BIBLIOGRAPHY BOLISLIS, MARGIE D. OCTOBER 2009....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOLISLIS, MARGIE D. OCTOBER 2009. Growth and Yield Performance of
Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.) as Affected by Spacing. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Percival B. Alipit, Ph.D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the effect of spacing on the growth and
yield of bell pepper and to determine the optimum spacing for the crop.
Plant spacing significantly affected the growth and yield performance of bell
pepper. Results showed that although early flowering was observed in plants having
closer spacing, plants given wider spacing were taller and had heavier and larger fruits
and higher marketable yield.
Bell pepper ‘California Wonder’ could be spaced 40 cm x 50 cm for better growth
and higher yield of the crop.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…….……………………………………………………………… i
Abstract ………………………………………………………...………………
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………
ii
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………….….
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………..
3
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials…………………………………………………………………
7
Method…………………………………………………………………..
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
Number of Days From Transplanting to Flower Bud Formation………
10
Number of Days From Flowering to Fruit Set…………………………
10
Number of Days From Fruit Set to Harvesting……………………….
11
Plant Height.…...……………………………………………………….
11
Average Fruit Weight (cm)…..……………………...…………………
11
Average Fruit diameter and Length (cm)…….………..………….….....
12
Yield…….……………………………………………………………...
12
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary………………………………………………………………....... 14
Conclusion………………………………………………………………… 14
Recommendation…………………………………………………………. 14
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………… 15
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………. 17
ii
1
INTRODUCTION
Bell pepper is a cultivar group of the species Capsicum anuum. Cultivars of the
plant produce peppercons which develop into fruits in different colors, including red,
yellow, green and orange. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper
varieties as “sweet peppers”. Peppers are native to Mexico, Central America and
Northern South America. Pepper seeds were later carried to Spain in 1493 and from there
spread to other European and Asian countries (Anonymous, 2005).
Bell pepper is one of the major fruit vegetable crops that can be used for salad,
pickles, stiffing and relish trays. It can be used for scenting cosmetics and soap as well as
corminature, antiseptic and various ointment that can cure dropsy, colic and toothaches.
It contains some vitamins and minerals such as Vitamin C or ascorbic acid, phosphorous ,
and calcium (Anonymous, 2005).
It is believed that high yield and normal growth can be obtained from bell pepper
if proper cultivation practices such as proper planting and spacing are observed. Plant
spacing affects plant growth and development due to competition for light, nutrient
elements, soil moisture, air and space (Bautista and Mabesa, 1977).
Determining the distance of planting in every crop minimize waste of expensive
seeds per unit area and increasing the yield with higher profit (Canuto, 1996).
Determining the appropriate spacing requirement to ensure an effective vigorous plant
growth and good yield is important. Spacing is a practical way of preventing crops firm
competing with each other in the absorption of nutrients and utilization of light, which
also provide the crops for full development. In addition, proper spacing prevents rotting
and avoid over crowding of the plants (Bilango, 1996).
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
2
The study was conducted to determine the effect of spacing on the growth and
yield of bell pepper and to determine the optimum spacing for the crop.
Time and Place of Study
The study was conducted at the Balili experiment farm, Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2008 to April 2009.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Bell Pepper
Bell peppers grown in temperate regions are herbaceous annuals, but are
herbaceous perennial where temperatures do not drop below freezing. Plant growth habit
maybe prostate, compact, or erect, but it is determinate in that after it produces nine to
eleven leaves and single stem terminates in flower. Plants generally have small flowers
and a bell-like fruit, botanically a berry. It is grown for edible fleshy fruit produced by
this dichotomous growth. Many seeds are contained within the fruit walls, the pungent
flavor comes from capsaicin, a compound found in the walls of the fruit (Anonymous,
2005).
Importance of Bell Pepper
Bell peppers are packed with several nutrients. They are a good source of Vitamin
C, thiamine, Vitamin B6, beta carotene and folic acid. Bell peppers also contain a large
amount of phyto chemicals that have exceptional antioxidant activity. Those
phytochemicals include chlorogenic acid, zea xanthin, and coumeric acid. When
comparing the nutrient values of the different bell peppers, studies have shown that red
pepper has significantly higher levels of nutrient that green. Red bell peppers also contain
lycopene, which is a carotene that helps to protect against cancer and heart disease (Work
and Carew, 1955).
Possibly due to their Vitamin C and beta carotene content, bell peppers have been
shown to be protective against cataracts. Just like nutrient-dense vegetables, bell peppers
have also shown to prevent blood clot formation and reduce the risks of heart attacks and
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
4
strokes probably due to their content of substances such as Vitamin C, capsaicin and
flavonoids (Mendiola, 1958).
Soil Requirements
Work and Carew (1955) as cited by Salingbay (1996) states that bell peppers need
high amounts of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous. Bell peppers like well drained soil
in full sun. The plant does well in raised beds filled with good top soil mixed with
compost and rotted manure and pH near neutral (7.0) is ideal.
Climatic Requirement
Plants thrive best when the temperature is warm. Being sensitive to the cold,
planting should be delayed until the danger of frost is past in the spring. Ideal
temperatures are 70-80ºF during the day and 60-70ºF at night (Anonymous, 2005).
Extremely high temperatures (90º F or above) during flowering often results in
blossom drop. Fruit that set when temperatures average above 80º F maybe small and
poorly shaped due to heat injury to the blossoms. Temperature below 60ºF at night will
also result in blossom drop (Anonymous, 2005).
Planting
Bell pepper is usually transplanted rather than directly in the garden. Plant seeds
in seedling flats, beds, or pots, starting two weeks after germination, fertilize the seedling
weekly, preferably with a solution of about 1 tablespoon of a water-soluble fertilizer in 1
gallon of water. The seedling will be ready to be transplanted in about 6 to 8 weeks
(Anonymous, 2005).
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
5
Effect of Plant Spacing
In 1975, Mc Collum mentioned that the planting distance between plant in rows
vary depending upon the system of cultivation and irrigation used and the cultivars
grown. The same author stated that distance between rows in single row system should
not be greater than 45 cm.
On the other hand, Knott (1967) as cited by Lasuna (2006) stated that on rich soil
with abundant moisture, the distance between plants can be closer. Moreover, Bautista
and Mabesa (1977) reported that as plant population per unit area increases the yield per
unit area and increases also until the spacing is so close that the excessive competition
between adjacent plants reduced the yield as increased by additional number of plants.
Plants with wider spacing can get more light, minerals and food nutrients, thus, closer
spacing lead to great competition for moisture, light and mineral nutrients (Cortez, 1978).
Similarly, Janick (1972) stated that population pressure markedly affect plant
performance. This happens because plant population increases per unit area, a point is
reached at which each plant begins to compete for certain essential growth factor such as
nutrients, sunlight and water. Moreover, as explained by Hill (1987) low density planting
(wider spacing) promote the development of several branches which produce higher yield
due to low competition pressure. However, Olive (1988) found in carrot that the number
of umbels per plant and number of seed per umbel decreased with increasing plant
density.
On the other hand, Maximo (1998) mentioned that wider spacing had the highest
number of silique than of closer due to the fact that plants spaced at wider distances have
more supply of nutrients than the closest distance due to population density and
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
6
competition between plants. The author also explained that wider spacing (45 cm)
produced the highest seed yield while closer spacing (25 cm) produced the lowest yield.
This maybe due to the fact that plants spaced closer increased competition for light,
nutrients and moisture.
Alos (1996) found that planting the heading type of mustard at closer spacing
tended to hasten maturity than a wider spacing. Plant height gradually decreased as the
planting distance increased. The author also mentioned that plant spacing slightly differed
in the marketable yield per plot, total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare.
However, plant spacing at 20 cm x 20 cm had the heaviest yield at 23.33 kg per plant or
26.53 tons per hectare.
In radish, Rufino (1996) stated that plants with wider spacing matured earlier,
produced longer and heavier individual roots and greater number of leaves.
Harvesting
Bell peppers are mature when they turn their final color. Most bell pepper fruits
are green when immature and can be harvested at that time. Mature bell peppers can be
red, orange, yellow, green or purple depending on the variety (Mc Collum, 1975).
Harvest bell peppers as they mature by using garden shears, clip them off the
plant and do not pull them off. Continuous harvests of the bell peppers produce
continuous set so they are pick off on the bushes regularly (Mc Collum, 1975).
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were Bell pepper seeds (‘California Wonder’), chicken
manure, 16-16-16, garden tools, insecticides and fungicides, and measuring instruments.
Methods
The experiment was conducted towards the end of the rainy season in an open
field condition. The experimental design used was Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with 4 replications. The treatments were as follows:
Code
Spacing (cm, between hills and rows)
S1
30 x 30
S2
30 x 40
S3
40 x 40
S4
40 x 50
An area of 80 m² was dug thoroughly and was divided into four blocks and each
block was subdivided into four experimental plots measuring 1 x 5 m. Holes were made
in each plot spaced in accordance with the treatments. A cup of chicken manure was
applied in each hole and thoroughly mixed with the soil.
Six weeks old seedlings were transplanted. Irrigation was done regularly.
Fertilizer 16 -16-16 (1½ tbps per plant) was applied four weeks after transplanting
followed by hilling-up. Pests affecting the crop were controlled.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
8
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Number of days from transplanting to flower formation. This was the number
of days from transplanting to full bloom flowering.
2. Number of days from flowering to fruit set. This was the number of days
from full bloom flowering to fruit set.
3. Number of days from fruit set to harvesting. This was the number of days
from fruit set up to the day that the fruits were firm and dark green in color and were
ready for harvest.
4. Plant height at flowering (cm). The height was taken by measuring the plant
from the base to the tip at full bloom flowering. Five samples were measured in each
plot.
5. Plant height at fruiting (cm). The height was taken by measuring the plant
from base to the tip at fruiting. Five samples were measured in each plot.
6. Average fruit weight (g). This was taken by dividing the total weight of fruits
by the total number of fruits harvested.
7. Average fruit diameter (cm). This was measured at the mid-section of five
sample fruits.
8. Average fruit length (cm). This was measured from the shoulder to the tip of
five sample fruits.
9. Total weight of fruits (kg/5m2 plot). This was the total weight of fruits that
were harvested from first to last harvest which included marketable and non-marketable
fruits.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
9
10. Weight of marketable fruits (kg/5m2 plot). This was the weight of fruits
from first to last harvest without defects and were sold in the market.
12. Weight of non-marketable fruits (kg/5m2 plot). This was the weight of fruits
that were discarded every harvest due to rotting, abnormalities, and very small fruits.
13. Documentation of the study. A picture of the experiment field was taken.
Figure 1 shows the experimental field at fruiting stage.
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental field at fruit setting stage
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days From Transplanting to Flower Formation
Table 1 shows no significant differences on the number of days from
transplanting to flower formation at 53 to 55 days as affected by spacing. However, it
was noted that wider spacing at 40 cm x 40 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm spacing resulted to later
formation of flowers from transplanting. This shows that plant spaced closer at 30 cm x
30 cm or 30 cm x 40 cm flowered earlier.
Number of Days From Flowering to Fruit Set
Significantly earlier fruit setting was observed with closer spacing particularly 30
cm x 30 cm (Table 1).
Table 1. Number of days from transplanting to flower formation, flowering to fruit set,
and fruit set to harvesting
SPACING
NUMBER OF DAYS
(cm)
Transplanting to Flower
Flowering to Fruit
Fruit Set to
Formation
Set
Harvesting
30 x 30
53a
14a
17a
30 x 40
53a
15b
17a
40 x 40
55a
15b
18a
40 x 50
55a
16c
18a
CV (%)
5.82
4.15
7.41
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
11
Number of Days From Fruit Set to Harvesting
There were no significant differences on the duration from fruit set to harvesting
at 17 to 18 days as shown in Table 1.
Plant Height
No significant differences were noted on the plant height at flowering as affected
by the different spacing (Table 2). However, it was observed that plants spaced wider at
40 cm x 40 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm were significantly taller at fruiting as shown in Table 2.
Average Fruit Weight
Fruits of plants provided with wider spacing at 40 cm x 40 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm
had significantly heavier fruits with a mean of 60 g (Table 3).
This shows that wider spacing prevents plant competition in the use of sunlight,
carbon dioxide, oxygen and absorption of water and nutrients from the soil, thus leading
to the production of heavier fruits.
Table 2. Plant height at flowering and fruiting
SPACING (cm)
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
Flowering
Fruiting
30 x 30
14.76a
16.27c
30 x 40
14.84a
17.00b
40 x 40
15.14a
18.73a
40 x 50
15.15a
18.81a
CV (%)
7.16
5.06
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
12
Table 3. Average fruit weight, diameter, and length
SPACING (cm)
AVERAGE FRUIT WEIGHT AND SIZE
Weight(g)
Diameter(cm)
Length (cm)
30 x 30
39.60c
15.56c
8.89c
30 x 40
41.34b
16.84b
9.4b
40 x 40
59.78a
18.95a
11.37a
40 x 50
60.34a
19.23a
11.43a
CV (%)
1.92
3.37
4.80
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Average Fruit Diameter and Length
Table 3 shows that bigger fruits with a diameter of 19 cm and length of 11 cm
were produced in plants spaced wider at 40 cm x 40 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm. Bonner and
Galston (1959) as cited by Bilango (1996) stated that plants grown in crowded condition
have smaller fruits than those grown in wider space.
Yield
Table 4 shows that significantly higher total and marketable yield and lower non-
marketable yield were obtained from plants spaced 40 cm x 40 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm.
This shows that wider spacing prevents plant competition to effect better yield
performance of bell pepper.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
13
Table 4. Total, marketable, and non-marketable yield
SPACING (cm)
YIELD (kg/1 m x 5 m plot)
Total
Marketable
Non-marketable
30 x 30
0.87c
0.35c
0.53c
30 x 40
0.94b
0.50b
0.44b
40 x 40
1.52 a
1.42 a
0.10a
40 x 50
1.52 a
1.41 a
0.11a
CV (%)
1.92
3.37
4.80
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
14
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of spacing on the growth and
yield of bell pepper and to determine the optimum spacing for the crop.
Findings show that it took bell pepper to flower in 53 to 55 days from
transplanting and that significantly shorter number of days from flowering to fruit set at
14 days was observed with closer spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm. No significant differences
were noted on the number of days at 17 to 18 from fruit set to harvesting.
Plants grown with wider spacing at 40 cm x 40 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm between
hills and rows were significantly taller and had significantly heavier and larger fruits and
higher total and marketable yield.
Conclusion
Plant spacing greatly affected the growth and yield performance of bell pepper.
Based on the results, although earlier flowering was observed in plants having closer
spacing, better growth and yield were noted in plants given wider spacing.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that bell pepper ‘California Wonder’ be spaced 40
cm x 50 cm, requiring lesser amount of seeds to grow seedlings to plant a unit area, to
attain better growth and higher yield of the crop.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
15
LITERATURE CITED
ALOS, J. N. 1996. Growth and yield of mustard “Taiping Po” as affected by plant
spacing. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.6
ANONYMOUS. 2005. Growing Vegetables/bell peppers. Retrieved September 8, 2008
from http://www.farm-garden.com/growing vegetables/bell peppers.
ANONYMOUS. 2005. Vegetables/bell peppers Retrieved September 8, 2008 from
http://www uga.edu/vegetable/bell peppers.html.
BAUTISTA, O. K. and R. C. MABESA. 1977. Vegetable Production. UPLB College,
Los Banos, Laguna. P. 63
BILANGO, J. G. 1996. Growth and yield of lettuce as affected by plant spacing. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.5
BONNER, W. and A. W. GALSTON. 1959. Principles of Plant Physiology. San
Francisco. W. H. Freeman Co. p.477.
CANUTO, J. A. 1996. Effect of planting distance on the growth and yield of chayote. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.9
CORTEZ, L. C. 1978. Effect of distance planting on the growth and yield of lettuce. BS
Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.3-4
HILL, M. J. 1987. Seed Development Maturity and Ripeness. Lecture Presented during
the Certificate in Seed Technology Course. Seed Technology Center, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. P.6
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticultural Sciences. 2nd ed. San Francisco: W.H.Freeman. P.397
LASUNA, J. A. 2006. Growth and yield response of spoon cabbage to planting distance.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P 3.
MAXIMO, B. T. 1998. Seed production of Chinese cabbage (var. Corazon) as affected
by plant spacing. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Mc COLLUM, J. P. 1975. Producing Vegetable Crops. 2nd ed. Quezon City . p.335.
MENDIOLA, N. B. 1958. Principles of Crops. 2nd Ed. Quezon City: Interline Printing
Co. Inc. p.335.
OLIVE, A. C. 1988. The effect of planting distance on the growth and yield of carrot. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
16
RUFINO, J.A.1996. Effect of distance on the growth and yield of radish. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.9-10.
SALINGBAY, M. A.1996. Effect of fruit thinning on seed yield and quality of bell
peppers. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 3.
WORK, P. and J. CAREW.1955. Vegetable Production and Marketing, 2nd Ed. New
York. John Willey and Sons, Inc. P. 483.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
17
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Number of days from transplanting to flower formation
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
59
46.2 57.4
50
212.6
53.15
30 x 40
55.8 50.4 52.6
54
212.8
53.2
40 x 40
58.4
56
53
50.6
218
54.5
40 x 50
56
55.0 55.2
55
221.2
55.3
TOTAL
229.2 207.6 218.2 209.6
864.6
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
13.187
4.396
0.44ns
3.86
6.99
Block
3
72.628
24.209
2.46ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
89.083
9.898
TOTAL
15
174.898
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 5.82%
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
18
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Number of days from flowering to fruit set
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
14 15
13
14
56
14
30 x 40
15 16
13
14
58
15
40 x 40
15 16
15
15
62
15
40 x 50
17 16
15
17
65
16
TOTAL
61 63
56
60
241
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
11.147
3.716
9.49**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
5.388
1.796
4.59*
3.86
6.99
Error
9
3.522
0.391
TOTAL
15
* – significant
Coefficient of variation = 4.15%
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
19
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Number of days from fruit set to harvesting
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
16 19
13
18
67
16
30 x 40
18 18
16
17
68
17
40 x 40
18 21
17
18
74
18
40 x 50
19 19
18
18
74
18
TOTAL
71 77
64
71
283
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
11.125
3.708
2.17ns
3.86
6.99
Block
3
26.893
8.964
5.24**
3.86
6.99
Error
9
15.386
1.710
TOTAL
15
53.404
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 7.41%
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
20
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Plant height at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
15 16.04 12
16
59.04
14.76
30 x 40
15.5 15.38 13.66 14.8
59.34
14.835
40 x 40
14.44 17.98 13.96 14.18
60.56
15.14
40 x 50
15.78 15.92 14.64 14.24
60.58
15.145
TOTAL
60.72 65.32 54.26 59.22
239.52
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
0.487
0.162
0.14ns
3.86
6.99
Block
3
15.580
5.193
4.52**
3.86
6.99
Error
9
10.340
1.149
TOTAL
15
26.407
ns – not significant Coefficient of variation = 7.16%
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
21
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Plant height at fruiting (cm)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
16
18 13.92 17.14
65.06
16.265
30 x 40
17.8 17.64 15.98 16.58
68
17
40 x 40
18.08 21.46 17.8 17.58
74.92
18.73
40 x 50
19.18 19.8 17.64 18.6
75.22
18.805
TOTAL
71.06 76.9 65.34 69.9
283.2
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
19.325
6.442
8.02**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
16.975
5.658
7.04**
3.86
6.99
Error
9
7.229
0.803
TOTAL
15
43.529
** - highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 5.06%
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
22
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Average fruit weight (g)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
39.56 38.63 38.94 41.25
158.38
39.60
30 x 40
41.25 42.38 40.53 40.90
165.36
41.34
40 x 40
59.04 59.09 59.52 61.48
239.13
59.78
40 x 50
60.00 59.50 61.42 60.47
241.38
60.35
TOTAL
199.85 199.60 200.41 204.10
804.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
1542.976
514.325
551.75**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
3.240
1.080
1.16ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
8.390
0.932
TOTAL
15
1554.606
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 1.92%
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
23
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Average fruit diameter (cm)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
16.00 16.04 15.00 15.20
62.24
15.56
30 x 40
17.00 17.00 16.14 17.20
67.34
16.84
40 x 40
18.60 19.20 18.00 20.00
75.80
18.95
40 x 50
18.40 20.40 19.10 19.00
76.90
19.22
TOTAL
70.00 72.64 68.24 71.40
282.28
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
36.811
12.270
34.80**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
2.682
0.894
2.54ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
3.174
0.353
TOTAL
15
42.666
ns – not significant Coefficient of variation = 3.37%
**-highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
24
APPENDIX TABLE 8. Average fruit length (cm)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
9.06 10.00 8.50 8.00
35.56
8.89
30 x 40
10.00 9.40 9.00 9.20
37.60
9.40
40 x 40
11.00 12.00 11.20 11.26
45.46
11.37
40 x 50
11.00 11.90 11.00 11.80
45.70
11.43
TOTAL
41.06 43.30 39.70 40.26
164.32
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
20.777
6.926
28.45**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
1.876
0.625
2.57ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
2.191
0.243
TOTAL
15
24.845
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 4.80%
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
25
APPENDIX TABLE 9. Total weight of fruits (kg/5m2 plot)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
0.97 0.85 0.74 0.99
3.49
0.87
30 x 40
0.99 0.89 0.98 0.90
3.76
0.94
40 x 40
1.54 1.50 1.55 1.49
6.08
1.52
40 x 50
1.62 1.39 1.59 1.47
6.07
1.52
TOTAL
5.12 4.63 4.86 4.85
19.46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
1.470
0.490
79.547**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
0.030
0.010
1.631ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
0.055
0.006
TOTAL
15
1.555
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 6.45%
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
26
APPENDIX TABLE 10. Weight of marketable fruits (kg/5m2 plot)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
0.29 0.35 0.30 0.45
1.39
0.35
30 x 40
0.53 0.49 0.48 0.50
2.00
0.50
40 x 40
1.38 1.50 1.55 1.25
5.68
1.42
40 x 50
1.42 1.39 1.39 1.42
5.62
1.41
TOTAL
3.62 3.73 3.72 3.62
14.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
3.957
1.319
171.057**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
0.003
0.001
0.120ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
0.069
0.008
TOTAL
15
4.030
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 9.56%
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
27
APPENDIX TABLE 11. Weight of non-marketable fruits (kg/5m2 plot)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
0.62 0.50 0.44 0.54
2.10
0.53
30 x 40
0.46 0.40 0.50 0.40
1.76
0.44
40 x 40
0.16 0.00 0.00 0.24
0.40
0.10
40 x 50
0.20 0.00 0.20 0.05
0.45
0.11
TOTAL
1.44 0.90 1.14 1.23
4.71
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
0.581
0.194
28.179**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
0.038
0.013
1.820ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
0.062
0.007
TOTAL
15
0.680
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 28.16
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
BOLISLIS, MARGIE D. OCTOBER 2009. Growth and Yield Performance of
Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.) as Affected by Spacing. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Percival B. Alipit, Ph.D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the effect of spacing on the growth and
yield of bell pepper and to determine the optimum spacing for the crop.
Plant spacing significantly affected the growth and yield performance of bell
pepper. Results showed that although early flowering was observed in plants having
closer spacing, plants given wider spacing were taller and had heavier and larger fruits
and higher marketable yield.
Bell pepper ‘California Wonder’ could be spaced 40 cm x 50 cm for better growth
and higher yield of the crop.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…….……………………………………………………………… i
Abstract ………………………………………………………...………………
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………
ii
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………….….
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………..
3
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials…………………………………………………………………
7
Method…………………………………………………………………..
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
Number of Days From Transplanting to Flower Bud Formation………
10
Number of Days From Flowering to Fruit Set…………………………
10
Number of Days From Fruit Set to Harvesting……………………….
11
Plant Height.…...……………………………………………………….
11
Average Fruit Weight (cm)…..……………………...…………………
11
Average Fruit diameter and Length (cm)…….………..………….….....
12
Yield…….……………………………………………………………...
12
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary………………………………………………………………....... 14
Conclusion………………………………………………………………… 14
Recommendation…………………………………………………………. 14
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………… 15
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………. 17
ii
1
INTRODUCTION
Bell pepper is a cultivar group of the species Capsicum anuum. Cultivars of the
plant produce peppercons which develop into fruits in different colors, including red,
yellow, green and orange. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper
varieties as “sweet peppers”. Peppers are native to Mexico, Central America and
Northern South America. Pepper seeds were later carried to Spain in 1493 and from there
spread to other European and Asian countries (Anonymous, 2005).
Bell pepper is one of the major fruit vegetable crops that can be used for salad,
pickles, stiffing and relish trays. It can be used for scenting cosmetics and soap as well as
corminature, antiseptic and various ointment that can cure dropsy, colic and toothaches.
It contains some vitamins and minerals such as Vitamin C or ascorbic acid, phosphorous ,
and calcium (Anonymous, 2005).
It is believed that high yield and normal growth can be obtained from bell pepper
if proper cultivation practices such as proper planting and spacing are observed. Plant
spacing affects plant growth and development due to competition for light, nutrient
elements, soil moisture, air and space (Bautista and Mabesa, 1977).
Determining the distance of planting in every crop minimize waste of expensive
seeds per unit area and increasing the yield with higher profit (Canuto, 1996).
Determining the appropriate spacing requirement to ensure an effective vigorous plant
growth and good yield is important. Spacing is a practical way of preventing crops firm
competing with each other in the absorption of nutrients and utilization of light, which
also provide the crops for full development. In addition, proper spacing prevents rotting
and avoid over crowding of the plants (Bilango, 1996).
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
2
The study was conducted to determine the effect of spacing on the growth and
yield of bell pepper and to determine the optimum spacing for the crop.
Time and Place of Study
The study was conducted at the Balili experiment farm, Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2008 to April 2009.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Bell Pepper
Bell peppers grown in temperate regions are herbaceous annuals, but are
herbaceous perennial where temperatures do not drop below freezing. Plant growth habit
maybe prostate, compact, or erect, but it is determinate in that after it produces nine to
eleven leaves and single stem terminates in flower. Plants generally have small flowers
and a bell-like fruit, botanically a berry. It is grown for edible fleshy fruit produced by
this dichotomous growth. Many seeds are contained within the fruit walls, the pungent
flavor comes from capsaicin, a compound found in the walls of the fruit (Anonymous,
2005).
Importance of Bell Pepper
Bell peppers are packed with several nutrients. They are a good source of Vitamin
C, thiamine, Vitamin B6, beta carotene and folic acid. Bell peppers also contain a large
amount of phyto chemicals that have exceptional antioxidant activity. Those
phytochemicals include chlorogenic acid, zea xanthin, and coumeric acid. When
comparing the nutrient values of the different bell peppers, studies have shown that red
pepper has significantly higher levels of nutrient that green. Red bell peppers also contain
lycopene, which is a carotene that helps to protect against cancer and heart disease (Work
and Carew, 1955).
Possibly due to their Vitamin C and beta carotene content, bell peppers have been
shown to be protective against cataracts. Just like nutrient-dense vegetables, bell peppers
have also shown to prevent blood clot formation and reduce the risks of heart attacks and
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
4
strokes probably due to their content of substances such as Vitamin C, capsaicin and
flavonoids (Mendiola, 1958).
Soil Requirements
Work and Carew (1955) as cited by Salingbay (1996) states that bell peppers need
high amounts of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous. Bell peppers like well drained soil
in full sun. The plant does well in raised beds filled with good top soil mixed with
compost and rotted manure and pH near neutral (7.0) is ideal.
Climatic Requirement
Plants thrive best when the temperature is warm. Being sensitive to the cold,
planting should be delayed until the danger of frost is past in the spring. Ideal
temperatures are 70-80ºF during the day and 60-70ºF at night (Anonymous, 2005).
Extremely high temperatures (90º F or above) during flowering often results in
blossom drop. Fruit that set when temperatures average above 80º F maybe small and
poorly shaped due to heat injury to the blossoms. Temperature below 60ºF at night will
also result in blossom drop (Anonymous, 2005).
Planting
Bell pepper is usually transplanted rather than directly in the garden. Plant seeds
in seedling flats, beds, or pots, starting two weeks after germination, fertilize the seedling
weekly, preferably with a solution of about 1 tablespoon of a water-soluble fertilizer in 1
gallon of water. The seedling will be ready to be transplanted in about 6 to 8 weeks
(Anonymous, 2005).
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
5
Effect of Plant Spacing
In 1975, Mc Collum mentioned that the planting distance between plant in rows
vary depending upon the system of cultivation and irrigation used and the cultivars
grown. The same author stated that distance between rows in single row system should
not be greater than 45 cm.
On the other hand, Knott (1967) as cited by Lasuna (2006) stated that on rich soil
with abundant moisture, the distance between plants can be closer. Moreover, Bautista
and Mabesa (1977) reported that as plant population per unit area increases the yield per
unit area and increases also until the spacing is so close that the excessive competition
between adjacent plants reduced the yield as increased by additional number of plants.
Plants with wider spacing can get more light, minerals and food nutrients, thus, closer
spacing lead to great competition for moisture, light and mineral nutrients (Cortez, 1978).
Similarly, Janick (1972) stated that population pressure markedly affect plant
performance. This happens because plant population increases per unit area, a point is
reached at which each plant begins to compete for certain essential growth factor such as
nutrients, sunlight and water. Moreover, as explained by Hill (1987) low density planting
(wider spacing) promote the development of several branches which produce higher yield
due to low competition pressure. However, Olive (1988) found in carrot that the number
of umbels per plant and number of seed per umbel decreased with increasing plant
density.
On the other hand, Maximo (1998) mentioned that wider spacing had the highest
number of silique than of closer due to the fact that plants spaced at wider distances have
more supply of nutrients than the closest distance due to population density and
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
6
competition between plants. The author also explained that wider spacing (45 cm)
produced the highest seed yield while closer spacing (25 cm) produced the lowest yield.
This maybe due to the fact that plants spaced closer increased competition for light,
nutrients and moisture.
Alos (1996) found that planting the heading type of mustard at closer spacing
tended to hasten maturity than a wider spacing. Plant height gradually decreased as the
planting distance increased. The author also mentioned that plant spacing slightly differed
in the marketable yield per plot, total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare.
However, plant spacing at 20 cm x 20 cm had the heaviest yield at 23.33 kg per plant or
26.53 tons per hectare.
In radish, Rufino (1996) stated that plants with wider spacing matured earlier,
produced longer and heavier individual roots and greater number of leaves.
Harvesting
Bell peppers are mature when they turn their final color. Most bell pepper fruits
are green when immature and can be harvested at that time. Mature bell peppers can be
red, orange, yellow, green or purple depending on the variety (Mc Collum, 1975).
Harvest bell peppers as they mature by using garden shears, clip them off the
plant and do not pull them off. Continuous harvests of the bell peppers produce
continuous set so they are pick off on the bushes regularly (Mc Collum, 1975).
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were Bell pepper seeds (‘California Wonder’), chicken
manure, 16-16-16, garden tools, insecticides and fungicides, and measuring instruments.
Methods
The experiment was conducted towards the end of the rainy season in an open
field condition. The experimental design used was Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with 4 replications. The treatments were as follows:
Code
Spacing (cm, between hills and rows)
S1
30 x 30
S2
30 x 40
S3
40 x 40
S4
40 x 50
An area of 80 m² was dug thoroughly and was divided into four blocks and each
block was subdivided into four experimental plots measuring 1 x 5 m. Holes were made
in each plot spaced in accordance with the treatments. A cup of chicken manure was
applied in each hole and thoroughly mixed with the soil.
Six weeks old seedlings were transplanted. Irrigation was done regularly.
Fertilizer 16 -16-16 (1½ tbps per plant) was applied four weeks after transplanting
followed by hilling-up. Pests affecting the crop were controlled.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
8
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Number of days from transplanting to flower formation. This was the number
of days from transplanting to full bloom flowering.
2. Number of days from flowering to fruit set. This was the number of days
from full bloom flowering to fruit set.
3. Number of days from fruit set to harvesting. This was the number of days
from fruit set up to the day that the fruits were firm and dark green in color and were
ready for harvest.
4. Plant height at flowering (cm). The height was taken by measuring the plant
from the base to the tip at full bloom flowering. Five samples were measured in each
plot.
5. Plant height at fruiting (cm). The height was taken by measuring the plant
from base to the tip at fruiting. Five samples were measured in each plot.
6. Average fruit weight (g). This was taken by dividing the total weight of fruits
by the total number of fruits harvested.
7. Average fruit diameter (cm). This was measured at the mid-section of five
sample fruits.
8. Average fruit length (cm). This was measured from the shoulder to the tip of
five sample fruits.
9. Total weight of fruits (kg/5m2 plot). This was the total weight of fruits that
were harvested from first to last harvest which included marketable and non-marketable
fruits.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
9
10. Weight of marketable fruits (kg/5m2 plot). This was the weight of fruits
from first to last harvest without defects and were sold in the market.
12. Weight of non-marketable fruits (kg/5m2 plot). This was the weight of fruits
that were discarded every harvest due to rotting, abnormalities, and very small fruits.
13. Documentation of the study. A picture of the experiment field was taken.
Figure 1 shows the experimental field at fruiting stage.
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental field at fruit setting stage
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days From Transplanting to Flower Formation
Table 1 shows no significant differences on the number of days from
transplanting to flower formation at 53 to 55 days as affected by spacing. However, it
was noted that wider spacing at 40 cm x 40 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm spacing resulted to later
formation of flowers from transplanting. This shows that plant spaced closer at 30 cm x
30 cm or 30 cm x 40 cm flowered earlier.
Number of Days From Flowering to Fruit Set
Significantly earlier fruit setting was observed with closer spacing particularly 30
cm x 30 cm (Table 1).
Table 1. Number of days from transplanting to flower formation, flowering to fruit set,
and fruit set to harvesting
SPACING
NUMBER OF DAYS
(cm)
Transplanting to Flower
Flowering to Fruit
Fruit Set to
Formation
Set
Harvesting
30 x 30
53a
14a
17a
30 x 40
53a
15b
17a
40 x 40
55a
15b
18a
40 x 50
55a
16c
18a
CV (%)
5.82
4.15
7.41
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
11
Number of Days From Fruit Set to Harvesting
There were no significant differences on the duration from fruit set to harvesting
at 17 to 18 days as shown in Table 1.
Plant Height
No significant differences were noted on the plant height at flowering as affected
by the different spacing (Table 2). However, it was observed that plants spaced wider at
40 cm x 40 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm were significantly taller at fruiting as shown in Table 2.
Average Fruit Weight
Fruits of plants provided with wider spacing at 40 cm x 40 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm
had significantly heavier fruits with a mean of 60 g (Table 3).
This shows that wider spacing prevents plant competition in the use of sunlight,
carbon dioxide, oxygen and absorption of water and nutrients from the soil, thus leading
to the production of heavier fruits.
Table 2. Plant height at flowering and fruiting
SPACING (cm)
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
Flowering
Fruiting
30 x 30
14.76a
16.27c
30 x 40
14.84a
17.00b
40 x 40
15.14a
18.73a
40 x 50
15.15a
18.81a
CV (%)
7.16
5.06
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
12
Table 3. Average fruit weight, diameter, and length
SPACING (cm)
AVERAGE FRUIT WEIGHT AND SIZE
Weight(g)
Diameter(cm)
Length (cm)
30 x 30
39.60c
15.56c
8.89c
30 x 40
41.34b
16.84b
9.4b
40 x 40
59.78a
18.95a
11.37a
40 x 50
60.34a
19.23a
11.43a
CV (%)
1.92
3.37
4.80
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Average Fruit Diameter and Length
Table 3 shows that bigger fruits with a diameter of 19 cm and length of 11 cm
were produced in plants spaced wider at 40 cm x 40 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm. Bonner and
Galston (1959) as cited by Bilango (1996) stated that plants grown in crowded condition
have smaller fruits than those grown in wider space.
Yield
Table 4 shows that significantly higher total and marketable yield and lower non-
marketable yield were obtained from plants spaced 40 cm x 40 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm.
This shows that wider spacing prevents plant competition to effect better yield
performance of bell pepper.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
13
Table 4. Total, marketable, and non-marketable yield
SPACING (cm)
YIELD (kg/1 m x 5 m plot)
Total
Marketable
Non-marketable
30 x 30
0.87c
0.35c
0.53c
30 x 40
0.94b
0.50b
0.44b
40 x 40
1.52 a
1.42 a
0.10a
40 x 50
1.52 a
1.41 a
0.11a
CV (%)
1.92
3.37
4.80
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
14
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of spacing on the growth and
yield of bell pepper and to determine the optimum spacing for the crop.
Findings show that it took bell pepper to flower in 53 to 55 days from
transplanting and that significantly shorter number of days from flowering to fruit set at
14 days was observed with closer spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm. No significant differences
were noted on the number of days at 17 to 18 from fruit set to harvesting.
Plants grown with wider spacing at 40 cm x 40 cm or 40 cm x 50 cm between
hills and rows were significantly taller and had significantly heavier and larger fruits and
higher total and marketable yield.
Conclusion
Plant spacing greatly affected the growth and yield performance of bell pepper.
Based on the results, although earlier flowering was observed in plants having closer
spacing, better growth and yield were noted in plants given wider spacing.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that bell pepper ‘California Wonder’ be spaced 40
cm x 50 cm, requiring lesser amount of seeds to grow seedlings to plant a unit area, to
attain better growth and higher yield of the crop.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
15
LITERATURE CITED
ALOS, J. N. 1996. Growth and yield of mustard “Taiping Po” as affected by plant
spacing. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.6
ANONYMOUS. 2005. Growing Vegetables/bell peppers. Retrieved September 8, 2008
from http://www.farm-garden.com/growing vegetables/bell peppers.
ANONYMOUS. 2005. Vegetables/bell peppers Retrieved September 8, 2008 from
http://www uga.edu/vegetable/bell peppers.html.
BAUTISTA, O. K. and R. C. MABESA. 1977. Vegetable Production. UPLB College,
Los Banos, Laguna. P. 63
BILANGO, J. G. 1996. Growth and yield of lettuce as affected by plant spacing. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.5
BONNER, W. and A. W. GALSTON. 1959. Principles of Plant Physiology. San
Francisco. W. H. Freeman Co. p.477.
CANUTO, J. A. 1996. Effect of planting distance on the growth and yield of chayote. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.9
CORTEZ, L. C. 1978. Effect of distance planting on the growth and yield of lettuce. BS
Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.3-4
HILL, M. J. 1987. Seed Development Maturity and Ripeness. Lecture Presented during
the Certificate in Seed Technology Course. Seed Technology Center, Massey
University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. P.6
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticultural Sciences. 2nd ed. San Francisco: W.H.Freeman. P.397
LASUNA, J. A. 2006. Growth and yield response of spoon cabbage to planting distance.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P 3.
MAXIMO, B. T. 1998. Seed production of Chinese cabbage (var. Corazon) as affected
by plant spacing. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Mc COLLUM, J. P. 1975. Producing Vegetable Crops. 2nd ed. Quezon City . p.335.
MENDIOLA, N. B. 1958. Principles of Crops. 2nd Ed. Quezon City: Interline Printing
Co. Inc. p.335.
OLIVE, A. C. 1988. The effect of planting distance on the growth and yield of carrot. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
16
RUFINO, J.A.1996. Effect of distance on the growth and yield of radish. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.9-10.
SALINGBAY, M. A.1996. Effect of fruit thinning on seed yield and quality of bell
peppers. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 3.
WORK, P. and J. CAREW.1955. Vegetable Production and Marketing, 2nd Ed. New
York. John Willey and Sons, Inc. P. 483.
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
17
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Number of days from transplanting to flower formation
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
59
46.2 57.4
50
212.6
53.15
30 x 40
55.8 50.4 52.6
54
212.8
53.2
40 x 40
58.4
56
53
50.6
218
54.5
40 x 50
56
55.0 55.2
55
221.2
55.3
TOTAL
229.2 207.6 218.2 209.6
864.6
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
13.187
4.396
0.44ns
3.86
6.99
Block
3
72.628
24.209
2.46ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
89.083
9.898
TOTAL
15
174.898
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 5.82%
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
18
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Number of days from flowering to fruit set
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
14 15
13
14
56
14
30 x 40
15 16
13
14
58
15
40 x 40
15 16
15
15
62
15
40 x 50
17 16
15
17
65
16
TOTAL
61 63
56
60
241
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
11.147
3.716
9.49**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
5.388
1.796
4.59*
3.86
6.99
Error
9
3.522
0.391
TOTAL
15
* – significant
Coefficient of variation = 4.15%
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
19
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Number of days from fruit set to harvesting
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
16 19
13
18
67
16
30 x 40
18 18
16
17
68
17
40 x 40
18 21
17
18
74
18
40 x 50
19 19
18
18
74
18
TOTAL
71 77
64
71
283
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
11.125
3.708
2.17ns
3.86
6.99
Block
3
26.893
8.964
5.24**
3.86
6.99
Error
9
15.386
1.710
TOTAL
15
53.404
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 7.41%
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
20
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Plant height at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
15 16.04 12
16
59.04
14.76
30 x 40
15.5 15.38 13.66 14.8
59.34
14.835
40 x 40
14.44 17.98 13.96 14.18
60.56
15.14
40 x 50
15.78 15.92 14.64 14.24
60.58
15.145
TOTAL
60.72 65.32 54.26 59.22
239.52
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
0.487
0.162
0.14ns
3.86
6.99
Block
3
15.580
5.193
4.52**
3.86
6.99
Error
9
10.340
1.149
TOTAL
15
26.407
ns – not significant Coefficient of variation = 7.16%
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
21
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Plant height at fruiting (cm)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
16
18 13.92 17.14
65.06
16.265
30 x 40
17.8 17.64 15.98 16.58
68
17
40 x 40
18.08 21.46 17.8 17.58
74.92
18.73
40 x 50
19.18 19.8 17.64 18.6
75.22
18.805
TOTAL
71.06 76.9 65.34 69.9
283.2
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
19.325
6.442
8.02**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
16.975
5.658
7.04**
3.86
6.99
Error
9
7.229
0.803
TOTAL
15
43.529
** - highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 5.06%
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
22
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Average fruit weight (g)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
39.56 38.63 38.94 41.25
158.38
39.60
30 x 40
41.25 42.38 40.53 40.90
165.36
41.34
40 x 40
59.04 59.09 59.52 61.48
239.13
59.78
40 x 50
60.00 59.50 61.42 60.47
241.38
60.35
TOTAL
199.85 199.60 200.41 204.10
804.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
1542.976
514.325
551.75**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
3.240
1.080
1.16ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
8.390
0.932
TOTAL
15
1554.606
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 1.92%
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
23
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Average fruit diameter (cm)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
16.00 16.04 15.00 15.20
62.24
15.56
30 x 40
17.00 17.00 16.14 17.20
67.34
16.84
40 x 40
18.60 19.20 18.00 20.00
75.80
18.95
40 x 50
18.40 20.40 19.10 19.00
76.90
19.22
TOTAL
70.00 72.64 68.24 71.40
282.28
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
36.811
12.270
34.80**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
2.682
0.894
2.54ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
3.174
0.353
TOTAL
15
42.666
ns – not significant Coefficient of variation = 3.37%
**-highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
24
APPENDIX TABLE 8. Average fruit length (cm)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
9.06 10.00 8.50 8.00
35.56
8.89
30 x 40
10.00 9.40 9.00 9.20
37.60
9.40
40 x 40
11.00 12.00 11.20 11.26
45.46
11.37
40 x 50
11.00 11.90 11.00 11.80
45.70
11.43
TOTAL
41.06 43.30 39.70 40.26
164.32
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
20.777
6.926
28.45**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
1.876
0.625
2.57ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
2.191
0.243
TOTAL
15
24.845
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 4.80%
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
25
APPENDIX TABLE 9. Total weight of fruits (kg/5m2 plot)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
0.97 0.85 0.74 0.99
3.49
0.87
30 x 40
0.99 0.89 0.98 0.90
3.76
0.94
40 x 40
1.54 1.50 1.55 1.49
6.08
1.52
40 x 50
1.62 1.39 1.59 1.47
6.07
1.52
TOTAL
5.12 4.63 4.86 4.85
19.46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
1.470
0.490
79.547**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
0.030
0.010
1.631ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
0.055
0.006
TOTAL
15
1.555
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 6.45%
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
26
APPENDIX TABLE 10. Weight of marketable fruits (kg/5m2 plot)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
0.29 0.35 0.30 0.45
1.39
0.35
30 x 40
0.53 0.49 0.48 0.50
2.00
0.50
40 x 40
1.38 1.50 1.55 1.25
5.68
1.42
40 x 50
1.42 1.39 1.39 1.42
5.62
1.41
TOTAL
3.62 3.73 3.72 3.62
14.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
3.957
1.319
171.057**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
0.003
0.001
0.120ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
0.069
0.008
TOTAL
15
4.030
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 9.56%
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
27
APPENDIX TABLE 11. Weight of non-marketable fruits (kg/5m2 plot)
TREATMENT
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 x 30
0.62 0.50 0.44 0.54
2.10
0.53
30 x 40
0.46 0.40 0.50 0.40
1.76
0.44
40 x 40
0.16 0.00 0.00 0.24
0.40
0.10
40 x 50
0.20 0.00 0.20 0.05
0.45
0.11
TOTAL
1.44 0.90 1.14 1.23
4.71
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F_
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Treatment
3
0.581
0.194
28.179**
3.86
6.99
Block
3
0.038
0.013
1.820ns
3.86
6.99
Error
9
0.062
0.007
TOTAL
15
0.680
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 28.16
** - highly significant
Growth and Yield Performance of Bell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.)
as Affected by Spacing / Margie D. Bolislis. 2009
Document Outline
- Growth and Yield Performance ofBell Pepper ( Capsicum anuum L.) as Affected by Spacing.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Number of Days From Transplanting to Flower Formation
- Number of Days From Flowering to Fruit Set
- Number of Days From Fruit Set to Harvesting
- Plant Height
- Average Fruit Weight
- Average Fruit Diameter and Length
- Yield
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES