BIBLIOGRAPHY ALBIN, CRISTIFINA H. March 2006....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALBIN, CRISTIFINA H. March 2006. Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques
On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting (Hellichrysum Bracteatum),
Benguet State University , La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad , PhD
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to determine the pinching techniques appropriate in everlasting
that would increase flower yield and to compare the effect of pinching on the growth and
flowering of everlasting. The study was conducted at the Floriculture Research Area at
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from December 2005 to March 2006.
The findings showed that the number of leaves produced per plant and the number
of laterals produced per plant had significantly increased in the pinching applied with
more leaves and laterals counted in double pinched and fewer leaves and laterals are
produced in unpinched plants. Final height flowering were significantly reduced with
more pinching with the shortest plants measures from plants applied with double pinch.
The tallest plants were obtained from unpinched plants, and short in double pinched
plants and single pinch. Highly significant differences were also observed on the number
of days to flower but formation were unpinched plants produced flower bud earlier while
double pinch delayed it. Moreover, flower diameter did not significantly affect the
different pinching techniques applied on everlasting.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….…. i
Abstract……... …………………………………………………...…………….. i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………. ii
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………... 1
Nature of the Study ………………………………………………………… 1
Importance of the Study ……………………………………………………. 2
Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………….. 2
Place and time of the Study ………………………………………………… 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……………………………………... 3
MATERIALS AND METHOD ………………………………………………... 7
Materials ……………………………………………………………………. 7
Method ……………………………………………………………………... 7
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………………… 11
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………. 12
ii
1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
One of the most adapted cutflower in higher elevations like Baguio and Benguet
is everlasting (Hellichrysum Bracteatum). Beckel, Ambiong, Lubas and Alno of La
Trinidad; Ambiong and Loakan in Baguio are well known barangays where everlasting
are grown. Growers in these areas consider growing everlasting as their main source of
income and additional source income for others. They harvest the flowers weekly for two
to three months, before the crop reaches its senescence stage. Harvested flowers are being
brought to the Baguio City market in the form of leis or in bundles. Most of the buyers
are tourists from other places because the flowers serve as a souvenir of the place for
them.
Everlasting is one of the best known species of flowering plants which is
sometimes called strawflowers. The crop is an upright, warm-weather annual or short
lived perennial with daisy-like flower heads in yellow, pink red, and white colors.
Everlasting has their, lanced shaped, grayish green leaves up to 5 inches long which are
sandpapery in texture, and a hallow, branching stem that may reach 3-4 feet in height.
From late spring until fall, strawflower bears flower heads about 2 inches across singly or
clusters on the end of the branches.
Hellichrysum species is a native of North Africa and Eastern Australia and is
cultivated in some part of Europe. It is propagated by seeds and cuttings through the
offsets of older stems. They tolerate sandy and gravelly soils, and they do not need
frequent watering but do not thrive well in clayey soils.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
2
The crop is used in annual beds and border planting along fences and backyards.
The flowers are used for corsages, leis, garlands, room decorations and for dried floral
arrangements. The papery bracts dry beautifully with out losing their color or shape and
they last indefinitely. The pompom-like bracts of the double flowered cultivars are
specially desirable in arrangements.
Importance of the Study
Apical dominance is an influenced expressed by the terminal bud which
suppresses lateral shoot growth on a plant. Pinching the shoot affect the concentration of
the auxin in the apical meristems resulting in the growth of dormant lateral buds.
Diversified technique of pinching produced multiple branches that can have more
flowers.
The result of these study serves as additional knowledge to everlasting growers. It
also serves as a guide for them on what kind of pinching technique appropriate for
everlasting to have more number of lateral shoots and a quality of flowers.
Objectives of the Study
The study were conducted to determine the pinching technique appropriate in
everlasting that would increase cutflower yield and compare the effect of pinching on the
growth and flowering of everlasting.
Place and Time of the Study
The were conducted on the Ornamental Research Area, Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet from December to March 2006.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
3
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Pinching is a diversified method which affects the concentration of auxin in the
apical meristems resulting to the growth of dormant lateral buds (Bonner et. al.1959).
According to Larson (1980), pinching is a cultural practices which is highly
related to pruning, however, the main objective of pruning is different from those of
pinching. Pruning is done to reduce the height of the plant, to prevent the spread of
disease and insets pest to other parts of the plant and to encourage the growth of larger
cane or stem for the production of longer stemmed blooms. Pinching on the other hand is
employed to build up the plants before the are allowed to flower, to produced the desired
number of lateral stems or branches and to coincide harvest periods which peak demands
and high prices. Their are basically two types of pinches- soft and hard. Soft pinch is
done when the flower bud is smaller than a pea and hard pinch is applied if the flower
buds is bigger than a pea seed.
Hermano (2000) says that two months from planting, seed sowing to planting, the
plants are pinched. Pinching is done just above the sixth node from the base of the plants.
If the market demands lesser volume with continuous supply, pinch the half of the flower
and allow the other half to flower. This practice is called “ pinched and a half and double
pinched” things that are done when the resulting shorts are pinched. Lateral shoots
produces unnecessary shoots from the previous cut or pinch. Failure to remove them
would result in shoot stem and smaller flower.
As young shoots develop, some may need to be pinched out to encourage the
plant to produce side shoot and to develop a bushy habit (Bleasdale, 1970). Pinching is
done by nipping the growing tip of a young plant if a uniform growing habbit is required,
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
4
pinched tall plants at five to six joints by removing the tip of each along shoot back to the
required height. (Brickell, 1993). Mc Daniel (1982) added that pinching plants by
removing ¼ to ¾ inches of the terminal shoots of each cutting with finger produce
several lateral branches.
Larson (1980) further defined that pinch means only the original terminal stem is
pinched. The resulting four to five vegetative shoots will elongate and flower at the same
time from planting. The plants will essentially be out of flower production until the
second flower crops develop. Pinched and a half means a single pinch of the main stem
and later when resulting shoots are long enough about ½ of the largest shoots on each
plants are pinched. The half pinched actually is 2 to 3 pinches per plant of the later
pinching time and double pinch means a single pinch of the main stem, plus a later pinch
of all the resulting shoots when they are long enough.
In 1950, Laurie and Ries as cited by Zambrano (1980) found that better flower of
longer stem of extra quality are obtained from pinched plants. They also added that when
a Christmas harvest is desired, the plants should be pinched from October 17 to 21 or
from October 21 to 23. Counting ahead from a specific day is necessary in order that a
grower can harvest and bring this cut flower in the market in a desired time.
Pinching at proper height result in stronger stalks which promote continuity of
flower production. Pinching keeps the plant in a vigorous condition. It improves the
quality and promotes a well balanced appearance. Lack of pinching result in a struggly
bush with small and poorly formed flowers (Rockwell, 1959). Fuller (1961) stated that
the pinching induces flowering and increase the number of branches on the stem.
Awingan (2001) added that pinching significantly reduces flower size to almost half
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
5
compared to unpinced plants. Pinching prevents the limited carbohydrates supply from
being expanded in the early stage of growth, thereby promoting the development of
bottom breaks.
Rimando and Lazaro (1976) employed pinching on different cultivars of roses and
they discovered that the cultivars, light, and water supply influenced the time required
for a flower bud to develop from pinching to harvest. Pinching shoots as they are
produced prevents the maturity flower and increased carbohydrates concentration which
stimulates botton breaks and results in well-balanced appearance and elegant blooms
(Baily, 1930).
In Inchan (2001) study on the effect of pinching technique on the growth and
flowering of carnation, the result showed that the number of pinching applied with more
leaves and laterals in unpinced plants. Final plant height, cut flower stem length and
flower size were likewise significantly reduced with more pinching and smallest blooms
we measured from plants with double pinched. The tallest plants with the longest stem
and biggest flower were obtained from unpinched plants and those that are applied with
single pinch. However more flowers were produced by plants applied with double pinch
and less in unpinched and those applied with single pinch.
Zambrano (1980) studied on the effect of pinching roses under Benguet condition,
the result were analyzed on the bases of flower quality, yield cane production and
percentage of blind shoots. Hard pinch roses gives the most satisfactory result, had longer
stem and more elegant blooms. While soft pinch rose develop more bottom and lateral
bud breaks. Unpinched plants were out yielded and outgrown by the soft and hard
pinched plants. Greater percentage of blind shoots was also observed on unpinched
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
6
lateral shoots. Larger and longer stemmed cut flowers were obtained from hard pinched
pants. The smallest were taken from the control.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
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MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used in the experimental are everlasting seedlings, garden tools
organic and inorganic fertilizers, watering cans, hose, and measuring and labeling
materials.
Method
Experimental design and treatment. The study was conducted under filed
conditions and was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications.
The different treatments were as follows:
Code
Description
T1
Unpinched
T2
Single pinch- only the original terminal stem is pinched from the
sixth node one month from transplanting
T3
Double pinch- A single from the main stem is done plus a later
pinch of all the resulting shoots when they are long enough to be
pinched to the sixth node.
Raising the seedlings. The seeds of everlasting were sown in an outdoor seedbed
before they are transplanted in the filed after 3 to 4 weeks from sowing. Regular
irrigation, pest management and other recommended cultural practices were applied for
optimum growth of the crop.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
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Land Preparation and fertilizer application. An area of 135 square meters were
thoroughly prepared ad divided into plots measuring 1mx5m. The experimental plots
were dug, leveled and applied with fully decomposed chicken manure at a rate of 3 tons
per ha and were mixed thoroughly with the soil.
Transplanting. The plots were irrigated first before the four week old seedling
were transplanted the planting distance used is 20 cm x 20 cm between hills and rows.
Any dead seedlings were immediately replaced are week after established about 4 weeks
from transplanting. The top of the stem were pinched of by hands just above the sixth
node.
Care and Management. Other cultural practices such as control, weeding and
irrigation were doe uniformly to ensure optimum growth and development of the
experiment plants.
Data Gathering
A. Vegetative Growth
1. Number of leaves per plant at flowering. The number of leaves per plants at
flowering stage when the first flower show 1cm in diameter were counted.
2. Final Height at flowering at 50% anthesis (cm). These were done by measuring
the height of the plant from the base up to the tip of flowers at flowering.
3. Number of laterals produced per plant. The number of laterals produced plant
were counted.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
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B. Reproductive Growth
1. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation (0.5 cm flower bud size). The
number of days from transplanting to 0.5 cm flower bid size was counted.
2. Number of days from flower formation to 50% anthesis. The number of days
from bud formation (0.05 cm bud size) to 50% anthesis of the first flower were counted
and recorded.
C. Yield
1. Number of flower bud per plant. The numbers of buds per plants for the
cropping duration were counted.
2. Number of flower bud produced per 1x5m plot. This was taken by counting the
number of flower buds produced per 1x5m plot for the cropping duration.
D. Flower quality
1. Flower diameter. The diameter of the flower at 50% anthesis was measured in
cm.
E. Meteorological Data
Meteorological data were gathered during the entire cropping period with the
following data taken at the BSU-PAG-ASA station.
1. Rainfall (mm)
2. Relative and Maximum temperature
3. Minimize and Maximum temperature
F. Documentation of the study in Pictures
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
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RESULTS AND DESCUSSION
Number of Leaves at Flowering
Table 1 shows that highly significant differences were obtained on the average
number of leaves produced per plant in everlasting as affected by the different pinching
techniques applied. The highest leaf count per plant was obtained from double pinched
plants with a mean of 281.28 leaves per plants at flowering. Unpinched plants produced
the lowest number of leaves per plant a mean of 40. 95 leaves followed by the single
pinch with a mean of 106 leaves. This result shows that the number of pinches applied in
everlasting plants led to the increase in the number of leaves formed on the additional
lateral.
Table 1. Number of leaves per plants at flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
40.95c
Single pinch
106.00b
Double pinch
281. 28a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Final Height at Flowering
The different pinching techniques applied had significantly affect the final height
of everlasting at flowering (Table 2).The tallest plants were measured from the control or
unpinched plants with a mean of 23.39 cm at flowering. Plants applied with single pinch
were shorter with a mean of 112.58 cm while the shortest plants measured from those of
double pinch.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
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Table 2. Final height per plants at 50% Anthesis (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
123.39a
Single pinch
122.58b
Double pinch
90.14c
Means with common letter are not significant different at 5% level by D.M.R.T
Number of Laterals Produced per plants at 50% Anthesis.
The different pinching technique used has highly significant effect on the number
of laterals produced per plant at flowering of everlasting (Table 3). Unpinched plants
produced the lowest number of laterals with a mean of 8.05 at flowering followed by
single inch with a mean of 18. 55 laterals. Double pinch promoted the production of the
highest number of laterals with the mean of 25.28 at flowering.
Table 3. Number of Days from transplanting to flower bud formation
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
8.05c
Single pinch
18.55b
Double pinch
25.28a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Days From Transplanting to Flower Bud Formation
As presented in table 3, significant differences were obtained on the number or
days from transplanting to flower-bud formation. The unpinched plants flowered earlier
with an average of 47.50 days followed by single pinch which flowered after 59.84 days.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
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Plants applied with double pinch are the latest form flower buds at 0.5 bud size at a mean
of 75.00 days from transplanting.
Table 4. Number of days from transplanting to flower bud formation.
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
47.50c
Single pinch
59.84b
Double pinch
75.00a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of MRT
Number of Days from flower Bud Formation to 50% Anthesis.
Result showed that significant differences in the number of days from flower bud
formation to 50% anthesis as affected by different pinching techniques applied (Table 5).
Unpinched plants significantly delayed flowering at reaching 50% anthesis after 22-23
days. The earliest to reach 50 % anthesis were the double pinched plants with 50%
blooms after days followed by single pinch with a mean of 21 days from 2.5 cm bud size.
Table 5 Number of days from flower bud formation to 50% Anthesis
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
22.33a
Single pinch
21.00b
Double pinch
20.39c
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
13
Number of flower buds per plant.
Highly significant differences were obtained from everlasting plants as affected
by different pinching techniques applied (Table 6). Unpinched plants produced
significantly lower number of flowers with an average of 20.39 flowers per plants. Fewer
flowers were also counted in plants with single pinch which had the mean of 32.50
flowers. Plants applied with double pinch produced more flowers per plants counted at a
mean of 49.00 flowers.
Table 6. Number of days from flower bud formation to 50% Anthesis
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
22.23a
Single pinch
21.00b
Double pinch
20.39c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Number of Flower Buds per 1x 5 cm Plot
The effect of the different pinching techniques on the flower yield per plot is
shown in Table 8. Statistical analysis shows that different pinching techniques applied
with double pinch significantly increase in the number of flowers produced per plot with
a mean of 1398.33 flowers. The unpinched plants had the lowest flowers produced with
the mean of 595.667 flowers per plant.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
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Table 7. Number of flower bud produced for 1x5 m lot
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
595.67c
Single pinch
983.00b
Double pinch
1398.39a
Mean with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMTRT
Flower Diameter
Table 8 shows that there were no significant differences obtained on the flower
diameter of everlasting flower as affected by different pinching techniques applied.
Flowers diameter measured range fro 4.18 and 5.81 cm.
Table 8 Flower diameter (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
5.81a
Single pinch
5.14a
Double pinch
4.18a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
15
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the pinching techniques appropriate in
everlasting that would increase flower yield and to determine compare the effect of
pinching techniques on the growth and flowering of everlasting. The study was
conducted at Benguet State University, Floriculture Project Research Area from
December 2005 to March 2006.
The result showed that the number of leaves produced per plant and the number of
laterals produced per plants significantly increased with increase in the number of
pinching applied with leaves and laterals counted in double pinch and fewer leaves and
laterals are produced in unpinched plants. Final height at flowering were likewise
significantly reduced with more pinching with the plants were measured fro plants
applied with double pinch. The tallest plants were obtained from unpinched plants and
those that were applied with single pinch. Highly significant differences were also
obtained on the number of days from transplanting to flower bud formation ad flower bud
formation to 50% anthesis. However more flowers were produced by the plants with
double pinch and less in the unpinched and those with single pinch only. Moreover
flower diameter did not significantly affect the different pinching applied on everlasting.
Conclusion
Based on the finding techniques to be applied is based on the purpose of the
grower. If the grower wishes to more flowers, double pinch is applied and the grower’s
wishes to produced taller plants unpinched and single pinched.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
16
Recommendation
If the wishes to produce taller plants and single pinch is recommended to be
applied 4-6 weeks after transplanting by snapping-off the shoot above the sixth node. If
the grower wishes to produce more flowers and higher number of laterals per plants,
double pinch techniques are recommended.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
17
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of leaves produce per plant at flowering
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
42.17
40.50
40.67
122.84
40.94
Single Pinched
98.67
113.33
106.00
318.00
106.00
Double Pinched 292.50
262.50
288.84
843.83
281.28
TOTAL
1284.67
MEAN
428.22
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
77.575
38.787
Factor A
2
92712.352
46356.176
326.94**
6.94
18.00
Error
4
567.931
141.983
TOTAL
8
93357. 858
** =highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 8.358%
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
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Appendix Table 2 Final height of flowering at 50% anthesis (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
124.17
126.33
119.67
370.170
123.390
Single Pinched
108.00
113.50
116.33
337.703
112.577
Double Pinched 87.17
89.83
93.33
270.430
90.143
TOTAL
978.303
MEAN
108.70
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
22.963
11.482
Factor A
2
1725.523
862.762
63.54**
6.94
18.00
Error
4
54.314
13.578
Total
8
1802.800
** =highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 3.39%
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
19
Appendix Table 3. Number of laterals per plant
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
6.83
8.83
8.50
24.16
8.05
Single Pinched
17.5
19.33
18.83
55.66
18.5
Double Pinched 23.67
24.17
28
75.84
75.84
TOTAL
155.66
MEAN
34.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F
Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0 .01
Replication
2
9.053
4.527
Factor A
2
452.256
226.628
144.54**
60.94 18.00
Error
4
6.258
1.565
TOTAL
8
467.567
** =highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 7.23%
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
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Appendix Table 4. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
48.00
47.17
47.33
142.50
47. 50
Single Pinched
62.17
57.67
59.67
179. 51
59.88
Double Pinched 75.00
74.83
75.17
225.00
75.00
TOTAL
547.01
MEAN
60.79
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
5.056
2.528
Factor A
2
1138.370
569.185
409.73**
6.94
18.00
Error
4
5.557
1.389
TOTAL
8
1148.982
** =highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 1.94 %
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
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Appendix Table 5. Number of days fro flower formation to 50% anthesis
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
21.83
22.5
22.67
67.00
21.33
Single Pinched
20.67
21.33
21.00
63.00
21.00
Double Pinched 20.17
20.67
20.33
61.17
20.39
TOTAL
191.17
MEAN
21.241
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
0.596
0.298
Factor A
2
5.926
2.963
81.05**
6.94
18.00
Error
4
0.146
0.037
TOTAL
8
6.669
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 0.90 %
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
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Table 6. Number of flower buds produced per plants
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
16.33
24.83
20.00
61.160
20.387
Single Pinched
32.67
31.33
33.50
97.500
32.500
Double Pinched 49.33
47.00
50.67
147.00
49.00
TOTAL
305.66
MEAN
33.963
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
6.495
3.247
Factor A
2
1237.706
618.853
63.23**
6.94
18.00
Error
4
39.150
9.787
TOTAL
8
1283.315
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 9.21 %
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
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Table 7. Number of flower buds produced per 1x5 m plot
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
509
665
613
1787
595.657
Single Pinched
987
997
965
2949
983.000
Double Pinched 1369
1353
1473
4195
1398.333
TOTAL
8931
MEAN
992.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
6488.000
3244.000
Factor A
2
966802.667 483401.333
127.57**
6.94
18.00
Error
4
15157.333
3789.333
TOTAL
8
988488.000
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 6.20%
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
24
Table 8. Flower Diameter (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
5.25
6.92
5.25
17.420
5.807
Single Pinched
5.03
4.97
5.42
15.420
5.140
Double Pinched 4.13
4017
4.25
12.550
4.183
TOTAL
45.39
MEAN
15.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
0.476
0.238
Factor A
2
3.995
1.997
5.29ns
6.94
18.00
Error
4
1.510
0.378
TOTAL
8
5.981
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 12.18%
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
ALBIN, CRISTIFINA H. March 2006. Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques
On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting (Hellichrysum Bracteatum),
Benguet State University , La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad , PhD
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to determine the pinching techniques appropriate in everlasting
that would increase flower yield and to compare the effect of pinching on the growth and
flowering of everlasting. The study was conducted at the Floriculture Research Area at
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from December 2005 to March 2006.
The findings showed that the number of leaves produced per plant and the number
of laterals produced per plant had significantly increased in the pinching applied with
more leaves and laterals counted in double pinched and fewer leaves and laterals are
produced in unpinched plants. Final height flowering were significantly reduced with
more pinching with the shortest plants measures from plants applied with double pinch.
The tallest plants were obtained from unpinched plants, and short in double pinched
plants and single pinch. Highly significant differences were also observed on the number
of days to flower but formation were unpinched plants produced flower bud earlier while
double pinch delayed it. Moreover, flower diameter did not significantly affect the
different pinching techniques applied on everlasting.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….…. i
Abstract……... …………………………………………………...…………….. i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………. ii
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………... 1
Nature of the Study ………………………………………………………… 1
Importance of the Study ……………………………………………………. 2
Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………….. 2
Place and time of the Study ………………………………………………… 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……………………………………... 3
MATERIALS AND METHOD ………………………………………………... 7
Materials ……………………………………………………………………. 7
Method ……………………………………………………………………... 7
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………………… 11
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………. 12
ii
1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
One of the most adapted cutflower in higher elevations like Baguio and Benguet
is everlasting (Hellichrysum Bracteatum). Beckel, Ambiong, Lubas and Alno of La
Trinidad; Ambiong and Loakan in Baguio are well known barangays where everlasting
are grown. Growers in these areas consider growing everlasting as their main source of
income and additional source income for others. They harvest the flowers weekly for two
to three months, before the crop reaches its senescence stage. Harvested flowers are being
brought to the Baguio City market in the form of leis or in bundles. Most of the buyers
are tourists from other places because the flowers serve as a souvenir of the place for
them.
Everlasting is one of the best known species of flowering plants which is
sometimes called strawflowers. The crop is an upright, warm-weather annual or short
lived perennial with daisy-like flower heads in yellow, pink red, and white colors.
Everlasting has their, lanced shaped, grayish green leaves up to 5 inches long which are
sandpapery in texture, and a hallow, branching stem that may reach 3-4 feet in height.
From late spring until fall, strawflower bears flower heads about 2 inches across singly or
clusters on the end of the branches.
Hellichrysum species is a native of North Africa and Eastern Australia and is
cultivated in some part of Europe. It is propagated by seeds and cuttings through the
offsets of older stems. They tolerate sandy and gravelly soils, and they do not need
frequent watering but do not thrive well in clayey soils.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
2
The crop is used in annual beds and border planting along fences and backyards.
The flowers are used for corsages, leis, garlands, room decorations and for dried floral
arrangements. The papery bracts dry beautifully with out losing their color or shape and
they last indefinitely. The pompom-like bracts of the double flowered cultivars are
specially desirable in arrangements.
Importance of the Study
Apical dominance is an influenced expressed by the terminal bud which
suppresses lateral shoot growth on a plant. Pinching the shoot affect the concentration of
the auxin in the apical meristems resulting in the growth of dormant lateral buds.
Diversified technique of pinching produced multiple branches that can have more
flowers.
The result of these study serves as additional knowledge to everlasting growers. It
also serves as a guide for them on what kind of pinching technique appropriate for
everlasting to have more number of lateral shoots and a quality of flowers.
Objectives of the Study
The study were conducted to determine the pinching technique appropriate in
everlasting that would increase cutflower yield and compare the effect of pinching on the
growth and flowering of everlasting.
Place and Time of the Study
The were conducted on the Ornamental Research Area, Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet from December to March 2006.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
3
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Pinching is a diversified method which affects the concentration of auxin in the
apical meristems resulting to the growth of dormant lateral buds (Bonner et. al.1959).
According to Larson (1980), pinching is a cultural practices which is highly
related to pruning, however, the main objective of pruning is different from those of
pinching. Pruning is done to reduce the height of the plant, to prevent the spread of
disease and insets pest to other parts of the plant and to encourage the growth of larger
cane or stem for the production of longer stemmed blooms. Pinching on the other hand is
employed to build up the plants before the are allowed to flower, to produced the desired
number of lateral stems or branches and to coincide harvest periods which peak demands
and high prices. Their are basically two types of pinches- soft and hard. Soft pinch is
done when the flower bud is smaller than a pea and hard pinch is applied if the flower
buds is bigger than a pea seed.
Hermano (2000) says that two months from planting, seed sowing to planting, the
plants are pinched. Pinching is done just above the sixth node from the base of the plants.
If the market demands lesser volume with continuous supply, pinch the half of the flower
and allow the other half to flower. This practice is called “ pinched and a half and double
pinched” things that are done when the resulting shorts are pinched. Lateral shoots
produces unnecessary shoots from the previous cut or pinch. Failure to remove them
would result in shoot stem and smaller flower.
As young shoots develop, some may need to be pinched out to encourage the
plant to produce side shoot and to develop a bushy habit (Bleasdale, 1970). Pinching is
done by nipping the growing tip of a young plant if a uniform growing habbit is required,
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
4
pinched tall plants at five to six joints by removing the tip of each along shoot back to the
required height. (Brickell, 1993). Mc Daniel (1982) added that pinching plants by
removing ¼ to ¾ inches of the terminal shoots of each cutting with finger produce
several lateral branches.
Larson (1980) further defined that pinch means only the original terminal stem is
pinched. The resulting four to five vegetative shoots will elongate and flower at the same
time from planting. The plants will essentially be out of flower production until the
second flower crops develop. Pinched and a half means a single pinch of the main stem
and later when resulting shoots are long enough about ½ of the largest shoots on each
plants are pinched. The half pinched actually is 2 to 3 pinches per plant of the later
pinching time and double pinch means a single pinch of the main stem, plus a later pinch
of all the resulting shoots when they are long enough.
In 1950, Laurie and Ries as cited by Zambrano (1980) found that better flower of
longer stem of extra quality are obtained from pinched plants. They also added that when
a Christmas harvest is desired, the plants should be pinched from October 17 to 21 or
from October 21 to 23. Counting ahead from a specific day is necessary in order that a
grower can harvest and bring this cut flower in the market in a desired time.
Pinching at proper height result in stronger stalks which promote continuity of
flower production. Pinching keeps the plant in a vigorous condition. It improves the
quality and promotes a well balanced appearance. Lack of pinching result in a struggly
bush with small and poorly formed flowers (Rockwell, 1959). Fuller (1961) stated that
the pinching induces flowering and increase the number of branches on the stem.
Awingan (2001) added that pinching significantly reduces flower size to almost half
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
5
compared to unpinced plants. Pinching prevents the limited carbohydrates supply from
being expanded in the early stage of growth, thereby promoting the development of
bottom breaks.
Rimando and Lazaro (1976) employed pinching on different cultivars of roses and
they discovered that the cultivars, light, and water supply influenced the time required
for a flower bud to develop from pinching to harvest. Pinching shoots as they are
produced prevents the maturity flower and increased carbohydrates concentration which
stimulates botton breaks and results in well-balanced appearance and elegant blooms
(Baily, 1930).
In Inchan (2001) study on the effect of pinching technique on the growth and
flowering of carnation, the result showed that the number of pinching applied with more
leaves and laterals in unpinced plants. Final plant height, cut flower stem length and
flower size were likewise significantly reduced with more pinching and smallest blooms
we measured from plants with double pinched. The tallest plants with the longest stem
and biggest flower were obtained from unpinched plants and those that are applied with
single pinch. However more flowers were produced by plants applied with double pinch
and less in unpinched and those applied with single pinch.
Zambrano (1980) studied on the effect of pinching roses under Benguet condition,
the result were analyzed on the bases of flower quality, yield cane production and
percentage of blind shoots. Hard pinch roses gives the most satisfactory result, had longer
stem and more elegant blooms. While soft pinch rose develop more bottom and lateral
bud breaks. Unpinched plants were out yielded and outgrown by the soft and hard
pinched plants. Greater percentage of blind shoots was also observed on unpinched
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
6
lateral shoots. Larger and longer stemmed cut flowers were obtained from hard pinched
pants. The smallest were taken from the control.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
7
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used in the experimental are everlasting seedlings, garden tools
organic and inorganic fertilizers, watering cans, hose, and measuring and labeling
materials.
Method
Experimental design and treatment. The study was conducted under filed
conditions and was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications.
The different treatments were as follows:
Code
Description
T1
Unpinched
T2
Single pinch- only the original terminal stem is pinched from the
sixth node one month from transplanting
T3
Double pinch- A single from the main stem is done plus a later
pinch of all the resulting shoots when they are long enough to be
pinched to the sixth node.
Raising the seedlings. The seeds of everlasting were sown in an outdoor seedbed
before they are transplanted in the filed after 3 to 4 weeks from sowing. Regular
irrigation, pest management and other recommended cultural practices were applied for
optimum growth of the crop.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
8
Land Preparation and fertilizer application. An area of 135 square meters were
thoroughly prepared ad divided into plots measuring 1mx5m. The experimental plots
were dug, leveled and applied with fully decomposed chicken manure at a rate of 3 tons
per ha and were mixed thoroughly with the soil.
Transplanting. The plots were irrigated first before the four week old seedling
were transplanted the planting distance used is 20 cm x 20 cm between hills and rows.
Any dead seedlings were immediately replaced are week after established about 4 weeks
from transplanting. The top of the stem were pinched of by hands just above the sixth
node.
Care and Management. Other cultural practices such as control, weeding and
irrigation were doe uniformly to ensure optimum growth and development of the
experiment plants.
Data Gathering
A. Vegetative Growth
1. Number of leaves per plant at flowering. The number of leaves per plants at
flowering stage when the first flower show 1cm in diameter were counted.
2. Final Height at flowering at 50% anthesis (cm). These were done by measuring
the height of the plant from the base up to the tip of flowers at flowering.
3. Number of laterals produced per plant. The number of laterals produced plant
were counted.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
9
B. Reproductive Growth
1. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation (0.5 cm flower bud size). The
number of days from transplanting to 0.5 cm flower bid size was counted.
2. Number of days from flower formation to 50% anthesis. The number of days
from bud formation (0.05 cm bud size) to 50% anthesis of the first flower were counted
and recorded.
C. Yield
1. Number of flower bud per plant. The numbers of buds per plants for the
cropping duration were counted.
2. Number of flower bud produced per 1x5m plot. This was taken by counting the
number of flower buds produced per 1x5m plot for the cropping duration.
D. Flower quality
1. Flower diameter. The diameter of the flower at 50% anthesis was measured in
cm.
E. Meteorological Data
Meteorological data were gathered during the entire cropping period with the
following data taken at the BSU-PAG-ASA station.
1. Rainfall (mm)
2. Relative and Maximum temperature
3. Minimize and Maximum temperature
F. Documentation of the study in Pictures
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
10
RESULTS AND DESCUSSION
Number of Leaves at Flowering
Table 1 shows that highly significant differences were obtained on the average
number of leaves produced per plant in everlasting as affected by the different pinching
techniques applied. The highest leaf count per plant was obtained from double pinched
plants with a mean of 281.28 leaves per plants at flowering. Unpinched plants produced
the lowest number of leaves per plant a mean of 40. 95 leaves followed by the single
pinch with a mean of 106 leaves. This result shows that the number of pinches applied in
everlasting plants led to the increase in the number of leaves formed on the additional
lateral.
Table 1. Number of leaves per plants at flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
40.95c
Single pinch
106.00b
Double pinch
281. 28a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Final Height at Flowering
The different pinching techniques applied had significantly affect the final height
of everlasting at flowering (Table 2).The tallest plants were measured from the control or
unpinched plants with a mean of 23.39 cm at flowering. Plants applied with single pinch
were shorter with a mean of 112.58 cm while the shortest plants measured from those of
double pinch.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
11
Table 2. Final height per plants at 50% Anthesis (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
123.39a
Single pinch
122.58b
Double pinch
90.14c
Means with common letter are not significant different at 5% level by D.M.R.T
Number of Laterals Produced per plants at 50% Anthesis.
The different pinching technique used has highly significant effect on the number
of laterals produced per plant at flowering of everlasting (Table 3). Unpinched plants
produced the lowest number of laterals with a mean of 8.05 at flowering followed by
single inch with a mean of 18. 55 laterals. Double pinch promoted the production of the
highest number of laterals with the mean of 25.28 at flowering.
Table 3. Number of Days from transplanting to flower bud formation
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
8.05c
Single pinch
18.55b
Double pinch
25.28a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Days From Transplanting to Flower Bud Formation
As presented in table 3, significant differences were obtained on the number or
days from transplanting to flower-bud formation. The unpinched plants flowered earlier
with an average of 47.50 days followed by single pinch which flowered after 59.84 days.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
12
Plants applied with double pinch are the latest form flower buds at 0.5 bud size at a mean
of 75.00 days from transplanting.
Table 4. Number of days from transplanting to flower bud formation.
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
47.50c
Single pinch
59.84b
Double pinch
75.00a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of MRT
Number of Days from flower Bud Formation to 50% Anthesis.
Result showed that significant differences in the number of days from flower bud
formation to 50% anthesis as affected by different pinching techniques applied (Table 5).
Unpinched plants significantly delayed flowering at reaching 50% anthesis after 22-23
days. The earliest to reach 50 % anthesis were the double pinched plants with 50%
blooms after days followed by single pinch with a mean of 21 days from 2.5 cm bud size.
Table 5 Number of days from flower bud formation to 50% Anthesis
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
22.33a
Single pinch
21.00b
Double pinch
20.39c
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
13
Number of flower buds per plant.
Highly significant differences were obtained from everlasting plants as affected
by different pinching techniques applied (Table 6). Unpinched plants produced
significantly lower number of flowers with an average of 20.39 flowers per plants. Fewer
flowers were also counted in plants with single pinch which had the mean of 32.50
flowers. Plants applied with double pinch produced more flowers per plants counted at a
mean of 49.00 flowers.
Table 6. Number of days from flower bud formation to 50% Anthesis
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
22.23a
Single pinch
21.00b
Double pinch
20.39c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Number of Flower Buds per 1x 5 cm Plot
The effect of the different pinching techniques on the flower yield per plot is
shown in Table 8. Statistical analysis shows that different pinching techniques applied
with double pinch significantly increase in the number of flowers produced per plot with
a mean of 1398.33 flowers. The unpinched plants had the lowest flowers produced with
the mean of 595.667 flowers per plant.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
14
Table 7. Number of flower bud produced for 1x5 m lot
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
595.67c
Single pinch
983.00b
Double pinch
1398.39a
Mean with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMTRT
Flower Diameter
Table 8 shows that there were no significant differences obtained on the flower
diameter of everlasting flower as affected by different pinching techniques applied.
Flowers diameter measured range fro 4.18 and 5.81 cm.
Table 8 Flower diameter (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Unpinched
5.81a
Single pinch
5.14a
Double pinch
4.18a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
15
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the pinching techniques appropriate in
everlasting that would increase flower yield and to determine compare the effect of
pinching techniques on the growth and flowering of everlasting. The study was
conducted at Benguet State University, Floriculture Project Research Area from
December 2005 to March 2006.
The result showed that the number of leaves produced per plant and the number of
laterals produced per plants significantly increased with increase in the number of
pinching applied with leaves and laterals counted in double pinch and fewer leaves and
laterals are produced in unpinched plants. Final height at flowering were likewise
significantly reduced with more pinching with the plants were measured fro plants
applied with double pinch. The tallest plants were obtained from unpinched plants and
those that were applied with single pinch. Highly significant differences were also
obtained on the number of days from transplanting to flower bud formation ad flower bud
formation to 50% anthesis. However more flowers were produced by the plants with
double pinch and less in the unpinched and those with single pinch only. Moreover
flower diameter did not significantly affect the different pinching applied on everlasting.
Conclusion
Based on the finding techniques to be applied is based on the purpose of the
grower. If the grower wishes to more flowers, double pinch is applied and the grower’s
wishes to produced taller plants unpinched and single pinched.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
16
Recommendation
If the wishes to produce taller plants and single pinch is recommended to be
applied 4-6 weeks after transplanting by snapping-off the shoot above the sixth node. If
the grower wishes to produce more flowers and higher number of laterals per plants,
double pinch techniques are recommended.
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
17
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of leaves produce per plant at flowering
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
42.17
40.50
40.67
122.84
40.94
Single Pinched
98.67
113.33
106.00
318.00
106.00
Double Pinched 292.50
262.50
288.84
843.83
281.28
TOTAL
1284.67
MEAN
428.22
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
77.575
38.787
Factor A
2
92712.352
46356.176
326.94**
6.94
18.00
Error
4
567.931
141.983
TOTAL
8
93357. 858
** =highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 8.358%
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
18
Appendix Table 2 Final height of flowering at 50% anthesis (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
124.17
126.33
119.67
370.170
123.390
Single Pinched
108.00
113.50
116.33
337.703
112.577
Double Pinched 87.17
89.83
93.33
270.430
90.143
TOTAL
978.303
MEAN
108.70
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
22.963
11.482
Factor A
2
1725.523
862.762
63.54**
6.94
18.00
Error
4
54.314
13.578
Total
8
1802.800
** =highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 3.39%
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
19
Appendix Table 3. Number of laterals per plant
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
6.83
8.83
8.50
24.16
8.05
Single Pinched
17.5
19.33
18.83
55.66
18.5
Double Pinched 23.67
24.17
28
75.84
75.84
TOTAL
155.66
MEAN
34.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F
Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0 .01
Replication
2
9.053
4.527
Factor A
2
452.256
226.628
144.54**
60.94 18.00
Error
4
6.258
1.565
TOTAL
8
467.567
** =highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 7.23%
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
20
Appendix Table 4. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
48.00
47.17
47.33
142.50
47. 50
Single Pinched
62.17
57.67
59.67
179. 51
59.88
Double Pinched 75.00
74.83
75.17
225.00
75.00
TOTAL
547.01
MEAN
60.79
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
5.056
2.528
Factor A
2
1138.370
569.185
409.73**
6.94
18.00
Error
4
5.557
1.389
TOTAL
8
1148.982
** =highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 1.94 %
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
21
Appendix Table 5. Number of days fro flower formation to 50% anthesis
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
21.83
22.5
22.67
67.00
21.33
Single Pinched
20.67
21.33
21.00
63.00
21.00
Double Pinched 20.17
20.67
20.33
61.17
20.39
TOTAL
191.17
MEAN
21.241
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
0.596
0.298
Factor A
2
5.926
2.963
81.05**
6.94
18.00
Error
4
0.146
0.037
TOTAL
8
6.669
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 0.90 %
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
22
Table 6. Number of flower buds produced per plants
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
16.33
24.83
20.00
61.160
20.387
Single Pinched
32.67
31.33
33.50
97.500
32.500
Double Pinched 49.33
47.00
50.67
147.00
49.00
TOTAL
305.66
MEAN
33.963
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
6.495
3.247
Factor A
2
1237.706
618.853
63.23**
6.94
18.00
Error
4
39.150
9.787
TOTAL
8
1283.315
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 9.21 %
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
23
Table 7. Number of flower buds produced per 1x5 m plot
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
509
665
613
1787
595.657
Single Pinched
987
997
965
2949
983.000
Double Pinched 1369
1353
1473
4195
1398.333
TOTAL
8931
MEAN
992.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
6488.000
3244.000
Factor A
2
966802.667 483401.333
127.57**
6.94
18.00
Error
4
15157.333
3789.333
TOTAL
8
988488.000
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 6.20%
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
24
Table 8. Flower Diameter (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Unpinched
5.25
6.92
5.25
17.420
5.807
Single Pinched
5.03
4.97
5.42
15.420
5.140
Double Pinched 4.13
4017
4.25
12.550
4.183
TOTAL
45.39
MEAN
15.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean
Computed F Tabulated F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05
0 .01
Replication
2
0.476
0.238
Factor A
2
3.995
1.997
5.29ns
6.94
18.00
Error
4
1.510
0.378
TOTAL
8
5.981
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 12.18%
Effect Of Different Pinching Techniques On The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting
(Hellichrysum Bracteatum) / Christifina H. Albin. 2006
Document Outline
- Effect Of Different Pinching TechniquesOn The Growth Yield And Flowering Of Everlasting (Hellichrysum Bracteatum)
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Background of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Objectives of the Study
- Place and Time of the Study
- REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHOD
- RESULTS AND DESCUSSION
- Number of Leaves at Flowering
- Final Height at Flowering
- Number of Laterals Produced per plants at 50% Anthesis
- Days From Transplanting to Flower Bud Formation
- Number of Days from flower Bud Formation to 50% Anthesis
- Number of flower buds per plant.
- Number of Flower Buds per 1x 5 cm Plot
- Flower Diameter
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- APPENDICES