FACTORS AFFECTING VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SIMON, JANET T. October 2010. Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in
Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Hilario C. Perez, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to find out the socio-demographic profile of the respondents; the
social, economic, and physical factors affecting vegetable production; and the problems
encountered by the respondents as well as their suggestions to improve the vegetable
industry in barangay Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet.
Survey questionnaires were used to gather data and personal interview were done
to get additional information from the one-hundred respondents in the study area.
Findings showed that the respondents were at their middle age, married and had
attended formal education. Majority owned the land that they were tilling. Most of them
cultivated an area ranging from less than 10,000 sq. m. to 15,000 sq. m. Their main crops
grown were cabbage, potato, carrots and radish.
The social, economic and marketing factors affecting vegetable productivity were
the lack of training, lack of financial resources and low market prices of vegetables, and
the occurrences of pest and diseases and natural calamities.
The major problems of the respondents were lack of water resources, typhoons,
infestation of pest and diseases, lack of financial resources, high cost of labor and input
materials.
Solutions to the problems were to organized an organization regarding credit
facilities to help those farmers that are in need of financial resources to manage their farm
to increase their production, conduct seminars on how to control pests and diseases of
vegetable crops to improve yield, associate with each other to improve methods in
increasing the production of vegetable in the study area.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...…………………………………………………………………........ i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...
i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………...
iii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 1
Rationale………………………………………………………………......... 1
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………….......
2
Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………..
2
Importance of the Study……………………………………………….........
2
Scope and Limitation…………………………………………………..........
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………….
4
METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………. 7
Locale and Time of the Study………………………………………………
7
Respondents of the Study…………………………………………………...
7
Data Collection ……..………………………………………………………
7
Data Gathered…………………………………………………….................
10
Data Analysis …..…………………………………………………………
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………….........
11
Socio- Demographic Profile of the
Respondents…………………………............................................................
11
Farming Background of the
Respondents……………………………………............................................
13
Factors Affecting Vegetable
Production …………………………………………………………………..
15
Problems Encountered with
Agricultural Technicians……………………................................................
17
Respondents Suggestions to Improve
Vegetable Industry…………………………………………………………..
18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………………………………... 20
Summary…………………………………………………………………….
20
Conclusions………………………………………………………………… 21
Recommendations ………………………………………………………….
22
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………..
23
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………… 24
A. Communication Letter ………………………………………………….
24
B. Survey Questionnaire..………………………………………………….
25
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Vegetables are a complex group of a wide variety of different types of plants. Some
species grow from year to year; others grow with in one or two years. They have diverse forms
of propagation, by seeds or vegetative parts. They may be herbaceous, vinyl, shrubby, or tree in
growth habit. This vegetable is an edible usually a succulent plant or a portion of it is eaten as
supplementary food cooked or raw form (AVRDC, 1990).
The cool climate conditions conclusive to production of semi-temperate vegetables thus
became the main economic activity of the locale populace. Marketing of agricultural products
specially vegetables in the highland varies widely compared to the marketing of industrial
products (Anonymous, 1998).
Vegetables are important part of a healthy diet. They are an excellent source of vitamins
especially Niacin, Riboflavin, Thiamine and Vitamin A and C. Vegetables also supply minerals,
calcium and iron. Most vegetables do not have many calories (The Grolier Encyclopedia, 1991).
Madaymen is mountainous and coldest place among the seven (7) barangays of
Municipality of Kibungan. It is where vegetables vigorously grow and one of the major
producers of vegetables in the Province of Benguet. Vegetable production is the main source of
income and livelihood among the local farmers to sustain their basic needs. Farmers cultivate
variety of vegetable crops throughout the year. The soil and climate condition allows the
widespread cultivation of these vegetables which are cabbage, potato, carrot and radish.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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Statement of the Problem
The ultimate concern of this study was to determine the factors affecting the vegetable
production of farmers in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet in order to explain this problem and
look into possible solutions.
Specifically, this will be conduct to answer the following questions:
1. What are the socio-demographic profiles of vegetable farmers in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet?
2. What are the social, economic and physical factors affecting vegetable production in
Barangay Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet?
3. What are the problems encountered with agricultural technicians?
4. What are the respondent’s suggestions to improve the vegetable industry?
Objectives of the Study
Specifically, this research study will mainly attempt to do the following:
1. To identify the socio-demographic profile of vegetable farmers;
2. To determine the social, economic, and physical factors affecting vegetable production
of Barangay Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet.
3. To determine the problems encountered with the agricultural technicians.
4. To determine the respondent’s suggestions to improve the vegetable industry.
Importance of the Study
The results of this study would provide a comprehensive as a guide for farmers involve in
vegetable production and to the policy makers. It would serve as bases for further researches on
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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the factors affecting production, marketing practices and serve as benchmark information to
researchers, extension workers and government planners for the improvement of the vegetable
industry in Benguet.
Scope and Limitation
The study was conducted to determine the factors affecting vegetable production of
farmers in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet and it is limited only to answer the following:
identify socio-demographic profile of vegetable farmers, determine the social, economic and
physical factors affecting vegetable production in Barangay Madaymen, determine the problems
encountered with agricultural technicians, and to determine the respondent’s suggestions to
improve the vegetable industry.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The vegetable industry in Northern Luzon is anchored in Benguet where most of the
production is done. The cool climate condition is conclucive in the production of semi-temperate
vegetables thus vegetable farming becomes the economic activity of the populace. In fact, the
province of least 75 percent of the country’s vegetable requirements (Anonymous, 1998).
The most common practice in handling vegetables affecting marketing quality from the
farm to the point of sale is the bulk transport. It is where the spoilage and wastage often result
due to bruising caused by poor road conditions, inadequate transportation facilities, several
handling operations and the use of improper packaging material. Without available packaging
materials, the producers would be forced to bring their products in the market soon after harvest
regardless of the price, which causes market glutting and stagnation of market supplies resulting
in great losses to producers (Challoy, 1997).
According to Tiway (1997), the vegetable industry in Bauko, Mountain Province is
affected by some problems such as non availability of high yielding varieties; poor quality seeds
problems on pest, disease management especially during the rainy season and problems on soil
acidity. He further stated that it is affected with limited transfer of technology from the
experiment/ research to the farmers, limited knowledge on pest harvest handling, and poor
marketing systems to limited credit facilities.
The farm management practices are component of sustainable agriculture production. In
relation to available resources, the Philippine population is increasing, and thus, the land for
agricultural production becomes limited. However, SADC further stated that there was no big
problem in some localities. Instead, their problem was on poor management (shifting,
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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cultivation), which has evolved over many centuries. Traditional shifting cultivation practices
must follow the old traditional farming to restore soil fertility (SADC, 1992).
The farmers of today and tomorrow must become experts not only in the efficient
production of maximum crop yield but also protecting their soil from erosion by water and by
wind and in maintaining the building up the elements of fertility by crops and livestock (Cox,
1993).
.
The production strategies in areas with mild winter climate are more concerned with the
biological aspects of cultivations than sophisticated shelters. Varieties are those resistant to cold,
pest and diseases and appropriate cropping cycles and cultivations. Systems are biological tool
normally used to support the production process (Cida, 1993).
The quality is the degree of excellence of superiority and is a combination of attributes,
properties of characteristics that give each commodity and its intended use in various ways
among producers, a given commodity must have a high yield and good appearances must be easy
to harvest and must with stand long distance shipping to market. Appearance, firmness and shelf
life are important parameters from the point of review of wholesale (Kader, 1995).
The middlemen perform different functions in moving the product from the point of
production to the poin of consumption such as: assembling, transporting, processing, grading,
storing, financing and packaging. These are being paid for by the increase, which occur in the
market price as the commodity goes to the consumer (Bangsoya, 1995).
The farmers can not profit much because of the limited factors to production such as:
tillable lands, farm equipments, financial requirements and the limited technologies. Farming
entails great pressing problems. One of which is natural calamities such floods, typhoons,
droughts and prevalence of insects and diseases in which other occupations are not exposed to.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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Unless solutions to these problems and needs of farmers are looked into by the agricultural
agencies concerned in educating these farmers with the complete package of technologies that
they would attain increased production and developed progressive farming (Pacalso, 2001).
The factors that influenced farmer’s decision to adopt technology are materials and man
made calamities including beliefs. The problems encountered in the adoption of technology are
related to lack of capital, lack of training and extension support and road conditions (Estolas,
1996).
Bokilis (1997) stated that credit is a significant factor in that farm decision to adopt
recommended technology is affected by the availability of credit.The provision of available
support system by or from the government is very important component factors that help
promote agricultural development in the third world countries. The system is related to suitable
size of land efficient rural labor. Appropriate agricultural technology, sufficient and timely credit
support and assured market to farm products. He also added that experience affects farmers
learning, farmers who have lot of experience in farm
ing resulted in solving the farmer’s problem.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet. The residents in this
Barangay are engaged in vegetable production as their main source of living. Its location and
other factors are favorable to vegetable production and thus farmers practice intensive cultivation
throughout the cropping season. It is characterized by mountainous terrain of valley vegetable
terraces (Figures 1 and 2).
The major ethnic group in this barangay is the Kankanaey of Benguet. It is approximately
72 kilometers away from Baguio City which is the center of trade information of the province.
The study wias conducted from March, 2010.
Respondents of the Study
The study considered one hundred (100) farmer respondents with at least five (5) years
experience in vegetable production. The respondents were residents of Barangay Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet.
Data Collection
The respondents were interviewed personally by the researcher using the structured
survey questionnaire as a guide to gather data and other relevant information needed for the
study and clarification of the answers. The researcher will translated the English version of the
questionnaire to the native dialect of the respondents for clearer understanding.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
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Data Gathered
The data gathered in this study included the socio-demographic profile of vegetable
farmers, the social, economic and physical factors affecting vegetable production in barangay
Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet, determine the problems encountered with the agricultural
technicians, and to determine the respondent’s suggestions to improve the vegetable industry.
Data Analysis
The data and information which were collected from the respondents will be
consolidated, tabulated and analyzed using frequency counts, average and percentage.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Demographic of the Respondents
Presented in Table I are the socio-demographic profiles of the respondents, which include
age, sex, civil status, educational attainment.
Age. Table I presents the age distribution of the respondents. Majority of the respondents
(31%) belonged to the age bracket of 29-37 years old; 25% belonged to the youngest bracket
from 20-28 years old; 19% belonged to 38-46 years old, and 9% belonged to old age. The result
implies that majority of the respondents are at their middle age.
Sex. Majority of the respondents were male which has 72% while 28% are females. The
result indicates that more males are involved in farming than females, although some women
also helped in farm activities.
Civil Status. Majority of the respondents 86% were married, 12% were single; and 2%
widowed. It implies that married couples were great concerned with farm activities than single
ones.
Educational
Attainment. Table I showed that all of the one hundred (100) respondents
have attended to formal education, 53% reached high school level; 31% were elementary
education; 16% were able to reached college and 5% achieved vocational course. Findings show
that most of the respondents were highly-literate to understand and accept innovations.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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Table I. Socio-demographic profile of the respondents
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (5)
Age
20-28 25
25
29-37 31
31
38-46 19
19
47-55 16
16
56-64 9
9
TOTAL 100
100
Sex
Male 72
72
Female 28
28
TOTAL 100
100
Civil Status
Single 12
12
Married 86
86
Widowed 2
2
TOTAL 100
100
Educational Attainment
Elementary 31
31
High School
53
53
College 11
11
Vocational Course
5
5
TOTAL 100
100
Farm Background of the Respondents
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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Area
cultivated. The table 2 shows that 16% farmed an area of less than 1000 sq.m; and
84% farmed an area of 1000-5000 square meters. The findings indicated that there are more
farmers cultivating an area of almost more than one-2 hectares.
Number of years in farming. As to the number of years in farming, 28% of the
respondents had farmed 5-9 years, 24% farmed 10-15 years and 48% farmed 15 years and above.
The result shows that majority of the respondents have great experience in vegetable production
and have the knowledge by their own experiences to produce vegetables.
Tenural
status. Majority of the respondents (77%) owned the land they cultivated or
tilled, while 23% are tenants. The findings shows that most of the farmer-respondents were
cultivating their own land, a situation which assists them to earn more profit to support the needs
of their families.
Source of Irrigation. Majority of the respondents (41%) claimed that they were dependent
on watershed and rain to irrigate their farm; 34% dependent on the rain only; 20% dependent on
rain and pump from springs by the use of water pump and 5% are dependent on watershed to
irrigate their farm for the survival of their crops.
Topography of land. Majority of the respondents (90%) claimed that terraced steps are
usually they grown their crops, while 10% in plain loop of land. Results show that growing
vegetable on terraced steps were more preferred in highland areas.
Soil
type. Majority of the respondents (63%) were cultivating sandy loam soil; 20%
loamy; 15% clay loam and 2% sandy. It can be noticed that the respondents were cultivating
different types of soil.
Table 2. Farm background of the respondents
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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CHARACTERISTICS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
Area cultivated (sq.m)
Less than 10,000 sq.m
16
16
10,000 sq.m-15000sq.m
84
84
TOTAL 100
100
Number of years
5-9 years
28
28
10-15 years
24
24
15 years and above
48
48
TOTAL 100
100
Tenural status
Owned 77
77
Tenant 23
23
TOTAL 100
100
Source of Water Supply
Watershed 5
5
Rain 34
34
Watershed and Rain
41
41
Rain and Pump
20
20
TOTAL 100
100
Topography land
Plain 10
10
Terraced 90
90
TOTAL 100
100
Soil Type
Loamy 20
20
Sandy loam
63
63
Clay loam
15
15
Sandy 2
2
TOTAL 100
100
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production
Presented in Table 3 were the factors affecting the production of vegetable.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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Social factors. Thirty four (34%) of the respondents claimed that they are lacked of
seminars; 32% was lack of knowledge/ 20% were affected by traditional cultural practices and
14% were affected also by lack of assistance from LGU. This finding implies that despite their
experience in farming they still lacked adequate knowledge in farming and that they need
technical assistance in the form of seminars.
Economic factor. The economic factors included the kind of crops grown, financial
factors, and market factors. For the crops grown, most of the respondents (91%) cultivated
cabbage; followed by potatoes (88%), radish (71%), Chinese cabbage (8%) and the least was
sweet pea (1%). The kind of crop they produce has an economic bearing on their economic
situation because if all of them produce the one crop, like cabbage, at the same time each farmer
would be competing each other in the market. The price that each received would be lower
because there was over supply of the product.
For the financial factors, majority of the respondents (83%) pointed out that they lack of
financial resources or cash capital, 14% identified the high cost labor, and 3% lack of fertilizer.
The finding implies that majority of the respondents lack of financial resources for the labor, and
to buy the needed inputs that are expensive.
For the marketing factors, majority of the respondents (59%) claimed that market prices of
vegetable were low so farmers gain less profit. As stated earlier, farmers
Table 3. Factors affecting vegetable production
FACTORS NUMBER
OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Social factors
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
16
Lack of knowledge
32
32
Lack of assistance from LGU
14
14
Cultural practices/traditional
20
20
Lack of seminars
34
34
TOTAL 100
100
Economic factors
1. Crops
Cabbage 91
91
Potato 88
88
Chinese cabbage
8
8
Radish 71
71
Carrots 30
30
Sweet peas
1
1
*Multiple response
2. Vegetable production factors
Lack of financial resources
83
83
Lack of fertilizer
3
3
High cost labor
14
14
3. Marketing factors
Lack of transportation facilities
8
8
Far from marketing center
25
25
Unstable buying price vegetable
59
59
Problems in stocking and packing
3 3
vegetables
Poor road conditions
5
5
*Multiple responses
Table 3. Continued…
Physical factors
Infestation of pests
62
62
Diseases 56
56
Weed competing pests
6
6
Typhoon 62
62
Drought 76
76
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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*Multiple response
produce the same crops they compete for the price. Twenty five percent mentioned they are far
from the market center, 8% for the lack of transportation facilities, 5% for poor road conditions
and 3% for lack of storage facilities and appropriate packaging materials for vegetables. These
lead to bankruptcy among farmers.
Physical
factors. Most of the respondents suffered multiple problems on physical factors,
76% the lack of irrigation, 63% each pointed out infestation of pests and typhoons, 56% diseases
and 6% weeds that harbor pests. This results implies that majority of the farmers are affected by
physical factors.
Problems Encountered with Agricultural Technicians
Table 4 shows the problems of the respondents with agricultural technicians assiugned in
their area. Sixty three percent said that the farm technician’s visits were irregular. The sane
number of respondents mentioned that field demonstration is inadequate, 28% said no
agricultural technicians is assigned in their Barangay, 21% said conduct of seminars and
workshops are not effective and 14% mentioned that agricultural technicians are only confined
in the Barangay Office.
Table 4. Problems encountered with agricultural technicians
PROBLEMS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
No agricultural technicians
28 28%
assigned in the Barangay
Farm visit is irregular
63
63%
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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Technologist confine them in the
14 14%
Brgy. Office
Field demonstration is inadequate
63
63%
Conduct of seminars in
21 21%
workshops are not effective
*Multiple response
The result implies that farm technicians assigned in the study area was not effective.
Respondents’ Suggestions to Improve
the Vegetable Industry
Table 5 shows the respondents suggestions to improve the vegetable industry in the study
area.
As shown in the table, all the respondents (100) suggested that their price of vegetables
should be stabilized at a level that could give them profit. All of them also suggested that the
remaining watershed areas should be preserved to provide sufficient water supply especially
during the dry seasons and for a well-balanced ecosystem; Thirty four percent suggested the
conduct of seminars on integrated pest management (IPM) for farmers to adopt so that the use of
pesticides would be minimized; 28% suggested the use
Table 5. Respondents’ suggestions to improve the vegetable industry
SUGGESTIONS NUMBER
OF
PERCENTAGE (100%)
RESPONDENTS
Unstable buying price must be
100 100%
maximize at the very low price
Preserved the watershed areas
100
100%
Conducting seminars on integrated pest
34 34%
management
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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Promote traditional way of farming in
28 28%
order to improve the vegetable
production
Encouraging the use of alternating
25 25%
farm management to farmers
*Multiple response
of the traditional way of production to prevent environmental problems, and 25% said that
farmers should practice crop rotation to minimized the occurrence of pest and diseases.
.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the socio-demographic profile of vegetable
farmers and to determine the social, economic and physical factors affecting vegetable
production and the problems encountered by the respondents as well as their suggestions to
improve the vegetable industry in the barangay Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet.
An interview schedule was used to gather information from the 100 respondents.
Findings showed that majority of the respondents are middle aged, married and have attended
formal education.
Majority of the farmers were cultivating their own land ranging from more than 10,000
sq.m. to 15,000 sq.m. and depended on watershed, rain and springs/rivers to irrigate their farms..
Generally, most farmers have difficulty in farming due to the lack of water supply to irrigate
their crops and to the high elevation of the farm lands. Majority of the farms are terraced because
of the mountainous terrain of the area. Most farm in the study area are sandy and loam. Their
main crops in the study area are cabbage, potato, radish and carrots.
The factors affecting vegetable production were; lack of knowledge, lack of assistance
from LGU, traditional cultural practices and lack of seminars. For the economic factors, they
were subdivided into kinds of crops produce, finance, and market factors. For the kinds of crops
grown, almost all of them produced cabbage so when they all harvest at the same time the price
is affected. Under the finance factors, the leading problem was lack of capital to buy the needed
farm inputs and to use for the payment of high cost labor. Under marketing factors, the leading
problem claimed was low market price/unstable buying price of products.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
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In terms of physical factors under the environmental factors affecting vegetable
production, the leading problems claimed were drought, infestation of pest, typhoon, diseases
and presence of weeds harboring pests.
Their problems with agricultural technicians were: farm visit is irregular, field
demonstration is inadequate, no agricultural technicians assigned in the Barangay, conduct of
seminars and workshops are not effective and technicians were confined in the Barangay office.
The suggested alternative solutions employed by the respondents to improved vegetable
industry were unstable buying price must be stabilized at a higher price, preserved the watershed
areas, conduct seminars on integrated pest management, promote traditional way of farming in
order to improve the vegetable production and encouraging the use of crop rotation by the
farmers.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were made:
1.
The farmer‐respondents were middle age, heads of their family; literate and
tilling their own farms.
2.
The respondents claimed that they cannot profit much because of the problems
brought about by environmental, destruction, lack of water supply, lack of financial
resources, and unstable buying price in the market; hence farmers still keep improving their
production on vegetable to gain more profit for needed materials used in their daily lives.
3.
Suggested solutions employed by the respondents were to minimize the
unstable buying price in the market at a very low price, preserved watershed areas,
conducting seminars on integrated pest management, promote traditional way of farming
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
22
in order to improve the vegetable production and encouraging the use of alternating farm
management to farmers.
Recommendations
Based on the findings the following recommendations were given:
1. The farmers should associate a proper trainings on processing of vegetables.
2. The farmers should be trained to make a farm plan before they engage in
production.
They should practice crop zonification. In this way their cost of production would be
stabilized at a higher level.
3. Most training should be conducted among the farmers in order to improve their
skills in scientific farming so that they would not stick to the traditional method of
farming. Furthermore, the use of IPM should be introduced to the farmers in order to
lessen the amount of pesticides they are applying. In this way their cost of production
would also decrease and their profit would increase.
4. The agricultural technicians assigned in the area conduct field visits in order to
assist the farmers.
5. The farmers and the leaders of the community should organize a cooperative
where credit facilities could be channeled to help those farmers who are in need of
financial resources. With readily available financial resources that are affordable by the
farmers, more productive resources would be put into vegetable thus more vegetables
could be produced.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
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AVRDC, 1990. Vegetable Production Training Manual. Asian Vegetable Research and
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BANGSOYA, S.B. 1995. Marketing activities and strategies of vegetables wholesaler farmer in
La Trinidad, Benguet. B.S Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.7.
BOKILIS, J. 1997. Role performance of agriculture technologists in the dissemination of farm
technology in Benguet. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
CHALLOY, J.E. 1997. Types of packaging materials preferred by middlemen at La Trinidad
Trading Post and Baguio City Public Market. B.S. Thesis, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P.7.
CIDA, N.C. 1993, Vegetable Production Under Simple Structures in Southern Europe Apartado
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COX, J. E. JACKSON. 1993. Crop Production and Management. New York United Armed
Forces. Institute. Pp. 15-17.
ESTOLAS, W.R. 1996. Extent of utilization of farming technologies recommended by Benguet
State University. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
GROLIER ENCYCLOPEDIA. 1991. Vegetable Production. Grolier Copyrights incorporated 17.
1933. pp 67 – 98
KADER, A.A. 1995. Quality Factors for Horticultural Crops U.S.A. Department of Promology.
University of California. P.23.
PACALSO, D. S. 2001. Farming systems adopted by vegetable farmers in Mankayan, Benguet
State University. La Trinidad, La Trinidad, Benguet.
SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC). 1992. Environment of land
Management Sector. Newsletter 9(2): Pp. 1-3.
TIWAY, M.B. 1997. Farm management and practices of vegetable producers in Bauko,
Mountain, Province. BS. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.4
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
24
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Letter to Respondents
Republic of the Philippines
Benguet State University
College of Agriculture
La Trinidad, Benguet
Dear Respondents:
Greetings!
I am Janet T. Simon a fourth year student of Benguet State University who is conducting
a study entitled “FACTORS AFFECTING VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN MADAYMEN,
KIBUNGAN, BENGUET.” This is a major requirement of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
major in Extension Education.
In this regard, may I request a portion of your precious time to answer the attach
questionnaire to complete the research. Rest assured that all information you provide will be
treated utmost confidentiality.
Thank you very much for your cooperation. More power and may the lord bless you more.
Respectfully yours,
Janet T. Simon
Researcher
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
25
Appendix B
Survey Questionnaire
Direction: Please fill-up and check the needed information honestly.
I. Socio- demographic Profile
1.
Farm
Respondents
a. Name: ___________________________________________
b. Age: _________
c. Civil Status: _______________________
d. Sex: _________Male _________Female
e. Highest Educational Attainment
_______Elementary
_______High School
_______College
_______others (pls. specify) ____________________________
f. Number of years in farming
_______5 to 9years
_______10 to 15 years
_______15 and above years
2. Farm Resources
a. Area Cultivated:
_______ less than10,000sq.m
_______ 10,000 sq.m. to 15,000 sq.m.
_______ 16,000 sq.m. to 20, 000 sq.m.
________ others (pls. specify) _______________________
b. Tenurial Status
_______owner
________tenant
________others (pls. specify) ________________________
c. Source of Irrigation
_________watershed
_________rain
_________pump
_________others (pls. specify) ______________________
d. Terrain/ Topography
_______plain
_______terraces
_______others (pls. specify) ________________________
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
26
e. Soil type
______ Sandy ______clay loam
______loamy ______clayey
______sandy loam ______others (pls. specify) _______________
II. Factors Affecting Vegetable
A. Social
1. What are the social aspects that affect vegetable production?
_______a. lack of knowledge
_______b. lack of assistance from LGU
_______c. cultural practices / traditional
_______d. lack of seminars
_______e. others (pls. specify) ______________________
B. Economic
1. What do you cultivate?
_______a. cabbage
_______b. potato
_______c. Chinese cabbage
_______d. Carrots
_______e. Radish
_______f. others (pls. specify) _________________________
2. What are the factors affecting vegetable production?
_______a. lack of financial resources
_______b. lack of fertilizer
_______c. high cost labor
_______d. others (pls. specify) __________________________
3. What factors affect marketing?
_______a. lack of transportation facilities
_______b. far from marketing center
_______c. unstable buying price vegetable
_______d. problems in stocking and packing vegetables
_______e. poor road conditions
_______f.others (pls. specify)
C. Physical
1. What are the environmental factors affecting vegetable production?
_______a. infestation of pests
_______b. diseases
_______c. weeds competing pests
_______d. typhoon
_______e. drought
_______f. others (pls. specify) __________________________
D. What are the problems encountered with agricultural technicians?
_______a. No agricultural technicians assigned in the Barangay
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
27
_______b. farm visit is irregular
_______c. Technologist confine them in the Barangay office
_______d. Field demonstration is inadequate
_______e. Conduct of seminars in workshops are not effective
_______f. Others (pls. specify) __________________________
E. What are the alternative solutions you employed?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
SIMON, JANET T. October 2010. Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in
Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Hilario C. Perez, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to find out the socio-demographic profile of the respondents; the
social, economic, and physical factors affecting vegetable production; and the problems
encountered by the respondents as well as their suggestions to improve the vegetable
industry in barangay Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet.
Survey questionnaires were used to gather data and personal interview were done
to get additional information from the one-hundred respondents in the study area.
Findings showed that the respondents were at their middle age, married and had
attended formal education. Majority owned the land that they were tilling. Most of them
cultivated an area ranging from less than 10,000 sq. m. to 15,000 sq. m. Their main crops
grown were cabbage, potato, carrots and radish.
The social, economic and marketing factors affecting vegetable productivity were
the lack of training, lack of financial resources and low market prices of vegetables, and
the occurrences of pest and diseases and natural calamities.
The major problems of the respondents were lack of water resources, typhoons,
infestation of pest and diseases, lack of financial resources, high cost of labor and input
materials.
Solutions to the problems were to organized an organization regarding credit
facilities to help those farmers that are in need of financial resources to manage their farm
to increase their production, conduct seminars on how to control pests and diseases of
vegetable crops to improve yield, associate with each other to improve methods in
increasing the production of vegetable in the study area.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...…………………………………………………………………........ i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...
i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………...
iii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 1
Rationale………………………………………………………………......... 1
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………….......
2
Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………..
2
Importance of the Study……………………………………………….........
2
Scope and Limitation…………………………………………………..........
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………….
4
METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………. 7
Locale and Time of the Study………………………………………………
7
Respondents of the Study…………………………………………………...
7
Data Collection ……..………………………………………………………
7
Data Gathered…………………………………………………….................
10
Data Analysis …..…………………………………………………………
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………….........
11
Socio- Demographic Profile of the
Respondents…………………………............................................................
11
Farming Background of the
Respondents……………………………………............................................
13
Factors Affecting Vegetable
Production …………………………………………………………………..
15
Problems Encountered with
Agricultural Technicians……………………................................................
17
Respondents Suggestions to Improve
Vegetable Industry…………………………………………………………..
18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………………………………... 20
Summary…………………………………………………………………….
20
Conclusions………………………………………………………………… 21
Recommendations ………………………………………………………….
22
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………..
23
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………… 24
A. Communication Letter ………………………………………………….
24
B. Survey Questionnaire..………………………………………………….
25
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Vegetables are a complex group of a wide variety of different types of plants. Some
species grow from year to year; others grow with in one or two years. They have diverse forms
of propagation, by seeds or vegetative parts. They may be herbaceous, vinyl, shrubby, or tree in
growth habit. This vegetable is an edible usually a succulent plant or a portion of it is eaten as
supplementary food cooked or raw form (AVRDC, 1990).
The cool climate conditions conclusive to production of semi-temperate vegetables thus
became the main economic activity of the locale populace. Marketing of agricultural products
specially vegetables in the highland varies widely compared to the marketing of industrial
products (Anonymous, 1998).
Vegetables are important part of a healthy diet. They are an excellent source of vitamins
especially Niacin, Riboflavin, Thiamine and Vitamin A and C. Vegetables also supply minerals,
calcium and iron. Most vegetables do not have many calories (The Grolier Encyclopedia, 1991).
Madaymen is mountainous and coldest place among the seven (7) barangays of
Municipality of Kibungan. It is where vegetables vigorously grow and one of the major
producers of vegetables in the Province of Benguet. Vegetable production is the main source of
income and livelihood among the local farmers to sustain their basic needs. Farmers cultivate
variety of vegetable crops throughout the year. The soil and climate condition allows the
widespread cultivation of these vegetables which are cabbage, potato, carrot and radish.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
2
Statement of the Problem
The ultimate concern of this study was to determine the factors affecting the vegetable
production of farmers in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet in order to explain this problem and
look into possible solutions.
Specifically, this will be conduct to answer the following questions:
1. What are the socio-demographic profiles of vegetable farmers in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet?
2. What are the social, economic and physical factors affecting vegetable production in
Barangay Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet?
3. What are the problems encountered with agricultural technicians?
4. What are the respondent’s suggestions to improve the vegetable industry?
Objectives of the Study
Specifically, this research study will mainly attempt to do the following:
1. To identify the socio-demographic profile of vegetable farmers;
2. To determine the social, economic, and physical factors affecting vegetable production
of Barangay Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet.
3. To determine the problems encountered with the agricultural technicians.
4. To determine the respondent’s suggestions to improve the vegetable industry.
Importance of the Study
The results of this study would provide a comprehensive as a guide for farmers involve in
vegetable production and to the policy makers. It would serve as bases for further researches on
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
3
the factors affecting production, marketing practices and serve as benchmark information to
researchers, extension workers and government planners for the improvement of the vegetable
industry in Benguet.
Scope and Limitation
The study was conducted to determine the factors affecting vegetable production of
farmers in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet and it is limited only to answer the following:
identify socio-demographic profile of vegetable farmers, determine the social, economic and
physical factors affecting vegetable production in Barangay Madaymen, determine the problems
encountered with agricultural technicians, and to determine the respondent’s suggestions to
improve the vegetable industry.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The vegetable industry in Northern Luzon is anchored in Benguet where most of the
production is done. The cool climate condition is conclucive in the production of semi-temperate
vegetables thus vegetable farming becomes the economic activity of the populace. In fact, the
province of least 75 percent of the country’s vegetable requirements (Anonymous, 1998).
The most common practice in handling vegetables affecting marketing quality from the
farm to the point of sale is the bulk transport. It is where the spoilage and wastage often result
due to bruising caused by poor road conditions, inadequate transportation facilities, several
handling operations and the use of improper packaging material. Without available packaging
materials, the producers would be forced to bring their products in the market soon after harvest
regardless of the price, which causes market glutting and stagnation of market supplies resulting
in great losses to producers (Challoy, 1997).
According to Tiway (1997), the vegetable industry in Bauko, Mountain Province is
affected by some problems such as non availability of high yielding varieties; poor quality seeds
problems on pest, disease management especially during the rainy season and problems on soil
acidity. He further stated that it is affected with limited transfer of technology from the
experiment/ research to the farmers, limited knowledge on pest harvest handling, and poor
marketing systems to limited credit facilities.
The farm management practices are component of sustainable agriculture production. In
relation to available resources, the Philippine population is increasing, and thus, the land for
agricultural production becomes limited. However, SADC further stated that there was no big
problem in some localities. Instead, their problem was on poor management (shifting,
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
5
cultivation), which has evolved over many centuries. Traditional shifting cultivation practices
must follow the old traditional farming to restore soil fertility (SADC, 1992).
The farmers of today and tomorrow must become experts not only in the efficient
production of maximum crop yield but also protecting their soil from erosion by water and by
wind and in maintaining the building up the elements of fertility by crops and livestock (Cox,
1993).
.
The production strategies in areas with mild winter climate are more concerned with the
biological aspects of cultivations than sophisticated shelters. Varieties are those resistant to cold,
pest and diseases and appropriate cropping cycles and cultivations. Systems are biological tool
normally used to support the production process (Cida, 1993).
The quality is the degree of excellence of superiority and is a combination of attributes,
properties of characteristics that give each commodity and its intended use in various ways
among producers, a given commodity must have a high yield and good appearances must be easy
to harvest and must with stand long distance shipping to market. Appearance, firmness and shelf
life are important parameters from the point of review of wholesale (Kader, 1995).
The middlemen perform different functions in moving the product from the point of
production to the poin of consumption such as: assembling, transporting, processing, grading,
storing, financing and packaging. These are being paid for by the increase, which occur in the
market price as the commodity goes to the consumer (Bangsoya, 1995).
The farmers can not profit much because of the limited factors to production such as:
tillable lands, farm equipments, financial requirements and the limited technologies. Farming
entails great pressing problems. One of which is natural calamities such floods, typhoons,
droughts and prevalence of insects and diseases in which other occupations are not exposed to.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
6
Unless solutions to these problems and needs of farmers are looked into by the agricultural
agencies concerned in educating these farmers with the complete package of technologies that
they would attain increased production and developed progressive farming (Pacalso, 2001).
The factors that influenced farmer’s decision to adopt technology are materials and man
made calamities including beliefs. The problems encountered in the adoption of technology are
related to lack of capital, lack of training and extension support and road conditions (Estolas,
1996).
Bokilis (1997) stated that credit is a significant factor in that farm decision to adopt
recommended technology is affected by the availability of credit.The provision of available
support system by or from the government is very important component factors that help
promote agricultural development in the third world countries. The system is related to suitable
size of land efficient rural labor. Appropriate agricultural technology, sufficient and timely credit
support and assured market to farm products. He also added that experience affects farmers
learning, farmers who have lot of experience in farm
ing resulted in solving the farmer’s problem.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
7
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet. The residents in this
Barangay are engaged in vegetable production as their main source of living. Its location and
other factors are favorable to vegetable production and thus farmers practice intensive cultivation
throughout the cropping season. It is characterized by mountainous terrain of valley vegetable
terraces (Figures 1 and 2).
The major ethnic group in this barangay is the Kankanaey of Benguet. It is approximately
72 kilometers away from Baguio City which is the center of trade information of the province.
The study wias conducted from March, 2010.
Respondents of the Study
The study considered one hundred (100) farmer respondents with at least five (5) years
experience in vegetable production. The respondents were residents of Barangay Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet.
Data Collection
The respondents were interviewed personally by the researcher using the structured
survey questionnaire as a guide to gather data and other relevant information needed for the
study and clarification of the answers. The researcher will translated the English version of the
questionnaire to the native dialect of the respondents for clearer understanding.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
8
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
9
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
10
Data Gathered
The data gathered in this study included the socio-demographic profile of vegetable
farmers, the social, economic and physical factors affecting vegetable production in barangay
Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet, determine the problems encountered with the agricultural
technicians, and to determine the respondent’s suggestions to improve the vegetable industry.
Data Analysis
The data and information which were collected from the respondents will be
consolidated, tabulated and analyzed using frequency counts, average and percentage.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Demographic of the Respondents
Presented in Table I are the socio-demographic profiles of the respondents, which include
age, sex, civil status, educational attainment.
Age. Table I presents the age distribution of the respondents. Majority of the respondents
(31%) belonged to the age bracket of 29-37 years old; 25% belonged to the youngest bracket
from 20-28 years old; 19% belonged to 38-46 years old, and 9% belonged to old age. The result
implies that majority of the respondents are at their middle age.
Sex. Majority of the respondents were male which has 72% while 28% are females. The
result indicates that more males are involved in farming than females, although some women
also helped in farm activities.
Civil Status. Majority of the respondents 86% were married, 12% were single; and 2%
widowed. It implies that married couples were great concerned with farm activities than single
ones.
Educational
Attainment. Table I showed that all of the one hundred (100) respondents
have attended to formal education, 53% reached high school level; 31% were elementary
education; 16% were able to reached college and 5% achieved vocational course. Findings show
that most of the respondents were highly-literate to understand and accept innovations.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
12
Table I. Socio-demographic profile of the respondents
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (5)
Age
20-28 25
25
29-37 31
31
38-46 19
19
47-55 16
16
56-64 9
9
TOTAL 100
100
Sex
Male 72
72
Female 28
28
TOTAL 100
100
Civil Status
Single 12
12
Married 86
86
Widowed 2
2
TOTAL 100
100
Educational Attainment
Elementary 31
31
High School
53
53
College 11
11
Vocational Course
5
5
TOTAL 100
100
Farm Background of the Respondents
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
13
Area
cultivated. The table 2 shows that 16% farmed an area of less than 1000 sq.m; and
84% farmed an area of 1000-5000 square meters. The findings indicated that there are more
farmers cultivating an area of almost more than one-2 hectares.
Number of years in farming. As to the number of years in farming, 28% of the
respondents had farmed 5-9 years, 24% farmed 10-15 years and 48% farmed 15 years and above.
The result shows that majority of the respondents have great experience in vegetable production
and have the knowledge by their own experiences to produce vegetables.
Tenural
status. Majority of the respondents (77%) owned the land they cultivated or
tilled, while 23% are tenants. The findings shows that most of the farmer-respondents were
cultivating their own land, a situation which assists them to earn more profit to support the needs
of their families.
Source of Irrigation. Majority of the respondents (41%) claimed that they were dependent
on watershed and rain to irrigate their farm; 34% dependent on the rain only; 20% dependent on
rain and pump from springs by the use of water pump and 5% are dependent on watershed to
irrigate their farm for the survival of their crops.
Topography of land. Majority of the respondents (90%) claimed that terraced steps are
usually they grown their crops, while 10% in plain loop of land. Results show that growing
vegetable on terraced steps were more preferred in highland areas.
Soil
type. Majority of the respondents (63%) were cultivating sandy loam soil; 20%
loamy; 15% clay loam and 2% sandy. It can be noticed that the respondents were cultivating
different types of soil.
Table 2. Farm background of the respondents
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
14
CHARACTERISTICS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
Area cultivated (sq.m)
Less than 10,000 sq.m
16
16
10,000 sq.m-15000sq.m
84
84
TOTAL 100
100
Number of years
5-9 years
28
28
10-15 years
24
24
15 years and above
48
48
TOTAL 100
100
Tenural status
Owned 77
77
Tenant 23
23
TOTAL 100
100
Source of Water Supply
Watershed 5
5
Rain 34
34
Watershed and Rain
41
41
Rain and Pump
20
20
TOTAL 100
100
Topography land
Plain 10
10
Terraced 90
90
TOTAL 100
100
Soil Type
Loamy 20
20
Sandy loam
63
63
Clay loam
15
15
Sandy 2
2
TOTAL 100
100
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production
Presented in Table 3 were the factors affecting the production of vegetable.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
15
Social factors. Thirty four (34%) of the respondents claimed that they are lacked of
seminars; 32% was lack of knowledge/ 20% were affected by traditional cultural practices and
14% were affected also by lack of assistance from LGU. This finding implies that despite their
experience in farming they still lacked adequate knowledge in farming and that they need
technical assistance in the form of seminars.
Economic factor. The economic factors included the kind of crops grown, financial
factors, and market factors. For the crops grown, most of the respondents (91%) cultivated
cabbage; followed by potatoes (88%), radish (71%), Chinese cabbage (8%) and the least was
sweet pea (1%). The kind of crop they produce has an economic bearing on their economic
situation because if all of them produce the one crop, like cabbage, at the same time each farmer
would be competing each other in the market. The price that each received would be lower
because there was over supply of the product.
For the financial factors, majority of the respondents (83%) pointed out that they lack of
financial resources or cash capital, 14% identified the high cost labor, and 3% lack of fertilizer.
The finding implies that majority of the respondents lack of financial resources for the labor, and
to buy the needed inputs that are expensive.
For the marketing factors, majority of the respondents (59%) claimed that market prices of
vegetable were low so farmers gain less profit. As stated earlier, farmers
Table 3. Factors affecting vegetable production
FACTORS NUMBER
OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Social factors
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
16
Lack of knowledge
32
32
Lack of assistance from LGU
14
14
Cultural practices/traditional
20
20
Lack of seminars
34
34
TOTAL 100
100
Economic factors
1. Crops
Cabbage 91
91
Potato 88
88
Chinese cabbage
8
8
Radish 71
71
Carrots 30
30
Sweet peas
1
1
*Multiple response
2. Vegetable production factors
Lack of financial resources
83
83
Lack of fertilizer
3
3
High cost labor
14
14
3. Marketing factors
Lack of transportation facilities
8
8
Far from marketing center
25
25
Unstable buying price vegetable
59
59
Problems in stocking and packing
3 3
vegetables
Poor road conditions
5
5
*Multiple responses
Table 3. Continued…
Physical factors
Infestation of pests
62
62
Diseases 56
56
Weed competing pests
6
6
Typhoon 62
62
Drought 76
76
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
17
*Multiple response
produce the same crops they compete for the price. Twenty five percent mentioned they are far
from the market center, 8% for the lack of transportation facilities, 5% for poor road conditions
and 3% for lack of storage facilities and appropriate packaging materials for vegetables. These
lead to bankruptcy among farmers.
Physical
factors. Most of the respondents suffered multiple problems on physical factors,
76% the lack of irrigation, 63% each pointed out infestation of pests and typhoons, 56% diseases
and 6% weeds that harbor pests. This results implies that majority of the farmers are affected by
physical factors.
Problems Encountered with Agricultural Technicians
Table 4 shows the problems of the respondents with agricultural technicians assiugned in
their area. Sixty three percent said that the farm technician’s visits were irregular. The sane
number of respondents mentioned that field demonstration is inadequate, 28% said no
agricultural technicians is assigned in their Barangay, 21% said conduct of seminars and
workshops are not effective and 14% mentioned that agricultural technicians are only confined
in the Barangay Office.
Table 4. Problems encountered with agricultural technicians
PROBLEMS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
No agricultural technicians
28 28%
assigned in the Barangay
Farm visit is irregular
63
63%
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
18
Technologist confine them in the
14 14%
Brgy. Office
Field demonstration is inadequate
63
63%
Conduct of seminars in
21 21%
workshops are not effective
*Multiple response
The result implies that farm technicians assigned in the study area was not effective.
Respondents’ Suggestions to Improve
the Vegetable Industry
Table 5 shows the respondents suggestions to improve the vegetable industry in the study
area.
As shown in the table, all the respondents (100) suggested that their price of vegetables
should be stabilized at a level that could give them profit. All of them also suggested that the
remaining watershed areas should be preserved to provide sufficient water supply especially
during the dry seasons and for a well-balanced ecosystem; Thirty four percent suggested the
conduct of seminars on integrated pest management (IPM) for farmers to adopt so that the use of
pesticides would be minimized; 28% suggested the use
Table 5. Respondents’ suggestions to improve the vegetable industry
SUGGESTIONS NUMBER
OF
PERCENTAGE (100%)
RESPONDENTS
Unstable buying price must be
100 100%
maximize at the very low price
Preserved the watershed areas
100
100%
Conducting seminars on integrated pest
34 34%
management
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
19
Promote traditional way of farming in
28 28%
order to improve the vegetable
production
Encouraging the use of alternating
25 25%
farm management to farmers
*Multiple response
of the traditional way of production to prevent environmental problems, and 25% said that
farmers should practice crop rotation to minimized the occurrence of pest and diseases.
.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the socio-demographic profile of vegetable
farmers and to determine the social, economic and physical factors affecting vegetable
production and the problems encountered by the respondents as well as their suggestions to
improve the vegetable industry in the barangay Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet.
An interview schedule was used to gather information from the 100 respondents.
Findings showed that majority of the respondents are middle aged, married and have attended
formal education.
Majority of the farmers were cultivating their own land ranging from more than 10,000
sq.m. to 15,000 sq.m. and depended on watershed, rain and springs/rivers to irrigate their farms..
Generally, most farmers have difficulty in farming due to the lack of water supply to irrigate
their crops and to the high elevation of the farm lands. Majority of the farms are terraced because
of the mountainous terrain of the area. Most farm in the study area are sandy and loam. Their
main crops in the study area are cabbage, potato, radish and carrots.
The factors affecting vegetable production were; lack of knowledge, lack of assistance
from LGU, traditional cultural practices and lack of seminars. For the economic factors, they
were subdivided into kinds of crops produce, finance, and market factors. For the kinds of crops
grown, almost all of them produced cabbage so when they all harvest at the same time the price
is affected. Under the finance factors, the leading problem was lack of capital to buy the needed
farm inputs and to use for the payment of high cost labor. Under marketing factors, the leading
problem claimed was low market price/unstable buying price of products.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
21
In terms of physical factors under the environmental factors affecting vegetable
production, the leading problems claimed were drought, infestation of pest, typhoon, diseases
and presence of weeds harboring pests.
Their problems with agricultural technicians were: farm visit is irregular, field
demonstration is inadequate, no agricultural technicians assigned in the Barangay, conduct of
seminars and workshops are not effective and technicians were confined in the Barangay office.
The suggested alternative solutions employed by the respondents to improved vegetable
industry were unstable buying price must be stabilized at a higher price, preserved the watershed
areas, conduct seminars on integrated pest management, promote traditional way of farming in
order to improve the vegetable production and encouraging the use of crop rotation by the
farmers.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were made:
1.
The farmer‐respondents were middle age, heads of their family; literate and
tilling their own farms.
2.
The respondents claimed that they cannot profit much because of the problems
brought about by environmental, destruction, lack of water supply, lack of financial
resources, and unstable buying price in the market; hence farmers still keep improving their
production on vegetable to gain more profit for needed materials used in their daily lives.
3.
Suggested solutions employed by the respondents were to minimize the
unstable buying price in the market at a very low price, preserved watershed areas,
conducting seminars on integrated pest management, promote traditional way of farming
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
22
in order to improve the vegetable production and encouraging the use of alternating farm
management to farmers.
Recommendations
Based on the findings the following recommendations were given:
1. The farmers should associate a proper trainings on processing of vegetables.
2. The farmers should be trained to make a farm plan before they engage in
production.
They should practice crop zonification. In this way their cost of production would be
stabilized at a higher level.
3. Most training should be conducted among the farmers in order to improve their
skills in scientific farming so that they would not stick to the traditional method of
farming. Furthermore, the use of IPM should be introduced to the farmers in order to
lessen the amount of pesticides they are applying. In this way their cost of production
would also decrease and their profit would increase.
4. The agricultural technicians assigned in the area conduct field visits in order to
assist the farmers.
5. The farmers and the leaders of the community should organize a cooperative
where credit facilities could be channeled to help those farmers who are in need of
financial resources. With readily available financial resources that are affordable by the
farmers, more productive resources would be put into vegetable thus more vegetables
could be produced.
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
23
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS 1998. A Publication of the Foundation for the Resources Linkage and
Development. FRDL and PCCI – FAT.
AVRDC, 1990. Vegetable Production Training Manual. Asian Vegetable Research and
Development Center, Shannisa, Tainan, Pp. 22 – 24.
BANGSOYA, S.B. 1995. Marketing activities and strategies of vegetables wholesaler farmer in
La Trinidad, Benguet. B.S Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.7.
BOKILIS, J. 1997. Role performance of agriculture technologists in the dissemination of farm
technology in Benguet. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
CHALLOY, J.E. 1997. Types of packaging materials preferred by middlemen at La Trinidad
Trading Post and Baguio City Public Market. B.S. Thesis, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P.7.
CIDA, N.C. 1993, Vegetable Production Under Simple Structures in Southern Europe Apartado
2027. Isoso Granada Spain. P.12.
COX, J. E. JACKSON. 1993. Crop Production and Management. New York United Armed
Forces. Institute. Pp. 15-17.
ESTOLAS, W.R. 1996. Extent of utilization of farming technologies recommended by Benguet
State University. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
GROLIER ENCYCLOPEDIA. 1991. Vegetable Production. Grolier Copyrights incorporated 17.
1933. pp 67 – 98
KADER, A.A. 1995. Quality Factors for Horticultural Crops U.S.A. Department of Promology.
University of California. P.23.
PACALSO, D. S. 2001. Farming systems adopted by vegetable farmers in Mankayan, Benguet
State University. La Trinidad, La Trinidad, Benguet.
SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC). 1992. Environment of land
Management Sector. Newsletter 9(2): Pp. 1-3.
TIWAY, M.B. 1997. Farm management and practices of vegetable producers in Bauko,
Mountain, Province. BS. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.4
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
24
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Letter to Respondents
Republic of the Philippines
Benguet State University
College of Agriculture
La Trinidad, Benguet
Dear Respondents:
Greetings!
I am Janet T. Simon a fourth year student of Benguet State University who is conducting
a study entitled “FACTORS AFFECTING VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN MADAYMEN,
KIBUNGAN, BENGUET.” This is a major requirement of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
major in Extension Education.
In this regard, may I request a portion of your precious time to answer the attach
questionnaire to complete the research. Rest assured that all information you provide will be
treated utmost confidentiality.
Thank you very much for your cooperation. More power and may the lord bless you more.
Respectfully yours,
Janet T. Simon
Researcher
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
25
Appendix B
Survey Questionnaire
Direction: Please fill-up and check the needed information honestly.
I. Socio- demographic Profile
1.
Farm
Respondents
a. Name: ___________________________________________
b. Age: _________
c. Civil Status: _______________________
d. Sex: _________Male _________Female
e. Highest Educational Attainment
_______Elementary
_______High School
_______College
_______others (pls. specify) ____________________________
f. Number of years in farming
_______5 to 9years
_______10 to 15 years
_______15 and above years
2. Farm Resources
a. Area Cultivated:
_______ less than10,000sq.m
_______ 10,000 sq.m. to 15,000 sq.m.
_______ 16,000 sq.m. to 20, 000 sq.m.
________ others (pls. specify) _______________________
b. Tenurial Status
_______owner
________tenant
________others (pls. specify) ________________________
c. Source of Irrigation
_________watershed
_________rain
_________pump
_________others (pls. specify) ______________________
d. Terrain/ Topography
_______plain
_______terraces
_______others (pls. specify) ________________________
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
26
e. Soil type
______ Sandy ______clay loam
______loamy ______clayey
______sandy loam ______others (pls. specify) _______________
II. Factors Affecting Vegetable
A. Social
1. What are the social aspects that affect vegetable production?
_______a. lack of knowledge
_______b. lack of assistance from LGU
_______c. cultural practices / traditional
_______d. lack of seminars
_______e. others (pls. specify) ______________________
B. Economic
1. What do you cultivate?
_______a. cabbage
_______b. potato
_______c. Chinese cabbage
_______d. Carrots
_______e. Radish
_______f. others (pls. specify) _________________________
2. What are the factors affecting vegetable production?
_______a. lack of financial resources
_______b. lack of fertilizer
_______c. high cost labor
_______d. others (pls. specify) __________________________
3. What factors affect marketing?
_______a. lack of transportation facilities
_______b. far from marketing center
_______c. unstable buying price vegetable
_______d. problems in stocking and packing vegetables
_______e. poor road conditions
_______f.others (pls. specify)
C. Physical
1. What are the environmental factors affecting vegetable production?
_______a. infestation of pests
_______b. diseases
_______c. weeds competing pests
_______d. typhoon
_______e. drought
_______f. others (pls. specify) __________________________
D. What are the problems encountered with agricultural technicians?
_______a. No agricultural technicians assigned in the Barangay
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
27
_______b. farm visit is irregular
_______c. Technologist confine them in the Barangay office
_______d. Field demonstration is inadequate
_______e. Conduct of seminars in workshops are not effective
_______f. Others (pls. specify) __________________________
E. What are the alternative solutions you employed?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Factors Affecting Vegetable Production in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet / JANET T. SIMON. 2010
Document Outline
- Factors Affecting Vegetable Production inMadaymen, Kibungan, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES