BIBLIOGRAPHY LUMICQUIO MYLA R. OCTOBER 2010....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LUMICQUIO MYLA R. OCTOBER 2010. Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of chickpea as affected by
duration of weed control under La Trinidad Benguet Condition, and to determine the stage were
yield will not be affected with the presence of weeds; and to determine the effect of weeds on the
stages of chickpea.
Findings showed significant differences between the variety and duration of weed control
with regards to the number of days from planting to 50% flowering, average total number of
pods per plant, average number of filled pods and unfilled pods, average seed yield per plant,
total yield per plot, computed yield per hectare and weight of 100 seeds. The average number of
primary stems at flowering and number of days from planting to harvesting was not significantly
affected by the treatments.
Kabuli type ICCV 953343 plants that were weed free from sowing to harvesting were
significantly the earliest to attain flowering stage after 55.75 days and were the tallest plants.
ICCV 92311 a Kabuli type cultivar that were weed free from sowing to harvesting had
significantly produced the highest number of pods and filled pods per plant. Desi type ICCV
94954 that were weed from sowing to seedling stage had significantly the lowest number of
unfilled pods per plant. ICCV 92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting had
significantly the highest yield per plant, yield per plot and yield per hectare. Kabuli type ICCV
07307 a big seeded cultivar had significantly the heaviest weight of 100 seeds.
Based on the findings, it is therefore recommended that weeding or removal of weeds in
chickpea from sowing to harvesting should be done for higher yield per plant and per plot.
Likewise, growing Desi type variety ICCV 93952 and Kabuli type 92311 is recommended for La
Trinidad, Benguet condition.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...…………………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………. iii
INTRODUCTION
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botany of Chickpea…………………………………………………………... 4
Ecology of Chickpea…………………………………………………………. 4
Growth Habits………………………………………………………………… 5
Environmental Condition…………………………………………………….. 6
Soil Requirement……………………………………………………………... 6
Seed Preparation and Germination…………………………………………… 7
Crop Culture………………………………………………………………….. 7
Harvesting……………………………………………………………………... 7
Yield and Economics…………………………………………………………. 8
Nutritional Value……………………………………………………………... 8
Traditional Medicine…………………………………………………………. 9
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………………… 10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………………….. 18
Days from Planting to
50% Flowering…………………………………………………………………. 18
Average Plant Height at
Flowering……………………………………………………………............... 20
Number of Primary Stems at
Flowering……………………………………………………………................ 21
Number of Days from
Planting to Harvesting………………………………………………................ 23
Average Number of
Pods Per Plant…………………………………………………………………. 23
Average Number of
Filled Pods Per Plant…………………………………………………………... 26
Average Number of Unfilled
Pods Per Plant…………………………………………………………………. 28
Average Seed Yield Per Plant………………………………………………… 30
Total Yield Per 1x3m Plot…………………………………………………….. 32
Computed Yield Per Hectare………………………………………………….. 34
Weight of 100 Seeds…………………………………………………………... 36
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………………… 39
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………………… 42
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………. 43
INTRODUCTION
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) also known as garbanzos bean, Indian pea, ceci bean,
bengal gram, Kabuli chana,kadali kaalu,sanaga pappu,shimbra kadala) is an edible legume of the
family Fabacea,subfamily Fabiodeacea. Chickpeas are high in protein and one of the earliest
cultivated vegetables as shown by the 7500 year old remains that have been found in Middle
East. Chickpea seeds germinate at an optimum temperature of 28-330C in about 5-6
It has a strong taproot system with 3 or 4 of lateral roots. The roots grow 1.5-2.0 deep.
Stem is erect, branched, viscous, hairy, terete, herbaceous, green, and solid. The branches are
usually quadrangular, ribbed and green. There are primary, secondary and tertiary branches
(Cubero, 1987). Chickpea is herbaceous annual plant which branches from the base. It is almost
a small bush with diffused spreading branches. The plant is mostly covered with glandular and
non glandular hairs but some genotypes do not posses hair. The stipules are ovate to triangular in
shade and serrated. They are 3-5mm long 2-4mm wide. The longest margin is toothed and the
smaller one is entire. The external surface of the chickpea plant, except the corolla, is densely
covered with glandular hairs. Solitary flowers are borne in an axillary raceme. Sometimes there
are two to three flowers on the same node. Such flowers possess both a penducle and a pedicel.
The racemes penducle is 6-30mm in length. At flowering, the floral and racemal portions of the
penducle form a straight line, giving the appearance that the flowers are placed on the leafy axil
by a single penducle. Chickpea leaves are petiolate, compound and un imparipinnate. Some lines
having simple leaves. The rachis is 3-7cm long with grooves on its upper surface. The leaflets
are 8-17mm long 5-14cm long with wide, opposite or alternate with a terminal leaflet. The leaves
are usually serrated. The shape of the leaflets is ovate, leaves are pubescent.
Chickpea flowers are complete and bisexual and have papilio racrenous corolla which are
white, pink, purple or blue in color. Chickpeas mature in 3-7 months and the leaves turn brown
2
or yellow during maturity for dry seeds, the plants are harvested at maturity by cutting them
close to the ground or uprooting. Chickpeas are usually stored in bags, but are more subject to
insect damage than when stored in bulk.
Chickpea
(Cicer arietinum L.) has one of the highest nutritional compositions of any dry
edible legume. According to the ICRISAT, chickpea seeds contain an average; 23% protein, 64%
total carbohydrates (47% starch, 6% soluble sugar), 5% fat 6% crude fiber and 3% ash. There
has a high mineral content; 340mg/100g Iron and 3mg/100g of Zinc. Recent studies by
government agencies have also shown that Chickpeas can assist in lowering of cholesterol in the
bloodstream. Because it is grown for its nutritious edible seeds, the whole seed are used in flour
for preparing variety of snack, raw roasted fresh green chickpeas and straw as a livestock feed.
Chickpeas are good sources of zinc, foliate and protein. They are also very high in dietary fiber
and hence, a healthy source of carbohydrates for persons with insulin sensitivity or diabetes.
Chickpea are rich in mineral and vitamins.
Chickpea is mainly used for human consumption and only a small proportion is used as
feed. The Kabuli type (white cream coat) is used as a whole seeds, chickpea is also known for its
use in herbal medicine and cosmetics.
The study was conducted to:
1. determine the growth and yield of chickpea as affected by duration of weed control
under La Trinidad Benguet condition.
2. determine the growth stage where yield will not be affected with the presence of
weeds
3. determine the effect of weeds on the different growth stages of chickpea.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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The study was conducted at Benguet State University La Trinidad from November 2009
to May 2010.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botany of Chickpea
Taxonomy, morphology and floral biology.Cicer which was classified under vivacea alef,
was later reported to belong to the monogenetic tribe, cicereae.The genus include 9 annuals and
34 perennial herbs. Cross ability and fertility of hybrids in interspecific crosses have been used
as basis to classify the annuals into four cross ability crops. The first group includes the
cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietum L.) and C. reticulum. Chickpea plants can be described as
plants in which stems are branched, erect, or spreading, sometimes shrubby much branched, 0.2-
1m tall, glandular pubescent,olive,dark green or bluish green in color. Root system is robust, up
to 2m deep, but major portion up to 60cm. Leaves imparipinate,grandular pubescent with 3-8
pairs of leaflets and atop of leaflet (racius ending in a leaflet); leaflets ovale to elliptic, 0.6-2.0cm
long, 0.3-1.4cm wide; margin serrate, apex acuminate to aristate, base cuneate, stipulates 2-5
toothed, stipules absent. Flowers solitary, sometimes 2 per inflorescence, axillary; penducles 0-
6cn long, pedicels 0.5-1.3cm long, bracts triangular or tiparite, calyx 7-10mm long; corolla white
pink, purplish. The stamina column is diadelphous and the ovary is sessile, inflated pubescent
(Duke 1982). Pod rhomboid ellipsoid, 1-2 with three seeds as a maximum and inflated, glandular
pubescent. Seed color cream, yellow, brown, black, or green, rounded, seed coat smooth,
laterally compressed with a median groove around two thirds of the seed; germination
cryptocotylar (Vander Maesan and Somaatmadja, 1987).
Ecology of Chickpea
Chickpea is a self pollinated crop. Cross pollination is rare; only 0-1% is reported (Singh,
1987; Smithson., 1985). Grown usually as a rain fed cool weather crop or as a dry climate in
semi-arid region. Optimum conditions include 18-260C day and 21-290C night temperatures and
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
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annual rainfall of 600-1000mm (Duke, 1981; Muehbler, 1982). The Palouse region of the States
Washington and Idaho appears to be well suited for chickpea crop and it has thrived in the
coastal areas and in the central valley. Chickpea also thrives on sunny sites in a cool, dry climate
on well drained soils and grows on residual moisture in the post rainy season of sub tropical
winter or spring of the northern hemisphere. They are generally grown on heavy black or red soil
pH 5.8-8.6. Frost, hailstones, and excessive rains damage the crop. Though sensitive to cold,
some cultivars can tolerate as low as 9-50C in early stages or under snow cover. Daily
temperature fluctuations are desired with cold nights with dewfall. Relative humidity of 21-41%
is optimum from seed setting. In virgin sandy soils or for the first planting in heavier soils,
inoculation is said to increase yield by 10-67%” (Duke, 1981). Although spoken of “day
neutral,” chickpea is a quantitative long day plant but flowers in every photoperiod.
Growth Habits
Chickpea is an herbaceous annual plant which branches from the base. It is almost a
small bush with diffused, spreading branches. The plant is mostly covered with glandular or non
glandular hairs but some genotypes do not possess hair. Based on seed and color, cultivated
chickpeas are of two types Kabuli, which has lighter colored, larger seeds and a smoother coat,
mainly grown in southern Europe, Northern Africa, Afghanistan and Chile also introduced
during the 18th century to the Indian subcontinent. Desi type, which has small, darker seeds and
rough coat, cultivated mostly in the Indian subcontinent, Ethiopia, Mexico and Iran.
Because of its deep top root system, chickpea can withstand drought conditioned by
extracting water deeper in the soil profile.
Flowers are self pollinated which are borne in groups of two or three and ½ to 1 inch long
in purple, white, pink or blue colors depending upon the variety. Each flower produces a short,
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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pubescent pod which is ¾ inches long and which appears to be inflated. The seeds come with
either rough or smooth surfaces and can be cream, yellow, brown, black or green in color. There
is a definite groove visible between the cotyledon about two thirds of the way around the seed
with a break like structure present.
Environmental Condition
Climate largely determines where, when and what plants to grow. Climate includes
consideration of precipitation, humidity, sky condition, temperature, wind and atmospheric
pressure which in turn, is influenced by location, latitude, season, elevation, time of the day and
local factors such as drainage.
Chickpea are grown in the Mediterranean, Western Asia, the Indian subcontinent and
Australia. Domestically they can be sprouted with in a few days all year round. Chickpea
germinate at an optimum temperature of 28-330C and moisture level o 25% after 5-6 days of
sowing the seeds.
Soil Requirement
Legume crop can be grown in any type of soil provided water is available. They perform
best in soil that is granular, fertile, well drained and relative free from nematodes and fusarium
diseases. Clay loam soil is probably the best type for commercial production. They thrive in
moderately acidic soil with a range of 5.0-6.0 (PCARRD, 1975).
Chickpea does best on fertile sandy loam with good internal drainage. Good drainage is
necessary because even short periods of flooded or water logged fields reduce growth and
increase susceptibility to root and stem rots.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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Seed Preparation and Germination
Good quality certified seeds should always be used. This should be high in germination
percentage with 85% free from damage and free of weed seeds. Good quality seeds do not need
to be treated with an insecticide or fungicide, but if there were past problems with Pythuim or
Rhizoctonia rots in the area, seed should be treating prior to planting (Anonymous, 2007).
Crop Culture
Field
cultivation. Chickpeas are propagated from seeds. Seeds are broadcasted or drilled
in rows 25-60cn apart between seed at a depth 2-12cn wide with soil well pressed down. Seed is
sown in spring when the ground has warmed or when the rains recede. Depending on the region,
seedling rates vary from 25-40kg/ha to 80-120kg/ha, depending on the area and seed type.
Chickpea may be cultivated as a crop, or mixed with barley, linseed, mustard, sorghum or wheat.
Chickpea are also grown as a catch crop in sugarcane fields and often a second crop after rice.
Although they are usually considered as dry land crop, they grew well on rice lands.
Chickpeas are intercultivated once about 3-4 weeks after sowing; the crop develops
enough shade to smoother seeds. In other areas weeding is recommended; on poor soils, manure
or compost is beneficial. Seed inoculation improves yield only for crops grown for the first time
after rice. Irrigation at 45 and 75 days after planting is useful. Fertilizers have often failed to
increase yield substantially because of fixation of phosphorous by soils and the accumulation of
nutrients in the upper layer of the soil which often dry.
Harvesting. Chickpeas mature in 3-7 months and the leaves turn brown/yellow during
maturity. For dry seeds, the plants are harvested at maturity or slightly earlier by cutting them
close to the ground or uprooting. The plants are stacked in the field as for a few days to dry and
later the crop is threshed by trampling or beating with wooden flails. The chaff is separated from
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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the grain by winnowing. Tall cultivars stored in bags, but are more subject to insect damage than
when stored in bulk. Proper cleaning, drying and aeration are necessary to control seed beetles. A
thin coating with vegetable oil can reduce storage damage. Sometimes baskets, made from rice
straw are used as storage containers.
Yield and economics. Greater and more stable yields are the major goals of breeding
programs. Chickpea yields usually average 400-600kg/ha, but can surpass 2000kg/hayfields from
irrigated crops are 20-28% higher than rain fed crops. Two types of chickpea are recognized,
Desi and Kabuli.
In a 3 cultivar trial in India, dry matter yields from 9400-12000kg/ha. In India and
Pakistan, chickpeas are consumed locally, and about 56% of the crops is retained by growers
(Duke, 1981).In United States and Europe, chickpeas are marketed dried or canned for various
vegetable mixtures. Mashed chickpea mix with oils and spices is popular hors d’oeuvre in the
Mediterranean and the Middle East.
The major chickpea growing countries are India, Pakistan, and Turkey in Asia, Ethiopia
in Africa, California and Washington States in the U.S...Chickpea production increased from
1980-1990 by about a million tons at 1.8% annually and there was 5.6% increase in yield over
the decade.
Nutritional Value
Legumes vegetables are one of the promising vegetable crop produced in the Philippines.
The crop is not only important for human nutrition but also for farmers. Aside from the benefits
it provides to man and animals, legumes ere beneficial to the soil, for they are replenishes of the
soil nitrogen. Legumes generally help maintain and conserve soil fertility. Chickpea protein
digestibility is the highest among the dry edible legumes. It is mainly used healthy source of
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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carbohydrates for persons d for human consumption. It is also known for its use in the herbal
medicine and cosmetics.
Chickpeas are helpful source of zinc, foliate and protein. They are also very high in
dietary fiber and hence; it is mainly used healthy source of carbohydrates for persons with
insulin sensitivity or diabetes. Chickpeas are low in fat and most of these are polyunsaturated. A
100g of matured boiled chickpea seeds contain 164 calories, 2.6g of fat, and 7.6g of dietary fiber
and 8.9g of protein. Chickpea also provide dietary calcium with some source citing the
garbanzos calcium content as about the same as yogurt and close to milk. According to the
ICRISAT chickpea seeds contain an average; 23% protein, 64% carbohydrates, 5% fat, 6% crude
fiber, 3% ash, and high mineral content. Phosphorous was found to be 340mg/100g, calcium
190mg/100g, magnesium 140mg/100g, iron 7mg/100g and zinc 3mg/100g.
Unripe chickpeas are often picked out of the pod eaten raw and the leaves are eaten as
green vegetables in salads. In the Philippines, garbanzo beans preserved in syrup are eaten as
sweets and in desserts such as halo-halo.
Traditional Medicines
Chickpea is the most hypocholesterimic agent among the food legumes. Germinated
chickpea seeds were reported to be effective in controlling cholesterol level in fats. The
glandular secretion of the leaves, stems, and pods consist of malic and oxalic acids, giving the
sour taste. In India these acids are used and are harvested by spreading thin mussilin cloth during
the night. Medical application includes uses as aphrodisiacs for bronchitis, cataract, cutamenia,
constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, snake bite, sun stroke and warts. Acids are
supposed to lower the blood cholesterol levels. Seeds are considered antibiotics.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials that were used in the study were seeds of chickpea, garden tools, record
book and identifying pegs.
Methods
The study was conducted at Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. The study
was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement with 3
replications per treatment combination in 1m x 3m plot. The seeds were planted singly at a
distance of 30 cm between rows and between hills. The treatments were as follows:
Factor A (Duration of Weed Control)
D1 – Weed free from sowing to seedling stage
D2 – Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
D3 – Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
D4 – Weed free from sowing to harvesting (from ICRISAT)
Factor B (Cultivar)
Desi Type Kabuli Type
V1 – ICCV 93952
V4 – ICCV 92311
V2 – ICCV
93952
V5 – ICCV 95334
V3 – ICCV
06102
V6 – ICCV 07307
Care
and
maintenance. Uniform care and maintenance was done to all samples
throughout the duration of the study. There were 3 samples per treatment.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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Data gathered were the following:
1. Vegetative Growth
a. Days from planting to 50% flowering. This was taken when 50% of the plant
population had opened flower.
b. Average plant height at flowering (cm). This was taken at flowering stage
(first flower) the height of 3 sample plants were measured at flowering stage.
c. Number of primary stems at flowering. This was taken at flowering stage
(first flower). This was gathered by counting the lateral branches at flowering.
This was computed as fallows.
Average No. of Lateral = No. of Lateral Branches of Sample Plants
Branches at Flowering Sample Plants
d. Days from planting to harvesting. This was taken by counting the days from
planting to harvesting.
2. Yield
a. Average number of pods per plant. Mean of 3 representative plants.
b. Average number of filled pods per plant. Total number of filled pods taken
from the average of 3 sample plants per plot.
c. Average number of unfilled pods. Total number of unfilled pods taken from
the average of 3 sample plants.
d. Average seed yield per plant (g). This was taken using the formula.
Seed yield per plant = Seed yield of sample plants
Number of sample plants
e. Total yield per plot (3m2). Total yield of experimented plot (gram)
f. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha). This was computed using the formula.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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Yield per Hectare = Total Yield per Plot x 3,333.33
3. Seed Quality
a. Weight of 100 seeds (gram). This was taken by weighing 100 seeds per
treatment.
5. Meteorological data. Temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall during the study
were recorded.
4. Common weeds growing in the experimental area. This was taken by listing the
Common weeds growing in the experimental area with their common names and scientific
names.
6. Documentation of the study. This was taken through pictures.
Figure 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity and rainfall during the conduct of the
study under La Trinidad, Benguet condition from November, 2009 to March, 2010. The
temperature ranged from 21.05°C on the month of December to 22.95°C on the month of
February. The month of November recorded a temperature of 22.2°C, the month of February with
22.6°C; and in the month of March with a temperature of 22.9°C.
The relative humidity recorded during the conduct of the study ranged from 82.75% on
December to 88% on the month of January. The month of November had a relative humidity of
84%, month of February with 84.5% and month of March with a relative humidity of 86.75%.
There was no recorded rainfall during the duration of the study.
Figure 2 shows the land preparation of the experimental area. Figure 3 shows the sowing
of seeds of the chickpea, kabuli and Desi type. Figure 4 shows the flowering stage of chickpea
plants. Figure 5 shows the overview of the experimental area and figure 6 shows the harvesting
of the plants. Figure 7-15 shows the graph or the result of the experiment. Figure 7 shows the
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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number of days from planting to 50% flowering. ICCV 92311 that were weed free from sowing
to first pod stage were the earliest to attain 50% flowering after 57.33 days while ICCV 93952
that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage were the latest to attain 50% flowering after
72.33. Figure 8 shows the average plant height at flowering. ICCV 95334 that were weed free
from sowing to first pod sage were the tallest plants at flowering with 58.83cm while ICCV
94954 that were weed free from sowing to first flowering stage had the shortest plant of 38.93
cm. Figure 9 shows the average total number of pods per plant. ICCV 92311 that were weed free
from sowing to harvesting produced the highest number of pods per plant with a mean of 337.66
while ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage produced the lowest
number of pods with only 58 per plant. Figure10 shows the average number of filled pods per
plant. ICCV 92311 plants that were weed free from sowing to harvesting had the highest number
of filled pods with a mean of 349.99 while ICCV 94954 plants that were weed free from sowing
to first seedling stage had the lowest number of filled pods with a mean of only 48.77. Figure 11
shows the average number of unfilled pods per plant. ICCV 94954 weed free plants from sowing
to first flowering stage had the lowest number of unfilled pods with a mean of 13.16 while ICCV
06102 those that were also weed free plants from sowing to first flowering stage had the highest
number of unfilled pods with a mean of 34. Figure 12 shows the average seed yield per plant.
ICCV 92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per plant with
a mean of 102.5g while ICCV 94954 those that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage
had the lowest yield per plant with a mean of only 12.06g. Figure 13 shows the total yield per
1x3m plot. ICCV 92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per
1x3m plot with a mean of 709.7g while ICCV 94954 those that were weed free plants from
sowing to seedling stage had the lowest yield per plot with only 111g. Figure 14 shows the
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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computed yield per hectare. ICCV 92311 weed free from sowing to harvesting had the highest
yield per hectare with a mean of 2365.6kg while ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing
to seedling stage had the lowest yield per hectare with a mean of only 368kg. Figure 15 shows
the weight of 100 seeds. ICCV 07307 that were weed from sowing to seedling stage had the
heaviest weight of 100 seeds with a mean of 38.1g while ICCV 94954 those that were weed free
from sowing to first flowering stage had lightest weight of 100 seeds with a mean of only 19.0g.
Figure 1. Recorded temperature, relative humidity and rainfall during the duration of the
Study
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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Figure 2. Land preparation of the experimental area
Figure 3. Sowing of the seeds
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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Figure 4. Kabuli type chickpea at flowering stage
Figure 5. Overview of the experiment
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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Figure 6. Harvesting of Seeds
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days From Planting to 50% Flowering
Effect of variety. The days from planting to 50% flowering was significantly affected by
the different varieties used. The Kabuli type chickpea as shown in Table 1 significantly flowered
earlier than the Desi type variety. Apparently, the plants of ICCV 92311 a Kabuli type variety
were the earliest to attain 50% flowering after 57.58 days, while the plants of ICCV 93952 a
Desi type variety were the latest to attain 50% flowering after 71 days from sowing the seeds
Environment factors like temperature certainly contributed to the duration of the
flowering in chickpea. Flowering time of chickpea is variable depending on the season, sowing
date, latitude and altitude. The time to flowering is likewise affected by temperature and
photoperiod.
Effect of weed control duration. The number of days from planting to 50% flowering was
significantly affected by the different duration of weed control. As shown in Table 1, chickpea
that were weed free from sowing to first pod stage reached flowering significantly the earlier
with a mean of 62.89; compared to plants that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage
which were the latest to attain 50% flowering after 65.44 days.
Interaction
effect. Significant interaction effect was observed on the days from planting
to 50% flowering as affected by the variety and the duration of weed control used. ICCV 92311
that were weed free from sowing to first pod stage were the earliest to attain 50% flowering after
57.33 days; while ICCV 93952 that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage flowered the
latest after 72.33 days (Figure 7).
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
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Table 1. Days from planting to 50% flowering
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
71.00a
ICCV 94954 69.25a
ICCV 06102 66.00b
ICCV 92311 57.58d
ICCV 95334 57.75d
ICCV 07307
63.17c
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 65.44a
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
64.22ab
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
62.89b
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
63.94ab
CV (%) 03.97
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
80
Weed free from sowing to
70
seedling stage
60
Weed free from sowing to first
50
flowering stage
40
Weed free from sowing to first
pod stage
30
Weed free from sowing to
20
harvesting
10
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952 94954 06102 92311 95334 07307
Variety
Figure 7. Number of days from planting to 50% flowering
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
20
Average Plant Height at Flowering
Effect of variety. Significant differences were observed on the average plant height at
flowering as affected by the different varieties used. As shown in Table 2, ICCV 95334 a Kabuli
type cultivar were the tallest plants at flowering with a mean of 58.20cm while ICCV 94954 a
Desi type cultivar were the shortest plants with a mean of 42.28cm.
The observed differences among the chickpea varieties may be attributed to their
differential adoptability to local conditions as well as their inherent height potential.
Effect of weed control duration. There were no significant differences noted on the
average plant height at flowering as affected by the different durations of weed control. Weed
free plants from sowing to harvesting however, had taller plants at flowering with a mean of
49.98cm.Weed free plants from sowing to first flowering stage had smaller plants with a mean of
48.14cm.
Table 2. Average plant height at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
48.78bc
ICCV 94954 42.22d
ICCV 06102 45.94cd
ICCV 92311 52.04b
ICCV 95334 58.20a
ICCV 07307 46.38cd
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 46.38cd
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
48.14a
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
49.64a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
49.48a
CV (%) 11.43
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
21
Interaction effect. Figure 8 show that there were significant interaction effects observed
between the variety and the different durations of weed control with regards to plant height at
flowering. However results show that ICCV 95334 that were weed free from sowing to first pod
stage were the tallest plants at flowering with 58.83 cm while ICCV 94954 that were weed free
from sowing first flowering stage had the shortest plants of 38.93 cm at flowering stage.
Number of Primary Stems at Flowering
Effect of variety. There were significant differences observed on the number of
primary stems produced at flowering as affected by the different varieties used. ICCV 92311 had
highest number of primary stems with a mean of 3.67 while ICCV 07307 had the lowest with a
mean of 2.17 stems per plant. The other varieties grown had comparable number of primary
stems produced per plant.
70
Weed free frokm sowing to
60
seedling stage
50
Weed free from sowing to first
flowering stage
40
Weed free from sowing to first
30
pod stage
20
Weed free from sowing to
harvesting
10
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952
93954
06102
92311
95334
07307
Variety
Figure 8. Average plant height at flowering
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
22
Effect of weed control duration. There were no significant differences observed on the
number of primary stems at flowering as affected by the different durations of weed control.
However, weed free plants from sowing to seedling stage had the highest number of primary
stems at flowering with a mean of 3.22 while those plants that were weed free from sowing to
harvesting had the least with a mean of 2.28.
Chickpea is a herbaceous annual plant which branches from the base. It is almost a small
bush with diffused spreading branches. The plant is mostly covered with glandular and non
glandular hairs but some genotypes do not posses hair.
Interaction
effect. Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant interaction
effects between the varieties and the different durations of weed control used in the study with
regards to number of primary stems produced per plant at flowering.
Table 3. Average number of primary stems at flowering
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
3.17a
ICCV 94954 2.50b
ICCV 06102 3.58a
ICCV 92311 3.67a
ICCV 95334 3.42a
ICCV 07307 2.17b
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 3.22a
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
3.17a
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
3.11a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
2.28a
CV (%) 22.22
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
23
Days From Planting to Harvesting
Effect of variety. The number of days from planting to harvesting was significantly
affected by the different varieties used in the study. As shown in table 4, seeds plants of ICCV
07307 a Kabuli type cultivar were the earliest to be harvested after 120 days from sowing seeds,
while seeds plants of ICCV 06102 a Desi type cultivar were the latest that were harvested after
145 days from sowing seeds.
Chickpeas mature in 3-7 months and the leaves turn brown/yellow during maturity. The
seeds from plants were harvested at maturity or slightly earlier by cutting them close to the
ground.
Effect of weed control duration. There were no significant differences observed on the
days from planting to harvesting as affected by the different durations of weed control.
Interaction
effect. Likewise, there were no significant interaction effects observed on the
days from planting to harvesting as affected by the variety and the durations of weed control.
Average Total Number of Pods per Plant
Effect of variety. Significant differences were observed on the average total number of
pods per plant as affected by the different varieties used. ICCV 92311 a Kabuli type cultivar had
the highest average total number of pods per plant with an mean of 311.33; while ICCV 94954 a
Desi type cultivar had the lowest average total number of pods per plant with a mean of 132.50.
It was observed that the Kabuli type cultivars grown produced more pods per plant than the Desi
type cultivar tested.
Effect of weed control duration. Result shows that there were significant differences on
the average total number of pods per plant as affected by the different durations of weed control.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
24
Table 4. Number of days from planting to harvesting
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
136.0a
ICCV 94954 140.0b
ICCV 06102 145.0a
ICCV 92311 122.0c
ICCV 95334 125.0d
ICCV 07307 120.0f
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 131.3a
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
131.3a
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
131.3a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
131.3a
CV (%) 0
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Weed free plants from sowing to harvesting produced the highest average total number of
pods per plant with a mean of 223.22; while weed free plants from sowing to seedling stage
produced the lowest average total number of pods per plant with a mean of only 170.61.
The trend on the average total number of pods produced per plant was observed as
affected by the different durations of weed control shows that as the weeds were removed on
every stage of the plant growth, the number of pods per plant increased. It was also observed that
the competition between the plants and the weeds was lowered as the weeding activity was done
regularly.
Interaction effect. There were significant interaction effects observed on the average total
number of pods per plant as affected by the variety and the durations of weed control. ICCV
92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting produced the highest number of pods per
plant with a mean of 337.66; while ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing to seedling
stage produced the lowest number of pods with only 58 per plant (Figure 9).
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
25
Table 5. Total number of pods per plant
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
264.92b
ICCV 94954 132.50e
ICCV 06102 205.50c
ICCV 92311 311.33c
ICCV 95334 175.81d
ICCV 07307 199.58c
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 170.61c
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
208.83ab
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
202.83b
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
223.22 a
CV (%) 12.52
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
450
400
Weed free from sowing to
350
seedling stage
300
Weed free from sowing to first
250
flowering stage
200
150
Weed free from sowing to first
pod stage
100
50
Weed free from sowing to
harvesting
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952
94954
06102
92311
95334
07307
Variety
Figure 9. Average total number of pods per plant
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
26
Average Number of Filled Pods per Plant
Effect of variety. Results show significant differences on the average number of filled
pods per plant as affected by the different varieties used. ICCV 92311 produced the highest
number of filled pods having a mean of 286.05 per plant while ICCV 94954 produced the lowest
number of filled pods having a mean of only 106.99 per plant.
Effect of weed control duration. There were also significant differences observed on the
average number of filled pods as affected by the different durations of weed control. Weed free
plants from sowing to harvesting obtained the highest number of filled pods with a mean of
203.37 per plant while weed free plants from sowing to seedling stage produced the lowest
number of filled pods with a mean of 151.18 per plant.
Interaction
effect. Significant interaction effects were likewise, observed on the average
number of filled pods between the variety and the different durations of weed control. (Figure
10) ICCV 92311 plants that were weed free from sowing to harvesting had the highest number of
filled pods per plant with a mean of 349.99; while ICCV 94954 plants that were weed free from
sowing to seedling stage had the lowest number of filled pods of only 48.77.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
27
Table 6. Average number of filled pods per plant
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
239.66a
ICCV 94954 106.99b
ICCV 06102 181.47a
ICCV 92311 286.80a
ICCV 95334 156.05b
ICCV 07307 110.44b
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 151.18c
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
180.18b
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
185.49b
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
203.37a
CV (%) 12.03
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
400
Weed free from sowing to seedling
350
stage
300
Weed free from sowing to first
250
flowering stage
200
Weed free from sowing to first pod
150
stage
100
Weed free from sowing to
50
harvesting
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952
94954
06012
92311
95334
07307
Variety
Figure 10. Average number of filled pods per plant
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
28
Average Number of Unfilled Pods per Plant
Effect of variety. Table 6 shows significant differences on the average number of unfilled
pod per plant as affected by the chickpea varieties used. ICCV 94954 produced the lowest
number of unfilled pods having a mean of only 13.50 per plant; while ICCV 06102 and ICCV
92311 produced the highest number of unfilled pods having a mean of 24.75 per plant. These
results may be due to the differential response of the various chickpea cultivars to the existing
environment of the locality during the cropping period.
Effect of weed control duration. There were significant differences on the average
number of unfilled pods produced per plant as affected by the different durations of weed
control. Weed free plants from sowing to first pod stage had the lowest number of filled pods
with a mean of 18.06; while weed free plants from sowing to first flowering stage had the highest
number of unfilled pods with a mean of 28.22.
Interaction
effect. Likewise significant interaction effects were observed on the number
of unfilled pods between the chickpea varieties variety and the different durations of weed
control. ICCV 94954 weed free plants from sowing to first flowering stage had the lowest
number of unfilled pods with a mean of only 13.16; while ICCV 06102 those that were also
weed free plants from sowing to first flowering stage had the highest number of unfilled pods
with a mean of 34 (Figure 11).
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
29
Table 7. Average number of unfilled pods
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
24.50a
ICCV 94954 13.50b
ICCV 06102 24.75a
ICCV 92311 24.75a
ICCV 95334 19.83ab
ICCV 07307 22.42ab
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 20.06ab
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
28.22a
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
18.06b
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
20.17b
CV (%)
55.97
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
45
Weed free from sowing to
40
seedling stage
35
Weed free from sowing to first
30
flowering stage
25
Weed free from sowing to first
20
pod stage
15
10
Weed free from sowing to
harvesting
5
0
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
93952
94954
06102
92311
95334
07307
Variety
Figure 11. Average number of unfilled pods
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
30
Average Seed Yield per Plant (g)
Effect of variety. The average seed yield per plant was significantly affected by the
different chickpea varieties used in the study. ICCV 95334 produced the highest yield per plant
with a mean of 72.81g; while ICCV 94954 obtained the lowest yield per plant with a mean of
only 28.25g.
Chickpea is a long season crop, thus delay in plant establishment will likely reduce the
length of time for pod filling, and seed germination.
Effect of weed control duration. Significant differences were likewise observed on the
average seed yield per plant as affected by the different durations of weed control. Weed free
plants from sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per plant with a mean of 69.34g; while
weed free plants from sowing to seedling stage had the lowest yield per plant with a mean of
only 45.50g.
The trend on the average seed yield per plant was observed as affected by the duration of
weed control on the different stages of the plant was that, the yield per plant was increased as the
weeds were removed and the competition between the plants and the weeds was also lowered.
Interaction
effect. Significant interaction effects were observed on the average seed yield
per plant on the chickpea varieties and durations of weed control used. ICCV 92311 that were
weed free plants from sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per plant with a mean of
102.5g; while ICCV 94954 those that were weed free plants from sowing to seedling stage had
the lowest yield per plant with a mean of only 12.06g.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
31
Table 8. Average seed yield per plant
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
70.43a
ICCV 94954 28.25b
ICCV 06102 69.54a
ICCV 92311 72.81a
ICCV 95334 70.16a
ICCV 07307 67.25b
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 45.50b
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
48.32b
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
67.25a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
69.34a
CV (%)
14.48
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
120
Weed free from sowing to seedling
100
stage
80
Weed free from sowing to first
flowering stage
60
Weed free from sowing to first pod
stage
40
Weed free from sowing to harvesting
20
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952 94954 06102 92311 95334 07307
Variety
Figure 12. Average seed yield per plant (g)
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
32
Total Yield per 1x3m Plot (g)
Effect of variety. As presented in Table 8, significant differences were noted on the total
yield per plot as affected by the different varieties used. ICCV 92311 had the highest yield per
1x3m plot with a mean of 539.82g, while ICCV 94954 had the lowest yield per 1x3m plot with a
mean of only 152.45g.
Effect of weed control duration. Result shows that there were significant differences on
the yield per plot as affected by the different durations of weed control. Weed free plants from
sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per plot with a mean of 430.23g, while weed free
plants from sowing to seedling stage had the lowest yield per plot with a mean of 276.88g.
The trend on the total yield per plot was observed as affected by the duration of weed
control on the different stages of the plant that the yield was increased as the weeds were
continued to be removed regularly until harvesting of seeds. Competition among the plants and
the weeds was also lowered.
Interaction
effect. There were also significant interaction effects among the chickpea
varieties and the durations of weed control used. ICCV 92311 that were weed free plants from
sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per 1x3m plot with a mean of 709.7g, while ICCV
94954 those that were weed free plants from sowing to seedling stage had the lowest yield per
plot of only 111g (Figure 13).
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
33
Table 9. Total yield per 1x3m plot
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
452.82a
ICCV 94954 152.45e
ICCV 06102 321.93c
ICCV 92311 539.98a
ICCV 95334 420.08b
ICCV 07307 193.57d
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 276.88c
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
315.48b
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
424.64a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
430.23a
CV (%)
10.82
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
800
Weed free from sowing to
700
seedling stage
600
Weed free from sowing to first
500
flowering stage
400
Weed free from sowing to first
300
pod stage
200
Weed free from sowing to
100
harvesting
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952 94954 06102 92311 95334 07307
Variety
Figure 13. Total yield per 1x3m plot
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
34
Computed Yield per Hectare (kg/ha)
Effect of variety. The computed yield per hectare was significantly affected by the
different varieties studied. ICCV 92311 had the highest yield per hectare with a mean of
1809.33kg while ICCV 94954 had the lowest yield per hectare with a mean of 508.98kg.
Effect of weed control duration. The different durations of weed control showed
significant differences on the computed yield per hectare. Weed free plants from sowing to
harvesting had the highest yield per hectare with a mean of 1434 kg, while weed free plants from
sowing to seedling stage had the lowest yield per hectare with a mean of 922.90kg.
The trend on the total yield per hectare was observed as affected by the duration of weed
control on the different stages of the plant that as the weeding activity was done on regular basis,
the yield was increased until harvesting. The competition between the plants and the weeds was
also lowered.
Chickpea yields usually average 400 – 600 kg/ha, but can surpass 2000 kg/ha. Yields
from irrigated crops are 20-28 % higher than rain fed crops.
Interaction
effect. Figure 14 shows that there were significant interaction effects observed
on the computed yield per hectare as affected by the chickpea varieties and the durations of weed
control. ICCV 92311 weed free from sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per hectare with
a mean of 2365.6kg while ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage had
the lowest yield per hectare with a mean of only 368kg.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
35
Table 10. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
1799.89a
ICCV 94954 0508.16e
ICCV 06102 1073.07c
ICCV 92311 1809.33a
ICCV 95334 1400.24b
ICCV 07307 645.20d
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 922.90c
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
1051.57b
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
1415.41a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
1434.04a
CV (%)
10.82
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
2500
Weed free from sowing to seedling
stage
2000
Weed free from sowing to first
1500
flowering stage
Weed free from sowing to first pod
1000
stage
500
Weed free from sowing to
harvesting
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952 94954 06102 92311 95334 07307
Variety
Figure 14. Computed yield per hectare
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
36
Weight of 100 Seeds
Effect of variety. There were significant differences observed on the weight of 100 seeds
as affected by the different chickpea varieties used. Large seeded Kabuli type ICCV 07307 had
the highest weight of 100 seeds with a mean of 38.28g, while small seeded Desi type ICCV
94954 had the lowest weight of 100 seeds with a mean of 20.38g.
Results indicate that the seed weight depends on the seed size. The bigger the seed, the
heavier the weight and the smaller it is, the lower the weight.
Singh (1987) stated that in Poland, minimum Kabuli type seed weight of 100g is about
49.5g especially on the large seeded Kabuli chickpea, whereas Desi type, small seeded cultivars
have a minimum weight of 24.5g per 100 seeds.
Effect of weed control duration. Results show significant differences on the weight of
100 seeds as affected by the different durations of weed control. Weed free plants from sowing
to seedling stage had the heaviest weight of 100 seeds with a mean of 28.86g, while weed free
plants from sowing to first flowering stage and weed free plants from sowing to harvesting had
the lightest weight of 100 seeds with a the same mean of 28.04g.
Interaction
effect. Significant interaction effects were likewise observed between the
chickpea varieties and durations of weed control. ICCV 07307 that were weed free from sowing
to seedling stage had the heaviest weight of 100 seeds with a mean of 38.1g, while ICCV 94954
those that were weed free from sowing to first flowering stage had the lighest weight of 100
seeds with a mean of 19.0g.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
37
Table 11. Weight of 100 seeds
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
22.63c
ICCV 94954 20.39d
ICCV 06102 22.36c
ICCV 92311 33.14b
ICCV 95334 34.07b
ICCV 07307 38.28a
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 28.86a
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
28.04a
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
28.76a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
28.04a
CV (%)
6.39
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
45
Weed free from sowing to seedling
40
stage
35
Weed free from sowing first
30
flowering stage
25
Weed free from sowing to first pod
20
stage
15
10
Weed free from sowing to harvesting
5
0
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
93952
94954
06102
92311
95334
07307
Figure 15. Weight of 100 seeds
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
38
Table 12. Common weeds grown in the experimental area
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Knot grass
Pennisetum pedicellatum
Dallis grass
Paspalum natatum
Gogon
Panicum capillare
Dukayang
Echinochloa crus-galli
Crab grass
Echinochloa colonum
Galinsoga
Galinsoga panviflora
Kalunay
Amaranthus
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
39
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of different varieties of
chickpea as affected by duration of weed control under La Trinidad Benguet Condition,
determine the growth stage where yield will not be affected with the presence of weeds; and to
determine the effect of weeds on the different growth stages of chickpea. The study was
conducted from November to April 2010 at Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Results showed significant differences between the two types of chickpea cultivars and
the different durations of weed control employed. Kabuli type variety ICCV 95334 that were
weed free from sowing to first pod stage were the earliest to attain 50% flowering; while Desi
type variety ICCV 93952 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting took longer days to
attain 50% flowering. For the average plant height at flowering, results showed significant
differences between the chickpea varieties and the durations of weed control. Kabuli type variety
ICCV 95334 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting were the tallest plants, while Desi
type variety ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing to first flowering stage were the
shortest plants at flowering. As to average number of primary stems at flowering, results showed
no significant differences between the chickpea varieties and the durations of weed control.
However, variety ICCV 92311 a Kabuli type had the highest number of primary stems at
flowering, while ICCV 07307 a Kabuli type had the lowest number of primary stems at
flowering.
Significant differences were likewise, observed between the chickpea varieties and
durations of weed control on the total number of pods and average number of filled pods. ICCV
92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting produced the highest number of pods per
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
40
plant and average number of filled pods per plant while ICCV 94954 that were weed free from
sowing to seedling stage had the lowest. ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing to first
pod stage produced the lowest number of unfilled pods while ICCV 06102 and ICCV 95334 that
weed free from sowing to first flowering stage produced the highest number of unfilled pods per
plant. Kabuli type variety ICCV 92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting produced
the highest average seed yield per plant, total yield per 1x3m plot and computed yield per
hectare; while Desi type variety ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage
produced the lowest average seed yield per plant, yield per 1x3m plot and computed yield per
hectare. ICCV 07307 a Kabuli type cultivar, had the heaviest weight of 100 seeds while ICCV
94954 a Desi type, had the lightest weight of 100 seeds.
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, chickpea Desi and Kabuli type varieties are
adopted La Trinidad Benguet condition. ICCV 95334 a Kabuli type cultivar were the tallest plant
when grown weed free from sowing to harvesting. ICCV 92311 another Kabuli type produced
the highest number of primary stems at flowering when grown weed free from sowing to
seedling stage. ICCV 9231 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting produced the highest
number of pods per plant and filled pods per plant. Desi type variety ICCV 94954 that were
weed free from sowing to first pod stage produced the lowest number of unfilled pods per plant.
ICCV 92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting produced the highest average seed
yield per plant, total yield per 1x3m plot and computed yield per hectare. ICCV 07307 weed free
from sowing to seedling stage were harvested the earliest after 120.0 days.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
41
Recommendation
Based on the findings of this study, it is therefore recommended that Desi type variety
ICCV 93952 and Kabuli type ICCV 92311 should be grown weed free from sowing to
harvesting which best suited under La Trinidad Benguet condition for higher yield per plant, and
per hectare basis.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
42
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2007. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved September 2, 2009
from http.//en. Wikipedia…/org./wiki/chickpea.
CUBERO, J. I. 1987. Morphology of Chickpea p. 35-36. In: M. C. Saxena and K. B. Singh
(eds.), the Chickpea. CAB. International, Wallingford, Oxon, OX108De UK.
DUKE, J.A. 1981. Handbook of Legumes of World Economic Importance. Plenum Press, New
York. P. 52-57.
MUEBLER, H. 1985. Vegetable Crops. New York; Mc Graw Hill Publication Co. Inc. P. 60
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT. 1975. The Philippine Recommends for Vegetable Crops. Philippines
council for Agriculture and Resource. Pp. 1-9.
SAGAYO, BELEN B. 2008. Growth and performance of five chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
varieties under Bano-oy Buguias, Benguet condition BS Thesis. BSU La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 4.
SINGH, C. 1987. Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
India. Pp. 170-173
SMITHSON, J.E. 1982. Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia. UPCA, Los, Banos Laguna P.
83.
VANDER MAESAN J. J. and SOMAATMADJA. 1987. Plant Resource of South East Asia.
ESGAP CGRT Centre, Bogol, Indonesia. Pp. 26, 42-43.
WARE, G. 1975. Producing Vegetable Crops.Thinterstste Printers and Publishing, Inc.Illinois.
Pp. 84-85.
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from planting to 50% flowering
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1
D1 73 73 71
219.00
72.33
D2
63
73
69
210.00
70.00
D3
71
73
71
215.00
71.66
D4
69
73
68
210.00
70.00
V2
D1 63 70 74
207.00
69.00
D2
73
73
71
217.00
72.33
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
43
D3
67
66
64
131.66
65.67
D4
73
73
64
210.00
70.00
V3
D1 66 59 64
189.00
63.00
D2
68
64
63
195.00
65.00
D3
64
68
69
201.00
67.00
D4
64
71
68
207.00
69.00
V4
D1 58 58 58
174.00
58.00
D2
57
57
57
171.00
57.00
D3
57
57
58
172.00
57.33
D4
58
58
58
174.00
58.00
V5
D1 58 58 58
174.00
58.00
D2
58
57
58
173.00
57.66
D3
58
58
57
173.00
57.66
D4
57
58
58
173.00
57.66
V6
D1 68 64 58
190.00
63.33
D2
68
64
58
190.00
63.33
D3
58
58
58
174.00
58.00
D4
68
68
68
204.00
68.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
23.08
11.54
1.78
0.1794
Variety (A)
5
1936.79
387.36
50.88*
<.0001
Duration of
3
59.59
19.87
3.07*
0.04
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
234.82
15.65
2.42*
0.01
Error
46
297.58
TOTAL 71
2551.88
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 3.79
Appendix Tale 2. Average plant height at flowering (cm)
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
55.8
28.6
44.8
129.2
43.06
D2
39.5
53.5
47.6
140.6
46.86
D3
53.8
54.0
52.2
160.0
53.33
D4
53.7
49.8
52.0
155.5
51.83
V2 D1
44.0
42.1
42.5
128.6
42.86
D2
51.0
35.0
30.8
116.8
38.93
D3
39.2
43.6
40.3
123.1
41.03
D4
45.2
50.7
42.8
138.7
46.23
V3 D1
44.9
49.9
50.1
144.9
48.03
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
44
D2
42.5
51.7
42.8
137.0
45.06
D3
46.6
44.3
43.8
134.7
44.09
D4
53.1
37.1
44.5
134.7
44.09
V4 D1
51.3
52.3
49.2
152.8
50.93
D2
51.1
52.9
50.3
154.3
51.43
D3
51.1
52.6
52.0
155.7
51.09
D4
54.9
55.3
51.3
161.5
53.83
V5 D1
55.3
62.8
62.5
180.6
60.02
D2
54.5
57.1
58.6
170.2
56.73
D3
62.5
53.0
60.1
175.6
58.83
D4
57.8
53.6
63.6
175.0
58.33
V6 D1
48.2
41.0
47.5
136.7
45.56
D2
47.0
56.6
56.6
147.5
49.16
D3
48.9
53.3
53.3
147.5
49.13
D4
33.3
41.5
41.3
124.9
41.63
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
18.54
9.27
0.03
0.75
Variety (A)
5
1865.97
373.19
11.92*
<.001
Duration of
3
28.732
9.58
0.31ns
0.82
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
429.66
29.64
0.92*
0.55
Error 46
1439.86
31.30
TOTAL 71
3782.86
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 11.43
Appendix Table 3. Number of primary stems at flowering
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
2
2
4
08.00
2.66
D2
4
4
4
12.00
4.00
D3
2
3
3
08.00
2.66
D4
3
3
4
10.00
3.33
V2 D1
2
2
5
09.00
2.66
D2
4
2
2
08.00
2.66
D3
1
3
4
08.00
2.66
D4
2
3
3
08.00
4.00
V3 D1
4
4
4
12.00
3.66
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
45
D2
3
4
4
11.00
2.33
D3
4
4
4
12.00
3.66
D4
3
2
2
07.00
4.00
V4 D1
3
4
4
11.00
3.33
D2
4
4
4
12.00
3.00
D3
4
3
3
10.00
3.33
D4
3
3
3
09.00
3.00
V5 D1
4
3
3
10.00
3.33
D2
3
3
3
09.00
3.33
D3
4
3
3
10.00
2.00
D4
4
3
3
10.00
2.00
V6 D1
2
2
2
06.00
2.00
D2
2
2
2
06.00
2.00
D3
2
2
2
06.00
2.00
D4
1
2
2
05.00
1.66
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
3.08
1.54
3.29
0.0003
Variety (A)
5
22.66
4.53
9.66*
<.0001
Duration of
3
1.66
0.53
1.14ns
0.34
Weed Control
(B)
AXB 15
10.56
0.70
1.50ns
0.15
Error 46
21.58
0.47
TOTAL 71
50.50
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation =12.52
ns = Not significant
Appendix Table 4. Number of days from planting to harvesting
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
136
136
136
408
136
D2
136
136
136
408
136
D3
136
136
136
408
136
D4
136
136
136
408
136
V2 D1
140
140
140
420
140
D2
140
140
140
420
140
D3
140
140
140
420
140
D4
140
140
140
420
140
V3 D1
145
145
145
435
145
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
46
D2
145
145
145
435
145
D3
145
145
145
435
145
D4
145
145
145
435
145
V4 D1
122
122
122
366
122
D2
122
122
122
366
122
D3
122
122
122
366
122
D4
122
122
122
366
122
V5 D1
125
125
125
375
125
D2
125
125
125
375
125
D3
125
125
125
375
125
D4
125
125
125
375
125
V6 D1
120
120
120
360
120
D2
120
120
120
360
120
D3
120
120
120
360
120
D4
120
120
120
360
120
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.0000
0.0000
Infinity
<.0001
Variety (A)
5
2472.0
1294.40
Infinity*
<.0001
Duration of
3
0.0000
0.0000
-ns
-
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
0.0000
0.0000
-ns
-
Error
46
0.0000
0.0000
-
TOTAL 71
6472.0000
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 0
ns = Not significant
Appendix Table 5. Total number of pods
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
218
254
662
662.00
220.66
D2
265
245
245
755.00
251.66
D3
321
298
309
928.00
309.33
D4
316
275
231
082.00
274.00
V2 D1
091
069
062
222.00
058.00
D2
059
042
073
174.00
074.00
D3
147
144
143
434.00
201.66
D4
196
216
193
605.00
144.66
V3 D1
148
133
137
418.00
139.33
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
47
D2
316
306
260
882.00
294.00
D3
190
197
178
565.00
188.33
D4
247
176
178
601.00
200.33
V4 D1
220
261
297
778.00
259.33
D2
367
357
448
1172.00
390.66
D3
292
238
243
773.00
257.66
D4
370
307
336
1013.00
337.66
V5 D1
220
252
207
679.00
226.33
D2
167
155
161
483.00
161.00
D3
147
103
095
354.00
115.00
D4
181
200
219
600.00
200.00
V6 D1
116
092
152
360.00
120.00
D2
078
073
094
245.00
081.66
D3
187
212
209
608.00
202.66
D4
145
024
108
377.00
125.66
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1845.03
922.51
1.45
0.2450
Variety (A)
5
337417.90
6743.58
106.10*
<.0001
Duration of
3
26672.49
8890.83
13.98*
<.0001
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
46
145198.26
9679.88
15.22*
<.0001
Error
15
29257.64
636.03
TOTAL 71
540391.32
*= Significant
Appendix Table 6. Average number of filled pods per plant
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
180.00
221.33
180.00
0581.33
193.77
D2
215.00
205.00
221.66
0641.66
213.88
D3
315.33
312.33
293.03
0896.29
298.76
D4
276.00
259.66
221.00
0750.66
252.22
V2 D1
043.00
036.66
066.66
0140.32
046.77
D2
061.66
063.33
057.66
0182.65
060.88
D3
142.66
133.33
138.00
0413.99
137.99
D4
088.66
172.00
180.33
0540.99
180.33
V3 D1
133.33
123.33
117.00
0376.66
124.55
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
48
D2
260.00
270.00
235.00
0765.00
255.00
D3
160.33
157.00
153.66
0470.99
156.99
D4
231.66
166.66
170.00
0567.99
189.33
V4 D1
212.66
240.00
280.33
0732.00
244.33
D2
341.00
279.00
313.33
0951.33
317.11
D3
275.00
208.33
227.00
0710.33
236.77
D4
321.00
318.66
407.33
1046.99
348.00
V5 D1
201.00
236.33
190.66
0627.99
209.88
D2
159.00
130.33
137.00
0426.33
142.11
D3
111.00
097.66
080.33
0288.99
096.33
D4
158.66
172.33
198.33
0529.32
176.44
V6 D1
098.33
079.66
081.00
0288.99
086.33
D2
065.66
064.33
063.66
0193.65
064.55
D3
179.33
195.00
189.00
0558.33
186.11
D4
131.33
101.66
081.33
0314.32
104.77
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1056.28
528.14
1.12
<.0001
Variety (A)
5
308518.28
61703.66
131.23*
0.3340
Duration of
3
25331.13
8443.71
17.96*
<.0001
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
131077.71
8738.51
18.59*
Error
46
21628.75
470.00
TOTAL
71
48712.17
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 12.03
Appendix Table 7. Average number of unfilled pods
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1
D1 38 33 10
081.00
27.00
D2
50
40
24
114.00
38.00
D3
09
08
16
033.00
11.00
D4
40
16
10
066.00
22.00
V2
D1 16 06 13
035.00
11.66
D2
30
06
05
041.00
13.16
D3
05
11
05
021.00
07.00
D4
08
44
13
065.00
21.66
V3
D1 15 10 20
045.00
15.00
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
49
D2
56
36
25
117.00
39.00
D3
30
40
25
095.00
31.00
D4
16
10
08
034.00
11.00
V4
D1 08 21 17
046.00
15.33
D2
46
39
41
126.00
42.00
D3
17
30
16
063.00
21.00
D4
29
10
23
062.00
20.66
V5
D1 19 16 17
052.00
17.33
D2
08
25
24
057.00
19.00
D3
36
06
15
057.00
19.00
D4
23
28
21
072.00
24.00
V6
D1 18 13 71
102.00
34.00
D2
13
09
31
053.00
17.66
D3
13
17
20
050.00
16.00
D4
14
23
27
064.00
21.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
121.00
60.50
0.41
0.6631
Variety (A)
5
1171.79
234.36
1.61*
0.1776
Duration of
3 1095.38
365.13 2.50*
0.0711
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
3944.28
262.96
1.80*
0.0640
Error
46
6714.33
145.96
TOTAL 71
13046.88
*= Significant
Appendix Table 8. Total yield per plant (g)
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
073.50
093.93
62.09
210.33
070.11
D2
037.90
044.07
44.06
127.06
042.32
D3
067.00
123.90
68.23
200.33
066.72
D4
086.66
012.02
96.93
307.49
102.49
V2 D1
012.07
011.73
11.03
036.02
012.06
D2
014.93
052.80
13.36
040.02
013.34
D3
031.03
037.08
33.05
117.06
039.02
D4
059.00
037.08
48.04
154.02
048.04
V3 D1
037.56
038.53
36.06
112.69
037.56
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
50
D2
070.76
059.93
66.05
197.22
065.74
D3
105.01
101.13
99.11
305.34
099.11
D4
078.33
071.78
65.23
215.34
071.78
V4 D1
054.06
055.33
64.93
174.32
058.10
D2
046.36
048.06
56.07
151.66
050.55
D3
085.63
094.05
76.83
256.96
085.65
D4
090.76
071.46
96.08
259.02
086.34
V5 D1
077.46
048.04
68.04
194.26
064.75
D2
077.00
062.08
52.02
192.00
064.00
D3
089.33
095.06
90.01
275.03
091.67
D4
073.09
071.13
67.04
212.46
070.82
V6 D1
030.83
027.93
32.05
091.26
030.42
D2
018.05
017.04
18.56
054.46
018.15
D3
031.26
028.36
29.03
088.92
029.64
D4
052.06
53.16
72.56
178.32
059.49
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
26.49
13.10
0.19
0.8278
Variety (A)
5
256148.42
5029.68
72.32*
<.0001
Duration of
3
8341.62
2780.54
39.98*
<.0001
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
14076.53
938.44
13.49*
<.0001
Error
46
3199.06
69.54
TOTAL 71
50792.03
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 14.48
Appendix Table 9. Total yield per 1x3m plot (g)
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
465.0
547.03
521.06
1614.07
538.03
D2
387.4
397.07
355.06
1140.07
380.23
D3
578.3
676.08
534.01
1789.02
596.04
D4
621.0
714.07
599.03
1935.00
645.00
V2 D1
108.8
123.02
107.08
0331.08
110.06
D2
122.6
106.02
106.02
0335.00
111.66
D3
157.7
241.41
159.09
0559.00
186.33
D4
238.5
063.09
201.02
0603.06
201.01
V3 D1
176.5
183.09
183.02
0543.06
181.02
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
51
D2
366.4
337.03
359.05
1099.02
366.04
D3
421.8
402.00
411.85
1235.65
411.88
D4
354.9
330.85
298.09
0984.65
328.21
V4 D1
362.7
366.05
442.04
1170.06
390.02
D2
502.4
423.01
550.01
1475.06
491.86
D3
618.4
599.04
520.07
1738.05
579.02
D4
761.5
655.08
711.08
2129.01
709.07
V5 D1
335.1
250.04
290.03
0875.08
291.93
D2
441.5
398.04
347.02
1187.01
395.07
D3
491.7
481.09
522.04
1558.00
519.33
D4
553.7
423.09
495.05
1420.01
473.36
V6 D1
145.0
141.09
160.02
0447.01
149.03
D2
148.5
152.03
140.02
0441.00
147.00
D3
303.8
226.01
233.02
0763.01
254.36
D4
206.1
194.01
271.04
0671.06
223.86
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
4161.51
2031.75
1.36
0.027
Variety (A)
5
169919.62
339918.62
221.78*
<.0001
Duration of
3 323782.01
107027.33 70.42*
<.0001
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
186649.18
12443.28
8.12*
<.0001
Error
46
70504.41
1532.70
TOTAL 71
2284697.2
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 10.82
Appendix Table 10. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
1819.09
1824.3
1738.6
5382.8
1794.02
D2
1291.03
1325.6
1185.3
3802.2
1267.04
D3
1927.06
2255.9
1780.3
5963.8
1987.09
D4
2069.09
2382.3
1997.6
6449.8
2149.09
V2 D1
0335.09
0410.6
0359.3
1105.8
0368.00
D2
0408.06
0353.9
0353.9
1116.4
3072.13
D3
0525.06
0804.6
0532.9
1863.1
0621.03
D4
0749.09
0546.3
0670.6
2011.8
0670.06
V3 D1
0588.03
0612.9
0610.6
1811.8
0603.09
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
52
D2
1221.31
1124.3
1318.8
3663.9
1221.03
D3
0405.09
1339.9
1372.8
4118.6
1372.08
D4
1182.09
1102.8
0966.3
3282.0
1394.00
V4 D1
1205.06
1221.6
1474.6
3901.8
1300.06
D2
1674.06
1410.3
1833.3
4918.5
1639.05
D3
2061.03
1997.9
1735.6
5794.8
1931.06
D4
2538.03
1854.9
2372.6
7096.8
2365.06
V5 D1
1116.09
0834.6
0967.6
2919.1
0973.03
D2
1469.09
1327.9
1157.3
3955.1
1318.04
D3
1845.06
1606.3
1741.3
5193.2
1731.01
D4
0483.03
1442.9
1651.6
4733.4
1557.08
V6 D1
0494.09
0472.9
0533.9
1490.1
0496.07
D2
0494.09
0507.6
0467.3
1469.8
0489.09
D3
1021.06
0753.6
0777.3
2543.5
0847.08
D4
0686.09
0646.9
0904.6
2238.9
0764.01
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
46278.8
23139.40
1.36
0.027
Variety (A)
5
1883060.3
3776613.82
221.78*
<.0001
Duration of
3
359345.81
1199115.27
70.42*
<.0001
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
2073874.1
138258.27
8.12*
<.0001
Error
46
7838896.2
17028.00
TOTAL 71
2538896.2
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 10.82
Appendix Table 11. Weight of 100 seeds (g)
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
20.02
22.01
21.00
063.03
21.01
D2
22.07
21.03
19.02
063.02
21.06
D3
24.05
23.06
26.05
077.06
25.86
D4
22.01
22.06
22.06
067.03
22.43
V2 D1
24.03
18.02
14.05
057.00
20.75
D2
20.57
21.03
20.04
062.27
19.00
D3
19.03
21.05
22.06
063.04
21.13
D4
18.04
22.09
20.06
061.09
20.63
V3 D1
24.05
24.02
25.08
074.05
24.83
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
53
D2
22.08
23.07
24.07
064.03
21.43
D3
19.08
20.04
20.01
060.03
20.01
D4
23.05
21.04
19.04
064.35
21.45
V4 D1
37.05
35.05
36.05
109.05
36.05
D2
29.01
28.02
28.06
085.09
28.63
D3
32.05
33.05
33.01
099.01
33.03
D4
35.04
33.04
34.04
103.02
34.04
V5 D1
30.07
37.09
34.03
102.09
34.03
D2
35.06
42.03
38.09
116.08
38.93
D3
32.04
30.05
31.45
094.35
31.45
D4
32.05
30.07
31.06
094.08
31.06
V6 D1
39.02
37.00
38.01
114.03
38.01
D2
36.00
34.03
35.01
105.04
35.13
D3
42.02
39.08
41.00
123.00
41.00
D4
37.03
40.05
38.09
116.07
38.09
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
3.26
1.63
0.49
0.061
Variety (A)
5
3437.01
687.58
207.87*
<.0001
Duration of
3
8.58
2.86
0.86*
0.47
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
341.37
22.76
6.88*
<.0001
Error
46
152.16
3.31
TOTAL
71
3943.28
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 6.39
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
LUMICQUIO MYLA R. OCTOBER 2010. Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of chickpea as affected by
duration of weed control under La Trinidad Benguet Condition, and to determine the stage were
yield will not be affected with the presence of weeds; and to determine the effect of weeds on the
stages of chickpea.
Findings showed significant differences between the variety and duration of weed control
with regards to the number of days from planting to 50% flowering, average total number of
pods per plant, average number of filled pods and unfilled pods, average seed yield per plant,
total yield per plot, computed yield per hectare and weight of 100 seeds. The average number of
primary stems at flowering and number of days from planting to harvesting was not significantly
affected by the treatments.
Kabuli type ICCV 953343 plants that were weed free from sowing to harvesting were
significantly the earliest to attain flowering stage after 55.75 days and were the tallest plants.
ICCV 92311 a Kabuli type cultivar that were weed free from sowing to harvesting had
significantly produced the highest number of pods and filled pods per plant. Desi type ICCV
94954 that were weed from sowing to seedling stage had significantly the lowest number of
unfilled pods per plant. ICCV 92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting had
significantly the highest yield per plant, yield per plot and yield per hectare. Kabuli type ICCV
07307 a big seeded cultivar had significantly the heaviest weight of 100 seeds.
Based on the findings, it is therefore recommended that weeding or removal of weeds in
chickpea from sowing to harvesting should be done for higher yield per plant and per plot.
Likewise, growing Desi type variety ICCV 93952 and Kabuli type 92311 is recommended for La
Trinidad, Benguet condition.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...…………………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………. iii
INTRODUCTION
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botany of Chickpea…………………………………………………………... 4
Ecology of Chickpea…………………………………………………………. 4
Growth Habits………………………………………………………………… 5
Environmental Condition…………………………………………………….. 6
Soil Requirement……………………………………………………………... 6
Seed Preparation and Germination…………………………………………… 7
Crop Culture………………………………………………………………….. 7
Harvesting……………………………………………………………………... 7
Yield and Economics…………………………………………………………. 8
Nutritional Value……………………………………………………………... 8
Traditional Medicine…………………………………………………………. 9
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………………… 10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………………….. 18
Days from Planting to
50% Flowering…………………………………………………………………. 18
Average Plant Height at
Flowering……………………………………………………………............... 20
Number of Primary Stems at
Flowering……………………………………………………………................ 21
Number of Days from
Planting to Harvesting………………………………………………................ 23
Average Number of
Pods Per Plant…………………………………………………………………. 23
Average Number of
Filled Pods Per Plant…………………………………………………………... 26
Average Number of Unfilled
Pods Per Plant…………………………………………………………………. 28
Average Seed Yield Per Plant………………………………………………… 30
Total Yield Per 1x3m Plot…………………………………………………….. 32
Computed Yield Per Hectare………………………………………………….. 34
Weight of 100 Seeds…………………………………………………………... 36
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………………… 39
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………………… 42
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………. 43
INTRODUCTION
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) also known as garbanzos bean, Indian pea, ceci bean,
bengal gram, Kabuli chana,kadali kaalu,sanaga pappu,shimbra kadala) is an edible legume of the
family Fabacea,subfamily Fabiodeacea. Chickpeas are high in protein and one of the earliest
cultivated vegetables as shown by the 7500 year old remains that have been found in Middle
East. Chickpea seeds germinate at an optimum temperature of 28-330C in about 5-6
It has a strong taproot system with 3 or 4 of lateral roots. The roots grow 1.5-2.0 deep.
Stem is erect, branched, viscous, hairy, terete, herbaceous, green, and solid. The branches are
usually quadrangular, ribbed and green. There are primary, secondary and tertiary branches
(Cubero, 1987). Chickpea is herbaceous annual plant which branches from the base. It is almost
a small bush with diffused spreading branches. The plant is mostly covered with glandular and
non glandular hairs but some genotypes do not posses hair. The stipules are ovate to triangular in
shade and serrated. They are 3-5mm long 2-4mm wide. The longest margin is toothed and the
smaller one is entire. The external surface of the chickpea plant, except the corolla, is densely
covered with glandular hairs. Solitary flowers are borne in an axillary raceme. Sometimes there
are two to three flowers on the same node. Such flowers possess both a penducle and a pedicel.
The racemes penducle is 6-30mm in length. At flowering, the floral and racemal portions of the
penducle form a straight line, giving the appearance that the flowers are placed on the leafy axil
by a single penducle. Chickpea leaves are petiolate, compound and un imparipinnate. Some lines
having simple leaves. The rachis is 3-7cm long with grooves on its upper surface. The leaflets
are 8-17mm long 5-14cm long with wide, opposite or alternate with a terminal leaflet. The leaves
are usually serrated. The shape of the leaflets is ovate, leaves are pubescent.
Chickpea flowers are complete and bisexual and have papilio racrenous corolla which are
white, pink, purple or blue in color. Chickpeas mature in 3-7 months and the leaves turn brown
2
or yellow during maturity for dry seeds, the plants are harvested at maturity by cutting them
close to the ground or uprooting. Chickpeas are usually stored in bags, but are more subject to
insect damage than when stored in bulk.
Chickpea
(Cicer arietinum L.) has one of the highest nutritional compositions of any dry
edible legume. According to the ICRISAT, chickpea seeds contain an average; 23% protein, 64%
total carbohydrates (47% starch, 6% soluble sugar), 5% fat 6% crude fiber and 3% ash. There
has a high mineral content; 340mg/100g Iron and 3mg/100g of Zinc. Recent studies by
government agencies have also shown that Chickpeas can assist in lowering of cholesterol in the
bloodstream. Because it is grown for its nutritious edible seeds, the whole seed are used in flour
for preparing variety of snack, raw roasted fresh green chickpeas and straw as a livestock feed.
Chickpeas are good sources of zinc, foliate and protein. They are also very high in dietary fiber
and hence, a healthy source of carbohydrates for persons with insulin sensitivity or diabetes.
Chickpea are rich in mineral and vitamins.
Chickpea is mainly used for human consumption and only a small proportion is used as
feed. The Kabuli type (white cream coat) is used as a whole seeds, chickpea is also known for its
use in herbal medicine and cosmetics.
The study was conducted to:
1. determine the growth and yield of chickpea as affected by duration of weed control
under La Trinidad Benguet condition.
2. determine the growth stage where yield will not be affected with the presence of
weeds
3. determine the effect of weeds on the different growth stages of chickpea.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
3
The study was conducted at Benguet State University La Trinidad from November 2009
to May 2010.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botany of Chickpea
Taxonomy, morphology and floral biology.Cicer which was classified under vivacea alef,
was later reported to belong to the monogenetic tribe, cicereae.The genus include 9 annuals and
34 perennial herbs. Cross ability and fertility of hybrids in interspecific crosses have been used
as basis to classify the annuals into four cross ability crops. The first group includes the
cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietum L.) and C. reticulum. Chickpea plants can be described as
plants in which stems are branched, erect, or spreading, sometimes shrubby much branched, 0.2-
1m tall, glandular pubescent,olive,dark green or bluish green in color. Root system is robust, up
to 2m deep, but major portion up to 60cm. Leaves imparipinate,grandular pubescent with 3-8
pairs of leaflets and atop of leaflet (racius ending in a leaflet); leaflets ovale to elliptic, 0.6-2.0cm
long, 0.3-1.4cm wide; margin serrate, apex acuminate to aristate, base cuneate, stipulates 2-5
toothed, stipules absent. Flowers solitary, sometimes 2 per inflorescence, axillary; penducles 0-
6cn long, pedicels 0.5-1.3cm long, bracts triangular or tiparite, calyx 7-10mm long; corolla white
pink, purplish. The stamina column is diadelphous and the ovary is sessile, inflated pubescent
(Duke 1982). Pod rhomboid ellipsoid, 1-2 with three seeds as a maximum and inflated, glandular
pubescent. Seed color cream, yellow, brown, black, or green, rounded, seed coat smooth,
laterally compressed with a median groove around two thirds of the seed; germination
cryptocotylar (Vander Maesan and Somaatmadja, 1987).
Ecology of Chickpea
Chickpea is a self pollinated crop. Cross pollination is rare; only 0-1% is reported (Singh,
1987; Smithson., 1985). Grown usually as a rain fed cool weather crop or as a dry climate in
semi-arid region. Optimum conditions include 18-260C day and 21-290C night temperatures and
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
5
annual rainfall of 600-1000mm (Duke, 1981; Muehbler, 1982). The Palouse region of the States
Washington and Idaho appears to be well suited for chickpea crop and it has thrived in the
coastal areas and in the central valley. Chickpea also thrives on sunny sites in a cool, dry climate
on well drained soils and grows on residual moisture in the post rainy season of sub tropical
winter or spring of the northern hemisphere. They are generally grown on heavy black or red soil
pH 5.8-8.6. Frost, hailstones, and excessive rains damage the crop. Though sensitive to cold,
some cultivars can tolerate as low as 9-50C in early stages or under snow cover. Daily
temperature fluctuations are desired with cold nights with dewfall. Relative humidity of 21-41%
is optimum from seed setting. In virgin sandy soils or for the first planting in heavier soils,
inoculation is said to increase yield by 10-67%” (Duke, 1981). Although spoken of “day
neutral,” chickpea is a quantitative long day plant but flowers in every photoperiod.
Growth Habits
Chickpea is an herbaceous annual plant which branches from the base. It is almost a
small bush with diffused, spreading branches. The plant is mostly covered with glandular or non
glandular hairs but some genotypes do not possess hair. Based on seed and color, cultivated
chickpeas are of two types Kabuli, which has lighter colored, larger seeds and a smoother coat,
mainly grown in southern Europe, Northern Africa, Afghanistan and Chile also introduced
during the 18th century to the Indian subcontinent. Desi type, which has small, darker seeds and
rough coat, cultivated mostly in the Indian subcontinent, Ethiopia, Mexico and Iran.
Because of its deep top root system, chickpea can withstand drought conditioned by
extracting water deeper in the soil profile.
Flowers are self pollinated which are borne in groups of two or three and ½ to 1 inch long
in purple, white, pink or blue colors depending upon the variety. Each flower produces a short,
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
6
pubescent pod which is ¾ inches long and which appears to be inflated. The seeds come with
either rough or smooth surfaces and can be cream, yellow, brown, black or green in color. There
is a definite groove visible between the cotyledon about two thirds of the way around the seed
with a break like structure present.
Environmental Condition
Climate largely determines where, when and what plants to grow. Climate includes
consideration of precipitation, humidity, sky condition, temperature, wind and atmospheric
pressure which in turn, is influenced by location, latitude, season, elevation, time of the day and
local factors such as drainage.
Chickpea are grown in the Mediterranean, Western Asia, the Indian subcontinent and
Australia. Domestically they can be sprouted with in a few days all year round. Chickpea
germinate at an optimum temperature of 28-330C and moisture level o 25% after 5-6 days of
sowing the seeds.
Soil Requirement
Legume crop can be grown in any type of soil provided water is available. They perform
best in soil that is granular, fertile, well drained and relative free from nematodes and fusarium
diseases. Clay loam soil is probably the best type for commercial production. They thrive in
moderately acidic soil with a range of 5.0-6.0 (PCARRD, 1975).
Chickpea does best on fertile sandy loam with good internal drainage. Good drainage is
necessary because even short periods of flooded or water logged fields reduce growth and
increase susceptibility to root and stem rots.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
7
Seed Preparation and Germination
Good quality certified seeds should always be used. This should be high in germination
percentage with 85% free from damage and free of weed seeds. Good quality seeds do not need
to be treated with an insecticide or fungicide, but if there were past problems with Pythuim or
Rhizoctonia rots in the area, seed should be treating prior to planting (Anonymous, 2007).
Crop Culture
Field
cultivation. Chickpeas are propagated from seeds. Seeds are broadcasted or drilled
in rows 25-60cn apart between seed at a depth 2-12cn wide with soil well pressed down. Seed is
sown in spring when the ground has warmed or when the rains recede. Depending on the region,
seedling rates vary from 25-40kg/ha to 80-120kg/ha, depending on the area and seed type.
Chickpea may be cultivated as a crop, or mixed with barley, linseed, mustard, sorghum or wheat.
Chickpea are also grown as a catch crop in sugarcane fields and often a second crop after rice.
Although they are usually considered as dry land crop, they grew well on rice lands.
Chickpeas are intercultivated once about 3-4 weeks after sowing; the crop develops
enough shade to smoother seeds. In other areas weeding is recommended; on poor soils, manure
or compost is beneficial. Seed inoculation improves yield only for crops grown for the first time
after rice. Irrigation at 45 and 75 days after planting is useful. Fertilizers have often failed to
increase yield substantially because of fixation of phosphorous by soils and the accumulation of
nutrients in the upper layer of the soil which often dry.
Harvesting. Chickpeas mature in 3-7 months and the leaves turn brown/yellow during
maturity. For dry seeds, the plants are harvested at maturity or slightly earlier by cutting them
close to the ground or uprooting. The plants are stacked in the field as for a few days to dry and
later the crop is threshed by trampling or beating with wooden flails. The chaff is separated from
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
8
the grain by winnowing. Tall cultivars stored in bags, but are more subject to insect damage than
when stored in bulk. Proper cleaning, drying and aeration are necessary to control seed beetles. A
thin coating with vegetable oil can reduce storage damage. Sometimes baskets, made from rice
straw are used as storage containers.
Yield and economics. Greater and more stable yields are the major goals of breeding
programs. Chickpea yields usually average 400-600kg/ha, but can surpass 2000kg/hayfields from
irrigated crops are 20-28% higher than rain fed crops. Two types of chickpea are recognized,
Desi and Kabuli.
In a 3 cultivar trial in India, dry matter yields from 9400-12000kg/ha. In India and
Pakistan, chickpeas are consumed locally, and about 56% of the crops is retained by growers
(Duke, 1981).In United States and Europe, chickpeas are marketed dried or canned for various
vegetable mixtures. Mashed chickpea mix with oils and spices is popular hors d’oeuvre in the
Mediterranean and the Middle East.
The major chickpea growing countries are India, Pakistan, and Turkey in Asia, Ethiopia
in Africa, California and Washington States in the U.S...Chickpea production increased from
1980-1990 by about a million tons at 1.8% annually and there was 5.6% increase in yield over
the decade.
Nutritional Value
Legumes vegetables are one of the promising vegetable crop produced in the Philippines.
The crop is not only important for human nutrition but also for farmers. Aside from the benefits
it provides to man and animals, legumes ere beneficial to the soil, for they are replenishes of the
soil nitrogen. Legumes generally help maintain and conserve soil fertility. Chickpea protein
digestibility is the highest among the dry edible legumes. It is mainly used healthy source of
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
9
carbohydrates for persons d for human consumption. It is also known for its use in the herbal
medicine and cosmetics.
Chickpeas are helpful source of zinc, foliate and protein. They are also very high in
dietary fiber and hence; it is mainly used healthy source of carbohydrates for persons with
insulin sensitivity or diabetes. Chickpeas are low in fat and most of these are polyunsaturated. A
100g of matured boiled chickpea seeds contain 164 calories, 2.6g of fat, and 7.6g of dietary fiber
and 8.9g of protein. Chickpea also provide dietary calcium with some source citing the
garbanzos calcium content as about the same as yogurt and close to milk. According to the
ICRISAT chickpea seeds contain an average; 23% protein, 64% carbohydrates, 5% fat, 6% crude
fiber, 3% ash, and high mineral content. Phosphorous was found to be 340mg/100g, calcium
190mg/100g, magnesium 140mg/100g, iron 7mg/100g and zinc 3mg/100g.
Unripe chickpeas are often picked out of the pod eaten raw and the leaves are eaten as
green vegetables in salads. In the Philippines, garbanzo beans preserved in syrup are eaten as
sweets and in desserts such as halo-halo.
Traditional Medicines
Chickpea is the most hypocholesterimic agent among the food legumes. Germinated
chickpea seeds were reported to be effective in controlling cholesterol level in fats. The
glandular secretion of the leaves, stems, and pods consist of malic and oxalic acids, giving the
sour taste. In India these acids are used and are harvested by spreading thin mussilin cloth during
the night. Medical application includes uses as aphrodisiacs for bronchitis, cataract, cutamenia,
constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, snake bite, sun stroke and warts. Acids are
supposed to lower the blood cholesterol levels. Seeds are considered antibiotics.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
10
METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials that were used in the study were seeds of chickpea, garden tools, record
book and identifying pegs.
Methods
The study was conducted at Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. The study
was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement with 3
replications per treatment combination in 1m x 3m plot. The seeds were planted singly at a
distance of 30 cm between rows and between hills. The treatments were as follows:
Factor A (Duration of Weed Control)
D1 – Weed free from sowing to seedling stage
D2 – Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
D3 – Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
D4 – Weed free from sowing to harvesting (from ICRISAT)
Factor B (Cultivar)
Desi Type Kabuli Type
V1 – ICCV 93952
V4 – ICCV 92311
V2 – ICCV
93952
V5 – ICCV 95334
V3 – ICCV
06102
V6 – ICCV 07307
Care
and
maintenance. Uniform care and maintenance was done to all samples
throughout the duration of the study. There were 3 samples per treatment.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
11
Data gathered were the following:
1. Vegetative Growth
a. Days from planting to 50% flowering. This was taken when 50% of the plant
population had opened flower.
b. Average plant height at flowering (cm). This was taken at flowering stage
(first flower) the height of 3 sample plants were measured at flowering stage.
c. Number of primary stems at flowering. This was taken at flowering stage
(first flower). This was gathered by counting the lateral branches at flowering.
This was computed as fallows.
Average No. of Lateral = No. of Lateral Branches of Sample Plants
Branches at Flowering Sample Plants
d. Days from planting to harvesting. This was taken by counting the days from
planting to harvesting.
2. Yield
a. Average number of pods per plant. Mean of 3 representative plants.
b. Average number of filled pods per plant. Total number of filled pods taken
from the average of 3 sample plants per plot.
c. Average number of unfilled pods. Total number of unfilled pods taken from
the average of 3 sample plants.
d. Average seed yield per plant (g). This was taken using the formula.
Seed yield per plant = Seed yield of sample plants
Number of sample plants
e. Total yield per plot (3m2). Total yield of experimented plot (gram)
f. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha). This was computed using the formula.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
12
Yield per Hectare = Total Yield per Plot x 3,333.33
3. Seed Quality
a. Weight of 100 seeds (gram). This was taken by weighing 100 seeds per
treatment.
5. Meteorological data. Temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall during the study
were recorded.
4. Common weeds growing in the experimental area. This was taken by listing the
Common weeds growing in the experimental area with their common names and scientific
names.
6. Documentation of the study. This was taken through pictures.
Figure 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity and rainfall during the conduct of the
study under La Trinidad, Benguet condition from November, 2009 to March, 2010. The
temperature ranged from 21.05°C on the month of December to 22.95°C on the month of
February. The month of November recorded a temperature of 22.2°C, the month of February with
22.6°C; and in the month of March with a temperature of 22.9°C.
The relative humidity recorded during the conduct of the study ranged from 82.75% on
December to 88% on the month of January. The month of November had a relative humidity of
84%, month of February with 84.5% and month of March with a relative humidity of 86.75%.
There was no recorded rainfall during the duration of the study.
Figure 2 shows the land preparation of the experimental area. Figure 3 shows the sowing
of seeds of the chickpea, kabuli and Desi type. Figure 4 shows the flowering stage of chickpea
plants. Figure 5 shows the overview of the experimental area and figure 6 shows the harvesting
of the plants. Figure 7-15 shows the graph or the result of the experiment. Figure 7 shows the
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
13
number of days from planting to 50% flowering. ICCV 92311 that were weed free from sowing
to first pod stage were the earliest to attain 50% flowering after 57.33 days while ICCV 93952
that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage were the latest to attain 50% flowering after
72.33. Figure 8 shows the average plant height at flowering. ICCV 95334 that were weed free
from sowing to first pod sage were the tallest plants at flowering with 58.83cm while ICCV
94954 that were weed free from sowing to first flowering stage had the shortest plant of 38.93
cm. Figure 9 shows the average total number of pods per plant. ICCV 92311 that were weed free
from sowing to harvesting produced the highest number of pods per plant with a mean of 337.66
while ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage produced the lowest
number of pods with only 58 per plant. Figure10 shows the average number of filled pods per
plant. ICCV 92311 plants that were weed free from sowing to harvesting had the highest number
of filled pods with a mean of 349.99 while ICCV 94954 plants that were weed free from sowing
to first seedling stage had the lowest number of filled pods with a mean of only 48.77. Figure 11
shows the average number of unfilled pods per plant. ICCV 94954 weed free plants from sowing
to first flowering stage had the lowest number of unfilled pods with a mean of 13.16 while ICCV
06102 those that were also weed free plants from sowing to first flowering stage had the highest
number of unfilled pods with a mean of 34. Figure 12 shows the average seed yield per plant.
ICCV 92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per plant with
a mean of 102.5g while ICCV 94954 those that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage
had the lowest yield per plant with a mean of only 12.06g. Figure 13 shows the total yield per
1x3m plot. ICCV 92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per
1x3m plot with a mean of 709.7g while ICCV 94954 those that were weed free plants from
sowing to seedling stage had the lowest yield per plot with only 111g. Figure 14 shows the
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
14
computed yield per hectare. ICCV 92311 weed free from sowing to harvesting had the highest
yield per hectare with a mean of 2365.6kg while ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing
to seedling stage had the lowest yield per hectare with a mean of only 368kg. Figure 15 shows
the weight of 100 seeds. ICCV 07307 that were weed from sowing to seedling stage had the
heaviest weight of 100 seeds with a mean of 38.1g while ICCV 94954 those that were weed free
from sowing to first flowering stage had lightest weight of 100 seeds with a mean of only 19.0g.
Figure 1. Recorded temperature, relative humidity and rainfall during the duration of the
Study
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
15
Figure 2. Land preparation of the experimental area
Figure 3. Sowing of the seeds
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
16
Figure 4. Kabuli type chickpea at flowering stage
Figure 5. Overview of the experiment
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
17
Figure 6. Harvesting of Seeds
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
18
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days From Planting to 50% Flowering
Effect of variety. The days from planting to 50% flowering was significantly affected by
the different varieties used. The Kabuli type chickpea as shown in Table 1 significantly flowered
earlier than the Desi type variety. Apparently, the plants of ICCV 92311 a Kabuli type variety
were the earliest to attain 50% flowering after 57.58 days, while the plants of ICCV 93952 a
Desi type variety were the latest to attain 50% flowering after 71 days from sowing the seeds
Environment factors like temperature certainly contributed to the duration of the
flowering in chickpea. Flowering time of chickpea is variable depending on the season, sowing
date, latitude and altitude. The time to flowering is likewise affected by temperature and
photoperiod.
Effect of weed control duration. The number of days from planting to 50% flowering was
significantly affected by the different duration of weed control. As shown in Table 1, chickpea
that were weed free from sowing to first pod stage reached flowering significantly the earlier
with a mean of 62.89; compared to plants that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage
which were the latest to attain 50% flowering after 65.44 days.
Interaction
effect. Significant interaction effect was observed on the days from planting
to 50% flowering as affected by the variety and the duration of weed control used. ICCV 92311
that were weed free from sowing to first pod stage were the earliest to attain 50% flowering after
57.33 days; while ICCV 93952 that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage flowered the
latest after 72.33 days (Figure 7).
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
19
Table 1. Days from planting to 50% flowering
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
71.00a
ICCV 94954 69.25a
ICCV 06102 66.00b
ICCV 92311 57.58d
ICCV 95334 57.75d
ICCV 07307
63.17c
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 65.44a
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
64.22ab
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
62.89b
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
63.94ab
CV (%) 03.97
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
80
Weed free from sowing to
70
seedling stage
60
Weed free from sowing to first
50
flowering stage
40
Weed free from sowing to first
pod stage
30
Weed free from sowing to
20
harvesting
10
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952 94954 06102 92311 95334 07307
Variety
Figure 7. Number of days from planting to 50% flowering
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
20
Average Plant Height at Flowering
Effect of variety. Significant differences were observed on the average plant height at
flowering as affected by the different varieties used. As shown in Table 2, ICCV 95334 a Kabuli
type cultivar were the tallest plants at flowering with a mean of 58.20cm while ICCV 94954 a
Desi type cultivar were the shortest plants with a mean of 42.28cm.
The observed differences among the chickpea varieties may be attributed to their
differential adoptability to local conditions as well as their inherent height potential.
Effect of weed control duration. There were no significant differences noted on the
average plant height at flowering as affected by the different durations of weed control. Weed
free plants from sowing to harvesting however, had taller plants at flowering with a mean of
49.98cm.Weed free plants from sowing to first flowering stage had smaller plants with a mean of
48.14cm.
Table 2. Average plant height at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
48.78bc
ICCV 94954 42.22d
ICCV 06102 45.94cd
ICCV 92311 52.04b
ICCV 95334 58.20a
ICCV 07307 46.38cd
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 46.38cd
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
48.14a
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
49.64a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
49.48a
CV (%) 11.43
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
21
Interaction effect. Figure 8 show that there were significant interaction effects observed
between the variety and the different durations of weed control with regards to plant height at
flowering. However results show that ICCV 95334 that were weed free from sowing to first pod
stage were the tallest plants at flowering with 58.83 cm while ICCV 94954 that were weed free
from sowing first flowering stage had the shortest plants of 38.93 cm at flowering stage.
Number of Primary Stems at Flowering
Effect of variety. There were significant differences observed on the number of
primary stems produced at flowering as affected by the different varieties used. ICCV 92311 had
highest number of primary stems with a mean of 3.67 while ICCV 07307 had the lowest with a
mean of 2.17 stems per plant. The other varieties grown had comparable number of primary
stems produced per plant.
70
Weed free frokm sowing to
60
seedling stage
50
Weed free from sowing to first
flowering stage
40
Weed free from sowing to first
30
pod stage
20
Weed free from sowing to
harvesting
10
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952
93954
06102
92311
95334
07307
Variety
Figure 8. Average plant height at flowering
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
22
Effect of weed control duration. There were no significant differences observed on the
number of primary stems at flowering as affected by the different durations of weed control.
However, weed free plants from sowing to seedling stage had the highest number of primary
stems at flowering with a mean of 3.22 while those plants that were weed free from sowing to
harvesting had the least with a mean of 2.28.
Chickpea is a herbaceous annual plant which branches from the base. It is almost a small
bush with diffused spreading branches. The plant is mostly covered with glandular and non
glandular hairs but some genotypes do not posses hair.
Interaction
effect. Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant interaction
effects between the varieties and the different durations of weed control used in the study with
regards to number of primary stems produced per plant at flowering.
Table 3. Average number of primary stems at flowering
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
3.17a
ICCV 94954 2.50b
ICCV 06102 3.58a
ICCV 92311 3.67a
ICCV 95334 3.42a
ICCV 07307 2.17b
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 3.22a
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
3.17a
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
3.11a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
2.28a
CV (%) 22.22
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
23
Days From Planting to Harvesting
Effect of variety. The number of days from planting to harvesting was significantly
affected by the different varieties used in the study. As shown in table 4, seeds plants of ICCV
07307 a Kabuli type cultivar were the earliest to be harvested after 120 days from sowing seeds,
while seeds plants of ICCV 06102 a Desi type cultivar were the latest that were harvested after
145 days from sowing seeds.
Chickpeas mature in 3-7 months and the leaves turn brown/yellow during maturity. The
seeds from plants were harvested at maturity or slightly earlier by cutting them close to the
ground.
Effect of weed control duration. There were no significant differences observed on the
days from planting to harvesting as affected by the different durations of weed control.
Interaction
effect. Likewise, there were no significant interaction effects observed on the
days from planting to harvesting as affected by the variety and the durations of weed control.
Average Total Number of Pods per Plant
Effect of variety. Significant differences were observed on the average total number of
pods per plant as affected by the different varieties used. ICCV 92311 a Kabuli type cultivar had
the highest average total number of pods per plant with an mean of 311.33; while ICCV 94954 a
Desi type cultivar had the lowest average total number of pods per plant with a mean of 132.50.
It was observed that the Kabuli type cultivars grown produced more pods per plant than the Desi
type cultivar tested.
Effect of weed control duration. Result shows that there were significant differences on
the average total number of pods per plant as affected by the different durations of weed control.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
24
Table 4. Number of days from planting to harvesting
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
136.0a
ICCV 94954 140.0b
ICCV 06102 145.0a
ICCV 92311 122.0c
ICCV 95334 125.0d
ICCV 07307 120.0f
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 131.3a
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
131.3a
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
131.3a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
131.3a
CV (%) 0
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Weed free plants from sowing to harvesting produced the highest average total number of
pods per plant with a mean of 223.22; while weed free plants from sowing to seedling stage
produced the lowest average total number of pods per plant with a mean of only 170.61.
The trend on the average total number of pods produced per plant was observed as
affected by the different durations of weed control shows that as the weeds were removed on
every stage of the plant growth, the number of pods per plant increased. It was also observed that
the competition between the plants and the weeds was lowered as the weeding activity was done
regularly.
Interaction effect. There were significant interaction effects observed on the average total
number of pods per plant as affected by the variety and the durations of weed control. ICCV
92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting produced the highest number of pods per
plant with a mean of 337.66; while ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing to seedling
stage produced the lowest number of pods with only 58 per plant (Figure 9).
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
25
Table 5. Total number of pods per plant
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
264.92b
ICCV 94954 132.50e
ICCV 06102 205.50c
ICCV 92311 311.33c
ICCV 95334 175.81d
ICCV 07307 199.58c
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 170.61c
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
208.83ab
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
202.83b
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
223.22 a
CV (%) 12.52
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
450
400
Weed free from sowing to
350
seedling stage
300
Weed free from sowing to first
250
flowering stage
200
150
Weed free from sowing to first
pod stage
100
50
Weed free from sowing to
harvesting
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952
94954
06102
92311
95334
07307
Variety
Figure 9. Average total number of pods per plant
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
26
Average Number of Filled Pods per Plant
Effect of variety. Results show significant differences on the average number of filled
pods per plant as affected by the different varieties used. ICCV 92311 produced the highest
number of filled pods having a mean of 286.05 per plant while ICCV 94954 produced the lowest
number of filled pods having a mean of only 106.99 per plant.
Effect of weed control duration. There were also significant differences observed on the
average number of filled pods as affected by the different durations of weed control. Weed free
plants from sowing to harvesting obtained the highest number of filled pods with a mean of
203.37 per plant while weed free plants from sowing to seedling stage produced the lowest
number of filled pods with a mean of 151.18 per plant.
Interaction
effect. Significant interaction effects were likewise, observed on the average
number of filled pods between the variety and the different durations of weed control. (Figure
10) ICCV 92311 plants that were weed free from sowing to harvesting had the highest number of
filled pods per plant with a mean of 349.99; while ICCV 94954 plants that were weed free from
sowing to seedling stage had the lowest number of filled pods of only 48.77.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
27
Table 6. Average number of filled pods per plant
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
239.66a
ICCV 94954 106.99b
ICCV 06102 181.47a
ICCV 92311 286.80a
ICCV 95334 156.05b
ICCV 07307 110.44b
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 151.18c
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
180.18b
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
185.49b
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
203.37a
CV (%) 12.03
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
400
Weed free from sowing to seedling
350
stage
300
Weed free from sowing to first
250
flowering stage
200
Weed free from sowing to first pod
150
stage
100
Weed free from sowing to
50
harvesting
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952
94954
06012
92311
95334
07307
Variety
Figure 10. Average number of filled pods per plant
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
28
Average Number of Unfilled Pods per Plant
Effect of variety. Table 6 shows significant differences on the average number of unfilled
pod per plant as affected by the chickpea varieties used. ICCV 94954 produced the lowest
number of unfilled pods having a mean of only 13.50 per plant; while ICCV 06102 and ICCV
92311 produced the highest number of unfilled pods having a mean of 24.75 per plant. These
results may be due to the differential response of the various chickpea cultivars to the existing
environment of the locality during the cropping period.
Effect of weed control duration. There were significant differences on the average
number of unfilled pods produced per plant as affected by the different durations of weed
control. Weed free plants from sowing to first pod stage had the lowest number of filled pods
with a mean of 18.06; while weed free plants from sowing to first flowering stage had the highest
number of unfilled pods with a mean of 28.22.
Interaction
effect. Likewise significant interaction effects were observed on the number
of unfilled pods between the chickpea varieties variety and the different durations of weed
control. ICCV 94954 weed free plants from sowing to first flowering stage had the lowest
number of unfilled pods with a mean of only 13.16; while ICCV 06102 those that were also
weed free plants from sowing to first flowering stage had the highest number of unfilled pods
with a mean of 34 (Figure 11).
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
29
Table 7. Average number of unfilled pods
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
24.50a
ICCV 94954 13.50b
ICCV 06102 24.75a
ICCV 92311 24.75a
ICCV 95334 19.83ab
ICCV 07307 22.42ab
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 20.06ab
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
28.22a
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
18.06b
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
20.17b
CV (%)
55.97
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
45
Weed free from sowing to
40
seedling stage
35
Weed free from sowing to first
30
flowering stage
25
Weed free from sowing to first
20
pod stage
15
10
Weed free from sowing to
harvesting
5
0
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
93952
94954
06102
92311
95334
07307
Variety
Figure 11. Average number of unfilled pods
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
30
Average Seed Yield per Plant (g)
Effect of variety. The average seed yield per plant was significantly affected by the
different chickpea varieties used in the study. ICCV 95334 produced the highest yield per plant
with a mean of 72.81g; while ICCV 94954 obtained the lowest yield per plant with a mean of
only 28.25g.
Chickpea is a long season crop, thus delay in plant establishment will likely reduce the
length of time for pod filling, and seed germination.
Effect of weed control duration. Significant differences were likewise observed on the
average seed yield per plant as affected by the different durations of weed control. Weed free
plants from sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per plant with a mean of 69.34g; while
weed free plants from sowing to seedling stage had the lowest yield per plant with a mean of
only 45.50g.
The trend on the average seed yield per plant was observed as affected by the duration of
weed control on the different stages of the plant was that, the yield per plant was increased as the
weeds were removed and the competition between the plants and the weeds was also lowered.
Interaction
effect. Significant interaction effects were observed on the average seed yield
per plant on the chickpea varieties and durations of weed control used. ICCV 92311 that were
weed free plants from sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per plant with a mean of
102.5g; while ICCV 94954 those that were weed free plants from sowing to seedling stage had
the lowest yield per plant with a mean of only 12.06g.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
31
Table 8. Average seed yield per plant
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
70.43a
ICCV 94954 28.25b
ICCV 06102 69.54a
ICCV 92311 72.81a
ICCV 95334 70.16a
ICCV 07307 67.25b
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 45.50b
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
48.32b
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
67.25a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
69.34a
CV (%)
14.48
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
120
Weed free from sowing to seedling
100
stage
80
Weed free from sowing to first
flowering stage
60
Weed free from sowing to first pod
stage
40
Weed free from sowing to harvesting
20
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952 94954 06102 92311 95334 07307
Variety
Figure 12. Average seed yield per plant (g)
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
32
Total Yield per 1x3m Plot (g)
Effect of variety. As presented in Table 8, significant differences were noted on the total
yield per plot as affected by the different varieties used. ICCV 92311 had the highest yield per
1x3m plot with a mean of 539.82g, while ICCV 94954 had the lowest yield per 1x3m plot with a
mean of only 152.45g.
Effect of weed control duration. Result shows that there were significant differences on
the yield per plot as affected by the different durations of weed control. Weed free plants from
sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per plot with a mean of 430.23g, while weed free
plants from sowing to seedling stage had the lowest yield per plot with a mean of 276.88g.
The trend on the total yield per plot was observed as affected by the duration of weed
control on the different stages of the plant that the yield was increased as the weeds were
continued to be removed regularly until harvesting of seeds. Competition among the plants and
the weeds was also lowered.
Interaction
effect. There were also significant interaction effects among the chickpea
varieties and the durations of weed control used. ICCV 92311 that were weed free plants from
sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per 1x3m plot with a mean of 709.7g, while ICCV
94954 those that were weed free plants from sowing to seedling stage had the lowest yield per
plot of only 111g (Figure 13).
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
33
Table 9. Total yield per 1x3m plot
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
452.82a
ICCV 94954 152.45e
ICCV 06102 321.93c
ICCV 92311 539.98a
ICCV 95334 420.08b
ICCV 07307 193.57d
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 276.88c
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
315.48b
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
424.64a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
430.23a
CV (%)
10.82
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
800
Weed free from sowing to
700
seedling stage
600
Weed free from sowing to first
500
flowering stage
400
Weed free from sowing to first
300
pod stage
200
Weed free from sowing to
100
harvesting
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952 94954 06102 92311 95334 07307
Variety
Figure 13. Total yield per 1x3m plot
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
34
Computed Yield per Hectare (kg/ha)
Effect of variety. The computed yield per hectare was significantly affected by the
different varieties studied. ICCV 92311 had the highest yield per hectare with a mean of
1809.33kg while ICCV 94954 had the lowest yield per hectare with a mean of 508.98kg.
Effect of weed control duration. The different durations of weed control showed
significant differences on the computed yield per hectare. Weed free plants from sowing to
harvesting had the highest yield per hectare with a mean of 1434 kg, while weed free plants from
sowing to seedling stage had the lowest yield per hectare with a mean of 922.90kg.
The trend on the total yield per hectare was observed as affected by the duration of weed
control on the different stages of the plant that as the weeding activity was done on regular basis,
the yield was increased until harvesting. The competition between the plants and the weeds was
also lowered.
Chickpea yields usually average 400 – 600 kg/ha, but can surpass 2000 kg/ha. Yields
from irrigated crops are 20-28 % higher than rain fed crops.
Interaction
effect. Figure 14 shows that there were significant interaction effects observed
on the computed yield per hectare as affected by the chickpea varieties and the durations of weed
control. ICCV 92311 weed free from sowing to harvesting had the highest yield per hectare with
a mean of 2365.6kg while ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage had
the lowest yield per hectare with a mean of only 368kg.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
35
Table 10. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
1799.89a
ICCV 94954 0508.16e
ICCV 06102 1073.07c
ICCV 92311 1809.33a
ICCV 95334 1400.24b
ICCV 07307 645.20d
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 922.90c
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
1051.57b
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
1415.41a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
1434.04a
CV (%)
10.82
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
2500
Weed free from sowing to seedling
stage
2000
Weed free from sowing to first
1500
flowering stage
Weed free from sowing to first pod
1000
stage
500
Weed free from sowing to
harvesting
0
ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV ICCV
93952 94954 06102 92311 95334 07307
Variety
Figure 14. Computed yield per hectare
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
36
Weight of 100 Seeds
Effect of variety. There were significant differences observed on the weight of 100 seeds
as affected by the different chickpea varieties used. Large seeded Kabuli type ICCV 07307 had
the highest weight of 100 seeds with a mean of 38.28g, while small seeded Desi type ICCV
94954 had the lowest weight of 100 seeds with a mean of 20.38g.
Results indicate that the seed weight depends on the seed size. The bigger the seed, the
heavier the weight and the smaller it is, the lower the weight.
Singh (1987) stated that in Poland, minimum Kabuli type seed weight of 100g is about
49.5g especially on the large seeded Kabuli chickpea, whereas Desi type, small seeded cultivars
have a minimum weight of 24.5g per 100 seeds.
Effect of weed control duration. Results show significant differences on the weight of
100 seeds as affected by the different durations of weed control. Weed free plants from sowing
to seedling stage had the heaviest weight of 100 seeds with a mean of 28.86g, while weed free
plants from sowing to first flowering stage and weed free plants from sowing to harvesting had
the lightest weight of 100 seeds with a the same mean of 28.04g.
Interaction
effect. Significant interaction effects were likewise observed between the
chickpea varieties and durations of weed control. ICCV 07307 that were weed free from sowing
to seedling stage had the heaviest weight of 100 seeds with a mean of 38.1g, while ICCV 94954
those that were weed free from sowing to first flowering stage had the lighest weight of 100
seeds with a mean of 19.0g.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
37
Table 11. Weight of 100 seeds
TREATMENT MEAN
Variety
ICCV 93952
22.63c
ICCV 94954 20.39d
ICCV 06102 22.36c
ICCV 92311 33.14b
ICCV 95334 34.07b
ICCV 07307 38.28a
Duration of weed control
Weed free from sowing to seedling stage 28.86a
Weed free from sowing to first flowering stage
28.04a
Weed free from sowing to first pod stage
28.76a
Weed free from sowing to harvesting (ICRISAT)
28.04a
CV (%)
6.39
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
45
Weed free from sowing to seedling
40
stage
35
Weed free from sowing first
30
flowering stage
25
Weed free from sowing to first pod
20
stage
15
10
Weed free from sowing to harvesting
5
0
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
ICCV
93952
94954
06102
92311
95334
07307
Figure 15. Weight of 100 seeds
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
38
Table 12. Common weeds grown in the experimental area
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Knot grass
Pennisetum pedicellatum
Dallis grass
Paspalum natatum
Gogon
Panicum capillare
Dukayang
Echinochloa crus-galli
Crab grass
Echinochloa colonum
Galinsoga
Galinsoga panviflora
Kalunay
Amaranthus
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
39
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of different varieties of
chickpea as affected by duration of weed control under La Trinidad Benguet Condition,
determine the growth stage where yield will not be affected with the presence of weeds; and to
determine the effect of weeds on the different growth stages of chickpea. The study was
conducted from November to April 2010 at Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Results showed significant differences between the two types of chickpea cultivars and
the different durations of weed control employed. Kabuli type variety ICCV 95334 that were
weed free from sowing to first pod stage were the earliest to attain 50% flowering; while Desi
type variety ICCV 93952 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting took longer days to
attain 50% flowering. For the average plant height at flowering, results showed significant
differences between the chickpea varieties and the durations of weed control. Kabuli type variety
ICCV 95334 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting were the tallest plants, while Desi
type variety ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing to first flowering stage were the
shortest plants at flowering. As to average number of primary stems at flowering, results showed
no significant differences between the chickpea varieties and the durations of weed control.
However, variety ICCV 92311 a Kabuli type had the highest number of primary stems at
flowering, while ICCV 07307 a Kabuli type had the lowest number of primary stems at
flowering.
Significant differences were likewise, observed between the chickpea varieties and
durations of weed control on the total number of pods and average number of filled pods. ICCV
92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting produced the highest number of pods per
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
40
plant and average number of filled pods per plant while ICCV 94954 that were weed free from
sowing to seedling stage had the lowest. ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing to first
pod stage produced the lowest number of unfilled pods while ICCV 06102 and ICCV 95334 that
weed free from sowing to first flowering stage produced the highest number of unfilled pods per
plant. Kabuli type variety ICCV 92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting produced
the highest average seed yield per plant, total yield per 1x3m plot and computed yield per
hectare; while Desi type variety ICCV 94954 that were weed free from sowing to seedling stage
produced the lowest average seed yield per plant, yield per 1x3m plot and computed yield per
hectare. ICCV 07307 a Kabuli type cultivar, had the heaviest weight of 100 seeds while ICCV
94954 a Desi type, had the lightest weight of 100 seeds.
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, chickpea Desi and Kabuli type varieties are
adopted La Trinidad Benguet condition. ICCV 95334 a Kabuli type cultivar were the tallest plant
when grown weed free from sowing to harvesting. ICCV 92311 another Kabuli type produced
the highest number of primary stems at flowering when grown weed free from sowing to
seedling stage. ICCV 9231 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting produced the highest
number of pods per plant and filled pods per plant. Desi type variety ICCV 94954 that were
weed free from sowing to first pod stage produced the lowest number of unfilled pods per plant.
ICCV 92311 that were weed free from sowing to harvesting produced the highest average seed
yield per plant, total yield per 1x3m plot and computed yield per hectare. ICCV 07307 weed free
from sowing to seedling stage were harvested the earliest after 120.0 days.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
41
Recommendation
Based on the findings of this study, it is therefore recommended that Desi type variety
ICCV 93952 and Kabuli type ICCV 92311 should be grown weed free from sowing to
harvesting which best suited under La Trinidad Benguet condition for higher yield per plant, and
per hectare basis.
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
42
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2007. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved September 2, 2009
from http.//en. Wikipedia…/org./wiki/chickpea.
CUBERO, J. I. 1987. Morphology of Chickpea p. 35-36. In: M. C. Saxena and K. B. Singh
(eds.), the Chickpea. CAB. International, Wallingford, Oxon, OX108De UK.
DUKE, J.A. 1981. Handbook of Legumes of World Economic Importance. Plenum Press, New
York. P. 52-57.
MUEBLER, H. 1985. Vegetable Crops. New York; Mc Graw Hill Publication Co. Inc. P. 60
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT. 1975. The Philippine Recommends for Vegetable Crops. Philippines
council for Agriculture and Resource. Pp. 1-9.
SAGAYO, BELEN B. 2008. Growth and performance of five chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
varieties under Bano-oy Buguias, Benguet condition BS Thesis. BSU La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 4.
SINGH, C. 1987. Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
India. Pp. 170-173
SMITHSON, J.E. 1982. Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia. UPCA, Los, Banos Laguna P.
83.
VANDER MAESAN J. J. and SOMAATMADJA. 1987. Plant Resource of South East Asia.
ESGAP CGRT Centre, Bogol, Indonesia. Pp. 26, 42-43.
WARE, G. 1975. Producing Vegetable Crops.Thinterstste Printers and Publishing, Inc.Illinois.
Pp. 84-85.
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from planting to 50% flowering
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1
D1 73 73 71
219.00
72.33
D2
63
73
69
210.00
70.00
D3
71
73
71
215.00
71.66
D4
69
73
68
210.00
70.00
V2
D1 63 70 74
207.00
69.00
D2
73
73
71
217.00
72.33
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
43
D3
67
66
64
131.66
65.67
D4
73
73
64
210.00
70.00
V3
D1 66 59 64
189.00
63.00
D2
68
64
63
195.00
65.00
D3
64
68
69
201.00
67.00
D4
64
71
68
207.00
69.00
V4
D1 58 58 58
174.00
58.00
D2
57
57
57
171.00
57.00
D3
57
57
58
172.00
57.33
D4
58
58
58
174.00
58.00
V5
D1 58 58 58
174.00
58.00
D2
58
57
58
173.00
57.66
D3
58
58
57
173.00
57.66
D4
57
58
58
173.00
57.66
V6
D1 68 64 58
190.00
63.33
D2
68
64
58
190.00
63.33
D3
58
58
58
174.00
58.00
D4
68
68
68
204.00
68.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
23.08
11.54
1.78
0.1794
Variety (A)
5
1936.79
387.36
50.88*
<.0001
Duration of
3
59.59
19.87
3.07*
0.04
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
234.82
15.65
2.42*
0.01
Error
46
297.58
TOTAL 71
2551.88
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 3.79
Appendix Tale 2. Average plant height at flowering (cm)
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
55.8
28.6
44.8
129.2
43.06
D2
39.5
53.5
47.6
140.6
46.86
D3
53.8
54.0
52.2
160.0
53.33
D4
53.7
49.8
52.0
155.5
51.83
V2 D1
44.0
42.1
42.5
128.6
42.86
D2
51.0
35.0
30.8
116.8
38.93
D3
39.2
43.6
40.3
123.1
41.03
D4
45.2
50.7
42.8
138.7
46.23
V3 D1
44.9
49.9
50.1
144.9
48.03
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
44
D2
42.5
51.7
42.8
137.0
45.06
D3
46.6
44.3
43.8
134.7
44.09
D4
53.1
37.1
44.5
134.7
44.09
V4 D1
51.3
52.3
49.2
152.8
50.93
D2
51.1
52.9
50.3
154.3
51.43
D3
51.1
52.6
52.0
155.7
51.09
D4
54.9
55.3
51.3
161.5
53.83
V5 D1
55.3
62.8
62.5
180.6
60.02
D2
54.5
57.1
58.6
170.2
56.73
D3
62.5
53.0
60.1
175.6
58.83
D4
57.8
53.6
63.6
175.0
58.33
V6 D1
48.2
41.0
47.5
136.7
45.56
D2
47.0
56.6
56.6
147.5
49.16
D3
48.9
53.3
53.3
147.5
49.13
D4
33.3
41.5
41.3
124.9
41.63
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
18.54
9.27
0.03
0.75
Variety (A)
5
1865.97
373.19
11.92*
<.001
Duration of
3
28.732
9.58
0.31ns
0.82
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
429.66
29.64
0.92*
0.55
Error 46
1439.86
31.30
TOTAL 71
3782.86
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 11.43
Appendix Table 3. Number of primary stems at flowering
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
2
2
4
08.00
2.66
D2
4
4
4
12.00
4.00
D3
2
3
3
08.00
2.66
D4
3
3
4
10.00
3.33
V2 D1
2
2
5
09.00
2.66
D2
4
2
2
08.00
2.66
D3
1
3
4
08.00
2.66
D4
2
3
3
08.00
4.00
V3 D1
4
4
4
12.00
3.66
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
45
D2
3
4
4
11.00
2.33
D3
4
4
4
12.00
3.66
D4
3
2
2
07.00
4.00
V4 D1
3
4
4
11.00
3.33
D2
4
4
4
12.00
3.00
D3
4
3
3
10.00
3.33
D4
3
3
3
09.00
3.00
V5 D1
4
3
3
10.00
3.33
D2
3
3
3
09.00
3.33
D3
4
3
3
10.00
2.00
D4
4
3
3
10.00
2.00
V6 D1
2
2
2
06.00
2.00
D2
2
2
2
06.00
2.00
D3
2
2
2
06.00
2.00
D4
1
2
2
05.00
1.66
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
3.08
1.54
3.29
0.0003
Variety (A)
5
22.66
4.53
9.66*
<.0001
Duration of
3
1.66
0.53
1.14ns
0.34
Weed Control
(B)
AXB 15
10.56
0.70
1.50ns
0.15
Error 46
21.58
0.47
TOTAL 71
50.50
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation =12.52
ns = Not significant
Appendix Table 4. Number of days from planting to harvesting
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
136
136
136
408
136
D2
136
136
136
408
136
D3
136
136
136
408
136
D4
136
136
136
408
136
V2 D1
140
140
140
420
140
D2
140
140
140
420
140
D3
140
140
140
420
140
D4
140
140
140
420
140
V3 D1
145
145
145
435
145
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
46
D2
145
145
145
435
145
D3
145
145
145
435
145
D4
145
145
145
435
145
V4 D1
122
122
122
366
122
D2
122
122
122
366
122
D3
122
122
122
366
122
D4
122
122
122
366
122
V5 D1
125
125
125
375
125
D2
125
125
125
375
125
D3
125
125
125
375
125
D4
125
125
125
375
125
V6 D1
120
120
120
360
120
D2
120
120
120
360
120
D3
120
120
120
360
120
D4
120
120
120
360
120
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.0000
0.0000
Infinity
<.0001
Variety (A)
5
2472.0
1294.40
Infinity*
<.0001
Duration of
3
0.0000
0.0000
-ns
-
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
0.0000
0.0000
-ns
-
Error
46
0.0000
0.0000
-
TOTAL 71
6472.0000
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 0
ns = Not significant
Appendix Table 5. Total number of pods
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
218
254
662
662.00
220.66
D2
265
245
245
755.00
251.66
D3
321
298
309
928.00
309.33
D4
316
275
231
082.00
274.00
V2 D1
091
069
062
222.00
058.00
D2
059
042
073
174.00
074.00
D3
147
144
143
434.00
201.66
D4
196
216
193
605.00
144.66
V3 D1
148
133
137
418.00
139.33
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
47
D2
316
306
260
882.00
294.00
D3
190
197
178
565.00
188.33
D4
247
176
178
601.00
200.33
V4 D1
220
261
297
778.00
259.33
D2
367
357
448
1172.00
390.66
D3
292
238
243
773.00
257.66
D4
370
307
336
1013.00
337.66
V5 D1
220
252
207
679.00
226.33
D2
167
155
161
483.00
161.00
D3
147
103
095
354.00
115.00
D4
181
200
219
600.00
200.00
V6 D1
116
092
152
360.00
120.00
D2
078
073
094
245.00
081.66
D3
187
212
209
608.00
202.66
D4
145
024
108
377.00
125.66
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1845.03
922.51
1.45
0.2450
Variety (A)
5
337417.90
6743.58
106.10*
<.0001
Duration of
3
26672.49
8890.83
13.98*
<.0001
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
46
145198.26
9679.88
15.22*
<.0001
Error
15
29257.64
636.03
TOTAL 71
540391.32
*= Significant
Appendix Table 6. Average number of filled pods per plant
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
180.00
221.33
180.00
0581.33
193.77
D2
215.00
205.00
221.66
0641.66
213.88
D3
315.33
312.33
293.03
0896.29
298.76
D4
276.00
259.66
221.00
0750.66
252.22
V2 D1
043.00
036.66
066.66
0140.32
046.77
D2
061.66
063.33
057.66
0182.65
060.88
D3
142.66
133.33
138.00
0413.99
137.99
D4
088.66
172.00
180.33
0540.99
180.33
V3 D1
133.33
123.33
117.00
0376.66
124.55
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
48
D2
260.00
270.00
235.00
0765.00
255.00
D3
160.33
157.00
153.66
0470.99
156.99
D4
231.66
166.66
170.00
0567.99
189.33
V4 D1
212.66
240.00
280.33
0732.00
244.33
D2
341.00
279.00
313.33
0951.33
317.11
D3
275.00
208.33
227.00
0710.33
236.77
D4
321.00
318.66
407.33
1046.99
348.00
V5 D1
201.00
236.33
190.66
0627.99
209.88
D2
159.00
130.33
137.00
0426.33
142.11
D3
111.00
097.66
080.33
0288.99
096.33
D4
158.66
172.33
198.33
0529.32
176.44
V6 D1
098.33
079.66
081.00
0288.99
086.33
D2
065.66
064.33
063.66
0193.65
064.55
D3
179.33
195.00
189.00
0558.33
186.11
D4
131.33
101.66
081.33
0314.32
104.77
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1056.28
528.14
1.12
<.0001
Variety (A)
5
308518.28
61703.66
131.23*
0.3340
Duration of
3
25331.13
8443.71
17.96*
<.0001
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
131077.71
8738.51
18.59*
Error
46
21628.75
470.00
TOTAL
71
48712.17
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 12.03
Appendix Table 7. Average number of unfilled pods
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1
D1 38 33 10
081.00
27.00
D2
50
40
24
114.00
38.00
D3
09
08
16
033.00
11.00
D4
40
16
10
066.00
22.00
V2
D1 16 06 13
035.00
11.66
D2
30
06
05
041.00
13.16
D3
05
11
05
021.00
07.00
D4
08
44
13
065.00
21.66
V3
D1 15 10 20
045.00
15.00
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
49
D2
56
36
25
117.00
39.00
D3
30
40
25
095.00
31.00
D4
16
10
08
034.00
11.00
V4
D1 08 21 17
046.00
15.33
D2
46
39
41
126.00
42.00
D3
17
30
16
063.00
21.00
D4
29
10
23
062.00
20.66
V5
D1 19 16 17
052.00
17.33
D2
08
25
24
057.00
19.00
D3
36
06
15
057.00
19.00
D4
23
28
21
072.00
24.00
V6
D1 18 13 71
102.00
34.00
D2
13
09
31
053.00
17.66
D3
13
17
20
050.00
16.00
D4
14
23
27
064.00
21.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
121.00
60.50
0.41
0.6631
Variety (A)
5
1171.79
234.36
1.61*
0.1776
Duration of
3 1095.38
365.13 2.50*
0.0711
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
3944.28
262.96
1.80*
0.0640
Error
46
6714.33
145.96
TOTAL 71
13046.88
*= Significant
Appendix Table 8. Total yield per plant (g)
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
073.50
093.93
62.09
210.33
070.11
D2
037.90
044.07
44.06
127.06
042.32
D3
067.00
123.90
68.23
200.33
066.72
D4
086.66
012.02
96.93
307.49
102.49
V2 D1
012.07
011.73
11.03
036.02
012.06
D2
014.93
052.80
13.36
040.02
013.34
D3
031.03
037.08
33.05
117.06
039.02
D4
059.00
037.08
48.04
154.02
048.04
V3 D1
037.56
038.53
36.06
112.69
037.56
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
50
D2
070.76
059.93
66.05
197.22
065.74
D3
105.01
101.13
99.11
305.34
099.11
D4
078.33
071.78
65.23
215.34
071.78
V4 D1
054.06
055.33
64.93
174.32
058.10
D2
046.36
048.06
56.07
151.66
050.55
D3
085.63
094.05
76.83
256.96
085.65
D4
090.76
071.46
96.08
259.02
086.34
V5 D1
077.46
048.04
68.04
194.26
064.75
D2
077.00
062.08
52.02
192.00
064.00
D3
089.33
095.06
90.01
275.03
091.67
D4
073.09
071.13
67.04
212.46
070.82
V6 D1
030.83
027.93
32.05
091.26
030.42
D2
018.05
017.04
18.56
054.46
018.15
D3
031.26
028.36
29.03
088.92
029.64
D4
052.06
53.16
72.56
178.32
059.49
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
26.49
13.10
0.19
0.8278
Variety (A)
5
256148.42
5029.68
72.32*
<.0001
Duration of
3
8341.62
2780.54
39.98*
<.0001
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
14076.53
938.44
13.49*
<.0001
Error
46
3199.06
69.54
TOTAL 71
50792.03
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 14.48
Appendix Table 9. Total yield per 1x3m plot (g)
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
465.0
547.03
521.06
1614.07
538.03
D2
387.4
397.07
355.06
1140.07
380.23
D3
578.3
676.08
534.01
1789.02
596.04
D4
621.0
714.07
599.03
1935.00
645.00
V2 D1
108.8
123.02
107.08
0331.08
110.06
D2
122.6
106.02
106.02
0335.00
111.66
D3
157.7
241.41
159.09
0559.00
186.33
D4
238.5
063.09
201.02
0603.06
201.01
V3 D1
176.5
183.09
183.02
0543.06
181.02
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
51
D2
366.4
337.03
359.05
1099.02
366.04
D3
421.8
402.00
411.85
1235.65
411.88
D4
354.9
330.85
298.09
0984.65
328.21
V4 D1
362.7
366.05
442.04
1170.06
390.02
D2
502.4
423.01
550.01
1475.06
491.86
D3
618.4
599.04
520.07
1738.05
579.02
D4
761.5
655.08
711.08
2129.01
709.07
V5 D1
335.1
250.04
290.03
0875.08
291.93
D2
441.5
398.04
347.02
1187.01
395.07
D3
491.7
481.09
522.04
1558.00
519.33
D4
553.7
423.09
495.05
1420.01
473.36
V6 D1
145.0
141.09
160.02
0447.01
149.03
D2
148.5
152.03
140.02
0441.00
147.00
D3
303.8
226.01
233.02
0763.01
254.36
D4
206.1
194.01
271.04
0671.06
223.86
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
4161.51
2031.75
1.36
0.027
Variety (A)
5
169919.62
339918.62
221.78*
<.0001
Duration of
3 323782.01
107027.33 70.42*
<.0001
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
186649.18
12443.28
8.12*
<.0001
Error
46
70504.41
1532.70
TOTAL 71
2284697.2
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 10.82
Appendix Table 10. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
1819.09
1824.3
1738.6
5382.8
1794.02
D2
1291.03
1325.6
1185.3
3802.2
1267.04
D3
1927.06
2255.9
1780.3
5963.8
1987.09
D4
2069.09
2382.3
1997.6
6449.8
2149.09
V2 D1
0335.09
0410.6
0359.3
1105.8
0368.00
D2
0408.06
0353.9
0353.9
1116.4
3072.13
D3
0525.06
0804.6
0532.9
1863.1
0621.03
D4
0749.09
0546.3
0670.6
2011.8
0670.06
V3 D1
0588.03
0612.9
0610.6
1811.8
0603.09
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
52
D2
1221.31
1124.3
1318.8
3663.9
1221.03
D3
0405.09
1339.9
1372.8
4118.6
1372.08
D4
1182.09
1102.8
0966.3
3282.0
1394.00
V4 D1
1205.06
1221.6
1474.6
3901.8
1300.06
D2
1674.06
1410.3
1833.3
4918.5
1639.05
D3
2061.03
1997.9
1735.6
5794.8
1931.06
D4
2538.03
1854.9
2372.6
7096.8
2365.06
V5 D1
1116.09
0834.6
0967.6
2919.1
0973.03
D2
1469.09
1327.9
1157.3
3955.1
1318.04
D3
1845.06
1606.3
1741.3
5193.2
1731.01
D4
0483.03
1442.9
1651.6
4733.4
1557.08
V6 D1
0494.09
0472.9
0533.9
1490.1
0496.07
D2
0494.09
0507.6
0467.3
1469.8
0489.09
D3
1021.06
0753.6
0777.3
2543.5
0847.08
D4
0686.09
0646.9
0904.6
2238.9
0764.01
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
46278.8
23139.40
1.36
0.027
Variety (A)
5
1883060.3
3776613.82
221.78*
<.0001
Duration of
3
359345.81
1199115.27
70.42*
<.0001
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
2073874.1
138258.27
8.12*
<.0001
Error
46
7838896.2
17028.00
TOTAL 71
2538896.2
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 10.82
Appendix Table 11. Weight of 100 seeds (g)
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
TREATMENT 1
II
III
V1 D1
20.02
22.01
21.00
063.03
21.01
D2
22.07
21.03
19.02
063.02
21.06
D3
24.05
23.06
26.05
077.06
25.86
D4
22.01
22.06
22.06
067.03
22.43
V2 D1
24.03
18.02
14.05
057.00
20.75
D2
20.57
21.03
20.04
062.27
19.00
D3
19.03
21.05
22.06
063.04
21.13
D4
18.04
22.09
20.06
061.09
20.63
V3 D1
24.05
24.02
25.08
074.05
24.83
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
53
D2
22.08
23.07
24.07
064.03
21.43
D3
19.08
20.04
20.01
060.03
20.01
D4
23.05
21.04
19.04
064.35
21.45
V4 D1
37.05
35.05
36.05
109.05
36.05
D2
29.01
28.02
28.06
085.09
28.63
D3
32.05
33.05
33.01
099.01
33.03
D4
35.04
33.04
34.04
103.02
34.04
V5 D1
30.07
37.09
34.03
102.09
34.03
D2
35.06
42.03
38.09
116.08
38.93
D3
32.04
30.05
31.45
094.35
31.45
D4
32.05
30.07
31.06
094.08
31.06
V6 D1
39.02
37.00
38.01
114.03
38.01
D2
36.00
34.03
35.01
105.04
35.13
D3
42.02
39.08
41.00
123.00
41.00
D4
37.03
40.05
38.09
116.07
38.09
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
QUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
3.26
1.63
0.49
0.061
Variety (A)
5
3437.01
687.58
207.87*
<.0001
Duration of
3
8.58
2.86
0.86*
0.47
Weed Control
(B)
AXB
15
341.37
22.76
6.88*
<.0001
Error
46
152.16
3.31
TOTAL
71
3943.28
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation = 6.39
Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / MYLA R. LUMICQUIO. 2010
Document Outline
- Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.) as Affected by Duration of Weed Control Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES