP 18A
7
7
14
7
CGP34 9 9
18
9
CLG 6
6
12
6
TOTAL 46 46
92
MEAN
3
3
1
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
52
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.389
0.194
7.000ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.028
0.028
1.000ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
0.056
0.028
Sub – plot (B)
5
6.806
1.361
17.500** 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.139
0.028
0.357ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
1.553
0.078
TOTAL
35
8.972
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
5.58%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
9.31%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
53
Appendix 10. Total seed yield per plot (g)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP 13
362.8
210
364.4
937.2
312.4
CGP 59
110.2
138.4
117.5
366.1
122.03
CGP 110
189.2
125.8
193.5
508.5
169.5
CGP 18A
218.3
177
258.2
653.5
217.83
CGP34 204.2
289.5
480.6
974.3
324.77
CLG 293
146.2
357.3
796.5
265.5
SUB-TOTAL 1377.7
1086.9
1771.5
4236.1
235.34
INOCULATED
CGP 13
215.7
204.4
332
752.1
250.70
CGP 59
123.7
315.2
324.8
763.7
254.57
CGP 110
288.7
227.6
293
809.3
269.77
CGP 18A
122.5
239.1
223.3
584.9
194.97
CGP34 192.5
223.3
293.7
709.5
236.5
CLG 320.5
217.1
366.2
903.8
301.27
SUB-TOTAL 1263.6
1426.7
1833
4523.3
251.30
TOTAL 2641.3
2513.6
3604.5
8759.4
81.11
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
937.2
752.1
1689.3
93.85
CGP 59
366.1
763.7
1129.8
62.77
CGP 110
508.5
809.3
1317.8
73.21
CGP 18A
653.5
584.9
1238.4
68.8
CGP34 974.3
709.5
1683.8
93.54
CLG 796.5
903.8
1700.3
94.46
TOTAL 4236.1
4523.3
8759.4
MEAN
235.5 251.30 81.11
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
54
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
59248.767
29624.384
6.767ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
2280.063
2280.063
0.521ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
8755.382
4377.691
Sub – plot (B)
5
56517.561
11303.512
2.781* 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
59222.766
1184.553
2.914* 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
81288.124
4064.406
TOTAL
35
267312.663
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
27.19%
*
-
significant
CV
(b)
=
26.20%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
55
Appendix 11. Total weight of 200 seeds (g)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP 13
34.9
32.7
36.1
103.7
34.57
CGP 59
25.7
29.7
31.6
87
29
CGP 110
32.3
33.4
24.9
90.6
30.2
CGP 18A
37.00
35.6
35.7
108.3
36.1
CGP34 28.4
28.2
31.4
88
29.33
CLG 28.1
24.2
25.9
78.2
26.07
SUB-TOTAL 186.4
183.8
185.6
555.8
30.88
INOCULATED
CGP 13
46.3
33.00
37.3
116.6
38.87
CGP 59
27.1
28.6
32.4
88.1
29.37
CGP 110
31.4
26.2
27.5
85.1
28.37
CGP 18A
33.4
31.4
32.5
97.3
32.43
CGP34 31.7
25.1
29.2
86
28.67
CLG 37
24.3
23.1
84.4
28.13
SUB-TOTAL 206.9
168.6
182
557.7
30.97
TOTAL 393.3
352.4
367.6
1113.5
10.31
TWO WAY TABLE
GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
TREATMENT UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
103.7
116.6
220.3
12.24
CGP 59
87
88.1
175.1
9.73
CGP 110
90.6
85.1
175.7
9.75
CGP 18A
108.3
97.3
205.6
11.42
CGP34 88
86
174
9.67
CLG 78.2
84.4
162.6
9.03
TOTAL 555.8
557.7
1113.5
MEAN
30.88
30.97
10.31
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
56
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
71.232
35.616
1.289ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.080
0.080
0.003ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
55.274
27.637
Sub – plot (B)
5
412.649
82.530
7.497** 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
60.138
12.028
1.093ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
220.174
11.009
TOTAL
35
819.548
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
17%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
10.73%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
BANGSOYAO, EUNICE K. APRIL 2009. Effect of Inoculation on the Seed
Yield of Garden Pea Accessions under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet condition. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Danilo P. Padua, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
These study was conducted to determine the effect of inoculation on the
nodulation, growth and seed yield of garden pea; to determine the garden pea accessions
that best responds to inoculation; to determine the interaction of inoculation and garden
pea accessions; and to determine the profitability of using inoculant on the garden pea
accessions under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet condition.
Rhizobium inoculation significantly affected nodule count and seed yield of the
garden pea accessions. Among the six garden pea accessions inoculated, CGP 34
significantly outperformed the other accessions in terms of nodule count and CLG, CGP
34 and CGP 13 also produced the highest seed yield per plot. In all the parameters
measured no significant interaction effects were observed between inoculation and the
garden pea accessions except for the nodule count and total seed yield per plot. In terms
of the return on cash expense, inoculation gave the highest return of 11.53%.
INTRODUCTION
There is money in garden pea (Pisum sativum). It is not only a popular vegetable
but also commands a high market price which at times exceeds PhP 100 per kilo.
Garden pea, locally known “sweet pea” or “citzaro” is an annual legume grown
for its edible pods and matured seeds. In Benguet where the weather is generally cool
throughout the year, garden pea is not difficult to grow as this crop generally favor a
relatively cool climate and, it yield in about three months (HARRDEC, 1996).
Garden pea is rich in nutritional value and good source of proteins and vitamins.
The fresh green pods contain about 0.3g fat, 57 calorie, 3.3g proteins, 13.0g
carbohydrates and 35.0g minerals per 100g edible portion (Purseglove, 1972). The seeds
are also processed into canned products while the by products and vines are used as
animal feeds (Purseglove, 1972).
Legumes crops can symbiotically fix nitrogen in association with rhizobium. If
the legume crop is used as green manure, considerable amounts of N can be supplied to
the succeeding crop as the residues decompose (Badaruddin and Meyer, 1990: Welty et
al.,1998).
Inoculation is known to have important role in legume production. Inoculation or
introducing proper strain of bacteria to legume seeds intended for planting by adding
rhizobium will allow the legume to secure nitrogen from the air (Pog-ok, 2001).
Pascua (1996) stated that inoculation increase the nitrogen content and there are
benefits derived such as prevention of early starvation, the reduction of demand for soil
nitrogen and the improvement of grain and protein yield.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
2
Excessive or improper use of chemical fertilizers may lead to serious
environmental problems. Most farmers apply high inputs of synthetic fertilizer to supply
nitrogen which has a short term effect. Furthermore, synthetic fertilizers are causing
problems to soil and water. Biofertilizers and microbial inoculants are viewed as a
plausible alternative to chemical fertilizers as far as sustainable agriculture is concerned
(Puyongan 1997). This study will provide information on minimizing inputs and reducing
cost.
Inoculation or fertilization plus inoculation may increase N-content , N-
accumulation of the leaves and stems, nodule count and vine length, plant height,
nitrogen balance in the soil after harvest, dry matter production and pod setting
percentage , marketable and non-marketable pods, pod yield and weight of seed of garden
pea.
The study was conducted to:
1. determine the effect of rhizobium inoculation on the nodulation, growth and
seed yield of garden pea accessions under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet condition;
2. determine the garden pea accessions that best responds to inoculation under
Bangao, Buguias, Benguet condition;
3. determine the interaction effect of inoculation and garden pea accessions; and
4. determine the profitability of using inoculatns on the garden pea accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet condition.
This study was conducted at Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition from
November 2008 to March 2009.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
REVIEW OR LITERATURE
Legumes and Rhizobia
Mckey (1994) stated that the ability to fix N2 in association with bacteria actually
evolved in legumes in response to the demands of maintaining high leaf N concentration.
Legumes developed N-rich leaves to begin with because the efficiency of photosynthesis
increases the tissue N concentration. Beijerinck (1988) stated that pure culture of the
bacteria was shown to induce nodule when reinoculated on the same pea plant.
Manguiat
et. al (1980) further noted that rhizobial inoculation significantly
increased the nodule weight and number during the first cropping but the effect of
rhizobial inoculation on nodulation was no longer detected during the succeeding legume
crop.
Bishop et.al (1983) explained that the relationship between bacteria and the
legume plants is considered a symbiotic one, two organisms living together for their
mutual benefit. Legumes provide carbohydrates (food) and water to the bacteria in turn
bacteria fixes nitrogen. FAO (1989) reported that inoculation of legumes with rhizobium
increase nodulation, nitrogen fixation and yield of the crop. The same report shows that a
combination of rhizobium and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) substantially
increased the yield nitrogen uptake, nodulation and nitrogenous activity in chickpea.
Assimilation of Biologically Fixed Nitrogen
Ludwig (1984) stated that nitrogen derived from N2 fixation in obtained first in
the form of ammonia. Generally, this will be protonated to form ammonium (NH +
4 ) ions,
which must be assimilated. This assimilation may be by the N2 fixing organism itself, in
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
4
which case the organism can feed directly on N2 and can correctly be termed a
diazotroph. In legume symbiotic associations however, the fixed nitrogen is assimilated
not by the prokaryotic symbiont but by the host plant. There is considerable evidence
indicating that neither rhizobium nor rhizobium species can grow on the products of the
N2 fixation, and this strictly they not diazotroph.
The ability of the legume crops to fix atmospheric nitrogen often result in a lower
utilization of in organic nitrogen sources in the soil profile as compared to non fixing
crops (Jensen, 1989). In this way in organic nitrogen in conserved for the following crop
unless it is lost by volatilization, leaching or denitrification.
Nodulation and N2 - Fixation Activity
Nodulation comes about due to the symbiotic association between rhizobium
bacteria and the legumes, the atmospheric nitrogen available for rhizobium species to its
legumes host which, in turn, provide shelter and food to the bacteria. Nitrogen fixation
occurs in root nodules and is mediated by resting cells of rhizobium utilizing a source
energy supplied internally through the host (Pearson and Adams, 1976).Nitrogen fixation
have high potential benefits to soil and high legume production (Peoples et.at 1989) .
Devlin and Witham (1983) stated that generally the fixation of nitrogen is
inhibited by ammonia or nitrate. These compounds do not interfere with the mechanisms
of nitrogen fixation, but merely are preferred to molecule as nitrogen source.
Alexander (1977) stated that because fixation serves as a means of obtaining
nitrogen required for growth it is surprising that simple inorganic compounds inhibit
nitrogen fixation. However, nitrogen depresses the internal carbohydrates supply and has
retarding influence on nodulation.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
5
Usually when mature nodules begin to lose their bacteriology active period and
become old, new ones are formed in new root growth in most of the legumes, particularly
in biennial and perennial and even in common bean. However, the ability to form new
nodules to replace the old ones highly depends upon the rhizobial genotype and its
interaction with the host genotype (Padua,1997).
Rhizobium, upon infection of the appropriate legume can cause the formation of
nodules and participate in the symbiotic acquisition of nitrogen. The root nodules are
important in nitrogen fixation, their development on the roots determine the survival of
the plant particularly at a low level of nitrogen (Alexander, 1997). Moreover, if the
proper strain is present and the nodules formed, the legume plants use little soil nitrogen
(Chapman and Carter, 1976).
Black (1976) as cited by Ramos (1991) mentioned that root nodules of legumes
are of various sizes and shapes, and they differ in effectiveness in fixing nitrogen. The
best visual criterion of effectiveness is probably the color. Effective nodules have pink or
reddish centers and ineffective nodules have a greenish white center. In addition, there is
a tendency for effective nodules to be relatively larger in size, fewer in number in the
main roots and ineffective nodules to be relatively small in size, larger in number and
scattered on the lateral or secondary roots. Both the effective and ineffective nodules may
occur on a single plant. The number per plant may range from none to hundreds.
Effect of Inoculation
Legumes have a good relationship with bacteria fixing atmospheric nitrogen for
plant use. The amount of nitrogen fixed by the legumes depends on many factors:
condition of the soil like aeration, drainage, moisture content and amount of chemical
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
6
applied to the plants and the soil (Brady, 1985). Talusig (1996) stated that the growth of
inoculated snap bean was significantly greater than those of uninoculated plants in terms
of nodule count, nodule weight and final pH of the soil. There were significant interaction
effect of snap bean and rhizobial strain on the weight of fresh leaves, stems, and roots and
on the final pH of the soil. He also stated that the significantly greater nodulation of pole
snap bean attribute to fibrous roots that bore more nodules. It is widely claimed that the N
content of the plants tissue is significantly increased by inoculation this may also true to
garden pea.
Hill (1994) also noted that legumes do not always nodulate when introduced in
the soil. Even in soil which rhizobia are present, they may not be effective such as they
may not produce much nitrogen. If fully effective, they may not be present in sufficient
numbers to promote prompt and adequate nodulation. For these reasons, it had been
found necessary for the farmers to introduce the rhizobia to the soil. This is done by seed
inoculation when the pasture or crops is grown. Inoculation is desirable when there is
doubt about the soil containing the bacteria in abundance. In contrast, the author also
mentioned that most growers do not inoculate their seeds. They feel it is simpler to
provide the nitrogen for legumes in fertilizer form rather than by inoculation.
Evaluated legumes that was inoculated produced the long vine, also had
significantly heavier fresh and dry weight of pods which was not constructed as due to its
greater yield potential but merely as a result of its earlier maturity, also has high number
of root nodule that attribute to the greater fibrous roots that bore more nodules resulting
to positive response to inoculation. It also increase soil pH, soil nitrogen and, plant
nitrogen Puyongan (1997). High vigor, ability to withstand stress, diseases and pest, and
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
7
good marketable yield and desirable qualities in a variety, and that nutrition in health
value maybe used to distinguish varieties in the future.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Land Preparation and Planting
A total land area of 180 m2 was prepared two to three weeks before sowing. The
area was divided into three blocks. Each block was divided into 12 plots measuring 1m x
5 m. Two to three seeds were sown per hill at a distance of 20 cm between rows and hills.
The treatments were laid-out following the split-plot design with three replications.
The treatments are as follows:
Main plot (Inoculation)
Code
Treatment
I1
Uninoculated
I2
Inoculated
Subplot (Garden Pea Accessions)
Code
Accessions
Source
V1
CGP 13
BSU
V2 CGP
59 BSU
V3
CGP 110
BSU
V4
CGP 18A
BSU
V5 CGP
34 BSU
V6
CLG
(check)
BSU
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
9
Seed Sterilization
Uniform and undamaged seeds were surface sterilized by immersing in (70%)
alcohol for 2-3 minutes, then washed 5 times in sterile distilled water, surface sterilized
by immersing them in Sodium hypochlorite (25%) for 5 minutes and then washed in
sterile distilled water for at least six times (Somasegaran and Hoben, 1994).
Seed Inoculation
Sterilized seeds were mixed thoroughly with the inoculants using direct coating
method of inoculation. Seeds were placed in a paper box then sufficient amount of
inoculants was added to completely and uniformly coat the seeds. Seeds were spread on
clean blotting paper and air dried.
Data Gathered:
1. Plant maturity
a. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was recorded by counting the
number of days from sowing to emergence.
b. Number of days from emergence to first flowering. This was recorded by
counting the number of days from emergence to the time when at least 50% of the plants
in the plot have fully opened flowers.
c. Number of days to pod setting. This was done by counting the number of days
from flowering until the pods were fully developed.
d. Number of days from pod setting to first harvest. This was obtained by
counting the number of days from pod setting to first harvest.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
10
2. Nodules
a. Nodule count. This was gathered by counting the numbers of root nodule at 40
DAP.
b. Nodule weight. Plant samples were up rooted and washed carefully to facilitate
the removal of the nodules.
1. Nodule fresh weight (g) – the nodule was gathered and weighed
2. Nodule dry weight (g) – nodules was air dried and oven dried at 40 0C
before weighing.
3. Nitrogen content of the soil (%). Soils were gathered and brought to the Bureau
of soils and water management San Fernando, La Union for the initial and final nitrogen
content analysis.
4. Initial and Final pH of the soil. Soils were gathered and soil to the Bureau of
soils and water management San Fernando, La Union for soil pH analysis.
5. Reaction to leaf miner and powdery mildew
a. Reaction to leaf miner. The resistance of different varieties of garden pea to leaf
miner was rated at the peak of harvesting fresh pods following this rating (Buena, 2004).
Scale
Percent
infestation
Description
1 No
damage
Highly
resistant
2
1-25% of total leaves per plant
Mildly resistant
and
per
plot
infested
3
25-50% of total leaves per plant
Moderately resistant
and per plot infested
4
51-75% of total leaves per plant
Moderately susceptible
and per plot infested
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
11
5
76-100% of total leaves per plant
Very susceptible
and per plot infested
b. Reaction to powdery mildew. This was determined using the following
Scale
Percent
infestation
Description
1 No
damage
Highly
resistant
2
1-25% of total leaves per plant
mildly resistant
and
per
plot
infested
3
25-50% of total leaves per plant
Moderately resistant
and per plot infested
4
51-75% of total leaves per plant Moderately
susceptible
and per plot infested
5
76-100% of total leaves per plant
Very susceptible
and per plot infested
6. Seed yield
a. Total seed yield per plot (g). This was gathered by getting the total weight of
the seeds per plot.
b. Weight of 200 seeds (g). The weight of 200 seeds per treatment was recorded
after five days of continuous sun drying.
7. Return On Cash Expense (ROCE). This was computed using the following
formula:
Gross sales – Total expenses
ROCE =────────────────── x 100
Total cost of production
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
12
Data Analysis
All the quantitative data gathered were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA). The significance of difference among means was tested using the Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSSION
Days from Sowing to Emergence of Garden
Pea as affected by Inoculation and Different
Accessions
Inoculation. Table 1 shows no significant differences on the number of days from
sowing to emergence of garden pea as affected by inoculation. This finding signifies that
rhizobium inoculation neither enhances nor delay seed germination or emergence.
Accessions. Analysis revealed that there were highly significant differences on
the days from sowing to emergence as affected by the different accessions. Majority of
the accessions emerged at 7 days. Only CGP 59 and CGP 34 emerged after one day later.
Results show that the accessions have different response in the days from sowing to
emergence.
Interaction
Effect. No significant interaction existed between the inoculation and
accessions of garden pea on the number of days from sowing to its emergence. This may
be due to the same response of the different accessions to inoculation.
Number of Days from Emergence to Flowering
Inoculation. The number of days from emergence to flowering of garden pea as
affected by inoculation is shown in Table 1. Analysis revealed that the number of days
from emergence to flowering is not affected by inoculation.
Accessions. Analysis revealed marked differences on the days from emergence to
first flowering as affected by the different accessions. It was noted that CGP 18A and
CGP 13 were the first accessions to produce flowers in 37 days; followed about one week
later by Chinese Light Green, CGP 59 and CGP 110, CGP 34 produced flower about two
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
14
weeks later. This signifies that different accessions have different characteristics in
response of emergence to flowering.
Interaction effect. There were no significant differences on the interaction
between the inoculation and accessions of garden pea on the number of days from
emergence to first flowering.
Table 1. Days from sowing to emergence, from emergence to first flowering, from
flowering to pod setting, from pod setting to harvesting as affected by
inoculation and garden pea accessions
NUMBER OF DAYS
TO
FROM
FROM
FROMPOD
TREATMENT
EMERGENCE
EMERGENCE TO FLOWERING
SETTING TO
FLOWERING
TO POD
FIRST HARVEST
SETTING
Inoculation (I)
Uninoculated
7
42
12
37
Inoculated
7
42
12
37
Accessions (A)
CGP 13
7a
37a
14c
37c
CGP 59
8b
44b
10b
35a
CGP 110
7a
45b
9a
35a
CGP 18A
7a
37a
12b
37c
CGP 34
8b
48c
17c
41d
CLG
7a
43b
9a
36b
I x A
0.531ns 0.914 ns 0.636
ns 0.50ns
CV (a)
12.03
2.78
2.40
0.00
CV (b)
6.03
1.05
3.56
0.00
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
15
Number of Days from Flowering to Pod Setting
Inoculation. Table 1 also shows the number of days from flowering to pod setting
of garden pea as affected by inoculation. No appreciable difference between the
inoculated and uninoculated garden pea was observed.
Accessions. Differences were noted on the number of days from flowering to pod
setting among the different accessions used (Table1 and Fig. 1). Chinese Light Green and
CGP 110 produced pods the earliest at 9 days followed by CGP 59 and CGP 18A in 10
days and 12 days, respectively; lastly, CGP 13 and CGP 34 produced pods in 14 days and
17 days, respectively. The significant difference could be the effect of climate adaptation
of the different accessions and their genetic characteristics.
Interaction Effect. No significant interaction was noted between inoculation and
accessions on the number of days from flowering to emergence of garden pea.
Number of Days from Pod Setting to First Harvest
Inoculation. Table 1 shows no significant difference between inoculated and
uninoculated garden peas in terms of the number of days from pod setting to first harvest.
It was noted that both inoculated and uninoculated garden peas were harvested 37 days
after pod setting.
Accessions. The same table shows significant differences on the days from pod
setting to first harvesting of the garden peas as affected by the different accessions. CGP
59 and CGP 110 were harvested 35 days after pod setting while the other strains were
harvested from 37 days to 41 days after pod setting. This result suggests that CGP 59 and
CGP 110 were better accessions in terms of pod setting to first harvest.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
16
(a) Vegetative stage
(b) Flowering stage
(c)
Pod
development
Figure 1. Plant stand at the different stages growth
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
17
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect was noted between inoculant
and accessions of garden peas on the number of days from pod setting to first harvest.
Nodule Count
Inoculation. Results revealed that inoculated garden peas significantly produced
greater nodule count as compared to uninoculated garden peas (Table 2). This finding
signifies that there is a significant effect of inoculation on the nodule count of garden pea.
It was noted that inoculated garden pea produced an average of 165 nodules no. per 5
plant at 40 DAP which is relatively higher than the uninoculated garden pea with a mean
of 135 nodules only. Table 2 shows that CGP 34 was the better accession since it had the
highest number of nodule which is 168 as compared with the other accessions that had
the nodule number of 154 to 137 only.
The result shows that inoculation of garden pea before planting promotes
nodulation. This is similar to the findings of Manguiat et al. (1980) and FAO (1989) that
rhizobial inoculation significantly increased the nodule count of the legume plant. It also
coincides with the statement of Sanchez (1976) that the practice of inoculating seeds with
the appropriate rhizobial strain promotes nodulation. It is therefore beneficial to inoculate
garden pea seed to ensure production of nodules.
Accessions. Analysis also revealed significant differences on the nodule count of
garden pea as affected by the different accessions (Table 2). It was observed that CGP 34
produced the highest number of nodules at 40 DAP with a mean of 168 nodules as
compared to the other accessions which produced nodules of only 137 to 144 nodules
only.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
18
The result may be attributed to the formation of more fibrous roots of CGP 34
with greater potential of producing more nodules. This confirms with the statement of
Alexander (1977) as cited by Ramos (1991) that legumes with fibrous root character
frequently have greater nodule count.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect between the inoculation and
accessions of garden pea on the number of nodule count was observed.
Table 2. Nodule count, nodule fresh weight and nodule dry weight at as affected by
inoculation and garden pea accessions.
TREATMENT NODULE COUNT NODULE FRESH DRY WEIGHT
(No./5 PLANTS) WEIGHT
(g)
(g)
Inoculation (I)
Uninoculated
135b
0.51
0.26
Inoculated
165a
0.70
0.30
Accessions (A)
CGP 13
144c
0.52
0.26
CGP 59
149c
0.47
0.29
CGP 110
147c
0.52
0.24
CGP 18A
137d
0.70
0.33
CGP 34
168a
0.84
0.34
CLG
154b
0.59
0.23
I x A
0.721ns
1.210ns
2.068ns
________________________________________________________________________
CV
(a)
%
6.58
24.32
37.46
CV
(b)
%
8.47
36.29
35.71
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
19
Nodule fresh weight
Inoculation. Table 2 shows the number of nodule weight of garden pea as affected
by inoculation. Analysis revealed that there were no significant differences on the nodule
weight for both inoculated and uninoculated garden pea. However, it was noted that
inoculated garden pea produced a greater weight of 0.70 g as compared to uninoculated
garden pea which produced a nodule weight of 0.51 g only. The difference on the nodule
weight maybe attributed to the higher number and bigger size of nodules produced by
inoculated garden pea as compared to uninoculated garden pea.
Accessions. The same table shows no significant differences on the nodule weight
of garden pea as affected by the different accessions. It was noted that CGP 34 produced
the heaviest nodule fresh weight of 0.84 g. followed by CGP 18A with 0.70 g and
Chinese light green with 0.59 g, CGP 59 produced the lightest nodule fresh of 0.47 g
only. This may be attributed to the differences on the genetic characteristics of the
different accession in terms of nodulation as well as the number of nodules produced by
the different varieties (Fig. 3).
Interaction
effect. No significant differences were noted on the nodule weight of
garden pea as affected by the interaction of inoculation and the different accessions.
Nodule Dry Weight
Inoculation. As shown in Table 2, no significant difference on the dry weight of
nodules between the inoculated and uninoculated garden pea. Although inoculated garden
pea appear to have produced a higher nodule dry weight of 0.30 g as compared to
uninoculated garden pea with 0.26 g only.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
20
(a) CGP 34 Inoculated
(b)
CGP
34
Uninoculated
Figure 2. Root nodule at 40 DAP
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
21
Accessions. The different accessions of garden pea have no significant differences
on the nodule dry weight as shown on Table 2. However, numerical data shows that CGP
34 produced the highest nodule dry weight of 0.34 g as compared to the other accessions
whose nodule dry weight ranges from 0.23 g to 0.33 g only.
Interaction
effect. Analysis revealed no significant differences on the nodule dry
weight of garden pea at as affected by the interaction of inoculation and the different
accessions. Numerical data indicates that the total weighted mean of the nodule dry
weight of the garden pea as affected by inoculation and accessions is 0.28 grams.
Final soil pH
Inoculation. Table 3 shows the final pH of the soil after harvest. It was noted that
both uninoculated and inoculated garden pea have a final pH of 5.30 from the initial pH
of 5.0. This indicates that inoculation was not significantly influenced the final pH of the
and that any increase in soil pH maybe attributed to other factors.
Accessions. The final pH of the different accessions is shown in Table 3. CGP 13
had the highest final pH (6.10) while the other accessions has pH ranging from 5.00 to
5.45 only. This result shows that CGP 13 is the accession that has the potential to
increase soil pH.
Final N Content
Inoculation. The final N-content of uninoculated and inoculated treatment is
shown in Table 3. It was observe that inoculated treatment did not have any marked
difference with the uninoculated treatment. It was noted through that there was an
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
22
increase on the soil nitrogen content after harvest. The inoculant used was able to
nodulate the plants but it was not effective in producing much nitrogen.
Accessions. Among the different accessions, it was observed that CGP 34 and
CGP 18A had the highest N-content of 0.18 while the least N content of 0.14 was
exhibited by CGP 59. It was noted that CGP 34 had the highest number and weight of
nodules indicating its greater potential to fix nitrogen. This explains partly why CGP 34
and CGP 18A exhibited relatively higher nitrogen content.
Table 3. Soil pH and soil nitrogen as affected by inoculation and garden pea accessions
pH
N CONTENT
Inoculation (I)
Uninoculated
5.31
0.158
Inoculated
5.25
0.166
Accessions (A)
CGP
13
6.1
0.162
CGP
59
5.45
0.137
CGP
110
5.0
0.162
CGP
18A
5.0
0.175
CGP
34
5.0
0.175
CLG 5.15
0.162
Initial
Analysis
5.0
0.125
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
23
Reaction to Leaf Miner
Inoculation. Table 4 shows the reaction of garden pea to leaf miner as affected by
inoculation. Data shows that uninoculated garden pea were mildly resistant to leaf miner
while inoculated garden pea was moderately resistant to leaf miner. This implies that
inoculation increase the resistance of garden pea to leaf miner.
Table 4. Resistance to leaf miner and powdery mildew as affected by inoculation and
garden pea accessions.
TREATMENT
REACTION TO:
LEAF MINER
POWDERY MILDEW
________________________________________________________________________
Inoculation
(I)
Uninoculated
2 3
Inoculated
3 3
Accessions (A)
CGP
13
3 3
CGP
59
2 3
CGP
110
2 2
CGP
18A
3 2
CGP
34
3 3
CLG 2 2
I x A
1.000ns
0.357 ns
________________________________________________________________________
CV (a) %
14.40
5.58
CV (b) %
21.39
9.31
Rating scale: 1- highly resistant, 2 mildly resistant, 3- moderately resistant, 4 moderately
susceptible, 5- very susceptible
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
24
Accessions. Table 4 shows the reaction of the different garden pea accessions
against leaf miner. CGP 13, CGP 18A and CGP 34 were moderately resistant while CGP
59, CGP 110 and CLG were noted to be mildly resistant to leaf miner.
Interaction effect. Did not have significant interaction effects on resistance to leaf
miner.
Resistance to Powdery Mildew
Inoculation. Table 4 shows the reaction of garden pea to powdery mildew as
affected by inoculation. It was noted that both inoculated and uninoculated garden peas
were rated (3) moderately resistant to powdery mildew
Accessions. CGP 13, CGP 59 and CGP 34 were rated moderately resistant to
powdery mildew (Table 4). Both CGP 110and CLG were rated mildly resistant together
with CGP 18A.
Interaction effect. There were no significant effects of the interaction of
inoculation and accessions on the resistance of garden pea to powdery mildew.
Total Seed Yield per Plot (g)
Inoculation. Table 5 shows that inoculated garden pea produced greater total seed
yield per plot with a mean of 251.29 g as compared to uninoculated garden pea with a
mean of 235.380 g only. This indicates the benefit that could be derived from
inoculation.
Accessions. Analysis revealed significant differences on the total seed yield per
plot of garden pea as affected by the different accessions (Table 5). It was noted that
Chinese Light Green, CGP 13 and CGP 34 produced the highest total seed yield per plot
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
25
with means of 383.50 g, 281.55 g and 280.63 g, respectively. This finding signifies that
the accessions used have varying potential on seed yield per plot of the garden pea.
Interaction effect. A significant effect of interaction between inoculation and
accession on the total seed yield per plot of garden peas was observed (Fig. 4). It was
noted that uninoculated accessions attained both the highest and lowest seed yields while
Table 5. Total seed yield per plot (g) and total weight of 200 seeds per plot as affected by
inoculation and garden pea accessions.
SEED YIELD WEIGHT OF
PER PLOT 200 SEEDS
(g/5 m2) (g)
________________________________________________________________________
Inoculation (I)
Uninoculated
235.380b
30.88
Inoculated
251.29 a 30.97
Accessions (A)
CGP 13
281.55a 36.72a
CGP 59
188.30 c 29.18c
CGP 110
219.63 b 29.28c
CGP 18A
206.40 c 34.27b
CGP 34
280.63 a 29.00c
CLG
283.50 a 27.10d
I
x
A
2.914
* 1.093
ns
________________________________________________________________________
CV
(a)
%
27.19
17.00
CV
(b)
%
26.20
10.73
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
26
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
27
1000
Uninoculated
Inoculated
950
900
850
800
750
l
ot (g)
700
d per P650
el
600
550
Seed Yi
500
Total
450
400
350
CGP 13
CGP 59
CGP 110
CGP 18A
CGP34
CLG
Garden Pea Accessions
Figure 4. The interaction effect of inoculation and garden pea accessions on the total
seed yield per plot.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
28
the inoculated accessions yielded seeds on the average range. This result does not
confirm with the finding on nodule count where CGP 34 had the highest nodule
production.
Weight of 200 Seeds (g)
Inoculation. Table 5 shows no significant differences on the weight of 200 seeds
of garden pea as affected by inoculation although the inoculated plants produced
numerically heavier weight of 200seeds as compared to the uninoculated.
Accessions. Significant differences were noted on the weight of 200 seeds of
garden pea as affected by accession (Table 4). Results showed that CGP 13 produced a
mean of 36.72 g on the weight of 200 seeds which was relatively higher than the other
accessions this signifies that the weight of seeds of garden pea differ from one accession
to the other this may due to their seed size. Based on the results, CGP 13 produced the
heaviest of 200 seeds due to the bigger size of seed while Chinese light green produced
the lightest had the smaller seed size.
Interaction
effect. No significant interaction effect between the inoculation and
accessions of garden pea in terms of the weight of 200 seed weight.
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)
Inoculation. Table 6 show the result of return on cash expense (ROCE).
Inoculated plants had the greater seed yield of 251g, with the high gross income of PhP
90.38 and a net income of PhP 9.36. Also it was noted that inoculated plants reveal the
highest return on cash expense of 11.528%, compared to the uninoculated plants with a
8.313% ROCE. Results show that inoculation of seed increased seed yield of garden pea.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
29
Accession. Among the different accessions CLG, CGP 34 and CGP 13 yielded
seeds of 285.5 g, 282 g and 281 g respectively. The lowest seed yield was attained from
CGP 59 of 188 g seed weight. Also it was noted that the same accessions attain the
highest seed weight and highest return on cash expense of 28.74, 27.61 and 27.07. This is
due to the high seed yield of production.
Table 6. Return on Cash Expenses of six garden pea accessions as affected by
inoculation.
TREATMENT SEED
VARIABLE GROSS NET ROCE
YIELD
COST INCOME INCOME
%
(g) (PhP) (PhP) (PhP)
________________________________________________________________________
Inoculation (I)
Uninoculated 236.33 78.39
84.91
6.17 8.313
Inoculated 251.5 81.18
90.38
9.36 11.53
Accessions (A)
CGP 13
281 79.785
101.16
21.375
27.07
CGP 59 188 79.785
67.68
-12.105 -15.67
CGP 110 220
79.785
79.24
-0.565 -1.075
CGP 18A 207 79.785 73.48
-5.805 -7.155
CGP 34 282 79.785 112.5 21.735 27.61
CLG 285.5 79.785 102.78 22.995 28.74
Variable costs include labor cost, seeds, pesticide, stick, inoculant and twines.
Selling price were based at PhP 360.00 / kilo
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Effect of Inoculation
The effect of inoculation and six accessions of garden pea were studied under
open field condition. The six accessions were CGP 13, CGP 59, CGP 110, CGP 18A,
CGP 34 and CLG while the two accessions were inoculated and uninoculated.
Findings revealed that the effect of inoculation on some parameters did not differ
significantly. Specifically, analysis revealed that the number of days from sowing to
emergence, from emergence to flowering, from flowering to pod setting, from pod setting
to first harvesting of garden pea as affected by inoculation were not significantly different
from each other.
Also analysis revealed no significant differences on the nodule count, nodule
fresh weight and nodule dry weight of nodules for both inoculated and uninoculated
garden pea. Soil pH and soil nitrogen generally slightly increased after harvest but
differences among the treatments were not substantial.
In terms of leaf miner and powdery mildew reaction of garden pea, inoculation
had no significant influences.
Findings also revealed no significant differences on the weight of 200 seeds of
garden pea. However, it was noted that there is significant on the total seed yield per plot
as affected by inoculation.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
32
Effect of Accession
On the days from sowing to emergence majority of the accessions emerged in 7
days except for CGP 59 and CGP 34 which emerged a day later. Almost similar was
trend observed on days from emergence to flowering where CGP 18A and CGP 13 were
the first to produce flower. On the other hand CLG and CGP 110 produced pods earlier at
a days from flowering. From pod setting to harvesting of garden pea seeds, only slight
differences were noted.
Significant differences were observed on the nodule count of garden pea as
affected by the different accessions with CGP 34 producing the highest number of
nodules.
CLG, CGP 13 and CGP 34 appear to produce the highest total seed yield per plot
but they were not statistically different from the rest.
For the interaction, majority of the parameters were not significantly different
from each other. However, highly significant effect of interaction between inoculation
and accession on the total seed yield per plot of garden pea was observed.
Conclusion
Inoculation of seed before planting helps to enhance more nodules and give high
seed yield of garden pea. CGP 34, CLG and CGP 13 were the best accessions that
respond to inoculation in terms of nodulation and seed yield. Significant interaction
observed on the total seed yield per plot. Inoculation noted to have the highest return on
cash expenses of 28.72, 27.61 and 27.07.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
32
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, inoculation is effective under open field
condition. Application of proper inoculant to seed before planting is recommended to
obtain higher yield.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
ALEXANDER, M. 1977. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. 2nd ed. New York: John
Willy and Sons. Inc. Pp. 315-322.
BISHOP, D.D., L.P. CARTER; S. R. CHAMPMAN and W.F BARBETT. 1983. Crop
Science and food production. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. Pp.39-41
BRADY, N.C. 1985. Nature and Properties of Soils. 8th Ed. New York: McMillan
Pub.Co. Pp. 39-41
BUENA C.G. 2004. Seed production of garden pea (Pisum sativum) applied with
dolomite and coconut coir dust. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-2
DEVLIN, R. M. and F.H WITHAM. 1983. Plant Physiology. 4th ed. Boston: Prindle,
Weber and Schimidt. Pp. 157-162
HIGHLAND AGRICULTURE RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM
(HARRDEC) 1996. Highland Garden Pea Techno guide. Benguet State
University. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 2,3
HILL, M. S 1994. Inoculation and Coating of Grass and Legumes Seeds. Seed
Technology Center (Massey University Palmeston North, New Zealand) 1 (1):2-5
JENSEN. E. S 1989. Role of pea cultivation in the nitrogen economy of soils and
succeeding crops in legumes in farming system (P. Plaquartand R, Hagar, Eds).
Kluwer, Dordrecht. Pp. 3,15
MANGUIAT. T.J. P.M. MENDOZA and S.N. TILO 1985. Influence of the legumes
Rhizobia symbiosis on the economy of legumes based cropping system. Phil.
Agric. Jour 6: Pp.44-45
PADUA, D.P. 1997. The role of plant-rhizobial genotypes in biological nitrogen fixation
in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) PhD. Dissertation. University of Gent,
Gent Belgium. Pp. 26-27
PASCUA M.D. 1996. Nodulation and nitrogen fixation of two snap bean varieties as
affected by different rhizobial strain, BS Thesis. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 11-12,
14-15,38
PUYONGAN B. A. 1997. evaluation of different rhizobial strain for Biological nitrogen
fixation ability in two varieties of snap bean.BS Thesis. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 5, 20, 40,41
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
34
RAMOS, R.B. 1991. Compatibility of different rhizobial strains to the three snap bean
varieties. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet Pp. 5,11
TALUSIG, A. T. 1996. Potential of snap bean entries for biological nitrogen fixation. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp 4, 27, 40
TIPAYNO, M.T. 2006. Organic characters of five bush snap bean varieties inoculated
with BIO N and VITAL N. BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad,
Benguet. P.4.
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Days from sowing to emergence
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
II
TOTAL
MEAN
UN INOCULATED
CGP 13
7
7
7
21
7
CGP 59
8
8
8
24
8
CGP 110
7
7
7
21
7
CGP 18A
7
8
7
22
7
CGP34
8
8
8
24
8
CLG
7
7
7
21
7
SUB-TOTAL 44
45 44 133 7
INOCULATED
CGP 13
7
7
7
21
7
CGP 59
8
8
8
24
8
CGP 110
7
7
7
21
7
CGP 18A
7
7
7
21
7
CGP34
8
8
8
24
8
CLG
7
7
7
21
7
SUB-TOTAL 44
44 44 132 7
TOTAL 88
89
88
265
2.44
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED INOCULATED TOTAL MEAN
C GP 13
21
21
42
2.33
CGP 59
24
24
48
2.66
CGP 110
21
21
42
2.33
CGP 18A
21
21
42
2.33
CGP34 24
24
48
2.66
CLG 21
21
42
2.33
TOTAL 132
132
264
MEAN 22
22
2.44
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
36
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2 0.889
0.444
0.571ns
19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1 0.028
0.028 0.036ns
18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2 1.556
0.778
Sub – plot (B)
5 11.806
2.361 13.281**
2.71 4.10
AxB
5 0.472
0.094 0.531ns
2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20 3.556
0.178
TOTAL
35 18.306
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
12.60%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
6.03%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
37
Appendix 2. Days from emergence to first flowering.
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I
II
II
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP
13
37 37 37 111 37
CGP
59
44 44 44 132 44
CGP
110
45 45 45 135 45
CGP
18A
39 39 38 116 38
CGP34
48 48 48 143 48
CLG
43 42 43 128 43
SUB-TOTAL 256 255 255 765 42.5
INOCULATED
CGP
13
37 37 37 111 37
CGP
59
44 44 44 132 44
CGP
110
45 45 45 135 45
CGP
18A
39 39 39 117 39
CGP34
48 48 48 143 48
CLG
43 42 43 128 43
SUB-TOTAL 256 255 256 766 42.56
TOTAL 512
510
511
1533
14.18
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
111
111
222
12.34
CGP 59
132
132
264
14.67
CGP 110
135
135
270
15
CGP 18A
116
117
233
12.94
CGP34 143
143
286
15.89
CLG 128
128
256
14.22
TOTAL 765 766
1531
MEAN 42.5
42.56
14.18
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
38
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.722
0.361
0.265ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.111
0.111
0.082ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
2.722
1.361
Sub – plot (B)
5
509.889
101.978
524.457** 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.889
0.178
0.914ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
3.889
0.194
TOTAL
35
518.222
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
2.78%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
1.05%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
39
Appendix 3. Days from flowering to pod setting
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Uninoculated
CGP 13
13
14
14
41
14
CGP 59
10
10
10
30
10
CGP 110
9
9
10
28
9
CGP 18A
12
12
12
36
12
CGP34 17
17
17
51
17
CLG 9
8
9
26
9
SUB-TOTAL 70 70 72 212 12
INOCULATED
CGP 13
13
14
14
41
14
CGP 59
10
10
10
30
10
CGP 110
9
9
10
28
9
CGP 18A
12
12
12
36
12
CGP34 17
17
17
51
17
CLG 9
8
9
26
9
SUB-TOTAL 70 70 72 212 12
TOTAL 140
140
144
424
4
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED
INOCULATED TOTAL
MEAN
CGP 13
41
41
82
5
CGP 59
30
30
60
3
CGP 110
28
28
56
3
CGP 18A
36
36
72
4
CGP34 51
51
102
6
CLG 26
26
52
3
TOTAL 212
212
424
MEAN 12
12
4
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
40
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
2.167
1.083
13.00ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.250
0.250
3.00ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
0.167
0.083
Sub – plot (B)
5
287.917
57.583
314.091** 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.583
0.117
0.636ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
3.667
0.183
TOTAL
35
294.750
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
2.40%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
3.56%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
41
Table 4. Days from pod setting to first harvest
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II III
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP 13
37
37
37
111
37
CGP 59
35
35
35
105
35
CGP 110
35
35
35
105
35
CGP 18A
37
37
37
111
37
CGP34 41
41
41
123
41
CLG 36
36
36
108
36
SUB-TOTAL 221
221
221
663 37
INOCULATED
CGP 13
37
37
37
111
37
CGP 59
35
35
35
105
35
CGP 110
35
35
35
105
35
CGP 18A
37
37
37
111
37
CGP34 41
41
41
123
41
CLG 36
36
36
108
36
SUB-TOTAL 221
221
221
663 37
TOTAL 442
442
442
1226
12
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
111
111
222
12
CGP 59
105
105
210
12
CGP 110
105
105
210
12
CGP 18A
111
111
222
12
CGP34 123
123
246
14
CLG 108
108
116
6
TOTAL 663 663
1226
MEAN 37
37
12
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
42
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.167
0.083
3.00ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.028
0.028
1.00ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
0.056
0.028
Sub – plot (B)
5
469.250
93.850
1689.30** 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.139
0.028
0.50ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
1.111
0.056
TOTAL
35
470.750
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
0.35%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
0.49%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
43
Appendix 5. Nodule count at 40 DAP
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
B I
B II
B II
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP 13
132
120
132
384
128
CGP 59
129
137
129
395
131.67
CGP 110
123
134
131
388
139.33
CGP 18A
159
120
114
393
131
CGP34 157
163
136
456
152
CLG 124
139
150
413
137.67
SUB-TOTAL 824
813
792
2429
136.61
INOCULATED
CGP 13
183
155
144
482
160.67
CGP 59
166
165
166
497
165.67
CGP 110
161
169
164
494
164.67
CGP 18A
165
144
122
431
143.67
CGP34 199
185
178
562
187.33
CLG 169
174
169
512
170.67
SUB-TOTAL 1043
992 943
2978
165.45
TOTAL 1867
1805
1735
5407
50.34
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
384
482
866
48.11
CGP 59
395
497
892
49.56
CGP 110
388
494
882
49
CGP 18A
393
431
824
45.79
CGP34 456
562
1018
56.57
CLG 413
512
925
51.39
TOTAL 24.29
27.78
54.07
MEAN 134.95
165.45
50.35
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
44
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
726.889
363.444
3.734ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
8372.250
8372.250
86.016* 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
194.667
97.333
Sub – plot (B)
5
3643.472
728.694
4.511** 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
581.917
116.383
0.721ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
3230.444
161.522
TOTAL
35
16749.639
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
6.58%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
8.47%
* - significant
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
45
Appendix 6. Nodule fresh weight at 40 DAP
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP 13
0.43
0.34
0.65
1.42
0.47
CGP 59
0.55
0.46
0.56
1.57
0.52
CGP 110
0.2
0.48
0.56
1.24
0.41
CGP
18A
0.63 0.3 0.43 1.36 0.45
CGP34 0.56
0.95
0.68
2.19
0.73
CLG 0.48
0.45
0.49
1.42
0.47
SUB-TOTAL 2.85
2.98
3.37 9.2 0.16
INOCULATED
CGP 13
0.56
0.64
0.49
1.69
0.56
CGP 59
0.45
0.27
0.51
1.23
0.41
CGP
110
0.52 0.66 0.7 1.88 0.63
CGP 18A
1.58
0.49
0.77
2.84
0.95
CGP34 0.79
1.16
0.91
2.86
0.95
CLG 0.68
0.66
0.78
2.12
0.71
SUB-TOTAL 4.58 3.88 4.16 12.62 0.23
TOTAL
7.43 6.86 7.53 21.82 0.07
TWO WAY TABLE
GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
TREATMENT UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
1.42
1.69
3.11
0.17
CGP 59
1.57
1.23
2.8
0.16
CGP 110
1.24
1.88
3.12
0.17
CGP 18A
1.36
2.84
4.2
0.23
CGP34 2.19
2.86
5.05
0.28
CLG 1.42
2.12
3.54
0.21
TOTAL 9.2
12.62
21.82
MEAN 0.16
0.23
0.07
\\
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.022
0.011
0.495ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.325
0.325
14.763ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
0.044
0.022
Sub – plot (B)
5
0.595
0.119
2.429ns 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.296
0.059
1.210ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
0.979
0.049
TOTAL
35
2.261
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
24.32%
CV
(b)
=
36.29%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
47
Appendix 7. Nodule dry weight at 40 DAP
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
II
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP
13
0.19 0.2 0.26 0.65 0.22
CGP 59
0.35
0.49
0.24
1.08
0.36
CGP 110
0.12
0.28
0.21
0.61
0.20
CGP 18A
0.28
0.14
0.28
0.7
0.23
CGP34 0.32
0.6
0.2
1.12
0.37
CLG
0.18 0.16 0.2 0.54 0.18
SUB-TOTAL 1.44
1.87
1.39 4.7 0.26
INOCULATED
CGP 13
0.41
0.32
0.16
0.89
0.30
CGP 59
0.28
0.13
0.21
0.65
0.22
CGP
110
0.28 0.3 0.24 0.82 0.27
CGP 18A
0.55
0.28
0.42
1.25
0.42
CGP34 0.23
0.41
0.28
0.92
0.31
CLG 0.26
0.25
0.31
0.82
0.27
SUB-TOTAL 2.01
1.69
1.62
5.35
0.30
TOTAL
3.45 3.56 3.01 10.06 0.09
TWO WAY TABLE
GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
TREATMENT UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
0.65
0.89
1.54
0.09
CGP 59
1.08
0.65
1.73
0.10
CGP 110
0.61
0.82
1.43
0.08
CGP 18A
0.7
1.25
1.96
0.11
CGP34 1.12
0.92
2.04
0.11
CLG 0.54
0.82
1.36
0.08
TOTAL 4.7
5.35
10.06
MEAN 0.26
0.30
0.09
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
48
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.015
0.008
0.706ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.012
0.012
1.086ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
0.022
0.011
Sub – plot (B)
5
0.065
0.013
1.264ns 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.106
0.210
2.068ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
0.205
0.010
TOTAL
35
0.425
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
37.46%
CV
(b)
=
35.71%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
49
Appendix 8. Resistance to leaf miner
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II III
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP
13
3 3 3 9 3
CGP
59
3 3 2 8 2
CGP
110
2 2 3 7 2
CGP
18A
3 3 2 8 3
CGP34
3 3 3 9 3
CLG
2 2 2 6 2
SUB-TOTAL 16 16 15 47 2
INOCULATED
CGP
13
3 3 3 9 3
CGP
59
3 3 2 8 3
CGP
110
2 2 3 7 2
CGP
18A
3 3 2 8 3
CGP34
3 3 3 9 3
CLG
2 2 2 6 2
SUB-TOTAL 16 16 15 47 3
TOTAL
32 32 30 94 1
TWO WAY TABLE
GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
TREATMENT UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
9
9
18
1
CGP 59
8
8
16
0.89
CGP 110
7
7
14
0.78
CGP 18A
8
8
16
0.89
CGP34 9 9
18
1
CLG 6
6
12
0.67
TOTAL 47 47
94
MEAN 2 3
1
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.167
0.083
1.000ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.250
0.250
3.000ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
0.167
0.083
Sub – plot (B)
5
3.583
0.717
3.909* 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.917
0.183
1.000ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
3.667
0.183
TOTAL
35
8.750
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
14.40%
*
-
significant
CV
(b)
=
21.39%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
51
Appendix 9. Resistance to powdery mildew
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP
13
3 3 3 9 3
CGP
59
3 3 3 9 3
CGP
110
2 2 2 6 2
CGP
18A
2 3 2 7 3
CGP34
3 3 3 9 3
CLG
2 2 2 6 2
SUB-TOTAL 15 16 15 46 3
INOCULATED
CGP
13
3 3 3 9 3
CGP
59
3 3 3 9 3
CGP
110
2 2 2 6 2
CGP
18A
2 3 2 7 3
CGP34
3 3 3 9 3
CLG
2 2 2 6 2
SUB-TOTAL 15 16 15 46 3
TOTAL
30 32 30 92 1
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
9
9
18
9
CGP 59
9
9
18
9
CGP 110
6
6
12
6
CGP 18A
7
7
14
7
CGP34 9 9
18
9
CLG 6
6
12
6
TOTAL 46 46
92
MEAN
3
3
1
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
52
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.389
0.194
7.000ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.028
0.028
1.000ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
0.056
0.028
Sub – plot (B)
5
6.806
1.361
17.500** 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
0.139
0.028
0.357ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
1.553
0.078
TOTAL
35
8.972
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
5.58%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
9.31%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
53
Appendix 10. Total seed yield per plot (g)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP 13
362.8
210
364.4
937.2
312.4
CGP 59
110.2
138.4
117.5
366.1
122.03
CGP 110
189.2
125.8
193.5
508.5
169.5
CGP 18A
218.3
177
258.2
653.5
217.83
CGP34 204.2
289.5
480.6
974.3
324.77
CLG 293
146.2
357.3
796.5
265.5
SUB-TOTAL 1377.7
1086.9
1771.5
4236.1
235.34
INOCULATED
CGP 13
215.7
204.4
332
752.1
250.70
CGP 59
123.7
315.2
324.8
763.7
254.57
CGP 110
288.7
227.6
293
809.3
269.77
CGP 18A
122.5
239.1
223.3
584.9
194.97
CGP34 192.5
223.3
293.7
709.5
236.5
CLG 320.5
217.1
366.2
903.8
301.27
SUB-TOTAL 1263.6
1426.7
1833
4523.3
251.30
TOTAL 2641.3
2513.6
3604.5
8759.4
81.11
TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
937.2
752.1
1689.3
93.85
CGP 59
366.1
763.7
1129.8
62.77
CGP 110
508.5
809.3
1317.8
73.21
CGP 18A
653.5
584.9
1238.4
68.8
CGP34 974.3
709.5
1683.8
93.54
CLG 796.5
903.8
1700.3
94.46
TOTAL 4236.1
4523.3
8759.4
MEAN
235.5 251.30 81.11
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
54
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
59248.767
29624.384
6.767ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
2280.063
2280.063
0.521ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
8755.382
4377.691
Sub – plot (B)
5
56517.561
11303.512
2.781* 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
59222.766
1184.553
2.914* 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
81288.124
4064.406
TOTAL
35
267312.663
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
27.19%
*
-
significant
CV
(b)
=
26.20%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
55
Appendix 11. Total weight of 200 seeds (g)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
UNINOCULATED
CGP 13
34.9
32.7
36.1
103.7
34.57
CGP 59
25.7
29.7
31.6
87
29
CGP 110
32.3
33.4
24.9
90.6
30.2
CGP 18A
37.00
35.6
35.7
108.3
36.1
CGP34 28.4
28.2
31.4
88
29.33
CLG 28.1
24.2
25.9
78.2
26.07
SUB-TOTAL 186.4
183.8
185.6
555.8
30.88
INOCULATED
CGP 13
46.3
33.00
37.3
116.6
38.87
CGP 59
27.1
28.6
32.4
88.1
29.37
CGP 110
31.4
26.2
27.5
85.1
28.37
CGP 18A
33.4
31.4
32.5
97.3
32.43
CGP34 31.7
25.1
29.2
86
28.67
CLG 37
24.3
23.1
84.4
28.13
SUB-TOTAL 206.9
168.6
182
557.7
30.97
TOTAL 393.3
352.4
367.6
1113.5
10.31
TWO WAY TABLE
GARDEN PEA ACCESSIONS
TREATMENT UNINOCULATED INOCULATED
TOTAL MEAN
CGP 13
103.7
116.6
220.3
12.24
CGP 59
87
88.1
175.1
9.73
CGP 110
90.6
85.1
175.7
9.75
CGP 18A
108.3
97.3
205.6
11.42
CGP34 88
86
174
9.67
CLG 78.2
84.4
162.6
9.03
TOTAL 555.8
557.7
1113.5
MEAN
30.88
30.97
10.31
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
56
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
71.232
35.616
1.289ns 19.00 99.00
Main plot (A)
1
0.080
0.080
0.003ns 18.51 98.41
Error (a)
2
55.274
27.637
Sub – plot (B)
5
412.649
82.530
7.497** 2.71 4.10
AxB
5
60.138
12.028
1.093ns 2.71 4.10
Error (b)
20
220.174
11.009
TOTAL
35
819.548
ns
–
not
significant
CV
(a)
=
17%
**
-
highly
significant
CV
(b)
=
10.73%
Effect of Inoculation on the Seed Yield of Garden Pea Accessions
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Eunice K. Bangsoyao. 2009
Document Outline
- Effect of Inoculation on the Seed
Yield of Garden Pea Accessions under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet condition
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES