BIBLIOGRAPHY BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009. Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in
Tanudan Kalinga. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Myrna B. Walsiyen MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the status of livestock and poultry industry in
Tanudan, Kalinga from December, 2008 to January, 2009. Specifically, it aimed to determine
the socio-economic profile of the respondents; the different farm animals they are raising and
their number; the reasons of the respondents in raising such animals; the sources of their stock
and capital; the support services availed either from government or non government
organizations; problems encountered in raising animals and different production management
practices in terms of housing, breeds and breeding, feeds and feeding, herd health management
and marketing.
Ten barangays of Tanudan which were
chosen based on animal population were considered to represent the municipality. From these
barangays, a total of 103 respondents who are actual animal raisers were selected to serve as
respondents.
Out of the 103 respondents, majority of them are females, married and
belong to the age bracket of 41-50 years old. Their major source of livelihood is farming and
most of them have graduated high school.
The common farm animal species raised in the locality include swine, chicken, carabaos,
cattle, ducks and goats and these are all raised in the backyards. Each household is raising 1-5
swine, 1-5 hens, 1-3 duck hens, 1 carabao, 1-2 cattle and 1-2 goats. Generally, the animals are
raised mainly for family use i.e. as source of viand for the family most especially chicken or as
source of food during special occasions and as source of additional income. In addition,
carabaos are raised mainly as draft animals. Among the different farm animals raised in the
municipality, the goat species is the one recently introduced.
Based on the results of the study, the raisers are still
observing traditional practices in managing their animals. Because of this, the performance of
their animals is generally low. Practically, the animal breeds raised are still the native breeds
although there are some for upgrade swine, chicken and goats. Inbreeding is still practiced
despite of its limitations. The feeds offered to the animals most especially ruminants are pure
indigenous feedstuffs. Generally, feeding of the animals is done to satisfy the animal’s craving
for food and oftentimes without considering whether the ration is nutritionally balanced or not.
In housing, still semi-confinement is observed by a majority of swine raisers. No vaccination or
deworming is even administered to the animals.
Except for a few who availed
of a loan from a cooperative, all of the respondents said that there were no technical nor
financial support extended to them from both government and non-government organizations.
For problems encountered, lack of market outlet is common
and this is true to all the farm animals being raised. The other problems encountered include
lack of capital, high cost of feeds, low market price of products, animal diseases and parasites,
problem on theft and astray dogs particularly for chicken. Lack of technical assistance and
inadequate supply of feeds or limited grazing lands particularly for the ruminants are also a
problem.
Based
on the results of the study, the following are then recommended to help improve the animal
industry in the locality. One is that the concerned local government agencies should strengthen
their extension services by conducting seminars or trainings on animal production to the animal
raisers and by having dispersal programs to introduce better breeding animals to the raisers.
Another is that the animal raisers should form an organization or cooperative among themselves
to have a stronger representation in availing support services either from government or non-
government organizations. Moreover, the local government should perhaps create lending
institutions with lower interest rates to help solve the problem on shortage of capital in animal
raising and they should help create market outlets for animal products thereby encouraging
raisers to increase their production.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
METHODOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Profile of the Respondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Species of Farm Animals Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Years in Raising Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Reasons in Raising Swine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Number of Swine Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Source of Stock and Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Housing Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Herd Health Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Marketing of Pigs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Problems /Constrainst Encountered by the Respondents. . . . . . . .
33
Chicken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Years in Raising Chicken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Number of Chicken Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Reasons in Raising Chicken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
Source of Stock and Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Housing Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
Flock Health Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Marketing of Chickens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Problems/Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Ducks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Years in Raising Ducks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Number of Ducks Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Purpose in Raising Ducks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Source of Stock and Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
49
Housing Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Herd Health Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Marketing of Ducks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Problems/Constraints Encountered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Ruminant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Carabao. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Years in Raising Carabaos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Number of Carabaos Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Purpose in Raising Carabaos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
Source of Capital and Stock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
Types of Rearing or Housing Carabaos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
Herd Health Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
Marketing Carabaos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Problems/Constraints in Raising Carabaos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Years in Raising Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Number of Cattle Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
Purpose in Raising Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
Source of Stocks and Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
Types of Rearing Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Herd Health Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
Marketing of Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
Problems/Constraints Encountered by the Respondents in
Raising Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
Goats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
Number of Years in Raising Goats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
Number of Goats Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
Purpose of Raising Goats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
Source of Capital and Stocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
Housing Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
Herd Health Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
Marketing of Goats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
Problems/Constraints Encountered by Respondents on Goat
Raising. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
Support Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. . . . . . . . . . . .
76
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
Recommendation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
LITERATURE CITED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
APPENDIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
A. Communication Letter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
B. Survey Questionnaire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
1
INTRODUCTION
The Philippines is one of the agricultural countries in Asia. According to the
Department of the Agriculture [1999], it has been noted that two thirds of its population
is engaged in farming.
Tanudan is the fourth largest among the rest of the municipalities of Kalinga,
almost equal in size with the combined area of the municipalities of Pasil, Rizal and
Lubuagan. From the total area, 18.64% is devoted to agriculture, 43.46% for permanent
crops, 24.12% as an arable land, 28.30% is being used as pasture and 0.31% is intended
for other uses. Rice is the principal crop but coffee, beans, mango, tobacco and bananas
are also produced in abundance.
Livestock play an important role in improving the rural economy of the
Cordillerans by providing employment and as source of additional income particularly
for small/marginal farmers and landless livestock producers/laborers. Of the livestock,
cattle and buffalo are the most significant contributors to the economy through producing
meat, milk and skin.
However, the production of livestock animals are not yet truly productive in
Tanudan, Kalinga because of the lack of knowledge in caring and managing of animals
despite of the help of local government units and extension workers. This study then was
formulated to document the current status of livestock and poultry production in
Tanudan, Kalinga.
The study aimed to document the management practices employed by the
livestock and poultry raisers in the said municipality. It sought to answer the following
questions:
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
2
1. What are the species of farm animals commonly raised in Tanudan, Kalinga?
2. What are the reasons of the raisers or respondents in raising animals?
3. Where did the respondents buy or get their animal stocks and who provided
their capital?
4. How many animals per species are being raised per household?
5. What are the breeds/strains per species of animals that are being raised in the
municipality of Tanudan, Kalinga?
6. What kind of housing management do they respondents provide to their
animals?
7. What kind of feeds do they give and how do they feed their animals?
8. What are the breeding management practices observed by the respondents?
9. What are the herd health management practices of the respondents?
10. How do the respondents market their animals and animal products?
11. What are the support services extended to the respondents in relation to
animal production?
12. What are the common problems encountered by the respondents in relation to
raising of animals?
Generally, the study was conducted to determine the status of livestock and
poultry production in Tanudan, Kalinga. Specifically, it aimed to:
1. Determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents;
2. Determine the species, breeds/strains of farm animals commonly raised in
Tanudan, Kalinga;
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
3
3. Determine the reasons of the respondents in raising animals;
4. Determine the source of animal stocks and capitals of the respondents;
5. Determine and document the different management practices in terms of
housing, feeds and feeding, breeding, marketing and herd health management practices
employed by the respondents;
6. Determine the support services availed by the livestock and poultry raisers in
the locality; and
7. Determine the common constraints or problems faced by the animal raisers in
relation to animal production.
The researcher’s findings is expected to help improve the livestock and poultry
production in the locality. To the animal raisers, the results can serve as their basis in
making innovations or improvements in their management in raising animals. Also, it
can help other people interested to invest in animal raising to come up with their final
decisions. It can also serve as reference materials to students and other researchers to
come up with follow-up researches. Moreover, it can serve as basis of the local officials
and other concerned government units to plan and conceptualize project proposals
leading to the improvement of the animal industry in the locality. Whatever development
done to the animal industry, the final beneficiaries will be the animal raisers themselves.
This study on the status of livestock and poultry production was conducted in
Tanudan, Kalinga. The respondents were actual animal raisers from the 10 chosen
barangays. The study was limited on the profile of the respondents; the different animal
species being raised; the number of animals raised per household; the source of stocks
and capital of the respondents; the problems of the respondents in relation to animal
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
4
production; the support services availed by the respondents from government or non
government units and the production management practices observed by the respondents
which include breeds and breeding, feeds and feeding, housing, herd health management,
and marketing of animals.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The ‘itik’ Muscovy duck and the ‘bibe’ or “pato real” are the two kinds of ducks
well known in the Philippines. “Itik’ is raised near rivers, lakes and ponds where there are
plenty of snails and small clams. Its flesh is not very tasty. It doesn’t sit so that its eggs
have to be set under hens. Its eggs hatch in 28 days. The ‘bibe’, on the other hand, has
tasty meat and lays good eggs. It is a good sitter and brooder. It hatches its own eggs in
33 days (Garcia and De Lara, 1999).
According to Ayeras (1998), native chickens are referred to as the common
backyard chicken raised by farmers. He added that the existing native chicken is
definitely not considered a breed but a mongrel because of undetermined number of cross
breeding with previously imported chicken in the country. Their exact origin is no longer
known and there are no determinant characteristics which occur in the different
generations. Some native chickens resemble one or two of the characteristics of some of
the known breeds of chickens.
Pfizer/PCARRD (2006) stated that, in general, the poultry populations of the
Philippines consist primarily of chicken and a significantly smaller population of other
poultry species. The chicken inventory, which is presented by type shows that broiler
population increased from about 28 million in 1995 to about 40 million in 2005 with an
average annual growth rate of 3.63%. The broiler population is distributed throughout the
country; however, highest concentration (31%) is observed in the central Luzon region
where most commercial broiler farm are also located.
PCARRD (1999) stated that among the crop residues, rice straw is the most
abundant and widely used in many Asian countries that have progressive livestock or
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
6
dairy industries. Full utilization of rice straw as livestock feed is constrained by its low
nitrogen and mineral contents. Furthermore, finding shows that feeding of urea treated
rice straw with limited supplementation is one appropriate feeding strategy for improving
meat and milk production of the village level. It is technically possible and economically
feasible.
Willard, S.T. et al. (2004) stated that the rate of genetic improvement through
selection depends on several factors. The differences in production level for individual
animals for characteristics such as milk production, rate of gain, weaning weight, and so
on, must exist. Otherwise, there would be no basis for selection. Heritability is the
percentage of total variation that is controlled by genetic makeup of the individual. This
portion of the variation is also referred to as genetic variation. Heritability for most
economic traits in farm animals ranges from 0% to 60%; milk production 25%; number
of pigs per litter 5% to 10%; yearling body weight in sheep 20% to 59%; feedlot gain in
beef cattle 50% to 55%; and fertility in cattle 5%.
Native pigs are hardy. Its upkeep is not expensive. The female regularly farrows
regularly but it is small and ugly. The snout is long and pointed. The ears are small and
erected. The back is low and the stomach hangs to the ground. The ham is spare. The
litter is small and they are of different colors, either black or white. The breed is wild and
is hard to handle even after long confinement. The birth weight is 0.6 kg and at 6 months,
the native pig weighs 9.9 kg. Even if it is fed with the medium ration, the weight will not
improve (Dagoon, 1990).
The current practice of low input, high return goat production system, evolved
over many decades, if not centuries, would not be easy to replace in the developing
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
7
countries. Application of known technologies e.g. improved breeding, balance nutrition
and appropriate health care (which is key to improved production) demands prior or
simultaneous upliftment of socio-economics status of the goat owners. To begin with,
improved goat rearing with limited capital should naturally be conceived as a part of the
total enterprise of the household, mixed with one or the other agricultural endeavors and
not as an exclusive occupation for livelihood (Journal-Asian livestock, 2000).
In selecting goat as breeders or replacement stocks, consider the breeding
objective or purpose for which these goats will be used or utilized, either for meat and /or
milk and other important economic traits. Thus, traits such as growth rate, prolificacy,
body size, milk yield, and resistance to diseases and adaptability to environment and
production conditions are the major considerations when choosing goats to be raised.
Native goats are noted for disease resistance and prolificacy; hence, they can survive
even when raised under marginal environment, yet they can still give birth to 2-3 kids at
kidding (PCARRD, 2006).
Goat is a good source of income in terms of meat and milk. They are easy to
handle because they are more domesticated than other ruminants. Women and children
will find it easy to tend goats. Goats are hardy animals and they subsist on vegetation that
has no value to other types of livestock. They thrive on herbs, tree leaves, flower and
vegetable crops, wild plants, peelings of vegetable and fruits, and even kitchen slops. The
main reason why farmers prefer to raise goats over other ruminants is the relatively low
initial investment needed for the project. Furthermore, goat raising offers a faster rate of
investment return. Goats mature faster than cattle or buffaloes and therefore reproduce
within shorter generation intervals (Anonymous).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
8
Goats have the capability to survive on scavenge feeds and fallen leaves or
browse and pasture on forages that other ruminants would not normally consume.
Throughout the history of mankind, goats became the ready source of meat, milk, skin,
and fiber to human beings (Journal-Asian Livestock, 2000).
Livestock play an important role in improving the rural economy of Pakistan by
providing employment and a source of additional income particularly for small and
marginal farmers and landless livestock producers and laborers. Of the livestock, cattle
and buffaloes are most significant contributors to the economy through production of
essential food items like milk and meat; products for industrial use like hides/skins, bones
and blood; and also farm yard manure for improving soil fertility; and providing 75-80%
of draught power for land cultivation and rural transport (Journal-Asian Livestock, 2000).
According to Cox (2003), there is now ample evidence that livestock farmers will
adopt new technology if it meets their needs to provide high quality products in the most
economic ways. Public concerns for animal welfare and for the traceability of an animal’s
life history have further broadened the scope for Precision Livestock Farming, since they
involve both animal-specificity and site-specificity.
Utan (2008), concluded that animal raisers in Tinglayan, Kalinga still rely on
tradition way of rearing livestock and poultry. Technical knowledge, modern system of
production and support such as conduct of free seminars and trainings is very much
lacking as well as free consultations and medications should be delivered to the clientele.
Animal dispersal program should be strengthened so that improved animals will be
introduced in Tinglayan.
Ongyao (2007), stated that most of the livestock and poultry raisers are raise
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
9
upgrade and also native breed of chicken, duck, swine, cattle and carabao in Tabuk.
Traditional management practices for all these animals are practiced by the majority of
the respondents. He also stated the preference for upgrade and native animals is attributed
to their resistance to diseases and parasites. Respondents claimed that their animals are
used for food and as source of additional income.
Palangyo (2008), suggested remedies include regular and continuous seminar and
training on animal raising to improve their knowledge on the current proper management
practices, involving themselves in cooperative loans and animal raisers should consult
their veterinarian in the city.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
10
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The municipality of Tanudan is mostly mountainous and hilly with a wide range
of timberland. Flora and fauna abound in the place. It is bounded on the north by the
municipality of Tabuk, on the south by Mountain Province, on the west by the
municipality of Tinglayan and Lubuagan and on the east, by a part of Paracelis, Mountain
Province [Fig. 1].
The prevailing climate of the municipality is categorized under type III
classification of the weather bureau. Relative dry season occurs from the months of
February to May while the rest of the year is generally wet. Heaviest rainfall is observed
in the month of September. Typhoons usually strike during July to December.
The municipality is composed of 16 barangays. However, only the top 10 in
terms of animal inventory were included in the study namely Anggacan, Dacalan,
Dupligan, Gaang, Lay-asan, Lower Lubo, Lower Taloctoc, Mabaca, Pangol and Upper
Taloctoc [Table 1]. This study was conducted from December, 2008 to January, 2009.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were town people engaged in animal raising from
the barangays covered in the study. The number of respondents in each barangay was
obtained by taking 10% of the total number of households in that respective barangay
[Table 2]. Random sampling was employed in choosing the said respondents.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
11
LOWER TALOCTOC
ANGGACAN
ANGGACAN SUR
UPPER TALOCTOC
MABACCA
DUPLIGAN
LOWER MANGALI
MANGALI CENTRO
POBLACION
BABBANOY
UPPER LUBO
PANGOL
LAYASAN
GAANG
DACALAN
LOWER LUBO
Figure 1. Municipality of Tanudan, Kalinga
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
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Table 1. Livestock and poultry population in Tanudan, Kalinga
BRGY.
CATTLE CARABAO GOAT SWINE CHICKEN DUCK TOTAL
Anggacan
5
53
-
30
525
38
651
Anggacan
Sur
5
19
1
71
469
-
565
Babbanoy
6
15
-
181
411
-
613
Dacalan
1
41
-
201
591
3
837
Dupligan
6
252
39
419
2,141
203
3,060
Gaang
24
28
-
199
739
5
995
Layasan
139
33
43
204
882
117
1,418
Lower
Lubo
68
67
-
320
691
11
1,157
Lower
Mangali
-
2
-
18
132
12
164
Lower
Taloctoc
37
42
1
152
575
35
842
Mabacca
16
42
1
177
492
41
769
Mangali
Centro
26
33
7
65
429
28
588
Pangol
184
219
128
446
1,716
94
2,787
Poblacion
3
18
-
23
279
23
346
Upper
Lubo
10
31
3
160
358
-
562
Upper
Taloctoc
32
47
-
142
445
38
704
*SOURCE: Municipal Agriculture Office (2008)
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
13
Table 2. Number of respondents per barangay
BARANGAY
NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS*
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
Anggacan
59
6
Dacalan
82
8
Dupligan
211
21
Gaang
95
10
Layasan
64
6
Lower Lubo
115
12
Lower Taloctoc
77
8
Mabacca
111
11
Pangol
123
12
Upper Taloctoc
90
9
TOTAL
1,027
103
*SOURCE: Census (2008)
Data Collection and Gathering
The study made use of an interview schedule prepared before hand and a camera
for documentation. Actual informal interviews were carried out using the prepared
interview schedule as a guide to gather information’s from the respondents. Home visits
were conducted in order to get better pictures on the data the respondents were giving.
The dialect in the locality was used to avoid communication gaps.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were as follows:
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
14
1. Socio-economic profile. This included information on the respondent’s name,
age, sex, occupation, civil status and his highest education attainment.
2. Years in raising animals. Refers to the length of time the respondents have
been raising livestock and poultry.
3. Classification and number of animals being raised. This includes the
breeds/strains and purpose for which animals are raised and number of animals raised per
species per household.
4. Source of stock. This refers to the area where the respondents obtained their
stocks or from whom did they obtain their stocks.
5. Source of capital. This states who provided the capital of the respondents.
6. Housing management practices. Included in here are the kinds of housing or
rearing provided to the animals and housing materials used.
7. Feeds and feeding management practices. These include the types of feeds,
frequency and systems of feeding, and supplements or feed additives employed by the
respondents.
8. Breeding management practices. These include the systems and methods of
breeding, source of sires, terms of payment for breeding services, breeding age, length of
gestation, farrowing/calving rate and some reproductive data.
9. Herd health management practices. These include the different preventive and
control measures against diseases and parasites observed by the respondents.
10. Marketing management. This includes the animal products and the marketing
strategies employed by the respondents.
11. Support services. These refer to any support extended to the respondents,
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
15
technical or financial, from government units, state universities and non-government
organizations in relation to animal raising.
12. Problems/constraints encountered. These refer to the problems encountered
by the respondents in relation to livestock and poultry production.
Data Analysis
All data gathered were consolidated and tabulated. Statistical tools such as
percentage, frequency counts and ranking were used to analyze and interpret the data
gathered.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
Table 3 shows the profile of the respondents which includes sex, age, civil status,
highest educational attainment and means of livelihood.
Sex. Results show that more females [56 out of 103] are involved in raising
animals than males with 47 respondents. This is because generally, housewives are the
ones responsible in taking good care of the children and the home. While at home, they
also engage themselves in raising animals particularly those that can be raised at home
like swine and poultry to help their husbands provide the needs of their respective
families. Husbands or the males on the other hand, are generally the ones involved in
other means of livelihood like field works which include the care of larger animals like
carabaos and cattle.
Age. The age of the respondents ranged from 21 to 51 and above. Majority
[56.31%] or 58 of the respondents fall under the age bracket 41-50 years of age. Twenty
[20] or 19.42% were within the range of 31-40 years of age; 18 fall under the age bracket
of 51 and above and only seven had ages ranging from 21-30 years of age. The result
reveals that majority of the respondents belong to the middle age group.
Civil status. Results of the study revealed that all except 4, who are singles, of the
respondents are married. However, 13 of the 99 married respondents are widower.
Being married, they have to look for other sources of income to provide the needs of their
families and raising animals is one possible source.
Educational attainment. Most [46.60%] or 48 of the respondents were able to
finish high school, 24 [23.30%] finished elementary level, 19 [18.45%] finished college
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
17
and only 12 [11.65%] of the respondents had no formal education because of financial
problems.
Means of livelihood. The major source of livelihood of the respondents is
farming with 93 respondents. Only 10 [9.71%] are government employees. The later are
receiving fixed salaries but still they have to engaged themselves in animal raising as
additional source of income or to help provide the needs of their families.
Table 3. Socio economic profile of the respondents
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Sex
Male
47
45.63
Female
56
54.37
TOTAL
103
100.00
Age
21-30
7
6.80
31-40
20
19.42
41-50
58
56.31
51 and above
18
17.48
TOTAL
103
100.00
Civil status
Single
4
3.88
Married
86
53.50
Widow/er
13
12.62
TOTAL
103
100.00
Educational attainment
No-formal education
12
11.65
Elementary
24
23.30
High school
48
46.60
College
19
18.45
TOTAL
103
100.00
Occupation
Farming
93
90.29
Government employee
10
9.71
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
18
Species of Farm Animals Raised
Table 4 and Fig. 2 show the different species of farm animals raised by the
respondents. It is shown that swine and chicken dominate the other animal species being
raised. All of the 103 respondents are raising swine and chicken. Next to swine and
chicken, is carabao with 66 [64.08%] respondents, cattle with 49 respondents, ducks with
36 respondents and finally goats with 23 respondents.
Table 4. Species of farm animals raised by the respondents
SPECIES
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Swine
103
100.00
Chicken
103
100.00
Carabao
66
64.08
Cattle
49
47.57
Duck
36
34.95
Goat
23
22.33
* Multiple response
n=103
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
19
120
100
80
s
nt
60
r
e
s
ponde
o.of
N
40
20
0
Swine
Chicken Carabao
Cattle
Duck
Goat
Animals raised by the respondents
Figure 2. Species of farm animals raised and number of animal per species
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
20
Swine
Years in Raising Swine
Table 5 presents the number of years the respondents have been raising swine. It
is presented that majority [67.96% or 70] of the respondents have been raising swine for
11 or more number of years. Twenty one [21] of the respondents said that they have been
raising swine for 6-10 years and only 12 said for 1-5 years.
Reasons in Raising Swine
There are two main reasons why the respondents are raising swine and these are
for family use and as source of additional income. Swine are usually butchered for food
during special occasions like weddings, baptisms, anniversary celebrations and other
forms of thanksgiving. However, if these are not used for such occasions, these are sold
as additional source of income to help provide other needs of the family.
Table 5. Number of years in swine raising
NUMBER OF YEARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 5
12
11.65
6 – 10
21
20.39
11 and above
70
67.96
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
21
Number of Swine Raised
Table 6 presents the number of swine raised by the respondents. It is presented in
the table that for young animals and finishers, most of the respondents are raising 1-5
pigs. Only few are raising 6 or more number of pigs. For sows and boars, most of the
respondents are raising 1-2 heads only. The above results reveal that swine raising in the
locality is in the hands of backyard raisers.
Table 6. Number of swine raised per household
NUMBER OF SWINE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Sucklings
1 – 5
8
7.77
6 – 10
2
1.94
Weaners
1 – 5
9
8.74
6 – 10
4
3.88
Growers
1 – 5
23
22.33
6 – 10
6
5.83
Finishers
1 – 5
18
17.48
6 – 10
11
10.68
Sow 1 – 2
43
41.75
3 – 4
16
15.53
Boar
1 – 2
22
21.36
*Multiple response
n=103
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
22
Source of Stock and Capital
Results of the study revealed that majority [79.62% or 82] of the respondents
obtained their stocks through inheritance or from their relatives within the locality. Only
21 of the respondents had bought their stocks from other raisers within the locality just
the same [Table 7]. From the above 21 who bought their stocks, 5 of them borrowed
from a cooperative and all the rest made use of their personal money.
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds. Table 8 shows the breeds of swine raised by the respondents. It is shown
in the table that majority [69.93% or 71] of the respondents are still raising native pigs
[Fig. 3]. Thirty two [32] of the respondents are raising upgraded pigs [Fig. 4]. No one
among the respondents is raising any of the improved breeds nor even a crossbred.
Table 7. Source of stocks of the respondents
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Inherited
82
79.61
Other raisers within the locality
21
20.39
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
23
Figure 3. A native pig raised by one of the respondents in barangay Lower Lubo
Methods and systems of breeding. At the time of the study, only 69 of the 103
respondents were into breeding and the remaining 34 were into growing-finishing
operation. All of the above 69 respondents said that they have observed natural mating in
reproducing their pigs. They also said that they have been employing inbreeding and this
is because most of them are making use of their own boars to breed their own gilts and
sows even if these are related to each other. Also, almost all of the pigs in one sitio are
related to each other so even if one of the respondents borrows the boar of his neighbor,
still inbreeding is practiced.
Source of boar. Forty seven [47] of the respondents said that they are borrowing
the boars of their neighbors or friends to breed their sows and gilts. Only 22 of them said
that they are making use of their own boars to breed their sows and gilts [Table 9].
Frequency of breeding to conception and farrowing rate. All of the 59 respondents
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
24
who are into breeding breed their sows/gilts once before conception. Likewise, all of
them said that their sows farrow once a year.
Table 8. Breeds of swine raised by the respondents
BREED
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Native
71
68.93
Upgrade
32
31.07
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Table 9. Source of boars used by the respondents in breeding their sows
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Borrowed
47
68.12
Owned
22
31.88
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
69
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
25
Figure 4. An upgraded boar raised by one of the respondents in barangay Gaang
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
Types of feeds. The types of feeds given by the respondents to their pigs are
presented in Table 10. It is presented in the table that majority [57.28%] of the
respondents are feeding their pigs with combinations of conventional feeds and
indigenous feedstuffs. The conventional feeds include commercial hog feeds [Fig. 5] and
ricebran. However, ricebran is usually the one used because it is very much available in
the locality. Kalinga, in general, is one of the sources of ricebran brought to other places
most especially Cordillera Region.
Thirty one [31] of the respondents are feeding their pigs with combinations of
different indigenous feedstuffs which include kitchen food refuses. Only 13 of the
respondents are feeding their pigs with pure conventional feedstuffs which could be
either ricebran or commercial hog feeds alone or combination of both.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
26
Types of indigenous feeds. The common indigenous feedstuffs used by the
respondents as feeds to their pigs are camote leaves and vines, gabi most especially “bila”
[Fig. 6] and kitchen food refuses [Fig. 7]. The kitchen food refuses refer not only to the
left over foods but also parts of vegetables not cooked for human consumption like
peelings, stems and old leaves. Generally, the camote leaves and vines and gabi are
chopped and then cooked before being fed to the pigs.
Table 10. Types of feeds provided to the swine by the respondents
TYPE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Conventional feeds
13
12.62
Combination of indigenous feedstuffs
31
30.10
Combination of conventional feeds
59
57.28
And indigenous feedstuffs
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
27
Figure 5. Conventional feeds given by one of the respondents in barangay Pangol to his
pigs
Figure 6. A gabi (bila) used by one of the respondents in barangay Layasan as feeds to
his pigs
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
28
Figure 7. Kitchen food refuse used by one of the respondents in Lower Taloctoc as feeds
to his pigs
Systems and frequency of feeding. The system of feeding employed by the
respondents depends on the types of feeds given and the class of swine being fed.
Generally, wet feeding is practiced when indigenous feeds are fed to the pigs and dry
feeding is practiced when commercial feeds are fed to the pigs. All of the respondents
said that they are employing both individual and group feeding although in most cases,
group wet feeding [Fig.8] is observed. Individual feeding is observed if the pig is
confined alone in a pen. All of the respondents are feeding their pigs twice a day, one in
the morning and another in the afternoon.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
29
Figure 8. Wet group feeding practiced by one of the respondents in barangay Lower Lubo
Housing Management Practices
Housing is considered one of the major inputs in raising pigs because this
provides protection to the pigs against direct sunlight and excessive rain and a dry place
for sleeping. Table 11 shows the types of confinement and Table 12 shows the types of
housing materials used by the respondents in constructing their swine houses.
Types of confinement. Results of the study revealed that majority [59.22% or 61]
of the respondents are practicing semi-confinement where the pigs are confined at night
and are let loosed at day time and only 42 [40.78%] are completely confining their pigs.
In semi-confinement, the pigs, usually after being fed in the morning, go out from their
confinement and roam around the locality to look for additional food like scavengers
[Fig. 9]. In the afternoon before it gets dark, the respondents go and call for their pigs to
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
30
go home. The pigs, upon hearing the call of the raiser, go to where the call is coming
from after which, they go to their confinement on their own.
Housing materials. Majority [82.53% or 85] of the respondents are confining
their pigs under their houses and this is to save expenses on materials for roofing. The
walls are made of wood slats or stone and the earth or soil as flooring. Sixteen [16] of the
respondents have swine houses with G. I sheets roofing, the soil as flooring and with
walls made of wood slats or stone. Only two of the respondents have swine houses with
G.I. sheets roofing and with concrete walls [hollow blocks] and floors.
Table 11. Types of confinement observed by the respondents
TYPE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Complete confinement
42
40.78
Semi-confinement
61
59.22
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
31
Figure 9. Semi confined native pigs roaming around owned by one of the respondents in
barangay Anggacan
Table 12. Types of housing materials used by the respondents
HOUSING MATERIALS NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Under house with wood walls
53
51.46
and soil as flooring
Under house with wood walls
32
31.07
and soil as flooring
G.I. sheets roof with wood walls
12
11.65
and soil as flooring
G.I. sheets with stone walls and
4
3.88
soil as flooring
G.I. sheets roof with concrete
2
1.94
walls and floors
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
32
Herd Health Management Practices
Table 13 presents the common herd health practices observed by the respondents
in controlling or preventing swine diseases and parasites. It is shown in the table that
majority [91.26% or 94] of the respondents most especially those who are completely
confining their pigs are cleaning their pig pens. Only nine among the respondents said
that they are not cleaning their pig pens.
It is also shown in the table that majority [62.14 or 64] of the respondents most
especially those who are completely confining their pigs are bathing their pigs. Only 39
of the respondents said that they are not bathing their pigs.
Table 13. Methods of preventing and controlling swine diseases and parasites observed
by the respondents
TYPE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Cleaning of pens
Yes
94
91.26
No
9
8.74
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
________________________________________________________________________
Bathing of Pigs
Yes
64
62.14
No
39
37.86
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
33
However, all of the respondents said that they are not deworming nor vaccinating
their pigs. They also said that they are not observing disinfection. The common diseases
or illnesses that had affected their pigs are diarrhea, colds and fever.
Marketing of Pigs
All of the respondents said that they are selling their pigs directly to the buyer on
a per head or “bulto” basis. This is because weighing scales are not readily available.
The market price is dictated by the raiser based on age and body size and it is up to the
buyer to negotiate.
Problems /Constrainst Encountered by the Respondents
Table 14 presents the problems or constraints encountered by the respondents in
raising swine. Among the problems mentioned in the table, lack of capital ranks first
with 88 respondents. This was followed by high cost of feeds with 67 respondents, low
market price of product with 53 respondents, animal diseases with 26 respondents and
finally lack of market outlet with 19 respondents.
Chicken
Years in Raising Chicken
Table 15 shows the number of years the respondents have been raising chicken. It
is shown that majority [67.96% or 70] of the respondents have been raising chicken for
21-30 years. Twenty five [25] or 24.27% said that they have been raising chicken for 11-
20 years, five said for 31 years and above and only three said that they have been raising
chicken for 1-10 years.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
34
Table 14. Problems/Constraints encountered by the respondents in raising swine
PROBLEM/CONSTRAINT NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Lack of capital
88
85.44
High cost of feeds
67
65.05
Low market price of product
53
51.46
Animal diseases
26
25.24
Lack of market outlet
19
18.45
* Multiple response
n=103
Table 15. Number of years in raising chicken
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 10
3
2.91
11-20
25
24.27
21-30
70
67.96
31 and above
5
4.86
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Number of Chicken Raised
Table 16 presents the number of chicken raised by the respondents at the time of
the study. As presented, all of the 103 respondents had chicks, 99 had pullets, 72 had
hens and 58 had roosters.
It is also presented in the table that majority [60.19%] or 62 of those who had
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
35
chicks are raising 6-10 chicks. Thirty two [32] or 31% of the respondents were raising 11
or more number of chicks and only 9 were raising 1-5 chicks.
For pullets, majority [72.82%] or 75 of the 99 respondents are raising 6-10
pullets. Twenty two [22] or 21.36% of the respondents were raising 1-5 pullets and only
2 were raising 11 or more number of pullets.
For hens, most [37.86%] or 39 of the respondents had 1-5 hens. Twenty three
[23] had 6-10 hens and only one had 11 or more number of hens.
Finally for roosters, most [36.89% or 38] of the respondents had 6-10 roosters and
20 had had 1-5 roosters.
Table 16. Number of chickens raised per household
CLASS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Chicks
1 - 5
9
8.74
6 – 10
62
60.19
11 and above
32
31.07
Pullets
1 – 5
22
21.36
6 -10
75
72.82
11 and above
2
1.94
Hens
1 – 5
39
37.86
6 – 10
23
22.33
11 and above
1
0.97
Roosters
1 – 5
20
19.42
6 -10
38
36.89
*Multiple response
n=103
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
36
The above results reveal that even if majority of the respondents had been raising
chicken for a long time, still no one among them is into commercial scale. It also reveals
that chicken raising in the locality is in the control of backyard raisers.
Reasons in Raising Chicken
All of the respondents said that they are raising chickens for family use i.e. as
viand for the family or in times when they have visitors and to have available animals to
butcher during special occasions like birthdays, graduation, weddings, baptisms, and even
in the performance of their rituals. However, if there are available buyers, then the
respondents also sell their chicken as additional source of income to meet their needs.
Source of Stock and Capital
Table 17 presents the source of stocks of the respondents. It is shown that
majority [69.90% or 72] of the respondents obtained their stocks through inheritance
from their parents or relatives residing within the locality just the same. The inheritance
of chicken is a common practice in the locality. Newly wed couples are normally given
chicken by their parents as stocks to start with. Some parents or relatives are giving the
newly weds with a pair of hen and a rooster. Others are giving a hen together with its
brood.
Only thirty one [31] of the respondents said that they bought their stocks from
other raisers or suppliers within the locality. To buy these stocks, they said that they
made use of their personal money.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
37
Table 17. Source of stock of chicken of the respondents
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Parents/Relatives
72
69.90
Other raisers/Suppliers
31
30.10
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds/Strains of chicken. All of the respondents are raising native/upgraded
chicken [Fig. 10, 11 & 12]. However, seven of the respondents are also raising Sasso and
four are raising Jolo chickens in addition to the native chickens they are raising [Table
18]
Methods and systems of breeding. All of the respondents are practicing natural
breeding or mating. Likewise, all of them said that they have probably observed
inbreeding, purebreeding and even upgrading. This is because the chicken of the
respondents are let-loosed and that roosters have access to the hens or pullets. As such, it
Table 18. Breeds/Strains of chicken raised by the respondents
BREED/STRAIN
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Native/Upgrade
103
100.00
Sasso
7
6.80
Jolo
4
3.88
*Multiple response
n=103
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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38
is very much possible that roosters are mated to their own mother hens or pullets which
they sired. If not, pullets are possibly mated to their own sibling roosters, hence, the
practice of inbreeding. Also, two native chickens which are not related to each other
could have been mated together, hence the practice of purebreeding. Furthermore, it is
also possible that the Sasso/Jolo chicken could have been mated to the native chicken,
hence, the practice of upgrading.
Source of rooster. All of the respondents said that rooster is not a problem to
them because many of them have roosters. In fact, even if one does not have one, still
rooster is not a problem to him. This is because his chickens are let-loosed and as such,
his hens and pullets are exposed to the roosters of his neighbors. His pullets or hens then
are mated by his neighbors’ roosters without him being aware of it.
Figure 10. A flock of upgraded chickens raised by one of the respondents in barangay
Anggacan
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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39
Figure 11. Native chickens roaming around for food owned by one of the respondents in
barangay Mabacca
Figure 12. Upgrade roosters used by the respondents for breeding in barangay Upper
Taloctoc
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Age at first lay of egg. As shown in Table 19, majority [80.56%] or 83 of the
respondents said that their pullets started to lay eggs at the age of 6-7 months which is a
month later compared to the commercial layer strains. Commercial layer strains,
according to the Department of Animal Science [1999] generally start to lay eggs at 20-
22 weeks old or 5-5 ½ months old. Twenty [20] or 19.42% of the respondents, however,
said that they have no idea on the specific age when their pullets started to lay eggs.
Number of eggs laid per clutch. Table 20 shows that majority [74.76%] or 77 of
the respondents said that their hens are laying 8-9 eggs per clutch. Twenty three said that
their hens are laying 6-7 eggs per clutch and only three said 10 or more number of eggs.
Number of eggs hatched per clutch. Normally the respondents remove 1-3 eggs
per clutch and cooked them for viand so that the number eggs left for hatching is reduced.
Because of this, all of the respondents said that their hens usually hatched all their eggs
and this is because the number is small. However, in cases where the number of eggs
being incubated is 10 or more, they unanimously agreed on the observation of some that
1-3 eggs are usually left unhatched.
Table 19. Age of pullets at first lay of eggs
AGE [MONTH]
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
6 – 7
83
80.58
No idea
20
19.42
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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41
Table 20. Number of eggs per clutch
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
6 – 7
23
22.33
8 – 9
77
74.76
10 or more
3
2.91
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
Types of feeds. All of the respondents are giving either conventional feeds or
kitchen cooked rice left over, whichever is available, to their chickens. The conventional
feeds include milled/unmilled rice [palay] and whole or ground corn.
Systems and frequency of feeding. All of the respondents are practicing dry
group individual feeding particularly when feeding conventional feeds. Generally, the
feeds are broadcasted into the yard or to the area where the chickens are. However, 11 of
the respondents said that they have employed wet group feeding particularly when
Table 21. Systems of feeding chickens as observed by the respondents
SYSTEM
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Dr group feeding
103
100.00
Wet group feeding
11
10.68
Dry individual raising
3
2.91
*Multiple response
n=103
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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42
feeding kitchen cooked rice left over. Also, dry individual feeding is practiced by three
of the respondents who have fighting cocks [Table 21]. For the frequency of feeding, all
of the respondents said that they are feeding their chickens twice a day, in the morning
before they are let-loosed and in the afternoon before it gets dark.
Housing Management Practices
Types of housing. As shown in Table 22, majority [94.17%] or 97 of the
respondents are practicing semi-confinement type of rearing. In this type, chickens are
kept loose during day time but are confined during night time. Such practice will enable
them to determine if their chickens are sick or one of their chickens is missing. Only six
of the respondents are practicing the free range type particularly those who are residing at
the mountains. Their chickens roam around the backyard at day time and at night time,
they perch on the branches of trees or under the trees or areas around the respondent’s
house. There are three, however, among the respondents who are also practicing
complete confinement and this is true to their roosters for cock fighting.
Housing materials. Generally, houses for chickens are portable and are called
‘bukrot”. Although there are some respondents who have permanent chicken houses
[Fig. 13]. Some even had attached a chicken house to their houses [Fig. 14]. The most
common material used by the respondents in constructing the chicken houses is bamboo.
In fact 86 of the respondents have chicken houses all made with bamboo. There are 33 of
the respondents who have chicken houses all made of wood. Twenty three have chicken
houses with G.I. sheets as roofing and wood walls and floors, 12 have made use of G.I
sheets as roofing also but with bamboo walls and floors and there 7 who made use of
empty cans of lard [Table 23]
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However, in the making of nests, all of the respondents had made use of bamboo.
Samples of these are shown in Fig. 15.
Table 22. Types of housing/rearing chickens
TYPES
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Complete confinement
4
3.88
Semi-confinement
97
94.17
Free-range/loose
6
5.83
* Multiple response
n=103
Table 23. Housing materials used in constructing chicken houses
MATERIALS USED
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
All bamboo
86
83.50
All wood
33
32.04
G.I. sheets as roofing with
23
22.33
wood slats as walls and floors
G.I. sheets as roofing with
12
11.65
Bamboo walls and floors
Empty cans of lard
7
6.80
* Multiple response
n=103
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Figure 13. Chickens house owned by one of the respondents in barangay Layasan
Figure 14. A makeshift chicken house incorporated with the farmers house in barangay
Lower Lubo
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Figure 15. A bamboo makeshift used as nest used by one of the respondents in barangay
Lower Lubo
Flock Health Management Practices
All of the respondents said that they are not giving vaccines nor dewormers to
their chickens. They also said that they are not giving medication to their chickens if
affected with a disease.
Marketing of Chickens
All of the respondents said that they are selling their chickens on a per head basis
directly to consumers or buyers. The market price is dictated by the raiser depending on
the age and body size of the chicken.
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Problems/Constraints
Table 24 shows the problems or constraints encountered by the respondents in
raising chickens. As shown in the table, lack or market outlet ranks first with a total
number of respondents of 64. Diseases and parasites rank second with 23 respondents.
Problem on theft comes next with 12 respondents and 4 respondents said that their
problem is the dogs attacking and eating their live chickens that are kept loose.
Ducks
Years in Raising Ducks
As shown in Table 25, majority [58.33%] or 21 of the respondents said that they
have been raising ducks for 1-5 years. Ten [10] said that they have been raising ducks for
6-10 years and only 5 of the respondents said that they have been raising ducks for 11 or
more number of years.
Table 24. Problems/Constraints met by the respondents while raising chickens
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Lack of market outlets
64
62.14
Diseases and Parasites
23
22.33
Problem on theft
12
11.65
.Problem on astray dogs
4
3.88
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Table 25. Number of years in raising ducks
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 5
21
58.33
6 – 10
10
27.78
11 and above
5
13.89
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
36
100.00
Number of Ducks Raised
Table 26 presents the number of ducks being raised by the respondents at the time
of the study. It is shown in the table that out of the 36 respondents, 33 of them had
ducklings, 18 had duck hens and only 6 of them had drakes.
For the ducklings, most [50% or 18] of the respondents were raising 4-6
ducklings. Thirteen [13] were raising 1-3 ducklings and only 2 were raising 7 or more
ducklings.
For the duck hens, 12 of the respondents were raising 1-3 duck hens and 6 were
raising 4-6 duck hens. Finally, for the drakes, 4 of the respondents were raising 1-3
drakes and only two were raising 4-6 drakes.
Purpose in Raising Ducks
Like in chicken all of the respondents said that they are raising ducks for family
use and as source of additional income to the family. Ducks are usually butchered for
viand for the family and also for visitors. They are also butchered during occasions like
birthdays, celebration of graduation, and other forms of thanksgiving.
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Table 26. Number of ducks raised
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Ducklings
1-3
13
36.11
4-6
18
50.00
7 or more
2
5.56
Duck Hens
1-3
12
33.33
4-6
6
16.67
Drakes
1-3
22
61.11
4-6
14
38.89
* Multiple response
n=36
Source of Stock and Capital
Table 27 presents the source of stocks of ducks of the respondents. It is presented
that majority [61.11% or 22] of the respondents had obtained their stocks from their
neighbors and relatives within their barangays. Only 14 of the respondents said that they
obtained their stocks from other barangays within the municipality. To buy their stocks,
all of the respondents who bought their stocks said that they made use of their personal
money.
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds of ducks. All of the respondents are raising native ducks although some of
them are raising upgraded ducks.
Methods and systems of breeding. All of the respondents are observing natural
mating. Likewise , all them said that they are observing inbreeding.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Table 27. Source of stock of ducks of the respondents
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Relatives/Neighbors
22
61.11
within the barangay
Other barangay within
14
38.89
the municipality
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
36
100.00
Source of drakes. All of the respondents said that they are using their own drakes
in breeding their duck hens.
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
Types of feeds. All of the respondents are giving indigenous feeds to their ducks.
This includes kitchen left-over cooked rice, sweet potato leaves and tubers and ricebran.
These are given either solely or in combination.
Systems and frequency of feeding. All of the respondents are employing wet
group feeding. Likewise, all of the respondents are feeding their ducks twice a day, one
in the morning and another in the afternoon.
Housing Management Practices
Table 28 shows the type of housing that the respondents provided to their ducks.
It is shown in the table that majority [86.11% or 31] of the respondents are practicing
free-range type [Fig. 16] i.e. their ducks are let-loosed and are free to roam around
although in their own backyard only. At night time, their ducks seek shelter under their
houses or trees if there is one in the backyard or in some areas within the backyard. Only
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Figure 16. Upgraded ducks raised by one of the respondents in a free ranged type of
confinement in barangay Mabacca
5 or 13.89% of the respondents are completely confining their ducks. In here the ducks
are allowed to roam around but in an enclosed area [Fig. 17]. To enclose the area, the
five respondents made use of bamboos.
Table 28. Type of housing for ducks
TYPES
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Complete confinement
5
13.89
Free-range
31
86.11
TOTAL
36
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Figure 17. Completely confined ducks owed by one of the respondents in barangay
Pangol
Herd Health Management Practices
Like the chickens, all of the respondents said that they are not vaccinating nor
deworming their ducks. They also said that their ducks have not been affected with any
of the duck diseases.
Marketing of Ducks
All of the respondents said that they are directly selling their ducks to the
consumers on a per head basis like in chickens. The market price is dictated by the raiser
based on the body size.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Problems/Constraints Encountered
All of the duck respondents said that their main problems in raising ducks are lack
of market outlet and high cost of feeds. Due to the high cost of feeds, no one among the
respondents is feeding his ducks with commercially formulated duck feeds.
Ruminant
The common ruminant animals raised by the respondents in the locality includes
carabao, cattle, and goats. Out of the 103 respondents, 66 of them are raising carabaos,
49 are raising cattle and 23 are raising goats.
Carabao
Years in Raising Carabaos
Table 29 presents the number of years the respondents have been raising
carabaos. It is shown in the table that majority [62.12% or 41] of the respondents said
that they have been raising carabaos for 21 and above number of years, 18 [27.27%] said
that they have been raising carabaos for 11-20 years and only 7 or 10.61% of the
respondents said that they have been raising carabaos for 1- 10 years.
Number of Carabaos Raised
Table 30 shows the number of carabaos being raised by the respondents at the
time of the study. It is shown that majority [72.73%] or 48 of the respondents are raising
only 1 carabao; 13 or 19.69% are raising two heads and only five or 7.58% of the
respondents are raising 3 or more heads of carabaos. The respondents are raising very
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Table 29. Number of years in raising carabaos
YEARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 10
7
10.61
11-20
18
27.27
21 and above
41
62.12
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
Table 30. Number of carabaos raised by the respondent
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1
48
72.73
2
13
19.69
3 and above
5
7.58
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
few heads of carabaos and this is because their main reason in raising such species is just
to have an animal to help them in their field works.
Purpose in Raising Carabaos
All of the respondents said that they are raising carabaos purposely as draft
animals. However, in addition to it, they are also raising carabaos as supplementary
source of income most especially in emergency cases where money is badly needed. In
this case, the carabao is usually the one sold because it will demand a higher price
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
54
because of its big body size. Also they are raising carabaos for special occasions such as
during weddings.
Source of Capital and Stock
Table 31 presents the source of stock of carabaos of the respondents. Most
[60.61%] or 40 of the respondents said that they have inherited their stocks from their
ancestors. Seventeen [17] or 25.75% said that they have acquired their stocks from their
relatives within the locality in the traditional way. In this manner, the carabao owner,
usually a relataive or a friend makes an agreement with the raiser. The carabao owner
gives the raiser a female calf. The raiser, on the other hand, raises the calf, until it
matures. When mature, the calf which is now a heifer, is allowed to reproduce after
which the raiser gets the first or second calf as his share depending on the agreement
between the two parties. Eight of the raisers obtained their stocks from other raisers
within the locality and only one of the respondents obtained his stock from another
municipality. To buy their stock, all of the nine respondents who bought their stocks said
that they made use of their own money.
Table 31. Source of stock of carabaos of the respondents
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Inherited
40
60.61
Relatives/Friends
17
25.75
Raisers within the locality
8
12.12
Raisers outside the municipality
1
1.52
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
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Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds of carabaos raised. All of the respondents said that they are raising native
or Philippine carabaos [Fig. 18].
Methods and systems of breeding. All of the respondents said that they are
employing natural mating in reproducing their carabaos. In fact they even said that they
do not know of anyone within their locality who had employed artificial insemination.
Likewise, all of the respondents said that they have observed both inbreeding and
purebreeding. Purebreeding in the sense that they are raising native carabaos only. On the
other hand, inbreeding because due to limited carabulls, caraballas are allowed to be
mated by carabulls even if these animals are related to each other.
Figure 18. A native carabao owned by one of the respondents in barangay Mabacca
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Source of bull. Table 32 shows the source of carabulls used by the respondents in
breeding their caraballas. It is shown in the table that majority [62.12%] or 41 of the
respondents are borrowing the carabulls from their neighbors or other carabao raisers and
these are free of charge. Only 25 [37.88%] of the respondents said that they are making
use of their own carabulls.
Breeding age. Majority [87.88% or 58] of the respondents said that they have bred
their heifers at two years old. Five said that they have bred their heifers at the age of 1
year and 10 months and only three said that the have bred their heifers at the age of 1
year and 8 months old [Table 33].
Table 32. Source of carabulls used by the respondents in breeding their caraballas
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
25
37.88
Borrowed from neighbors
41
62.12
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
Table 33. Age of heifers at breeding
AGE [MONTHS]
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
20
3
4.55
22
5
7.57
24
58
87.88
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
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Length of gestation. All of the respondents said that the gestation period of their
caraballas is almost 11 months or a little bit more.
Birth rate. Majority [95.45%] or 63 of the respondents said that their caraballas
are giving birth once in two years. Only three or 4.55% of the respondents said that their
caraballas are giving birth every other year [Table 34].
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
Type of feeds. All of the respondents said that they are feeding their carabaos
with indigenous feedstuffs alone. The common indigenous feedstuffs include grasses like
napier grass [Fig. 19], stick leaves [Fig. 20], cogon grass and others; roughages like rice
straws particularly after harvest of palay; and banana leaves and trunks [Fig. 21]. Once
in a while the respondents give salt to their carabaos most especially if these have lost
their appetite to eat.
System and frequency of feeding carabao. Table 35 presents the systems of
feeding carabaos as practiced by the respondents. It is presented that majority [78.79%]
or 52 of the respondents are practicing 100% grazing where the carabaos are allowed to
Table 34. Birth rate
AGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Once in two years
63
95.45
Every other year
3
4.55
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
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graze on pasture lands, ricefields after harvest of palay or on idle lands where there are
grasses growing. Only 14 of the respondents are practicing the so called “cut and carry”
system or zero grazing.
All of the above 14 respondents who are practicing zero grazing said that they are
feeding their carabaos twice a day i.e. once in the morning and another in the afternoon.
Figure 19. Napier grass used as feeds to carabaos and other ruminants in the locality
Table 35. Systems of feeding carabaos
SYSTEM
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Zero grazing
14
21.21
100% grazing
52
78.79
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
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Figure 20. Stick leaves used as feeds to carabaos and other ruminant animals in the
locality
Figure 21. Sample of banana plants given to carabaos and cattle by the respondents in
barangay Lower Taloctoc
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Types of Rearing or Housing Carabaos
All of the respondents are tethering their carabaos on pasture lands [Fig. 22] or on
areas where the respondents can look into them. No one among them has constructed a
housing unit for his carabaos.
Herd Health Management
All of the respondents said that they are not giving medical treatment to their
carabaos when sick. They also said that they are not vaccinating nor deworming their
carabaos. However, when it comes to external parasites like ticks, deticking is observed
although it is done manually by hand picking.
Figure 22. A draft carabao tethered on a pasture land owned by one of the respondents in
barangay Layasan
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Marketing Carabaos
All of the respondents said that they are selling their carabaos directly to the
buyer. They all said also that they are selling their carabaos on a per head basis or
“bulto” system. The market price is dictated by the raiser based on the age of the animal
and body sizes. However, in cases where the carabao to be sold is dead or dying due to
accidents like when it had fallen down and can no longer walk, the carabao is usually
butchered and sliced into big chunks. These chunks are put in sticks and are sold per
stick either in cash or credit. No one among the respondents had sold his carabao on a
liveweight basis nor on a per kilogram of carabeef.
Problems/Constraints in Raising Carabaos
Table 36 shows the problems or constraints encountered by the respondents in
raising carabaos. It is shown in the table that the number one problem or constraints of
the respondents is inadequate supply of indigenous feedstuffs as claimed by all of the
respondents. This is true most especially during the dry season. The other problems or
constraints are lack of technical support from the local government unit with 34
respondents; lack of market outlets with 19 respondents and lack of medical services with
14 respondents.
Cattle
Years in Raising Cattle
Table 37 presents the number of years the respondents have been raising cattle. It
is shown in the table that out of 49 respondents, majority [51.02% or 25] of them said
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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that they have been raising cattle for 6-10 years. Sixteen [16] or 32.65% of the
respondents said that they have been raising cattle for only 1-5 years; 6 [12.25%] said,
11-15 years and only 2 [4.08%] of the respondents said that they have been raising cattle
for 16 or above number of years.
Table 36. Problems/Constraints encountered by the respondents in raising carabaos
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Inadequate supply of
66
100.00
indigenous feeds
Lack of technical support
34
51.51
from local government unit
Lack of market outlets
19
28.78
Lack of medical services
14
21.21
* Multiple response
n=66
Table 37. Years in raising cattle
YEARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 5
16
32.65
6 –10
25
51.02
11-15
6
12.25
16 and above
2
4.08
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
49
100.00
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Number of Cattle Raised
Majority [57.14% or 31] of the respondents are raising only 1-2 heads of cattle.
Fourteen [14] of the respondents are raising 3-4 heads and only seven of the respondents
are raising 5 or more number of cattle [Table 38]. This results reveal that like the other
farm animals, cattle industry in the municipality is in the hands of backyard raisers.
Purpose in Raising Cattle
Table 39 shows the reasons of the respondents in raising cattle. It is shown in the
table that majority [57.14% or 28] of the respondents said that they are raising cattle as
supplementary source of income. Cattle, just like carabaos, demands a higher price
because of its bigger size. So usually, it is the one being sold when the raiser needs a
bigger amount during emergency cases. Thirteen [13] of the respondents said that they
are raising cattle to have available animals to slaughter during special occasions like
weddings and only eight of the respondents said that they are raising cattle as draft
animals.
Table 38. Number of cattle raised by the respondents
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 2
28
57.14
3 – 4
14
28.57
5 and above
7
14.29
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
49
100.00
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Table 39. Purpose of the respondents in raising cattle
PURPOSE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
As supplementary source of income
28
57.14
For special occasion
13
26.53
As draft animal
8
16.33
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
49
100.00
Source of Stocks and Capital
Majority [63.27%] or 31 of the respondents said that they have bought their stocks
from other cattle raisers within the locality [Table 40]. Sixteen [16] of the respondents
said that they have inherited their stocks from their parents or it was given to them by
their relatives as gifts. Only two of the respondents said that they obtained their stocks
from cattle raisers outside the municipality. With the exception of those who inherited
their cattle and those who acquired their stocks as gifts, all of the respondents said that
they made use of their own money to buy their stocks.
Table 40. Source of stock of cattle of the respondents
PURPOSE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Raisers within the municipality
31
63.27
Inherited/given as gifts from relatives
16
32.65
Raisers outside the municipality
2
4.08
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
49
100.00
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Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds of cattle raised. All of the respondents said that they are raising native
cattle [Fig. 23]. This is because native cattle are already adapted to the locality.
Methods and systems of breeding. All of the respondents said that they are
observing natural mating to reproduce their cattle. Artificial breeding has never been
practiced in the locality. All of the respondents said also that they are observing
inbreeding and purebreeding depending on the availability of bulls.
Source of bull. Majority [53.06%] or 26 of the respondent said that they have
their own bulls to use in breeding their cows. The other 23 of the respondents said that
they are borrowing the bulls they are using in breeding their cows from their neighbors,
relatives or friends and the breeding services are rendered free of charge [Table 41].
Breeding age of heifers. All of the respondents said that they are breeding their
heifers at the age between 2-3 years old.
Length of gestation and birth rate. All of the respondents said that their cows are
calving every other year. Likewise, all of the respondents said that the gestation period
of their cows is between 9-10 months.
Table 41. Source of bulls
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
26
53.06
Borrowed from neighbors,
23
46.94
relatives and friends
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
49
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
66
Figure 23. A native cattle owned by one of the respondents in barangay Pangol
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
Types of feeds. Just like the carabaos, all of the respondents said that they are
feeding their cattle with pure indigenous feedstuffs, forages and roughages. The common
indigenous feedstuffs used include stick leaves, napier grass, cogon grass, rice straws,
corn stovers, and banana leaves and trunks.
Systems of feeding. Except for the four who are practicing the “cut and carry”
system or zero grazing, all of the respondents are practicing 100% grazing. The cattle are
allowed to graze on pasture lands or idle lands where there are grasses growing [Table
42].
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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67
Table 42. Systems of feeding cattle
SYSTEM
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Grazing
45
91.84
Zero grazing/ “Cut and carry system
4
8.16
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
49
100.00
Types of Rearing Cattle
The types of rearing cattle as practiced by the respondents are presented in Table
43. It is presented that majority [55.10% or 27] of the respondents are tethering their
cattle [Fig. 24]. The remaining 22 respondents are practicing the free range system where
their cattle are let loosed in the mountains and all they have to do is to visit their cattle
once a week. This is to check on their health or if one is missing. Sometimes they bring
with them salt and give it to their cattle.
Table 43 Types of rearing
TYPES
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Tethering
27
55.10
Free-range
22
44.90
TOTAL
49
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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68
Figure 24. A cattle tethered on a pasture land owned by one of the respondents in
barangay Dacalan
Herd Health Management
All of the respondents said that they are not giving medical treatment to their
cattle just like the carabaos when sick. They also said that they are not vaccinating nor
deworming their carabaos. However, when it comes to external parasites like ticks,
deticking is observed although it is done manually by picking.
Marketing of Cattle
Marketing of cattle is similar to the marketing of carabaos. All of the respondents
said that they are marketing directly their cattle to the buyer or consumer and it is on a
per head basis or “bulto” system. The market price is dictated by the raiser to be
negotiated by the buyer. No one among the respondents is selling his cattle on a
liveweight basis nor on a per kilogram of butchered beef basis. Cattle that died or is
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
69
dying due to accident is also being sold but usually these is butchered and sliced in to big
chunks afterwhich the meat chunks are placed in sticks. The beef then is sold per stick
and not on a per kilogram basis.
Problems/Constraints Encountered by the Respondents in Raising Cattle
Table 44 presents the problems/constraints encountered by the respondents in
raising cattle. Just like in carabaos, inadequate supply of indigenous feedstuffs ranks first
and this is true to all of the respondents. Lack of technical support from the government
ranks second with 24 respondents; lack of medical services comes next with 24
respondents and finally lack of market outlet with 12 respondents.
Table 44. Problems/Constraints encountered by the respondents in raising cattle.
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Inadequate supply of
49
100.00
indigenous feedstuffs
Lack of technical support
24
48.78
from local government unit
Lack of medical services
15
30.61
Lack of market outlets
12
24.49
* Multiple response
n=49
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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70
Goats
Number of Years in Raising Goats
The number of years that the respondents have been raising goats is presented in
Table 45. It is shown in the table that majority [78.26%] or 18 of the respondents have
been raising goats for 3-4 years. Only three of the respondents said that they have been
raising goats for 1- 2 years and two said that they have been raising goats for 5 or more
number of years. This shows that the respondents have just started to raise goats.
Number of Goats Raised
All of the respondents are raising less than five goats. Majority [73.91%] or 17 of
them are raising 1-2 goats and only six are raising 3-4 goats [Table 46]. The results show
that goat raising in the locality is in a backyard scale.
Table 45. Number of years in raising goats
NUMBER [YEARS]
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 - 2
3
13.04
3 - 4
18
78.26
5 and above
2
8.70
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
23
100.00
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Table 46. Number of goats raised
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 2
17
73.91
3 – 4
6
26.09
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
23
100.00
Purpose of Raising Goats
Because of the very limited number of goats they are raising, all of the
respondents said that they are raising such animals mainly for family use. Usually goats
are butchered by the respondents as source of food during special occasions like
birthdays, graduation, baptisms and others. However if they have available goats for sale
and there are available buyers, then they also sell the said goats as additional source of
income.
Source of Capital and Stocks
With the exception of the three respondents who obtained their stocks from their
relatives as gifts, all of the remaining 20 respondents bought their stocks using their own
money. Sixteen [16] bought their stocks from other raisers within the locality and 0nly
four bought their stocks from raisers outside the municipality.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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72
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds. All of the respondents said that they are raising native/upgraded goats
[Fig. 25]. This is because native goats are already adapted to the locality and besides,
these are the only ones available from the sources where they obtained their stocks.
Methods and systems of breeding. All of the respondents said that they are
employing natural mating in breeding their does. No one among the respondents, or even
in the entire locality, is employing artificial insemination [A.I]. Likewise, all of the
respondents said that they are employing either inbreeding or purebreeding depending on
the availability of the buck.
Figure 25. Upgraded goats tethtered on a pasture land by one of the respondents in
barangay Dupligan
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
73
Source of buck. Majority [78.26%] or 18 of the respondents said that the source
of buck is not a problem because they have their own bucks to use [Table 47]. Only five
among the respondents said that they are borrowing the bucks they are using in breeding
their does from their friends or relatives because they do not have bucks of their own.
Age at first breeding. Table 48 presents that out of the 23 respondents, 19
[82.60%] of them said that they bred their does at the age of 7-8 months. Two of them
said that they bred their does at 9-10 months old and another two said at 11 months old or
older.
Table 47. Source of bucks used by the respondents in breeding their does
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
18
78.26
Borrowed
5
21.74
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
23
100.00
Table 48. Age of goats at first breeding
AGE [MONTHS]
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
7 - 8
19
82.60
9 – 10
2
8.70
11 and above
2
8.70
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
23
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
Types of feeds. Just like the carabaos and cattle, all of the respondents are
feeding their goats with indigenous feeds. No one among the respondents is giving
conventional feeds nor concentrates to his goats. The common indigenous feeds are
similar to those given to carabaos and cattle.
Systems of feeding. Majority [78.26%] or 18 of the respondents are subjecting
their goats to grazing [Table 49]. It is only during stormy weathers when they subject
their goats to shelter and observe the so called “cut and carry” system or zero grazing.
Only five among the respondents are practicing zero grazing all throughout the year.
Housing Management Practices
All of the respondents are tethering their goats on their backyards and are brought
to pasture areas during day time to graze. At night time, they are brought back to areas
near their residential houses or even to a shelter most especially during rainy seasons.
Table 49. Systems of feeding
SYSTEMS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Range grazing
18
78.26
“Cut and carry” system or
5
21.74
Zero grazing
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
23
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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75
Herd Health Management
All of the respondents said that they are not vaccinating nor deworming their
goats. To a few who encountered sickness among their goats, they said that they did not
administer medicines to them. All they had done is to tether them on their backyards or
near their residential houses where they can easily monitor them.
Marketing of Goats
Only few among the respondents experienced marketing of goats and they all said
that they sold their goats directly to the buyer. The goats were sold on a per head basis
and the market price depended on the body size and age of the goat.
Problems/Constraints Encountered by Respondents on Goat Raising
The common problems encountered by the respondents are similar to the
problems encountered in carabao and cattle raising. These are inadequate supply of
feedstuffs, limited grazing areas and lack of market outlets.
Support Services
Except for a few who availed of a loan from a cooperative, all the respondents
said that there were no technical services nor financial support extended to them from
both government and non-government organizations.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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76
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the status of livestock and poultry industry
in Tanudan, Kalinga from December, 2008 to January, 2009. Specifically, it aimed to
determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents; the different farm animals they
are raising and their number; the reasons of the respondents in raising such animals; the
sources of their stock and capital; the support services availed either from government or
non government organizations; problems encountered in raising animals and different
production management practices in terms of housing, breeds and breeding, feeds and
feeding, herd health management and marketing.
Ten barangays of Tanudan were considered to represent the municipality namely
Anggacan, Dacalan, Dupligan, Gaang, Layasan, Lower Lubo, Lower Taloctoc, Mabacca,
Pangol and Upper Taloctoc. These barangays were chosen based on animal population.
A total of 103 respondents who are actual animal raisers were selected from the above
barangays to serve as respondents.
Out of the 103 respondents, majority of them are females, married and belong to
the age bracket of 41-50 years old. Their major source of livelihood is farming and most
of them have graduated high school.
The common farm animal species raised by the respondents include swine,
chicken, carabaos, cattle, ducks and goats and these are all raised in the backyards. Each
household is raising 1-5 swine, 1-5 hens, 1-3 duck hens, 1 carabao, 1-2 cattle and 1-2
goats. Generally, the respondents are raising these animals mainly for family use i.e. as
source of viand for the family most especially chickens and ducks or as source of food
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
77
during weddings, baptisms, anniversaries, graduations, and other special occasions, and
as source of additional income. In addition, carabaos are raised mainly as draft animals.
With the exception of goats where most of the respondents said that they have
been raising the species for 4 years or less only and the cattle for 10 years or less only, all
of the other species have been raised by the respondents for more than 10 years most
especially carabaos and chickens. Also with the exception of goats where majority of the
respondents have bought their stocks, majority of the respondents have obtained their
stocks for the other species through inheritance or it was given to them as gifts from their
relatives.
Results of the study revealed that the respondents are still observing traditional
practices in raising their animals, hence, the low reproductive and productive
performance of their animals. In terms of breeds, all of the respondents are raising native
animals. It is only in swine and goats where some of the respondents are raising
upgrades. To reproduce their animals, all of the respondents are employing natural
mating using their own sires or borrowing the sires of their neighbors, relatives or friends.
They are observing inbreeding despite of its limitations and purebreeding. Only a few
said to have observed upgrading. It seems to appear that the respondents’ reason in
breeding their animals is more on reproduction to increase their number and not on the
improvement of performance.
In terms of feeds and feeding, majority of the respondents are feeding their swine
with combinations of conventional feeds most especially ricebran and indigenous
feedstuffs. The others are feeding their pigs with pure indigenous feedstuffs. Very few of
the respondents are feeding their pigs with pure conventional feeds, either ricebran or
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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78
commercial hog feeds or combination of both. Generally, wet feeding is practiced when
feeding indigenous feedstuffs and dry feeding is observed when feeding pure
conventional feeds. Chickens are fed with cooked rice left-overs, unmilled/milled rice or
corn whichever is available. Normally, the feeds are broadcasted into the yard when
given to the chickens. Ducks are commonly fed with cooked rice left-overs also, sweet
potato leaves and tubers and ricebran and the feeds are normally offered in a wet form.
Ruminants are fed with pure grasses and roughages and they obtain their feeds mostly by
grazing. Only a few of the respondents are observing the so called “cut and carry system”
or zero grazing in feeding their animals. True to all the respondents, feeding the animals
is done mainly to satisfy the animals’ craving for food and oftentimes, without
considering whether the ration is nutritionally balanced or not.
In housing management, majority [59.27%] or 61 of the 103 respondents in swine
are observing semi-confinement where pigs are confined at night time but are let loosed
at day time to search for additional food. The other 42 of the respondents are completely
confining their pigs. Also, to save expenses on roofing materials, majority of the
respondents are having their swine houses under their own residential houses.
Likewise in chickens, almost all of the respondents, except for 4, are practicing
semi-confinement also. Majority [83.50%] of the respondents have chicken houses made
of all bamboo materials most especially the portable ones. For the ducks, majority
[86.11%] or 31 of the respondents are subjecting their animals to free range i.e. the ducks
are allowed to roam day and night on the backyards. The ducks of the other 5 respondents
are completely confined but in an enclosed area. Their ducks are also free to roam around
but the area where they are allowed to roam around is limited.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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For the ruminants, all of the respondents said that they do not have housing for
their animals. Instead these are tethered on pasture lands and are brought to a more
comfortable area during adverse weather conditions particularly during typhoons.
In terms of herd health management, practically all of the respondents are not
observing the common methods of preventing and controlling diseases among their
animals like vaccination, deworming, disinfection and subjecting their animals to medical
treatment when they get sick. Majority, however, among the respondents are bathing their
pigs. Deticking is also practiced by the respondents but this is done manually by hand
picking
In terms of marketing, all of the respondents said that they are selling their
animals on a per head basis [bulto]. The market price is dictated by the raiser based on
the age and body size of the animal and it is up to the buyer to negotiate for a lower price.
However, if there are cattle and carabaos that have died or are dying due to accidents,
these are usually slaughtered and sliced into chunks which are then put into a stick and
are sold per stick. Marketing of animals is done directly from raiser to the buyer. No
middle men involved.
Except for a few among the swine raisers who claimed to have availed of a loan
from a cooperative, all of the respondents said that they did not avail of any technical nor
financial support from any government or non-government organizations.
Finally for problems encountered, lack of market outlet is common to the
respondents and this is true to all the farm animals being raised. The other problems
encountered are lack of capital, high cost of feeds, low market price of products and
animal diseases for swine; diseases and parasites, problem on theft and astray dogs for
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
80
chicken; high cost of feeds for ducks; and inadequate supply of feeds or limited grazing
lands and lack of technical assistance from the local government for the ruminants.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that livestock and
poultry raising in the locality is in the control of backyard raisers. The animal raisers are
still observing the traditional management practices hence, the low reproductive and
productive performance of their animals.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, the following are then recommended to help
improve the animal industry in the locality:
1. The concerned local government agencies should strengthened their extension
services, one way of which is by conducting seminars or trainings on animal production
to the animal raisers. Another way also is for them to have animal dispersal programs to
introduce better breeding animals to the raisers but follow-up supervisions or monitoring
from their office should be done to ensure success of the program.
2. The animal raisers should join together and form an organization or
cooperative among themselves to have a stronger representation in availing of support
services either from government or non-government organizations.
3. The local government should perhaps create lending institutions with lower
interest rates to help solve the problem on capital of the animal raisers or those who are
interested to venture in animal raising.
4. The local government should help create market outlets for animal products
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
81
thereby encouraging raisers to increase their production.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. (n.d). Goat Raising. Keeline-Bay Marketing. P. 4.
AYERAS, J. B. 1998. The Incident of Pollorum Disease Among Native Chicken in
Mangaterem, and Alaminos, Pangasinan. BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-3.
COX, S. 2003. Precision Livestock Farming. P. 13.
DAGOON, J. D. 1990. Poultry, Swine and Goat Production, Rex Printing Company, Inc.
Quezon City. Pp. 133.
GARCIA, L. B and R. G. DE LARA.1999. Practical Arts Livelihood. Mandaluyong,
Metro Manila. Merryland Publishing Corporation. P. 34.
JOURNAL. 2000. Asian Livestock, “Food for the Future”. FAO Regional Office,
Bangkok, Thailand, XV (10): 116-119.
JOURNAL. 2000. Asian Livestock, “Artificial Insemination Service in Pakistan”. FAO
Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand, XV (7).
ONGYAO, L. G. 2007. Status of Livestock and Poultry Production Raisers in Selected
Barangay of Tabuk, Kalinga. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
PALANGYO, R. Y. 2008. Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Selected
Barangay of Tabuk City, Kalinga. BS Thesis. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
PCARRD. 1999. Philippine Highlights. Paseo De Valmayor, Los Baňos, Laguna.
Pp. 62-79.
PCARRD. 2006. The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming, Los Baňos, Laguna.
Pp. 18-19.
Pfizer/PCARRD. 2006. The Philippines Recommends for Broiler Production, Los Baňos,
Laguna. Pp. 2-3.
UTAN, L. B. 2008. Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tinglayan, Kalinga.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
WILLARD, S.T, J W. FUQUAY and H. BEARDEN JOE, 2004. Applied Animal
Reproduction, sixth edition. P. 3.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
83
APPENDIX A
Communication Letter
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
La Trinidad, Benguet
________________________
________________________
________________________
Sir/Madam:
Greetings!
The undersigned is a fourth year student taking up Bachelor of Science in
Agriculture major in Animal Science at Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
One requirement of the degree is to conduct thesis.
In compliance with the requirement, I came up with the study entitled “Status of
Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan, Kalinga”. Your barangay was chosen as
one of the venue due to the livestock and poultry population. This study will be
conducted to evaluate the current practices of our animal raisers and hopefully give
insights on proper management of the livestock in order to maximize their production
potentials.
In this regard, may I then request your permission to please allow me to interview
respondents in your area to comply with the objectives set forth in my study.
Thank you very much and I hope for your favorable action.
Respectfully Yours,
NESTOR C. BULLINGAN JR.
Researcher
Endorse by: MYRNA B. WALSIYEN
Thesis Adviser
Recommending Approval: SAMUEL CRESCENCIO S. ARCELLANA
Department Chairman
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APPENDIX B
Survey Questionnaire
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Name: ________________________ Gender: ______________
Address: ______________________ Age: _________________
Civil Status: ___________________ Occupation: __________
Highest Educational Attainment: ___________________________________________
Years in Raising Animals:
Farm Animals/species/breed/
Native
hybrid
upgrade Number of
strain
years
Swine
Cattle
Beef
Dairy
Poultry
Native Chicken
Broiler
Sasso
Layer
Goat
Sheep
Carabao
Classification and Number of Animals Being Raised
Animal
Class/Age/Weight Breed/Strain Purpose Number of
Animals
Swine
Sucking
Weaning
Grower
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Native Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
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Source of Stock
Animal
Source of Replacement Stock
Swine
Weaning
Gilt
Boars
Carabao
Cattle
Native Chicken
Duck
Other specie (specify)
Source of Capital
How is the project financed?
__________own money __________contract grower
__________loan from cooperative __________other sources of capital
__________loan from private individuals
II. HOUSING
A. Kind of Housing or Rearing
Poultry
______Free range ______other type of rearing(specify)
______Complete confinement
______Semi-confinement
Livestock
______Tethering _______range _______others
______Confinement _______feedlot
B. Type of Housing Material Used
Described in detail the type of housing Materials Used
_____nipa / cogon + bamboo walls
_____nipa/ cogon + walls made of stick
_____galvanized roof + cemented walls and floor
_____galvanized roofing + wood walls + cemented floor
_____other types of housing (describe completely)
Roof Structure
_____ Gable type _____Semi-monitor type
_____A type _____Broken type
_____Monitor type
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Facilities
Identify all fixtures and equipment (include improvised equipment) being
used in the farm.
*Support all observations with pictures
III. FEEDING
Type and Source of feeds and Frequency of Feeding
Animal
Class/Age Type of Type of Non- Combination Frequency System
/Weight
Convent conventional of Feeds
of feeding of
ional
Feeds
Stuff
feeding
Feeds
Swine
Suckling
Weaning
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Native Chicks
Chicken
Pullets
Hens
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hens
Drake
Other
Species
Identification and Processing of Indigenous / Non-conventional Feeds
Non-conventional Feed,
Source/ Place of
Season of
Source of
Specie, Scientific name,
Greater abundance
Abundance
Information on
local name
the Use of Non-
conventional
Feeds
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Preparation of Non-Conventional Feeds
Type of Non-
Method of
Amount of Ration Frequency of
Conventional Feed
Preparation/Processing
Feeding
System of Feeding
(1) Wet group feeding (4) Dry individual Feeding
(2) Wet individual Feeding (5) free range/ choice Feeding
(3) Dry group feeding (6) others (specify)
Animal
Class/Age/Weight
System of Feeding Frequency of
Feeding
Swine
Suckling
Weaning
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Poultry
Native Chicken Chicks
Pullets
Hens
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
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IV.BREEDING
Breeding Systems
a. Out breeding b. Inbreeding c. Upgrading/grading up
Pure breeding close breeding
Out breeding line breeding
Cross breeding
Animal
Class/Age/Weight Breeding
Mating
System Age of
System
A.I
natural
Animals at
First Breeding
or birth
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbred
Cattle
Poultry
Native
chicken
Duck
Other
specie
(specify)
Source of Male Breeding Animal
(1) Owned (3) Hired
(2) Borrowed (4) Other terms (specify)
Animal
Source of Breeding animal Terms of payment for
Breeding Service
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Poultry
Native chicken
Duck
Other species (specify)
Terms of Payment for Breeding Service
(1) Cash (how much) (3) In terms of calves
(2) In terms of Piglets (4) Other terms (specify)
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Birth Rate, and Length of Gestation
Animal
Farrowing rate/Birth Rate
Length of Gestation
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Other Reproductive Data
Animal
Litter
Litter
Number Number of Number of Number of
size at
size at
of Eggs
eggs
eggs
unhatched
Birth
Weaning per
Incubated
Hatched
eggs
Clutch
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Poultry
Native
chicken
Duck
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009. Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in
Tanudan Kalinga. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Myrna B. Walsiyen MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the status of livestock and poultry industry in
Tanudan, Kalinga from December, 2008 to January, 2009. Specifically, it aimed to determine
the socio-economic profile of the respondents; the different farm animals they are raising and
their number; the reasons of the respondents in raising such animals; the sources of their stock
and capital; the support services availed either from government or non government
organizations; problems encountered in raising animals and different production management
practices in terms of housing, breeds and breeding, feeds and feeding, herd health management
and marketing.
Ten barangays of Tanudan which were
chosen based on animal population were considered to represent the municipality. From these
barangays, a total of 103 respondents who are actual animal raisers were selected to serve as
respondents.
Out of the 103 respondents, majority of them are females, married and
belong to the age bracket of 41-50 years old. Their major source of livelihood is farming and
most of them have graduated high school.
The common farm animal species raised in the locality include swine, chicken, carabaos,
cattle, ducks and goats and these are all raised in the backyards. Each household is raising 1-5
swine, 1-5 hens, 1-3 duck hens, 1 carabao, 1-2 cattle and 1-2 goats. Generally, the animals are
raised mainly for family use i.e. as source of viand for the family most especially chicken or as
source of food during special occasions and as source of additional income. In addition,
carabaos are raised mainly as draft animals. Among the different farm animals raised in the
municipality, the goat species is the one recently introduced.
Based on the results of the study, the raisers are still
observing traditional practices in managing their animals. Because of this, the performance of
their animals is generally low. Practically, the animal breeds raised are still the native breeds
although there are some for upgrade swine, chicken and goats. Inbreeding is still practiced
despite of its limitations. The feeds offered to the animals most especially ruminants are pure
indigenous feedstuffs. Generally, feeding of the animals is done to satisfy the animal’s craving
for food and oftentimes without considering whether the ration is nutritionally balanced or not.
In housing, still semi-confinement is observed by a majority of swine raisers. No vaccination or
deworming is even administered to the animals.
Except for a few who availed
of a loan from a cooperative, all of the respondents said that there were no technical nor
financial support extended to them from both government and non-government organizations.
For problems encountered, lack of market outlet is common
and this is true to all the farm animals being raised. The other problems encountered include
lack of capital, high cost of feeds, low market price of products, animal diseases and parasites,
problem on theft and astray dogs particularly for chicken. Lack of technical assistance and
inadequate supply of feeds or limited grazing lands particularly for the ruminants are also a
problem.
Based
on the results of the study, the following are then recommended to help improve the animal
industry in the locality. One is that the concerned local government agencies should strengthen
their extension services by conducting seminars or trainings on animal production to the animal
raisers and by having dispersal programs to introduce better breeding animals to the raisers.
Another is that the animal raisers should form an organization or cooperative among themselves
to have a stronger representation in availing support services either from government or non-
government organizations. Moreover, the local government should perhaps create lending
institutions with lower interest rates to help solve the problem on shortage of capital in animal
raising and they should help create market outlets for animal products thereby encouraging
raisers to increase their production.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
METHODOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Profile of the Respondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Species of Farm Animals Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Years in Raising Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Reasons in Raising Swine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Number of Swine Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Source of Stock and Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Housing Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Herd Health Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Marketing of Pigs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Problems /Constrainst Encountered by the Respondents. . . . . . . .
33
Chicken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Years in Raising Chicken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Number of Chicken Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Reasons in Raising Chicken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
Source of Stock and Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Housing Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
Flock Health Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Marketing of Chickens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Problems/Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Ducks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Years in Raising Ducks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Number of Ducks Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Purpose in Raising Ducks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Source of Stock and Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
49
Housing Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Herd Health Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Marketing of Ducks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Problems/Constraints Encountered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Ruminant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Carabao. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Years in Raising Carabaos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Number of Carabaos Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Purpose in Raising Carabaos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
Source of Capital and Stock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
Types of Rearing or Housing Carabaos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
Herd Health Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
Marketing Carabaos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Problems/Constraints in Raising Carabaos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Years in Raising Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Number of Cattle Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
Purpose in Raising Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
Source of Stocks and Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
Types of Rearing Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Herd Health Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
Marketing of Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
Problems/Constraints Encountered by the Respondents in
Raising Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
Goats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
Number of Years in Raising Goats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
Number of Goats Raised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
Purpose of Raising Goats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
Source of Capital and Stocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
Housing Management Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
Herd Health Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
Marketing of Goats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
Problems/Constraints Encountered by Respondents on Goat
Raising. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
Support Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. . . . . . . . . . . .
76
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
Recommendation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
LITERATURE CITED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
APPENDIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
A. Communication Letter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
B. Survey Questionnaire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
1
INTRODUCTION
The Philippines is one of the agricultural countries in Asia. According to the
Department of the Agriculture [1999], it has been noted that two thirds of its population
is engaged in farming.
Tanudan is the fourth largest among the rest of the municipalities of Kalinga,
almost equal in size with the combined area of the municipalities of Pasil, Rizal and
Lubuagan. From the total area, 18.64% is devoted to agriculture, 43.46% for permanent
crops, 24.12% as an arable land, 28.30% is being used as pasture and 0.31% is intended
for other uses. Rice is the principal crop but coffee, beans, mango, tobacco and bananas
are also produced in abundance.
Livestock play an important role in improving the rural economy of the
Cordillerans by providing employment and as source of additional income particularly
for small/marginal farmers and landless livestock producers/laborers. Of the livestock,
cattle and buffalo are the most significant contributors to the economy through producing
meat, milk and skin.
However, the production of livestock animals are not yet truly productive in
Tanudan, Kalinga because of the lack of knowledge in caring and managing of animals
despite of the help of local government units and extension workers. This study then was
formulated to document the current status of livestock and poultry production in
Tanudan, Kalinga.
The study aimed to document the management practices employed by the
livestock and poultry raisers in the said municipality. It sought to answer the following
questions:
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
2
1. What are the species of farm animals commonly raised in Tanudan, Kalinga?
2. What are the reasons of the raisers or respondents in raising animals?
3. Where did the respondents buy or get their animal stocks and who provided
their capital?
4. How many animals per species are being raised per household?
5. What are the breeds/strains per species of animals that are being raised in the
municipality of Tanudan, Kalinga?
6. What kind of housing management do they respondents provide to their
animals?
7. What kind of feeds do they give and how do they feed their animals?
8. What are the breeding management practices observed by the respondents?
9. What are the herd health management practices of the respondents?
10. How do the respondents market their animals and animal products?
11. What are the support services extended to the respondents in relation to
animal production?
12. What are the common problems encountered by the respondents in relation to
raising of animals?
Generally, the study was conducted to determine the status of livestock and
poultry production in Tanudan, Kalinga. Specifically, it aimed to:
1. Determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents;
2. Determine the species, breeds/strains of farm animals commonly raised in
Tanudan, Kalinga;
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
3
3. Determine the reasons of the respondents in raising animals;
4. Determine the source of animal stocks and capitals of the respondents;
5. Determine and document the different management practices in terms of
housing, feeds and feeding, breeding, marketing and herd health management practices
employed by the respondents;
6. Determine the support services availed by the livestock and poultry raisers in
the locality; and
7. Determine the common constraints or problems faced by the animal raisers in
relation to animal production.
The researcher’s findings is expected to help improve the livestock and poultry
production in the locality. To the animal raisers, the results can serve as their basis in
making innovations or improvements in their management in raising animals. Also, it
can help other people interested to invest in animal raising to come up with their final
decisions. It can also serve as reference materials to students and other researchers to
come up with follow-up researches. Moreover, it can serve as basis of the local officials
and other concerned government units to plan and conceptualize project proposals
leading to the improvement of the animal industry in the locality. Whatever development
done to the animal industry, the final beneficiaries will be the animal raisers themselves.
This study on the status of livestock and poultry production was conducted in
Tanudan, Kalinga. The respondents were actual animal raisers from the 10 chosen
barangays. The study was limited on the profile of the respondents; the different animal
species being raised; the number of animals raised per household; the source of stocks
and capital of the respondents; the problems of the respondents in relation to animal
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
4
production; the support services availed by the respondents from government or non
government units and the production management practices observed by the respondents
which include breeds and breeding, feeds and feeding, housing, herd health management,
and marketing of animals.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The ‘itik’ Muscovy duck and the ‘bibe’ or “pato real” are the two kinds of ducks
well known in the Philippines. “Itik’ is raised near rivers, lakes and ponds where there are
plenty of snails and small clams. Its flesh is not very tasty. It doesn’t sit so that its eggs
have to be set under hens. Its eggs hatch in 28 days. The ‘bibe’, on the other hand, has
tasty meat and lays good eggs. It is a good sitter and brooder. It hatches its own eggs in
33 days (Garcia and De Lara, 1999).
According to Ayeras (1998), native chickens are referred to as the common
backyard chicken raised by farmers. He added that the existing native chicken is
definitely not considered a breed but a mongrel because of undetermined number of cross
breeding with previously imported chicken in the country. Their exact origin is no longer
known and there are no determinant characteristics which occur in the different
generations. Some native chickens resemble one or two of the characteristics of some of
the known breeds of chickens.
Pfizer/PCARRD (2006) stated that, in general, the poultry populations of the
Philippines consist primarily of chicken and a significantly smaller population of other
poultry species. The chicken inventory, which is presented by type shows that broiler
population increased from about 28 million in 1995 to about 40 million in 2005 with an
average annual growth rate of 3.63%. The broiler population is distributed throughout the
country; however, highest concentration (31%) is observed in the central Luzon region
where most commercial broiler farm are also located.
PCARRD (1999) stated that among the crop residues, rice straw is the most
abundant and widely used in many Asian countries that have progressive livestock or
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
6
dairy industries. Full utilization of rice straw as livestock feed is constrained by its low
nitrogen and mineral contents. Furthermore, finding shows that feeding of urea treated
rice straw with limited supplementation is one appropriate feeding strategy for improving
meat and milk production of the village level. It is technically possible and economically
feasible.
Willard, S.T. et al. (2004) stated that the rate of genetic improvement through
selection depends on several factors. The differences in production level for individual
animals for characteristics such as milk production, rate of gain, weaning weight, and so
on, must exist. Otherwise, there would be no basis for selection. Heritability is the
percentage of total variation that is controlled by genetic makeup of the individual. This
portion of the variation is also referred to as genetic variation. Heritability for most
economic traits in farm animals ranges from 0% to 60%; milk production 25%; number
of pigs per litter 5% to 10%; yearling body weight in sheep 20% to 59%; feedlot gain in
beef cattle 50% to 55%; and fertility in cattle 5%.
Native pigs are hardy. Its upkeep is not expensive. The female regularly farrows
regularly but it is small and ugly. The snout is long and pointed. The ears are small and
erected. The back is low and the stomach hangs to the ground. The ham is spare. The
litter is small and they are of different colors, either black or white. The breed is wild and
is hard to handle even after long confinement. The birth weight is 0.6 kg and at 6 months,
the native pig weighs 9.9 kg. Even if it is fed with the medium ration, the weight will not
improve (Dagoon, 1990).
The current practice of low input, high return goat production system, evolved
over many decades, if not centuries, would not be easy to replace in the developing
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
7
countries. Application of known technologies e.g. improved breeding, balance nutrition
and appropriate health care (which is key to improved production) demands prior or
simultaneous upliftment of socio-economics status of the goat owners. To begin with,
improved goat rearing with limited capital should naturally be conceived as a part of the
total enterprise of the household, mixed with one or the other agricultural endeavors and
not as an exclusive occupation for livelihood (Journal-Asian livestock, 2000).
In selecting goat as breeders or replacement stocks, consider the breeding
objective or purpose for which these goats will be used or utilized, either for meat and /or
milk and other important economic traits. Thus, traits such as growth rate, prolificacy,
body size, milk yield, and resistance to diseases and adaptability to environment and
production conditions are the major considerations when choosing goats to be raised.
Native goats are noted for disease resistance and prolificacy; hence, they can survive
even when raised under marginal environment, yet they can still give birth to 2-3 kids at
kidding (PCARRD, 2006).
Goat is a good source of income in terms of meat and milk. They are easy to
handle because they are more domesticated than other ruminants. Women and children
will find it easy to tend goats. Goats are hardy animals and they subsist on vegetation that
has no value to other types of livestock. They thrive on herbs, tree leaves, flower and
vegetable crops, wild plants, peelings of vegetable and fruits, and even kitchen slops. The
main reason why farmers prefer to raise goats over other ruminants is the relatively low
initial investment needed for the project. Furthermore, goat raising offers a faster rate of
investment return. Goats mature faster than cattle or buffaloes and therefore reproduce
within shorter generation intervals (Anonymous).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
8
Goats have the capability to survive on scavenge feeds and fallen leaves or
browse and pasture on forages that other ruminants would not normally consume.
Throughout the history of mankind, goats became the ready source of meat, milk, skin,
and fiber to human beings (Journal-Asian Livestock, 2000).
Livestock play an important role in improving the rural economy of Pakistan by
providing employment and a source of additional income particularly for small and
marginal farmers and landless livestock producers and laborers. Of the livestock, cattle
and buffaloes are most significant contributors to the economy through production of
essential food items like milk and meat; products for industrial use like hides/skins, bones
and blood; and also farm yard manure for improving soil fertility; and providing 75-80%
of draught power for land cultivation and rural transport (Journal-Asian Livestock, 2000).
According to Cox (2003), there is now ample evidence that livestock farmers will
adopt new technology if it meets their needs to provide high quality products in the most
economic ways. Public concerns for animal welfare and for the traceability of an animal’s
life history have further broadened the scope for Precision Livestock Farming, since they
involve both animal-specificity and site-specificity.
Utan (2008), concluded that animal raisers in Tinglayan, Kalinga still rely on
tradition way of rearing livestock and poultry. Technical knowledge, modern system of
production and support such as conduct of free seminars and trainings is very much
lacking as well as free consultations and medications should be delivered to the clientele.
Animal dispersal program should be strengthened so that improved animals will be
introduced in Tinglayan.
Ongyao (2007), stated that most of the livestock and poultry raisers are raise
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
9
upgrade and also native breed of chicken, duck, swine, cattle and carabao in Tabuk.
Traditional management practices for all these animals are practiced by the majority of
the respondents. He also stated the preference for upgrade and native animals is attributed
to their resistance to diseases and parasites. Respondents claimed that their animals are
used for food and as source of additional income.
Palangyo (2008), suggested remedies include regular and continuous seminar and
training on animal raising to improve their knowledge on the current proper management
practices, involving themselves in cooperative loans and animal raisers should consult
their veterinarian in the city.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
10
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The municipality of Tanudan is mostly mountainous and hilly with a wide range
of timberland. Flora and fauna abound in the place. It is bounded on the north by the
municipality of Tabuk, on the south by Mountain Province, on the west by the
municipality of Tinglayan and Lubuagan and on the east, by a part of Paracelis, Mountain
Province [Fig. 1].
The prevailing climate of the municipality is categorized under type III
classification of the weather bureau. Relative dry season occurs from the months of
February to May while the rest of the year is generally wet. Heaviest rainfall is observed
in the month of September. Typhoons usually strike during July to December.
The municipality is composed of 16 barangays. However, only the top 10 in
terms of animal inventory were included in the study namely Anggacan, Dacalan,
Dupligan, Gaang, Lay-asan, Lower Lubo, Lower Taloctoc, Mabaca, Pangol and Upper
Taloctoc [Table 1]. This study was conducted from December, 2008 to January, 2009.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were town people engaged in animal raising from
the barangays covered in the study. The number of respondents in each barangay was
obtained by taking 10% of the total number of households in that respective barangay
[Table 2]. Random sampling was employed in choosing the said respondents.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
11
LOWER TALOCTOC
ANGGACAN
ANGGACAN SUR
UPPER TALOCTOC
MABACCA
DUPLIGAN
LOWER MANGALI
MANGALI CENTRO
POBLACION
BABBANOY
UPPER LUBO
PANGOL
LAYASAN
GAANG
DACALAN
LOWER LUBO
Figure 1. Municipality of Tanudan, Kalinga
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
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Table 1. Livestock and poultry population in Tanudan, Kalinga
BRGY.
CATTLE CARABAO GOAT SWINE CHICKEN DUCK TOTAL
Anggacan
5
53
-
30
525
38
651
Anggacan
Sur
5
19
1
71
469
-
565
Babbanoy
6
15
-
181
411
-
613
Dacalan
1
41
-
201
591
3
837
Dupligan
6
252
39
419
2,141
203
3,060
Gaang
24
28
-
199
739
5
995
Layasan
139
33
43
204
882
117
1,418
Lower
Lubo
68
67
-
320
691
11
1,157
Lower
Mangali
-
2
-
18
132
12
164
Lower
Taloctoc
37
42
1
152
575
35
842
Mabacca
16
42
1
177
492
41
769
Mangali
Centro
26
33
7
65
429
28
588
Pangol
184
219
128
446
1,716
94
2,787
Poblacion
3
18
-
23
279
23
346
Upper
Lubo
10
31
3
160
358
-
562
Upper
Taloctoc
32
47
-
142
445
38
704
*SOURCE: Municipal Agriculture Office (2008)
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
13
Table 2. Number of respondents per barangay
BARANGAY
NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS*
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
Anggacan
59
6
Dacalan
82
8
Dupligan
211
21
Gaang
95
10
Layasan
64
6
Lower Lubo
115
12
Lower Taloctoc
77
8
Mabacca
111
11
Pangol
123
12
Upper Taloctoc
90
9
TOTAL
1,027
103
*SOURCE: Census (2008)
Data Collection and Gathering
The study made use of an interview schedule prepared before hand and a camera
for documentation. Actual informal interviews were carried out using the prepared
interview schedule as a guide to gather information’s from the respondents. Home visits
were conducted in order to get better pictures on the data the respondents were giving.
The dialect in the locality was used to avoid communication gaps.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were as follows:
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
14
1. Socio-economic profile. This included information on the respondent’s name,
age, sex, occupation, civil status and his highest education attainment.
2. Years in raising animals. Refers to the length of time the respondents have
been raising livestock and poultry.
3. Classification and number of animals being raised. This includes the
breeds/strains and purpose for which animals are raised and number of animals raised per
species per household.
4. Source of stock. This refers to the area where the respondents obtained their
stocks or from whom did they obtain their stocks.
5. Source of capital. This states who provided the capital of the respondents.
6. Housing management practices. Included in here are the kinds of housing or
rearing provided to the animals and housing materials used.
7. Feeds and feeding management practices. These include the types of feeds,
frequency and systems of feeding, and supplements or feed additives employed by the
respondents.
8. Breeding management practices. These include the systems and methods of
breeding, source of sires, terms of payment for breeding services, breeding age, length of
gestation, farrowing/calving rate and some reproductive data.
9. Herd health management practices. These include the different preventive and
control measures against diseases and parasites observed by the respondents.
10. Marketing management. This includes the animal products and the marketing
strategies employed by the respondents.
11. Support services. These refer to any support extended to the respondents,
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
15
technical or financial, from government units, state universities and non-government
organizations in relation to animal raising.
12. Problems/constraints encountered. These refer to the problems encountered
by the respondents in relation to livestock and poultry production.
Data Analysis
All data gathered were consolidated and tabulated. Statistical tools such as
percentage, frequency counts and ranking were used to analyze and interpret the data
gathered.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
Table 3 shows the profile of the respondents which includes sex, age, civil status,
highest educational attainment and means of livelihood.
Sex. Results show that more females [56 out of 103] are involved in raising
animals than males with 47 respondents. This is because generally, housewives are the
ones responsible in taking good care of the children and the home. While at home, they
also engage themselves in raising animals particularly those that can be raised at home
like swine and poultry to help their husbands provide the needs of their respective
families. Husbands or the males on the other hand, are generally the ones involved in
other means of livelihood like field works which include the care of larger animals like
carabaos and cattle.
Age. The age of the respondents ranged from 21 to 51 and above. Majority
[56.31%] or 58 of the respondents fall under the age bracket 41-50 years of age. Twenty
[20] or 19.42% were within the range of 31-40 years of age; 18 fall under the age bracket
of 51 and above and only seven had ages ranging from 21-30 years of age. The result
reveals that majority of the respondents belong to the middle age group.
Civil status. Results of the study revealed that all except 4, who are singles, of the
respondents are married. However, 13 of the 99 married respondents are widower.
Being married, they have to look for other sources of income to provide the needs of their
families and raising animals is one possible source.
Educational attainment. Most [46.60%] or 48 of the respondents were able to
finish high school, 24 [23.30%] finished elementary level, 19 [18.45%] finished college
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
17
and only 12 [11.65%] of the respondents had no formal education because of financial
problems.
Means of livelihood. The major source of livelihood of the respondents is
farming with 93 respondents. Only 10 [9.71%] are government employees. The later are
receiving fixed salaries but still they have to engaged themselves in animal raising as
additional source of income or to help provide the needs of their families.
Table 3. Socio economic profile of the respondents
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Sex
Male
47
45.63
Female
56
54.37
TOTAL
103
100.00
Age
21-30
7
6.80
31-40
20
19.42
41-50
58
56.31
51 and above
18
17.48
TOTAL
103
100.00
Civil status
Single
4
3.88
Married
86
53.50
Widow/er
13
12.62
TOTAL
103
100.00
Educational attainment
No-formal education
12
11.65
Elementary
24
23.30
High school
48
46.60
College
19
18.45
TOTAL
103
100.00
Occupation
Farming
93
90.29
Government employee
10
9.71
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
18
Species of Farm Animals Raised
Table 4 and Fig. 2 show the different species of farm animals raised by the
respondents. It is shown that swine and chicken dominate the other animal species being
raised. All of the 103 respondents are raising swine and chicken. Next to swine and
chicken, is carabao with 66 [64.08%] respondents, cattle with 49 respondents, ducks with
36 respondents and finally goats with 23 respondents.
Table 4. Species of farm animals raised by the respondents
SPECIES
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Swine
103
100.00
Chicken
103
100.00
Carabao
66
64.08
Cattle
49
47.57
Duck
36
34.95
Goat
23
22.33
* Multiple response
n=103
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
19
120
100
80
s
nt
60
r
e
s
ponde
o.of
N
40
20
0
Swine
Chicken Carabao
Cattle
Duck
Goat
Animals raised by the respondents
Figure 2. Species of farm animals raised and number of animal per species
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
20
Swine
Years in Raising Swine
Table 5 presents the number of years the respondents have been raising swine. It
is presented that majority [67.96% or 70] of the respondents have been raising swine for
11 or more number of years. Twenty one [21] of the respondents said that they have been
raising swine for 6-10 years and only 12 said for 1-5 years.
Reasons in Raising Swine
There are two main reasons why the respondents are raising swine and these are
for family use and as source of additional income. Swine are usually butchered for food
during special occasions like weddings, baptisms, anniversary celebrations and other
forms of thanksgiving. However, if these are not used for such occasions, these are sold
as additional source of income to help provide other needs of the family.
Table 5. Number of years in swine raising
NUMBER OF YEARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 5
12
11.65
6 – 10
21
20.39
11 and above
70
67.96
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
21
Number of Swine Raised
Table 6 presents the number of swine raised by the respondents. It is presented in
the table that for young animals and finishers, most of the respondents are raising 1-5
pigs. Only few are raising 6 or more number of pigs. For sows and boars, most of the
respondents are raising 1-2 heads only. The above results reveal that swine raising in the
locality is in the hands of backyard raisers.
Table 6. Number of swine raised per household
NUMBER OF SWINE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Sucklings
1 – 5
8
7.77
6 – 10
2
1.94
Weaners
1 – 5
9
8.74
6 – 10
4
3.88
Growers
1 – 5
23
22.33
6 – 10
6
5.83
Finishers
1 – 5
18
17.48
6 – 10
11
10.68
Sow 1 – 2
43
41.75
3 – 4
16
15.53
Boar
1 – 2
22
21.36
*Multiple response
n=103
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
22
Source of Stock and Capital
Results of the study revealed that majority [79.62% or 82] of the respondents
obtained their stocks through inheritance or from their relatives within the locality. Only
21 of the respondents had bought their stocks from other raisers within the locality just
the same [Table 7]. From the above 21 who bought their stocks, 5 of them borrowed
from a cooperative and all the rest made use of their personal money.
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds. Table 8 shows the breeds of swine raised by the respondents. It is shown
in the table that majority [69.93% or 71] of the respondents are still raising native pigs
[Fig. 3]. Thirty two [32] of the respondents are raising upgraded pigs [Fig. 4]. No one
among the respondents is raising any of the improved breeds nor even a crossbred.
Table 7. Source of stocks of the respondents
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Inherited
82
79.61
Other raisers within the locality
21
20.39
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
23
Figure 3. A native pig raised by one of the respondents in barangay Lower Lubo
Methods and systems of breeding. At the time of the study, only 69 of the 103
respondents were into breeding and the remaining 34 were into growing-finishing
operation. All of the above 69 respondents said that they have observed natural mating in
reproducing their pigs. They also said that they have been employing inbreeding and this
is because most of them are making use of their own boars to breed their own gilts and
sows even if these are related to each other. Also, almost all of the pigs in one sitio are
related to each other so even if one of the respondents borrows the boar of his neighbor,
still inbreeding is practiced.
Source of boar. Forty seven [47] of the respondents said that they are borrowing
the boars of their neighbors or friends to breed their sows and gilts. Only 22 of them said
that they are making use of their own boars to breed their sows and gilts [Table 9].
Frequency of breeding to conception and farrowing rate. All of the 59 respondents
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
24
who are into breeding breed their sows/gilts once before conception. Likewise, all of
them said that their sows farrow once a year.
Table 8. Breeds of swine raised by the respondents
BREED
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Native
71
68.93
Upgrade
32
31.07
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Table 9. Source of boars used by the respondents in breeding their sows
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Borrowed
47
68.12
Owned
22
31.88
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
69
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
25
Figure 4. An upgraded boar raised by one of the respondents in barangay Gaang
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
Types of feeds. The types of feeds given by the respondents to their pigs are
presented in Table 10. It is presented in the table that majority [57.28%] of the
respondents are feeding their pigs with combinations of conventional feeds and
indigenous feedstuffs. The conventional feeds include commercial hog feeds [Fig. 5] and
ricebran. However, ricebran is usually the one used because it is very much available in
the locality. Kalinga, in general, is one of the sources of ricebran brought to other places
most especially Cordillera Region.
Thirty one [31] of the respondents are feeding their pigs with combinations of
different indigenous feedstuffs which include kitchen food refuses. Only 13 of the
respondents are feeding their pigs with pure conventional feedstuffs which could be
either ricebran or commercial hog feeds alone or combination of both.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
26
Types of indigenous feeds. The common indigenous feedstuffs used by the
respondents as feeds to their pigs are camote leaves and vines, gabi most especially “bila”
[Fig. 6] and kitchen food refuses [Fig. 7]. The kitchen food refuses refer not only to the
left over foods but also parts of vegetables not cooked for human consumption like
peelings, stems and old leaves. Generally, the camote leaves and vines and gabi are
chopped and then cooked before being fed to the pigs.
Table 10. Types of feeds provided to the swine by the respondents
TYPE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Conventional feeds
13
12.62
Combination of indigenous feedstuffs
31
30.10
Combination of conventional feeds
59
57.28
And indigenous feedstuffs
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
27
Figure 5. Conventional feeds given by one of the respondents in barangay Pangol to his
pigs
Figure 6. A gabi (bila) used by one of the respondents in barangay Layasan as feeds to
his pigs
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
28
Figure 7. Kitchen food refuse used by one of the respondents in Lower Taloctoc as feeds
to his pigs
Systems and frequency of feeding. The system of feeding employed by the
respondents depends on the types of feeds given and the class of swine being fed.
Generally, wet feeding is practiced when indigenous feeds are fed to the pigs and dry
feeding is practiced when commercial feeds are fed to the pigs. All of the respondents
said that they are employing both individual and group feeding although in most cases,
group wet feeding [Fig.8] is observed. Individual feeding is observed if the pig is
confined alone in a pen. All of the respondents are feeding their pigs twice a day, one in
the morning and another in the afternoon.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
29
Figure 8. Wet group feeding practiced by one of the respondents in barangay Lower Lubo
Housing Management Practices
Housing is considered one of the major inputs in raising pigs because this
provides protection to the pigs against direct sunlight and excessive rain and a dry place
for sleeping. Table 11 shows the types of confinement and Table 12 shows the types of
housing materials used by the respondents in constructing their swine houses.
Types of confinement. Results of the study revealed that majority [59.22% or 61]
of the respondents are practicing semi-confinement where the pigs are confined at night
and are let loosed at day time and only 42 [40.78%] are completely confining their pigs.
In semi-confinement, the pigs, usually after being fed in the morning, go out from their
confinement and roam around the locality to look for additional food like scavengers
[Fig. 9]. In the afternoon before it gets dark, the respondents go and call for their pigs to
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
30
go home. The pigs, upon hearing the call of the raiser, go to where the call is coming
from after which, they go to their confinement on their own.
Housing materials. Majority [82.53% or 85] of the respondents are confining
their pigs under their houses and this is to save expenses on materials for roofing. The
walls are made of wood slats or stone and the earth or soil as flooring. Sixteen [16] of the
respondents have swine houses with G. I sheets roofing, the soil as flooring and with
walls made of wood slats or stone. Only two of the respondents have swine houses with
G.I. sheets roofing and with concrete walls [hollow blocks] and floors.
Table 11. Types of confinement observed by the respondents
TYPE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Complete confinement
42
40.78
Semi-confinement
61
59.22
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
31
Figure 9. Semi confined native pigs roaming around owned by one of the respondents in
barangay Anggacan
Table 12. Types of housing materials used by the respondents
HOUSING MATERIALS NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Under house with wood walls
53
51.46
and soil as flooring
Under house with wood walls
32
31.07
and soil as flooring
G.I. sheets roof with wood walls
12
11.65
and soil as flooring
G.I. sheets with stone walls and
4
3.88
soil as flooring
G.I. sheets roof with concrete
2
1.94
walls and floors
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
32
Herd Health Management Practices
Table 13 presents the common herd health practices observed by the respondents
in controlling or preventing swine diseases and parasites. It is shown in the table that
majority [91.26% or 94] of the respondents most especially those who are completely
confining their pigs are cleaning their pig pens. Only nine among the respondents said
that they are not cleaning their pig pens.
It is also shown in the table that majority [62.14 or 64] of the respondents most
especially those who are completely confining their pigs are bathing their pigs. Only 39
of the respondents said that they are not bathing their pigs.
Table 13. Methods of preventing and controlling swine diseases and parasites observed
by the respondents
TYPE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Cleaning of pens
Yes
94
91.26
No
9
8.74
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
________________________________________________________________________
Bathing of Pigs
Yes
64
62.14
No
39
37.86
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
33
However, all of the respondents said that they are not deworming nor vaccinating
their pigs. They also said that they are not observing disinfection. The common diseases
or illnesses that had affected their pigs are diarrhea, colds and fever.
Marketing of Pigs
All of the respondents said that they are selling their pigs directly to the buyer on
a per head or “bulto” basis. This is because weighing scales are not readily available.
The market price is dictated by the raiser based on age and body size and it is up to the
buyer to negotiate.
Problems /Constrainst Encountered by the Respondents
Table 14 presents the problems or constraints encountered by the respondents in
raising swine. Among the problems mentioned in the table, lack of capital ranks first
with 88 respondents. This was followed by high cost of feeds with 67 respondents, low
market price of product with 53 respondents, animal diseases with 26 respondents and
finally lack of market outlet with 19 respondents.
Chicken
Years in Raising Chicken
Table 15 shows the number of years the respondents have been raising chicken. It
is shown that majority [67.96% or 70] of the respondents have been raising chicken for
21-30 years. Twenty five [25] or 24.27% said that they have been raising chicken for 11-
20 years, five said for 31 years and above and only three said that they have been raising
chicken for 1-10 years.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
34
Table 14. Problems/Constraints encountered by the respondents in raising swine
PROBLEM/CONSTRAINT NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Lack of capital
88
85.44
High cost of feeds
67
65.05
Low market price of product
53
51.46
Animal diseases
26
25.24
Lack of market outlet
19
18.45
* Multiple response
n=103
Table 15. Number of years in raising chicken
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 10
3
2.91
11-20
25
24.27
21-30
70
67.96
31 and above
5
4.86
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Number of Chicken Raised
Table 16 presents the number of chicken raised by the respondents at the time of
the study. As presented, all of the 103 respondents had chicks, 99 had pullets, 72 had
hens and 58 had roosters.
It is also presented in the table that majority [60.19%] or 62 of those who had
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
35
chicks are raising 6-10 chicks. Thirty two [32] or 31% of the respondents were raising 11
or more number of chicks and only 9 were raising 1-5 chicks.
For pullets, majority [72.82%] or 75 of the 99 respondents are raising 6-10
pullets. Twenty two [22] or 21.36% of the respondents were raising 1-5 pullets and only
2 were raising 11 or more number of pullets.
For hens, most [37.86%] or 39 of the respondents had 1-5 hens. Twenty three
[23] had 6-10 hens and only one had 11 or more number of hens.
Finally for roosters, most [36.89% or 38] of the respondents had 6-10 roosters and
20 had had 1-5 roosters.
Table 16. Number of chickens raised per household
CLASS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Chicks
1 - 5
9
8.74
6 – 10
62
60.19
11 and above
32
31.07
Pullets
1 – 5
22
21.36
6 -10
75
72.82
11 and above
2
1.94
Hens
1 – 5
39
37.86
6 – 10
23
22.33
11 and above
1
0.97
Roosters
1 – 5
20
19.42
6 -10
38
36.89
*Multiple response
n=103
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
36
The above results reveal that even if majority of the respondents had been raising
chicken for a long time, still no one among them is into commercial scale. It also reveals
that chicken raising in the locality is in the control of backyard raisers.
Reasons in Raising Chicken
All of the respondents said that they are raising chickens for family use i.e. as
viand for the family or in times when they have visitors and to have available animals to
butcher during special occasions like birthdays, graduation, weddings, baptisms, and even
in the performance of their rituals. However, if there are available buyers, then the
respondents also sell their chicken as additional source of income to meet their needs.
Source of Stock and Capital
Table 17 presents the source of stocks of the respondents. It is shown that
majority [69.90% or 72] of the respondents obtained their stocks through inheritance
from their parents or relatives residing within the locality just the same. The inheritance
of chicken is a common practice in the locality. Newly wed couples are normally given
chicken by their parents as stocks to start with. Some parents or relatives are giving the
newly weds with a pair of hen and a rooster. Others are giving a hen together with its
brood.
Only thirty one [31] of the respondents said that they bought their stocks from
other raisers or suppliers within the locality. To buy these stocks, they said that they
made use of their personal money.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
37
Table 17. Source of stock of chicken of the respondents
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Parents/Relatives
72
69.90
Other raisers/Suppliers
31
30.10
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds/Strains of chicken. All of the respondents are raising native/upgraded
chicken [Fig. 10, 11 & 12]. However, seven of the respondents are also raising Sasso and
four are raising Jolo chickens in addition to the native chickens they are raising [Table
18]
Methods and systems of breeding. All of the respondents are practicing natural
breeding or mating. Likewise, all of them said that they have probably observed
inbreeding, purebreeding and even upgrading. This is because the chicken of the
respondents are let-loosed and that roosters have access to the hens or pullets. As such, it
Table 18. Breeds/Strains of chicken raised by the respondents
BREED/STRAIN
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Native/Upgrade
103
100.00
Sasso
7
6.80
Jolo
4
3.88
*Multiple response
n=103
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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38
is very much possible that roosters are mated to their own mother hens or pullets which
they sired. If not, pullets are possibly mated to their own sibling roosters, hence, the
practice of inbreeding. Also, two native chickens which are not related to each other
could have been mated together, hence the practice of purebreeding. Furthermore, it is
also possible that the Sasso/Jolo chicken could have been mated to the native chicken,
hence, the practice of upgrading.
Source of rooster. All of the respondents said that rooster is not a problem to
them because many of them have roosters. In fact, even if one does not have one, still
rooster is not a problem to him. This is because his chickens are let-loosed and as such,
his hens and pullets are exposed to the roosters of his neighbors. His pullets or hens then
are mated by his neighbors’ roosters without him being aware of it.
Figure 10. A flock of upgraded chickens raised by one of the respondents in barangay
Anggacan
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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39
Figure 11. Native chickens roaming around for food owned by one of the respondents in
barangay Mabacca
Figure 12. Upgrade roosters used by the respondents for breeding in barangay Upper
Taloctoc
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Age at first lay of egg. As shown in Table 19, majority [80.56%] or 83 of the
respondents said that their pullets started to lay eggs at the age of 6-7 months which is a
month later compared to the commercial layer strains. Commercial layer strains,
according to the Department of Animal Science [1999] generally start to lay eggs at 20-
22 weeks old or 5-5 ½ months old. Twenty [20] or 19.42% of the respondents, however,
said that they have no idea on the specific age when their pullets started to lay eggs.
Number of eggs laid per clutch. Table 20 shows that majority [74.76%] or 77 of
the respondents said that their hens are laying 8-9 eggs per clutch. Twenty three said that
their hens are laying 6-7 eggs per clutch and only three said 10 or more number of eggs.
Number of eggs hatched per clutch. Normally the respondents remove 1-3 eggs
per clutch and cooked them for viand so that the number eggs left for hatching is reduced.
Because of this, all of the respondents said that their hens usually hatched all their eggs
and this is because the number is small. However, in cases where the number of eggs
being incubated is 10 or more, they unanimously agreed on the observation of some that
1-3 eggs are usually left unhatched.
Table 19. Age of pullets at first lay of eggs
AGE [MONTH]
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
6 – 7
83
80.58
No idea
20
19.42
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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41
Table 20. Number of eggs per clutch
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
6 – 7
23
22.33
8 – 9
77
74.76
10 or more
3
2.91
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
Types of feeds. All of the respondents are giving either conventional feeds or
kitchen cooked rice left over, whichever is available, to their chickens. The conventional
feeds include milled/unmilled rice [palay] and whole or ground corn.
Systems and frequency of feeding. All of the respondents are practicing dry
group individual feeding particularly when feeding conventional feeds. Generally, the
feeds are broadcasted into the yard or to the area where the chickens are. However, 11 of
the respondents said that they have employed wet group feeding particularly when
Table 21. Systems of feeding chickens as observed by the respondents
SYSTEM
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Dr group feeding
103
100.00
Wet group feeding
11
10.68
Dry individual raising
3
2.91
*Multiple response
n=103
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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42
feeding kitchen cooked rice left over. Also, dry individual feeding is practiced by three
of the respondents who have fighting cocks [Table 21]. For the frequency of feeding, all
of the respondents said that they are feeding their chickens twice a day, in the morning
before they are let-loosed and in the afternoon before it gets dark.
Housing Management Practices
Types of housing. As shown in Table 22, majority [94.17%] or 97 of the
respondents are practicing semi-confinement type of rearing. In this type, chickens are
kept loose during day time but are confined during night time. Such practice will enable
them to determine if their chickens are sick or one of their chickens is missing. Only six
of the respondents are practicing the free range type particularly those who are residing at
the mountains. Their chickens roam around the backyard at day time and at night time,
they perch on the branches of trees or under the trees or areas around the respondent’s
house. There are three, however, among the respondents who are also practicing
complete confinement and this is true to their roosters for cock fighting.
Housing materials. Generally, houses for chickens are portable and are called
‘bukrot”. Although there are some respondents who have permanent chicken houses
[Fig. 13]. Some even had attached a chicken house to their houses [Fig. 14]. The most
common material used by the respondents in constructing the chicken houses is bamboo.
In fact 86 of the respondents have chicken houses all made with bamboo. There are 33 of
the respondents who have chicken houses all made of wood. Twenty three have chicken
houses with G.I. sheets as roofing and wood walls and floors, 12 have made use of G.I
sheets as roofing also but with bamboo walls and floors and there 7 who made use of
empty cans of lard [Table 23]
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However, in the making of nests, all of the respondents had made use of bamboo.
Samples of these are shown in Fig. 15.
Table 22. Types of housing/rearing chickens
TYPES
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Complete confinement
4
3.88
Semi-confinement
97
94.17
Free-range/loose
6
5.83
* Multiple response
n=103
Table 23. Housing materials used in constructing chicken houses
MATERIALS USED
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
All bamboo
86
83.50
All wood
33
32.04
G.I. sheets as roofing with
23
22.33
wood slats as walls and floors
G.I. sheets as roofing with
12
11.65
Bamboo walls and floors
Empty cans of lard
7
6.80
* Multiple response
n=103
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Figure 13. Chickens house owned by one of the respondents in barangay Layasan
Figure 14. A makeshift chicken house incorporated with the farmers house in barangay
Lower Lubo
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Figure 15. A bamboo makeshift used as nest used by one of the respondents in barangay
Lower Lubo
Flock Health Management Practices
All of the respondents said that they are not giving vaccines nor dewormers to
their chickens. They also said that they are not giving medication to their chickens if
affected with a disease.
Marketing of Chickens
All of the respondents said that they are selling their chickens on a per head basis
directly to consumers or buyers. The market price is dictated by the raiser depending on
the age and body size of the chicken.
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Problems/Constraints
Table 24 shows the problems or constraints encountered by the respondents in
raising chickens. As shown in the table, lack or market outlet ranks first with a total
number of respondents of 64. Diseases and parasites rank second with 23 respondents.
Problem on theft comes next with 12 respondents and 4 respondents said that their
problem is the dogs attacking and eating their live chickens that are kept loose.
Ducks
Years in Raising Ducks
As shown in Table 25, majority [58.33%] or 21 of the respondents said that they
have been raising ducks for 1-5 years. Ten [10] said that they have been raising ducks for
6-10 years and only 5 of the respondents said that they have been raising ducks for 11 or
more number of years.
Table 24. Problems/Constraints met by the respondents while raising chickens
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Lack of market outlets
64
62.14
Diseases and Parasites
23
22.33
Problem on theft
12
11.65
.Problem on astray dogs
4
3.88
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
103
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Table 25. Number of years in raising ducks
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 5
21
58.33
6 – 10
10
27.78
11 and above
5
13.89
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
36
100.00
Number of Ducks Raised
Table 26 presents the number of ducks being raised by the respondents at the time
of the study. It is shown in the table that out of the 36 respondents, 33 of them had
ducklings, 18 had duck hens and only 6 of them had drakes.
For the ducklings, most [50% or 18] of the respondents were raising 4-6
ducklings. Thirteen [13] were raising 1-3 ducklings and only 2 were raising 7 or more
ducklings.
For the duck hens, 12 of the respondents were raising 1-3 duck hens and 6 were
raising 4-6 duck hens. Finally, for the drakes, 4 of the respondents were raising 1-3
drakes and only two were raising 4-6 drakes.
Purpose in Raising Ducks
Like in chicken all of the respondents said that they are raising ducks for family
use and as source of additional income to the family. Ducks are usually butchered for
viand for the family and also for visitors. They are also butchered during occasions like
birthdays, celebration of graduation, and other forms of thanksgiving.
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Table 26. Number of ducks raised
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Ducklings
1-3
13
36.11
4-6
18
50.00
7 or more
2
5.56
Duck Hens
1-3
12
33.33
4-6
6
16.67
Drakes
1-3
22
61.11
4-6
14
38.89
* Multiple response
n=36
Source of Stock and Capital
Table 27 presents the source of stocks of ducks of the respondents. It is presented
that majority [61.11% or 22] of the respondents had obtained their stocks from their
neighbors and relatives within their barangays. Only 14 of the respondents said that they
obtained their stocks from other barangays within the municipality. To buy their stocks,
all of the respondents who bought their stocks said that they made use of their personal
money.
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds of ducks. All of the respondents are raising native ducks although some of
them are raising upgraded ducks.
Methods and systems of breeding. All of the respondents are observing natural
mating. Likewise , all them said that they are observing inbreeding.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Table 27. Source of stock of ducks of the respondents
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Relatives/Neighbors
22
61.11
within the barangay
Other barangay within
14
38.89
the municipality
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
36
100.00
Source of drakes. All of the respondents said that they are using their own drakes
in breeding their duck hens.
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
Types of feeds. All of the respondents are giving indigenous feeds to their ducks.
This includes kitchen left-over cooked rice, sweet potato leaves and tubers and ricebran.
These are given either solely or in combination.
Systems and frequency of feeding. All of the respondents are employing wet
group feeding. Likewise, all of the respondents are feeding their ducks twice a day, one
in the morning and another in the afternoon.
Housing Management Practices
Table 28 shows the type of housing that the respondents provided to their ducks.
It is shown in the table that majority [86.11% or 31] of the respondents are practicing
free-range type [Fig. 16] i.e. their ducks are let-loosed and are free to roam around
although in their own backyard only. At night time, their ducks seek shelter under their
houses or trees if there is one in the backyard or in some areas within the backyard. Only
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Figure 16. Upgraded ducks raised by one of the respondents in a free ranged type of
confinement in barangay Mabacca
5 or 13.89% of the respondents are completely confining their ducks. In here the ducks
are allowed to roam around but in an enclosed area [Fig. 17]. To enclose the area, the
five respondents made use of bamboos.
Table 28. Type of housing for ducks
TYPES
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Complete confinement
5
13.89
Free-range
31
86.11
TOTAL
36
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Figure 17. Completely confined ducks owed by one of the respondents in barangay
Pangol
Herd Health Management Practices
Like the chickens, all of the respondents said that they are not vaccinating nor
deworming their ducks. They also said that their ducks have not been affected with any
of the duck diseases.
Marketing of Ducks
All of the respondents said that they are directly selling their ducks to the
consumers on a per head basis like in chickens. The market price is dictated by the raiser
based on the body size.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Problems/Constraints Encountered
All of the duck respondents said that their main problems in raising ducks are lack
of market outlet and high cost of feeds. Due to the high cost of feeds, no one among the
respondents is feeding his ducks with commercially formulated duck feeds.
Ruminant
The common ruminant animals raised by the respondents in the locality includes
carabao, cattle, and goats. Out of the 103 respondents, 66 of them are raising carabaos,
49 are raising cattle and 23 are raising goats.
Carabao
Years in Raising Carabaos
Table 29 presents the number of years the respondents have been raising
carabaos. It is shown in the table that majority [62.12% or 41] of the respondents said
that they have been raising carabaos for 21 and above number of years, 18 [27.27%] said
that they have been raising carabaos for 11-20 years and only 7 or 10.61% of the
respondents said that they have been raising carabaos for 1- 10 years.
Number of Carabaos Raised
Table 30 shows the number of carabaos being raised by the respondents at the
time of the study. It is shown that majority [72.73%] or 48 of the respondents are raising
only 1 carabao; 13 or 19.69% are raising two heads and only five or 7.58% of the
respondents are raising 3 or more heads of carabaos. The respondents are raising very
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Table 29. Number of years in raising carabaos
YEARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 10
7
10.61
11-20
18
27.27
21 and above
41
62.12
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
Table 30. Number of carabaos raised by the respondent
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1
48
72.73
2
13
19.69
3 and above
5
7.58
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
few heads of carabaos and this is because their main reason in raising such species is just
to have an animal to help them in their field works.
Purpose in Raising Carabaos
All of the respondents said that they are raising carabaos purposely as draft
animals. However, in addition to it, they are also raising carabaos as supplementary
source of income most especially in emergency cases where money is badly needed. In
this case, the carabao is usually the one sold because it will demand a higher price
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
54
because of its big body size. Also they are raising carabaos for special occasions such as
during weddings.
Source of Capital and Stock
Table 31 presents the source of stock of carabaos of the respondents. Most
[60.61%] or 40 of the respondents said that they have inherited their stocks from their
ancestors. Seventeen [17] or 25.75% said that they have acquired their stocks from their
relatives within the locality in the traditional way. In this manner, the carabao owner,
usually a relataive or a friend makes an agreement with the raiser. The carabao owner
gives the raiser a female calf. The raiser, on the other hand, raises the calf, until it
matures. When mature, the calf which is now a heifer, is allowed to reproduce after
which the raiser gets the first or second calf as his share depending on the agreement
between the two parties. Eight of the raisers obtained their stocks from other raisers
within the locality and only one of the respondents obtained his stock from another
municipality. To buy their stock, all of the nine respondents who bought their stocks said
that they made use of their own money.
Table 31. Source of stock of carabaos of the respondents
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Inherited
40
60.61
Relatives/Friends
17
25.75
Raisers within the locality
8
12.12
Raisers outside the municipality
1
1.52
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
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Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds of carabaos raised. All of the respondents said that they are raising native
or Philippine carabaos [Fig. 18].
Methods and systems of breeding. All of the respondents said that they are
employing natural mating in reproducing their carabaos. In fact they even said that they
do not know of anyone within their locality who had employed artificial insemination.
Likewise, all of the respondents said that they have observed both inbreeding and
purebreeding. Purebreeding in the sense that they are raising native carabaos only. On the
other hand, inbreeding because due to limited carabulls, caraballas are allowed to be
mated by carabulls even if these animals are related to each other.
Figure 18. A native carabao owned by one of the respondents in barangay Mabacca
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Source of bull. Table 32 shows the source of carabulls used by the respondents in
breeding their caraballas. It is shown in the table that majority [62.12%] or 41 of the
respondents are borrowing the carabulls from their neighbors or other carabao raisers and
these are free of charge. Only 25 [37.88%] of the respondents said that they are making
use of their own carabulls.
Breeding age. Majority [87.88% or 58] of the respondents said that they have bred
their heifers at two years old. Five said that they have bred their heifers at the age of 1
year and 10 months and only three said that the have bred their heifers at the age of 1
year and 8 months old [Table 33].
Table 32. Source of carabulls used by the respondents in breeding their caraballas
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
25
37.88
Borrowed from neighbors
41
62.12
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
Table 33. Age of heifers at breeding
AGE [MONTHS]
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
20
3
4.55
22
5
7.57
24
58
87.88
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
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Length of gestation. All of the respondents said that the gestation period of their
caraballas is almost 11 months or a little bit more.
Birth rate. Majority [95.45%] or 63 of the respondents said that their caraballas
are giving birth once in two years. Only three or 4.55% of the respondents said that their
caraballas are giving birth every other year [Table 34].
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
Type of feeds. All of the respondents said that they are feeding their carabaos
with indigenous feedstuffs alone. The common indigenous feedstuffs include grasses like
napier grass [Fig. 19], stick leaves [Fig. 20], cogon grass and others; roughages like rice
straws particularly after harvest of palay; and banana leaves and trunks [Fig. 21]. Once
in a while the respondents give salt to their carabaos most especially if these have lost
their appetite to eat.
System and frequency of feeding carabao. Table 35 presents the systems of
feeding carabaos as practiced by the respondents. It is presented that majority [78.79%]
or 52 of the respondents are practicing 100% grazing where the carabaos are allowed to
Table 34. Birth rate
AGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Once in two years
63
95.45
Every other year
3
4.55
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
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graze on pasture lands, ricefields after harvest of palay or on idle lands where there are
grasses growing. Only 14 of the respondents are practicing the so called “cut and carry”
system or zero grazing.
All of the above 14 respondents who are practicing zero grazing said that they are
feeding their carabaos twice a day i.e. once in the morning and another in the afternoon.
Figure 19. Napier grass used as feeds to carabaos and other ruminants in the locality
Table 35. Systems of feeding carabaos
SYSTEM
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Zero grazing
14
21.21
100% grazing
52
78.79
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
66
100.00
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Figure 20. Stick leaves used as feeds to carabaos and other ruminant animals in the
locality
Figure 21. Sample of banana plants given to carabaos and cattle by the respondents in
barangay Lower Taloctoc
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Types of Rearing or Housing Carabaos
All of the respondents are tethering their carabaos on pasture lands [Fig. 22] or on
areas where the respondents can look into them. No one among them has constructed a
housing unit for his carabaos.
Herd Health Management
All of the respondents said that they are not giving medical treatment to their
carabaos when sick. They also said that they are not vaccinating nor deworming their
carabaos. However, when it comes to external parasites like ticks, deticking is observed
although it is done manually by hand picking.
Figure 22. A draft carabao tethered on a pasture land owned by one of the respondents in
barangay Layasan
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Marketing Carabaos
All of the respondents said that they are selling their carabaos directly to the
buyer. They all said also that they are selling their carabaos on a per head basis or
“bulto” system. The market price is dictated by the raiser based on the age of the animal
and body sizes. However, in cases where the carabao to be sold is dead or dying due to
accidents like when it had fallen down and can no longer walk, the carabao is usually
butchered and sliced into big chunks. These chunks are put in sticks and are sold per
stick either in cash or credit. No one among the respondents had sold his carabao on a
liveweight basis nor on a per kilogram of carabeef.
Problems/Constraints in Raising Carabaos
Table 36 shows the problems or constraints encountered by the respondents in
raising carabaos. It is shown in the table that the number one problem or constraints of
the respondents is inadequate supply of indigenous feedstuffs as claimed by all of the
respondents. This is true most especially during the dry season. The other problems or
constraints are lack of technical support from the local government unit with 34
respondents; lack of market outlets with 19 respondents and lack of medical services with
14 respondents.
Cattle
Years in Raising Cattle
Table 37 presents the number of years the respondents have been raising cattle. It
is shown in the table that out of 49 respondents, majority [51.02% or 25] of them said
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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that they have been raising cattle for 6-10 years. Sixteen [16] or 32.65% of the
respondents said that they have been raising cattle for only 1-5 years; 6 [12.25%] said,
11-15 years and only 2 [4.08%] of the respondents said that they have been raising cattle
for 16 or above number of years.
Table 36. Problems/Constraints encountered by the respondents in raising carabaos
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Inadequate supply of
66
100.00
indigenous feeds
Lack of technical support
34
51.51
from local government unit
Lack of market outlets
19
28.78
Lack of medical services
14
21.21
* Multiple response
n=66
Table 37. Years in raising cattle
YEARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 5
16
32.65
6 –10
25
51.02
11-15
6
12.25
16 and above
2
4.08
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
49
100.00
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Number of Cattle Raised
Majority [57.14% or 31] of the respondents are raising only 1-2 heads of cattle.
Fourteen [14] of the respondents are raising 3-4 heads and only seven of the respondents
are raising 5 or more number of cattle [Table 38]. This results reveal that like the other
farm animals, cattle industry in the municipality is in the hands of backyard raisers.
Purpose in Raising Cattle
Table 39 shows the reasons of the respondents in raising cattle. It is shown in the
table that majority [57.14% or 28] of the respondents said that they are raising cattle as
supplementary source of income. Cattle, just like carabaos, demands a higher price
because of its bigger size. So usually, it is the one being sold when the raiser needs a
bigger amount during emergency cases. Thirteen [13] of the respondents said that they
are raising cattle to have available animals to slaughter during special occasions like
weddings and only eight of the respondents said that they are raising cattle as draft
animals.
Table 38. Number of cattle raised by the respondents
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 2
28
57.14
3 – 4
14
28.57
5 and above
7
14.29
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
49
100.00
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Table 39. Purpose of the respondents in raising cattle
PURPOSE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
As supplementary source of income
28
57.14
For special occasion
13
26.53
As draft animal
8
16.33
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
49
100.00
Source of Stocks and Capital
Majority [63.27%] or 31 of the respondents said that they have bought their stocks
from other cattle raisers within the locality [Table 40]. Sixteen [16] of the respondents
said that they have inherited their stocks from their parents or it was given to them by
their relatives as gifts. Only two of the respondents said that they obtained their stocks
from cattle raisers outside the municipality. With the exception of those who inherited
their cattle and those who acquired their stocks as gifts, all of the respondents said that
they made use of their own money to buy their stocks.
Table 40. Source of stock of cattle of the respondents
PURPOSE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Raisers within the municipality
31
63.27
Inherited/given as gifts from relatives
16
32.65
Raisers outside the municipality
2
4.08
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
49
100.00
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Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds of cattle raised. All of the respondents said that they are raising native
cattle [Fig. 23]. This is because native cattle are already adapted to the locality.
Methods and systems of breeding. All of the respondents said that they are
observing natural mating to reproduce their cattle. Artificial breeding has never been
practiced in the locality. All of the respondents said also that they are observing
inbreeding and purebreeding depending on the availability of bulls.
Source of bull. Majority [53.06%] or 26 of the respondent said that they have
their own bulls to use in breeding their cows. The other 23 of the respondents said that
they are borrowing the bulls they are using in breeding their cows from their neighbors,
relatives or friends and the breeding services are rendered free of charge [Table 41].
Breeding age of heifers. All of the respondents said that they are breeding their
heifers at the age between 2-3 years old.
Length of gestation and birth rate. All of the respondents said that their cows are
calving every other year. Likewise, all of the respondents said that the gestation period
of their cows is between 9-10 months.
Table 41. Source of bulls
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
26
53.06
Borrowed from neighbors,
23
46.94
relatives and friends
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
49
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
66
Figure 23. A native cattle owned by one of the respondents in barangay Pangol
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
Types of feeds. Just like the carabaos, all of the respondents said that they are
feeding their cattle with pure indigenous feedstuffs, forages and roughages. The common
indigenous feedstuffs used include stick leaves, napier grass, cogon grass, rice straws,
corn stovers, and banana leaves and trunks.
Systems of feeding. Except for the four who are practicing the “cut and carry”
system or zero grazing, all of the respondents are practicing 100% grazing. The cattle are
allowed to graze on pasture lands or idle lands where there are grasses growing [Table
42].
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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67
Table 42. Systems of feeding cattle
SYSTEM
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Grazing
45
91.84
Zero grazing/ “Cut and carry system
4
8.16
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
49
100.00
Types of Rearing Cattle
The types of rearing cattle as practiced by the respondents are presented in Table
43. It is presented that majority [55.10% or 27] of the respondents are tethering their
cattle [Fig. 24]. The remaining 22 respondents are practicing the free range system where
their cattle are let loosed in the mountains and all they have to do is to visit their cattle
once a week. This is to check on their health or if one is missing. Sometimes they bring
with them salt and give it to their cattle.
Table 43 Types of rearing
TYPES
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Tethering
27
55.10
Free-range
22
44.90
TOTAL
49
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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68
Figure 24. A cattle tethered on a pasture land owned by one of the respondents in
barangay Dacalan
Herd Health Management
All of the respondents said that they are not giving medical treatment to their
cattle just like the carabaos when sick. They also said that they are not vaccinating nor
deworming their carabaos. However, when it comes to external parasites like ticks,
deticking is observed although it is done manually by picking.
Marketing of Cattle
Marketing of cattle is similar to the marketing of carabaos. All of the respondents
said that they are marketing directly their cattle to the buyer or consumer and it is on a
per head basis or “bulto” system. The market price is dictated by the raiser to be
negotiated by the buyer. No one among the respondents is selling his cattle on a
liveweight basis nor on a per kilogram of butchered beef basis. Cattle that died or is
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
69
dying due to accident is also being sold but usually these is butchered and sliced in to big
chunks afterwhich the meat chunks are placed in sticks. The beef then is sold per stick
and not on a per kilogram basis.
Problems/Constraints Encountered by the Respondents in Raising Cattle
Table 44 presents the problems/constraints encountered by the respondents in
raising cattle. Just like in carabaos, inadequate supply of indigenous feedstuffs ranks first
and this is true to all of the respondents. Lack of technical support from the government
ranks second with 24 respondents; lack of medical services comes next with 24
respondents and finally lack of market outlet with 12 respondents.
Table 44. Problems/Constraints encountered by the respondents in raising cattle.
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Inadequate supply of
49
100.00
indigenous feedstuffs
Lack of technical support
24
48.78
from local government unit
Lack of medical services
15
30.61
Lack of market outlets
12
24.49
* Multiple response
n=49
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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70
Goats
Number of Years in Raising Goats
The number of years that the respondents have been raising goats is presented in
Table 45. It is shown in the table that majority [78.26%] or 18 of the respondents have
been raising goats for 3-4 years. Only three of the respondents said that they have been
raising goats for 1- 2 years and two said that they have been raising goats for 5 or more
number of years. This shows that the respondents have just started to raise goats.
Number of Goats Raised
All of the respondents are raising less than five goats. Majority [73.91%] or 17 of
them are raising 1-2 goats and only six are raising 3-4 goats [Table 46]. The results show
that goat raising in the locality is in a backyard scale.
Table 45. Number of years in raising goats
NUMBER [YEARS]
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 - 2
3
13.04
3 - 4
18
78.26
5 and above
2
8.70
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
23
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Table 46. Number of goats raised
NUMBER
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 2
17
73.91
3 – 4
6
26.09
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
23
100.00
Purpose of Raising Goats
Because of the very limited number of goats they are raising, all of the
respondents said that they are raising such animals mainly for family use. Usually goats
are butchered by the respondents as source of food during special occasions like
birthdays, graduation, baptisms and others. However if they have available goats for sale
and there are available buyers, then they also sell the said goats as additional source of
income.
Source of Capital and Stocks
With the exception of the three respondents who obtained their stocks from their
relatives as gifts, all of the remaining 20 respondents bought their stocks using their own
money. Sixteen [16] bought their stocks from other raisers within the locality and 0nly
four bought their stocks from raisers outside the municipality.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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72
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds. All of the respondents said that they are raising native/upgraded goats
[Fig. 25]. This is because native goats are already adapted to the locality and besides,
these are the only ones available from the sources where they obtained their stocks.
Methods and systems of breeding. All of the respondents said that they are
employing natural mating in breeding their does. No one among the respondents, or even
in the entire locality, is employing artificial insemination [A.I]. Likewise, all of the
respondents said that they are employing either inbreeding or purebreeding depending on
the availability of the buck.
Figure 25. Upgraded goats tethtered on a pasture land by one of the respondents in
barangay Dupligan
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
73
Source of buck. Majority [78.26%] or 18 of the respondents said that the source
of buck is not a problem because they have their own bucks to use [Table 47]. Only five
among the respondents said that they are borrowing the bucks they are using in breeding
their does from their friends or relatives because they do not have bucks of their own.
Age at first breeding. Table 48 presents that out of the 23 respondents, 19
[82.60%] of them said that they bred their does at the age of 7-8 months. Two of them
said that they bred their does at 9-10 months old and another two said at 11 months old or
older.
Table 47. Source of bucks used by the respondents in breeding their does
SOURCE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
18
78.26
Borrowed
5
21.74
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
23
100.00
Table 48. Age of goats at first breeding
AGE [MONTHS]
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
7 - 8
19
82.60
9 – 10
2
8.70
11 and above
2
8.70
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
23
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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74
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
Types of feeds. Just like the carabaos and cattle, all of the respondents are
feeding their goats with indigenous feeds. No one among the respondents is giving
conventional feeds nor concentrates to his goats. The common indigenous feeds are
similar to those given to carabaos and cattle.
Systems of feeding. Majority [78.26%] or 18 of the respondents are subjecting
their goats to grazing [Table 49]. It is only during stormy weathers when they subject
their goats to shelter and observe the so called “cut and carry” system or zero grazing.
Only five among the respondents are practicing zero grazing all throughout the year.
Housing Management Practices
All of the respondents are tethering their goats on their backyards and are brought
to pasture areas during day time to graze. At night time, they are brought back to areas
near their residential houses or even to a shelter most especially during rainy seasons.
Table 49. Systems of feeding
SYSTEMS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Range grazing
18
78.26
“Cut and carry” system or
5
21.74
Zero grazing
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
23
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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75
Herd Health Management
All of the respondents said that they are not vaccinating nor deworming their
goats. To a few who encountered sickness among their goats, they said that they did not
administer medicines to them. All they had done is to tether them on their backyards or
near their residential houses where they can easily monitor them.
Marketing of Goats
Only few among the respondents experienced marketing of goats and they all said
that they sold their goats directly to the buyer. The goats were sold on a per head basis
and the market price depended on the body size and age of the goat.
Problems/Constraints Encountered by Respondents on Goat Raising
The common problems encountered by the respondents are similar to the
problems encountered in carabao and cattle raising. These are inadequate supply of
feedstuffs, limited grazing areas and lack of market outlets.
Support Services
Except for a few who availed of a loan from a cooperative, all the respondents
said that there were no technical services nor financial support extended to them from
both government and non-government organizations.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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76
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the status of livestock and poultry industry
in Tanudan, Kalinga from December, 2008 to January, 2009. Specifically, it aimed to
determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents; the different farm animals they
are raising and their number; the reasons of the respondents in raising such animals; the
sources of their stock and capital; the support services availed either from government or
non government organizations; problems encountered in raising animals and different
production management practices in terms of housing, breeds and breeding, feeds and
feeding, herd health management and marketing.
Ten barangays of Tanudan were considered to represent the municipality namely
Anggacan, Dacalan, Dupligan, Gaang, Layasan, Lower Lubo, Lower Taloctoc, Mabacca,
Pangol and Upper Taloctoc. These barangays were chosen based on animal population.
A total of 103 respondents who are actual animal raisers were selected from the above
barangays to serve as respondents.
Out of the 103 respondents, majority of them are females, married and belong to
the age bracket of 41-50 years old. Their major source of livelihood is farming and most
of them have graduated high school.
The common farm animal species raised by the respondents include swine,
chicken, carabaos, cattle, ducks and goats and these are all raised in the backyards. Each
household is raising 1-5 swine, 1-5 hens, 1-3 duck hens, 1 carabao, 1-2 cattle and 1-2
goats. Generally, the respondents are raising these animals mainly for family use i.e. as
source of viand for the family most especially chickens and ducks or as source of food
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
77
during weddings, baptisms, anniversaries, graduations, and other special occasions, and
as source of additional income. In addition, carabaos are raised mainly as draft animals.
With the exception of goats where most of the respondents said that they have
been raising the species for 4 years or less only and the cattle for 10 years or less only, all
of the other species have been raised by the respondents for more than 10 years most
especially carabaos and chickens. Also with the exception of goats where majority of the
respondents have bought their stocks, majority of the respondents have obtained their
stocks for the other species through inheritance or it was given to them as gifts from their
relatives.
Results of the study revealed that the respondents are still observing traditional
practices in raising their animals, hence, the low reproductive and productive
performance of their animals. In terms of breeds, all of the respondents are raising native
animals. It is only in swine and goats where some of the respondents are raising
upgrades. To reproduce their animals, all of the respondents are employing natural
mating using their own sires or borrowing the sires of their neighbors, relatives or friends.
They are observing inbreeding despite of its limitations and purebreeding. Only a few
said to have observed upgrading. It seems to appear that the respondents’ reason in
breeding their animals is more on reproduction to increase their number and not on the
improvement of performance.
In terms of feeds and feeding, majority of the respondents are feeding their swine
with combinations of conventional feeds most especially ricebran and indigenous
feedstuffs. The others are feeding their pigs with pure indigenous feedstuffs. Very few of
the respondents are feeding their pigs with pure conventional feeds, either ricebran or
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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78
commercial hog feeds or combination of both. Generally, wet feeding is practiced when
feeding indigenous feedstuffs and dry feeding is observed when feeding pure
conventional feeds. Chickens are fed with cooked rice left-overs, unmilled/milled rice or
corn whichever is available. Normally, the feeds are broadcasted into the yard when
given to the chickens. Ducks are commonly fed with cooked rice left-overs also, sweet
potato leaves and tubers and ricebran and the feeds are normally offered in a wet form.
Ruminants are fed with pure grasses and roughages and they obtain their feeds mostly by
grazing. Only a few of the respondents are observing the so called “cut and carry system”
or zero grazing in feeding their animals. True to all the respondents, feeding the animals
is done mainly to satisfy the animals’ craving for food and oftentimes, without
considering whether the ration is nutritionally balanced or not.
In housing management, majority [59.27%] or 61 of the 103 respondents in swine
are observing semi-confinement where pigs are confined at night time but are let loosed
at day time to search for additional food. The other 42 of the respondents are completely
confining their pigs. Also, to save expenses on roofing materials, majority of the
respondents are having their swine houses under their own residential houses.
Likewise in chickens, almost all of the respondents, except for 4, are practicing
semi-confinement also. Majority [83.50%] of the respondents have chicken houses made
of all bamboo materials most especially the portable ones. For the ducks, majority
[86.11%] or 31 of the respondents are subjecting their animals to free range i.e. the ducks
are allowed to roam day and night on the backyards. The ducks of the other 5 respondents
are completely confined but in an enclosed area. Their ducks are also free to roam around
but the area where they are allowed to roam around is limited.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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For the ruminants, all of the respondents said that they do not have housing for
their animals. Instead these are tethered on pasture lands and are brought to a more
comfortable area during adverse weather conditions particularly during typhoons.
In terms of herd health management, practically all of the respondents are not
observing the common methods of preventing and controlling diseases among their
animals like vaccination, deworming, disinfection and subjecting their animals to medical
treatment when they get sick. Majority, however, among the respondents are bathing their
pigs. Deticking is also practiced by the respondents but this is done manually by hand
picking
In terms of marketing, all of the respondents said that they are selling their
animals on a per head basis [bulto]. The market price is dictated by the raiser based on
the age and body size of the animal and it is up to the buyer to negotiate for a lower price.
However, if there are cattle and carabaos that have died or are dying due to accidents,
these are usually slaughtered and sliced into chunks which are then put into a stick and
are sold per stick. Marketing of animals is done directly from raiser to the buyer. No
middle men involved.
Except for a few among the swine raisers who claimed to have availed of a loan
from a cooperative, all of the respondents said that they did not avail of any technical nor
financial support from any government or non-government organizations.
Finally for problems encountered, lack of market outlet is common to the
respondents and this is true to all the farm animals being raised. The other problems
encountered are lack of capital, high cost of feeds, low market price of products and
animal diseases for swine; diseases and parasites, problem on theft and astray dogs for
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
80
chicken; high cost of feeds for ducks; and inadequate supply of feeds or limited grazing
lands and lack of technical assistance from the local government for the ruminants.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that livestock and
poultry raising in the locality is in the control of backyard raisers. The animal raisers are
still observing the traditional management practices hence, the low reproductive and
productive performance of their animals.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, the following are then recommended to help
improve the animal industry in the locality:
1. The concerned local government agencies should strengthened their extension
services, one way of which is by conducting seminars or trainings on animal production
to the animal raisers. Another way also is for them to have animal dispersal programs to
introduce better breeding animals to the raisers but follow-up supervisions or monitoring
from their office should be done to ensure success of the program.
2. The animal raisers should join together and form an organization or
cooperative among themselves to have a stronger representation in availing of support
services either from government or non-government organizations.
3. The local government should perhaps create lending institutions with lower
interest rates to help solve the problem on capital of the animal raisers or those who are
interested to venture in animal raising.
4. The local government should help create market outlets for animal products
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
81
thereby encouraging raisers to increase their production.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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82
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. (n.d). Goat Raising. Keeline-Bay Marketing. P. 4.
AYERAS, J. B. 1998. The Incident of Pollorum Disease Among Native Chicken in
Mangaterem, and Alaminos, Pangasinan. BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-3.
COX, S. 2003. Precision Livestock Farming. P. 13.
DAGOON, J. D. 1990. Poultry, Swine and Goat Production, Rex Printing Company, Inc.
Quezon City. Pp. 133.
GARCIA, L. B and R. G. DE LARA.1999. Practical Arts Livelihood. Mandaluyong,
Metro Manila. Merryland Publishing Corporation. P. 34.
JOURNAL. 2000. Asian Livestock, “Food for the Future”. FAO Regional Office,
Bangkok, Thailand, XV (10): 116-119.
JOURNAL. 2000. Asian Livestock, “Artificial Insemination Service in Pakistan”. FAO
Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand, XV (7).
ONGYAO, L. G. 2007. Status of Livestock and Poultry Production Raisers in Selected
Barangay of Tabuk, Kalinga. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
PALANGYO, R. Y. 2008. Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Selected
Barangay of Tabuk City, Kalinga. BS Thesis. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
PCARRD. 1999. Philippine Highlights. Paseo De Valmayor, Los Baňos, Laguna.
Pp. 62-79.
PCARRD. 2006. The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming, Los Baňos, Laguna.
Pp. 18-19.
Pfizer/PCARRD. 2006. The Philippines Recommends for Broiler Production, Los Baňos,
Laguna. Pp. 2-3.
UTAN, L. B. 2008. Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tinglayan, Kalinga.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
WILLARD, S.T, J W. FUQUAY and H. BEARDEN JOE, 2004. Applied Animal
Reproduction, sixth edition. P. 3.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
83
APPENDIX A
Communication Letter
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
La Trinidad, Benguet
________________________
________________________
________________________
Sir/Madam:
Greetings!
The undersigned is a fourth year student taking up Bachelor of Science in
Agriculture major in Animal Science at Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
One requirement of the degree is to conduct thesis.
In compliance with the requirement, I came up with the study entitled “Status of
Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan, Kalinga”. Your barangay was chosen as
one of the venue due to the livestock and poultry population. This study will be
conducted to evaluate the current practices of our animal raisers and hopefully give
insights on proper management of the livestock in order to maximize their production
potentials.
In this regard, may I then request your permission to please allow me to interview
respondents in your area to comply with the objectives set forth in my study.
Thank you very much and I hope for your favorable action.
Respectfully Yours,
NESTOR C. BULLINGAN JR.
Researcher
Endorse by: MYRNA B. WALSIYEN
Thesis Adviser
Recommending Approval: SAMUEL CRESCENCIO S. ARCELLANA
Department Chairman
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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APPENDIX B
Survey Questionnaire
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Name: ________________________ Gender: ______________
Address: ______________________ Age: _________________
Civil Status: ___________________ Occupation: __________
Highest Educational Attainment: ___________________________________________
Years in Raising Animals:
Farm Animals/species/breed/
Native
hybrid
upgrade Number of
strain
years
Swine
Cattle
Beef
Dairy
Poultry
Native Chicken
Broiler
Sasso
Layer
Goat
Sheep
Carabao
Classification and Number of Animals Being Raised
Animal
Class/Age/Weight Breed/Strain Purpose Number of
Animals
Swine
Sucking
Weaning
Grower
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Native Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
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Source of Stock
Animal
Source of Replacement Stock
Swine
Weaning
Gilt
Boars
Carabao
Cattle
Native Chicken
Duck
Other specie (specify)
Source of Capital
How is the project financed?
__________own money __________contract grower
__________loan from cooperative __________other sources of capital
__________loan from private individuals
II. HOUSING
A. Kind of Housing or Rearing
Poultry
______Free range ______other type of rearing(specify)
______Complete confinement
______Semi-confinement
Livestock
______Tethering _______range _______others
______Confinement _______feedlot
B. Type of Housing Material Used
Described in detail the type of housing Materials Used
_____nipa / cogon + bamboo walls
_____nipa/ cogon + walls made of stick
_____galvanized roof + cemented walls and floor
_____galvanized roofing + wood walls + cemented floor
_____other types of housing (describe completely)
Roof Structure
_____ Gable type _____Semi-monitor type
_____A type _____Broken type
_____Monitor type
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
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Facilities
Identify all fixtures and equipment (include improvised equipment) being
used in the farm.
*Support all observations with pictures
III. FEEDING
Type and Source of feeds and Frequency of Feeding
Animal
Class/Age Type of Type of Non- Combination Frequency System
/Weight
Convent conventional of Feeds
of feeding of
ional
Feeds
Stuff
feeding
Feeds
Swine
Suckling
Weaning
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Native Chicks
Chicken
Pullets
Hens
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hens
Drake
Other
Species
Identification and Processing of Indigenous / Non-conventional Feeds
Non-conventional Feed,
Source/ Place of
Season of
Source of
Specie, Scientific name,
Greater abundance
Abundance
Information on
local name
the Use of Non-
conventional
Feeds
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Preparation of Non-Conventional Feeds
Type of Non-
Method of
Amount of Ration Frequency of
Conventional Feed
Preparation/Processing
Feeding
System of Feeding
(1) Wet group feeding (4) Dry individual Feeding
(2) Wet individual Feeding (5) free range/ choice Feeding
(3) Dry group feeding (6) others (specify)
Animal
Class/Age/Weight
System of Feeding Frequency of
Feeding
Swine
Suckling
Weaning
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Poultry
Native Chicken Chicks
Pullets
Hens
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
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IV.BREEDING
Breeding Systems
a. Out breeding b. Inbreeding c. Upgrading/grading up
Pure breeding close breeding
Out breeding line breeding
Cross breeding
Animal
Class/Age/Weight Breeding
Mating
System Age of
System
A.I
natural
Animals at
First Breeding
or birth
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbred
Cattle
Poultry
Native
chicken
Duck
Other
specie
(specify)
Source of Male Breeding Animal
(1) Owned (3) Hired
(2) Borrowed (4) Other terms (specify)
Animal
Source of Breeding animal Terms of payment for
Breeding Service
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Poultry
Native chicken
Duck
Other species (specify)
Terms of Payment for Breeding Service
(1) Cash (how much) (3) In terms of calves
(2) In terms of Piglets (4) Other terms (specify)
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Birth Rate, and Length of Gestation
Animal
Farrowing rate/Birth Rate
Length of Gestation
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Other Reproductive Data
Animal
Litter
Litter
Number Number of Number of Number of
size at
size at
of Eggs
eggs
eggs
unhatched
Birth
Weaning per
Incubated
Hatched
eggs
Clutch
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Poultry
Native
chicken
Duck
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Tanudan Kalinga.
BULLINGAN, NESTOR. APRIL 2009
Document Outline
- Status of Livestock and Poultry Production inTanudan Kalinga
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED