BIBLIOGRAPHY BADAY, ALEXANDER P. APRIL 2010....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BADAY,
ALEXANDER P. APRIL 2010. Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato
(Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk from Mulberry Silkworm
(Bombyx mori Linnaeus). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Maria Ana C. Tanyag, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted from December 2009 to March 2010 to determine if
sweet potato can be a source of dyes for raw silk from mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori
Linnaeus). Three sweet potato varieties: Bengueta, Kawitan and Haponita particularly the
leaves, stems, root flesh and root peelings were considered. The dye-extracts were
applied to the raw silk and the resulting colors were determined using the textile color
chart as standard.
Different colors were derived from the three varieties. The different plant parts
also gave different colors ranging from light golden rod to steel blue. The color of the
dyes changed when applied to raw silk. The colors became lighter ranging from cornsilk
3 to plum.
The fastness of the dyes on the raw silk need to be evaluated.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Dyes Extracted from Sweet potato
Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Dyes Extracted from Sweet potato
and Applied to Raw Silk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Comparison of Fresh Dye from
Processed Dye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . .
43
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
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1
INTRODUCTION
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Linn.) is produced worldwide mainly in tropical
regions. In the Philippines, this root crop ranks second in terms of volume production
next to cassava (BAS, 2008). Benguet produced the highest average volume annual
production which is 45% of the total amount production in the Cordillera region
(Gonzales et al., 2006).
This crop is produced commercially for food. As sweet potatoes are excellent
sources of carbohydrates and vitamins, it is also used for animal feeds. The demand for
sweet potato is increasing. It is made into flour and a substitute for wheat flour in baking
cakes and pastries. Peeling of the tubers would be utilized as dyes, feeds and compost
materials (NPRCRTC, 1995).
Silk is a protein fiber extruded by the silkworm larva in a continuous filament as a
cocoon. Raw silk is the product of processing cocoons. This product can be enhanced by
the addition of color (Lijuaco, 1998). It has good affinity to dyes because its fibers are
triangular and reflects like prisms, thus giving a beautiful dense color when dyed.
Dyes are classified as natural or synthetic. The textile industry has been
importing most of its dyeing and other coloring material because of the absence of local
manufacturers of either synthetic or natural dyestuffs. However, according to the
Philippine DENR, the use of synthetic dyes causes the textile industry to discharge toxic
waste into the water system, and is one of the main sources of environmental pollution
(Fresco, 2004).
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The PTRI developed a natural dyeing technology which includes the extraction of
dyes from indigenous plant sources and their application to natural fibers, yarns and
fabrics. To date, PTRI identified and established appropriate dyeing technology for 75
dye-yielding plants like sibukao, bakawan lalake, bakawan babae, loco roots, mahogany
to name few (PTRI, n.d.)
The government should continue its efforts to resort ultimately to natural dyeing
technology not only to cut the country’s reliance on synthetic dye imports which prove to
be ecologically degrading, but also to explore benefits that can be derived from
indigenous sources which offer an eco-friendly alternative.
Sericulture
practitioners
are faced with the value adds on to their silk production,
in order to dictate reasonable price. Limited research work has been done to explore the
commercial potential of natural dyes from plant sources.
Thus, it is the aim of this study to help local silk producers identify and make use
of indigenous plants as source of natural silk dyeing materials. This would minimize the
value added cost to their product. Moreover, the use of natural dyes would be safe to
man as well as to the environment.
The technology of natural dye production from sweet potato can be a sustainable
source of income for farmers, as the prices of cash crops are very unstable coined with
high cost of inputs.
The experiment was conducted to identify the dyes produced by the three sweet
potato varieties, to know the color they can give the Bombyx mori L. raw silk and to
document the study through photos. The study was conducted at Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2009 to March 2010.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Silk Material
Silk is a protein fiber extruded by the silkworm larva in a continuous filament as a
cocoon. These cocoons are dried, sorted, directly cooked, reeled, re-reeled, hanked and
booked for market, as raw silk (Caccam and Libunao, n.d.).
Raw silk is the raw material for silk production. Silk, the most in demand and
popular among natural fibers serve as a second skin which contains 18 percent amino
acids. Silk can prevent the absorption of ultra violet rays which causes skin cancer
(Estolas, 1997). It has good affinity to dyes and its spectacular because its fibers are
triangular and reflects like prisms, thus giving a beautiful dense when dyed (DMMSU-
SRDI, 1996).
The universal appeal of colors led to a demand for huge volume of coloring
substances by silk manufacturers. Whether natural or synthetic, silk industries rely
heavily on dyes. These user-industries realize that their products can be enhanced by the
addition of color (Lijuaco, 1998).
Silk Dyeing Technology
Dyeing is the process of imparting color on a material. A dye is a compound that
can be adhered or fixed on a substance on materials like textiles, papers and cosmetics.
The dyeing technology offered by PTRI are of two types: synthetic dyeing using
commercially available dyes and natural dyeing which covers dye extraction from dye-
yielding plants and its subsequent application on the materials (Alvarez, 2003).
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In an excerpt retrieved from Pioneer Thinking Company (1999), the following
methods are presented in making natural dyes from plants: chop plant material into small
pieces and place them in a pot. Double the amount of water to the plant material. Bring
to a boil, and then simmer for about an hour. Strain, now you can add your fabric to be
dyed. For a stronger shade, allow material to soak in the dye overnight. For more
efficient dye extraction, Lijuaco (1998) stated that chopping or grinding the dye sources
is recommended except for seeds and dried leaves.
The fiber can be added to the dye bath. For most dyes, one may want to simmer
the fibers in the dye bath for approximately 30 minutes, or until the color one wishes to
achieve is reached. Obviously, the longer you leave the fiber in the dye the deeper or
more intense the color will become. However, when you remove the dyed fibers from
the dye-bath, after they are rinsed, the color will lighten. For this reason, the fibers in the
dye-bath can be left longer to absorb more of the color. In rinsing the fiber remove the
fiber from the dye-bath and rinse it in water approximately the same temperature as the
dye-bath. Continue rinsing the fiber in progressively cooler water until the water is
completely clear. At this point you should gently squeeze the fiber, dry or blot it gently
in a towel (South Texas Unit of the Herb Society of America, n.d.).
Kolander (2003) came up with procedures on how to use natural dyes. First step
is to extract the dye from barks, roots and dyewoods by soaking overnight, boil for half
an hour, pour off and save the extract, this is the dye solution. Add more water and boil
again and again as long as the dye plant parts continue to extract. Save the dye solution
to make the dye bath. Dyeing the textiles is the second step which as follows: add
enough additional water to the dye solution so the textile can move freely in the dye bath.
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
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Add the textile and heat to hot. Heat for one hour or until the color reaches the desired
depth. If the color is too light, use fore dyestuff.
Importance of Natural Dyes
As early in 1923, Small reported that by far, the greatest source of natural
coloring materials is the plant world. He cited further that color can be extruded from
limitless number of bark, roots, leaves, flowers, nuts and berries. The extraction and
application methods of natural dyes offer an eco-friendly alternative. They are no-
allergenic, do not contain carcinogenic substances nor emit pollutants during the process.
Fresco in 2004 mentioned that common plants could help cut the Philippines reliance on
imported synthetic dyes and reduce the pollution they cause. He added that the
government should continue its efforts to go for the natural dyeing technology in order to
explore benefits that can be derived from indigenous plant sources.
With the realization of the extent of ecological degradation worldwide, more
stringent laws protecting the environment were passed. Hence, the search for “naturals”
as alternative raw materials bridged the gap between natural dyes and erstwhile dominant
synthetics (Lijuaco, 1998).
Fresco (2004) reported that the Philippine DENR claims that the textile industry
discharge toxic wastes into the water systems, and is one of the main sources of
environmental pollution. This is due to the use of synthetic dyes which are more
abundant, cheaper and easier to apply than natural dyes. The use of the indigenous dyes
from the plants is in line with the global consciousness on environment friendly processes
and materials (PTRI, 1999).
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Natural Dye Sources
The scientists, from the Philippine Textile Research Institute (PTRI) have
identified twenty six species of plants including mangrove tree, a type of onion, guava
and cashew nut trees that could be used to produce high quality natural dyes (Fresco,
2004).
PTRI developed the indigo dye powder production technology from malatayum
(Indigofera tinctoria) It is the latest addition to twenty indigenous dye sources established
by PTRI since 1992 (PTRI, 1999).
The dye extraction and application technologies for yellow ginger rhizomes,
talisay leaves, malatayum leaves, atsuete seeds, buko husks, bulubulu leaves and betel nut
seeds were transferred to and commercialized by the Federation of Banaue Weaver’s
Organization (PTRI, 2003).
Bunga de china, acacia, onion skin, golden shower, alig lalake, babae, neem tree
and cashew leaves gave a satisfactory color fastness to a rating of 3 to 4.5 (PTRI, 2004).
The cultural and management parameters for yellow ginger sibukao, indigo and annatto
were explored and studied. Consequently, these technologies are ready for dissemination
to various farmer cooperators who will respond to the growing requirement for the said
dye sources in Aklan and in other parts of the country (PTRI, 2006).
As cited by Habal and De Guzman (2003) plant dye sources with optimized
dyeing technology developed and being transferred by PTRI include duhat, hawili,
kamachile, hapok, luam and sibukao.
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Uses of Sweet Potato
Gonzales and Masangkay (2006) reported that 99.99% of the parts of sweet potato
are consumed as food, the 0.01% is used as feeds or seeds. Traditionally, the crop has
been the staple food for many mountain tribes especially in areas where rice is not readily
available. The roots are chopped and dried into “buku” and mixed with wine.
Sweet potato is made into flour and partly used to substitute wheat flour for
baking cakes and pastries. The flour/starch is imported to Korea for noodle making.
Fresh sweet potato has been used as an ingredient of various products such as snack
chips, catsup, pickles and candies that are fruit based jam beverage and wine (Gonzales
and Masangkay, 2006).
In 1995, NPRCRTC reported information on the following uses of the different
parts of the sweet potato plant. The leaves serve as vegetable for human consumption
and feed stuff for the livestock industry. The stem in the form of cuttings are used as
feed stuff for the poultry and livestock industry, for propagation in sweet potato
production and fertilizer when composted. The root when boiled is for human
consumption and could be made into home-made candies and delicacies. It could also be
used as fees for chicken and livestock. Chips canned or plain, other confectioneries, flour
starch and juice can be prepared from the roots. Vinegar, alcohol and wine are also by-
products of the roots. The peelings of the root can be extracted for the production of dye
for dyeing and coloring the textile and other chemical industries. Peelings would also be
used as livestock feeds and compost material.
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Gonzales in 2003 reported that NPRCRTC-BSU came up with a red wine made
from dark purple-fleshed sweet potato, “Haponita”. Mature leaves are dark green while
immature leaves are purple. When processed into wines, the sweet potato root is boiled
and extracted into juice. In the process, the dark purple flesh turns to red which
resembles the red commercial wine. Sp. Haponita has high anthocyanin content. These
anthocyanin pigments are responsible for the color of red wines (Gonzales et al., 2006).
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were sweet potato, raw silk from Bombyx mori L.,
beaker (500 ml), white muslin cloth, stirring rod, wash bottle, empty glass bottle, mortar
and pestle, knife, chopping board, liquefied petroleum gas stove and tank, wire gauze,
triple beam balance, papers, ballpens, pentel pen, transparent polyethylene bags, stick and
a digital camera.
Planting, Harvesting and
Preparation of Sweet
Potato
Three sweet potato varieties from NPRCRTC namely: Bengueta, Kawitan and
Haponita were evaluated. These sweet potato varieties were planted and grown
following the recommended cultural practices by the NPRCRTC at their experimental
area. The sweet potatoes were planted on loamy soils in mounds, 25 cm high using one
apical cuttings per hill with a length of 30 cm and with a distance of 100 x 25 cm
between rows and hills, respectively. Fertilizer was applied 60-30-60 NPK kg/ha.
The sweet potato plants were harvested after 3 months from planting. Whole plant
parts were taken and put in labeled polyethylene bags. In the laboratory, the plant parts
were separated and washed thoroughly with tap water. The leaves were removed and
placed in a labeled polyethylene bag. The stems were chopped and placed in different
container. On the other hand the roots were thinly peeled using a knife. The flesh and the
peelings were placed in separate containers also.
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Extraction of Dyes
Twenty (20) grams of each plant part are used. To extract the dyes the plant parts
were chopped into little pieces then crushed using the mortar and pestle. These were
placed separately in 500 ml beaker filled with 400 ml tap water. The specimens were
boiled for one hour, stirred once every five minutes with the use of the stirring rod. After
one hour of boiling, the solution was strained by pouring the solution into the white cloth
at the top of the glass bottle opening. Then the white cloth with the solid part of the
solution is squeezed in the glass bottle when the temperature is bearable.
Dye Application to Raw Silk
The extracted liquid dye was poured to the beaker. The 4 g of silk was moistened
in the tap water, squeezed and then added to the liquid dye extract. The solution was
heated at the gas stove with full volume for 35 minutes, stirred twice in every 5 minutes
using the stirring rod. After 35 minutes of boiling, the beaker was placed in the sink and
filled with cold tap water. Then the silk was washed by squeezing and moistening and so
on until the squeezed water is clean. The dyed raw silk was loosened and air dried for 3
days.
Plant Material Preparation to Dyeing
Figures 1 to 30 shows the photo documentation in preparing the plant part
material until the dyeing of the raw silk.
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Figure 1. Materials used for extracting the dyes
Figure 2. Materials used for the dyeing process
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Figure 3. Harvested Bengueta variety plants
Figure 4. Harvested plants of Kawitan variety
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Figure 5. Haponita variety plants harvested at NPRCRTC
Figure 6. The researcher manually harvesting the kawitan
variety plant
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Figure 7. Segregating the leaves by plucking it upward from
the base of the petiole
Figure 8. Chopping of the stems for easier weighing
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Figure 9. Leaves of Bengueta variety
Figure 10. Chopped stems of the Bengueta variety
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
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Figure 11. Peeled enlarged roots of the Bengueta variety
Figure 12. Root peelings of the Bengueta Variety placed in a
plastic bag for weighing
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Figure 13. Leaves of the Kawitan variety
Figure 14. Chopped stems of Kawitan variety
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Figure 15. Peeled roots of the Kawitan variety put in plastic bag
Figure 16. Root peelings of the Kawitan variety
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
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Figure 17. Leaves of Haponita variety
Figure 18. Chopped stems of the Haponita variety
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
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Figure 19. Root flesh of the Haponita variety
Figure 20. Root peelings of the Haponita variety
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
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Figure 21. Weighing the 20 grams root flesh in the triple beam
balance at the Soils Science Laboratory
Figure 22. Chopping the root peelings to facilitate extraction of dyes
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
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Figure 23. Crushing the chopped stems for efficient and faster
extraction of the color
Figure 24. Transferring the crushed leaves to a beaker
with 400 ml water
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Figure 25. Stirring the boiling water with chopped root flesh
Figure 26. Pouring the 1-hour boiled plant part in the white muslin
cloth to strain the extract
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Figure 27. The liquid dye extract is transferred to the beaker
for dyeing
Figure 28. The extracted dye with the raw silk is in the beaker
being heated
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Figure 29. A stirring rod was used to stir the silk while the
solution is boiling
Figure 30. The dyed raw silk is washed in a flowing tap water
until the squeezed water is clean
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Data Gathered
The following data were gathered:
1. Identified colors derived from the sweet potato varieties. The colors were
determined using the textile color chart.
2. Specific colors yielded by the different parts of the sweet potato plant. The
colors given by the dyes extracted from the different parts to the raw silk were recorded
using the textile color chart. Twenty grams of each plant part were pounded and
transferred to the beaker with 400 ml water then boiled for 1 hour. The solution was
strained and the extract is set aside. Four grams of silk is added to the extract and boiled
for 35 minutes with frequent stirring. The silk materials are washed thoroughly with tap
water squeezed and air-dried. Textile color chart was used to determine the color of the
dyed raw silk.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Dyes Extracted from the
Sweet Potato Varieties
The colors extracted from the sweet potatoes varied from light golden rod to steel
blue as shown in Table 1. Similarly the different plant parts that were extracted produced
varied color. The dye extracted from the leaves of Bengueta variety is green yellow while
the stem gave yellow green. On the other hand, the roots whether it be the flesh or
peelings produced light golden rod. The same plant parts in the Kawitan variety produced
the same color with that of the Bengueta variety. In the case of Haponita variety, it was
different. The root flesh and root peelings gave steel blue. This color is attributed to its
high anthocyanin content that gives red color dye to the wine produced from this variety
(Gonzales, 2003).
Table 1. Color of fresh dyes from three sweet potato varieties
VARIETY
PLANT PART
DYE COLOR
Bengueta Leaves Green yellow
Stems
Yellow green
Root flesh
Light golden rod
Root peelings
Light golden rod
Kawitan Leaves Green yellow
Stems
Yellow green
Root flesh
Light golden rod
Root peelings
Light golden rod
Haponita Leaves Green yellow
Stems
Yellow green
Root flesh
Steel blue
Root peelings
Steel blue
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The finding shows that sweet potato can be a source of natural dyes. The leaves
and stems regardless of the variety produce green yellow and yellow green, respectively.
The Bengueta and Kawitan varieties produce the same color but not in the case of
Haponita.
Dyes Extracted from Sweet potato and
Applied to Raw Silk
The colors derived from the three varieties of sweet potato were used to dye the
raw silk from B. mori. The result of the dyed raw silk is shown in Table 2. The
differences among the varieties are discussed below.
Bengueta
variety. The dyes extracted from the leaves gave the raw silk a cornsilk
3 color. The dye from the stem gave a beige color while the root flesh and root peelings
of this variety gave the same color to the raw silk which was Margie.
The results show that the 4 parts of Bengueta variety can give color to the raw
silk. This variety gave 3 different colors which are cornsilk 3, beige and Margie.
Kawitan
variety. The extracted dye from the leaves gave the raw silk a citrus
color while the other parts gave different colors. The dye from the stem gave a serenity
color to the raw silk. Both the root flesh and the root peelings gave a Margie color to the
raw silk.
This variety also gave 3 different colors which are citrus, serenity and Margie.
Haponita
variety. The extracted dye from the leaves of this variety gave a
sunshine yellow color to the raw silk. The extracted dye from the stem gave a color
Margie when applied to raw silk. Both the root flesh and the root peelings gave a plum
color to the raw silk. The finding corroborate with what Gonzales in 2003 reported that
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Table 2. Color of dyed raw silk extracted from three sweet potato varieties
COLOR OF DYED RAW SILK
VARIETY
PLANT PART
Replication 1
Replication 2
Replication 3
Bengueta
Leaves
Cornsilk 3
Cornsilk 3
Cornsilk 3
Stems
Beige
Beige
Beige
Peeled
Roots
Margie Margie Margie
Root
Peelings
Margie
Margie
Margie
Kawitan Leaves
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Stems
Serenity
Serenity Serenity
Peeled
Roots
Margie Margie Margie
Root
Peelings
Margie
Margie
Margie
Haponita Leaves
Sunshine
yellow
Sunshine Sunshine yellow
yellow
Stems
Margie
Margie
Margie
Peeled
Roots
Plum
Plum
Plum
Root
Peelings
Plum
Plum
Plum
“Haponita” variety which is used in making the wine produced natural red color which
resembles the red wine and the anthocyanin pigments responsible for the color given
All the dyes extracted from the 4 parts of Haponita gave color to the raw silk.
This variety gave sunshine yellow, margie and plum color to the raw silk.
The result of the study on the three varieties agrees on the NPRCRTC (1995)
report that the peelings of the sweet potato can be extracted for the production of dye.
Comparison of Fresh Dye
from Processed Dye
The fresh dye refers to the solution derived from sweet potato after boiling while
the processed dye refers to the dye appearing on the raw silk after dyeing.
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
30
Table 3 shows that the fresh dyes from the Bengueta variety changed after they
were applied to the raw silk. The green yellow dye from the leaves became cornsilk 3
which is lighter. The same was true on the other dyes. The results were the same on the
Kawitan variety. The fresh dyes changed color when applied to the raw silk and the
resulting colors are lighter. In the case of Haponita variety, it was observed that the
results do not differ from the other two varieties.
The results observed on the three varieties of sweet potato imply that the dyes
derived from them may not be stable when further boiled. It is not also certain that the
colors from this plant will remain fast for a long time. Figures 31 to 42 shows the photo
documentation of raw silk dyed with the plant parts of 3 varieties of sweet potato.
Table 3. Color of fresh dye from sweet potato and the dyed raw silk
COLOR OF
COLOR OF DYED
VARIETY
PLANT PART
FRESH DYES
RAW SILK
Bengueta Leaves Green yellow
Cornsilk 3
Stems
Yellow green
Beige
Root flesh
Light golden rod
Margie
Root peelings
Light golden rod
Margie
Kawitan Leaves Green yellow
Citrus
Stems
Yellow green
Serenity
Root flesh
Light golden rod
Margie
Root peelings
Light golden rod
Margie
Haponita Leaves Green yellow
Sunshine yellow
Stems
Yellow green
Margie
Root flesh
Steel blue
Plum
Root peelings
Steel blue
Plum
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
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a)
b)
c)
Figure 31. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the leaves of the Bengueta
variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2 and
(c) replication 3
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
32
a)
b)
c)
Figure 32. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the stems of the
Bengueta variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1,
(b) replication 2 and (c) replication 3
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
33
a)
b)
c)
Figure 33. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the root flesh of the
Bengueta variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2
and (c) replication 3
.
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
34
a)
b)
c)
Figure 34. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the root peelings of the
Bengueta variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2
and (c) replication 3
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
35
.
a)
b)
c)
Figure 35. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the leaves of the Kawitan
variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2 and
(c) replication 3
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
36
a)
b)
c)
Figure 36. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the stems of the Kawitan
variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2 and
(c) replication 3
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
37
a)
b)
c)
Figure 37. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the peeled roots of the
Kawitan variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2
and (c) replication 3
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
38
a)
b)
c)
Figure 38. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from root peelings of the
Kawitan variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2
and (c) replication 3
.
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
39
a)
b)
c)
Figure 39. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the leaves of the Haponita
variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2 and
(c) replication 3
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
40
a)
b)
c)
Figure 40. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the stems of the Haponita
variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2 and
(c) replication 3
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
41
a)
b)
c)
Figure 41. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from root flesh of the Haponita
variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2 and
(c) replication 3
.
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
42
a)
b)
c)
Figure 42. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the root peelings of the
Haponita variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2
and (c) replication 3
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The colors of the dyes derived from three sweet potato varieties and the colors
produced when applied to Bombyx mori L. raw silk were determined from December
2009 to March 2010. The sweet potato varieties used were Bengueta, Kawitan and
Haponita planted and grown at NPRCRTC.
Each plant was segregated into four parts namely leaves, stems, root flesh and
root peelings and were tested for the colors yielded upon extraction and application to the
raw silk. Each plant part was replicated 3 times.
Extraction is done by chopping and crushing the plant part and boiling it for 1
hour. The extract is strained and their color was determined with the use of a textile color
chart. The raw silk is added and boiled for 35 minutes. This is done to all the segregated
plant part of the different varieties. The dyed raw silks are air dried for 3 days and their
colors were determined also with the use of the textile color chart.
Conclusions
Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the 3 sweet potato varieties
namely Bengueta, Kawitan and Haponita are good dye sources because they can produce
various colors with their different parts such as leaves, stems, root flesh and root peelings
and their colors changed when applied to the raw silk of Bombyx mori L. The colors
became lighter.
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Recommendations
Based on the results and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations
were made:
1. Further studies should be conducted to check the color fastness of the dyes
produced and the effect of the dyeing process to the quality of silk.
2. Other sweet potato varieties and other dye-yielding plants should also be
studied on the dye-color they can produce.
3. The dyes produced should also be tested with other commodities like
cosmetics and foods.
4. If it is so desired that the color of the fresh dyes will be achieved, it is
recommended that a study will be conducted on how their color can be stabilized.
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
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LITERATURE CITED
ALVAREZ, V. B. 2003. Practical applications and experience on S and T services.
PTRI SAMAY Bull. 3:46.
BAS. 2008. Situation Report on Major Vegetables and Root Crops. Jan.-June. 2008.
1(2):3-4.
CACCAM, M. and F. LIBUNAO. n.d. Novelty Items from Cut Cocoons for All
Occasions (leaflet). Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University –
Sericulture Research Institute, Bacnotan, La Union. P. 2.
DMMMSU-SRDI. 1996. Silk Dyeing (leaflet). Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State
University-Sericulture Research Institute, Bacnotan, La Union.
ESTOLAS, W. R. 1997. Silkworm anyone. College of Agriculture Calendar. 4(8-9):2.
FRESCO, M. C. 2004. Common tropical plants yield new natural dyes. Retrieved from
http://www.scidev.net/en/news/common-tropial-plants-yeild-new-natural-
dyes.html.
GONZALES, I. E. BOTANGEN and T. MASANGKAY. 2006. Yield trials of twelve
sweet potato entries. BSU Research Journal 51:51-61.
GONZALES, I. and T. MASANGKAY. 2006. The root crops industry in the
Philippines: An assessment – Component 2 (Sweet Potato).
GONZALES, I. 2003. Sp. “Haponita” for red wine making. Rangtay Newsletter 5(2):11.
HABAL, L. and Z. DE GUZMAN. 2003. Gampol, Manila: Ayala Foundation.
KOLANDER, C. 2003. How to Use Natural Dyes. Excerpt from HEMP! For Textile
Artists. Pp. 1 and 2.
LIJUACO, C. L. (ed.). 1998. Katutubong Kulay: The Revival of the Philippine Natural
Dye. 4/F Feliza Building, 108 Terrera Street Legaspi Village, Makati City, Metro
Manila. Coca-Cola Foundation Philippines, Incorporation (CCFPI). Pp. 13 and
22.
NPRCRTC. 1995. Practical Guide to Potato Production. NPRCRTC Bulletin.
PIONEER THINKING COMPANY. 1999. Making Natural Dyes from Plants. Retrieved
from http://www.pioneerthinking.com\\naturaldyes.html
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from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
46
PTRI. 2006. Natural Dyes R and D. Philippine Textile Research Institute. Annual
Report 2006. P. 12.
PTRI. 2004. Dye Powder Production. Philippine Textile Research Institute. Annual
Report 2004. P. 11.
PTRI. 2003. Natural Dyes for Textiles. Philippine Textile Research Institute. Annual
Report 2003. P. 10.
PTRI. 1999. Natural Dyes from Indigenous Plants. Philippine Textile Research
Institute. Annual Report 1999. P. 7.
PTRI. n.d. Upgraded natural dyeing technology. Retrieved from http://www2.ptri.dost-
gov.ph/index.php?option=com_context&task=view&id=48&Itemid=71
SMALL, C. P. 1932. How to Know Textiles. Ginn and Company: The Athenian Press.
Pp. 142-143.
SOUTH TEXAS UNIT OF THE HERB SOCIETY OF AMERICA. n.d. Naturally Dyed
Fibers. Retrieved from http://www.herbsociety-stu.org/Growing%26Using.htm.
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
from Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus)/ Alexander P. Baday. 2010
BADAY,
ALEXANDER P. APRIL 2010. Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato
(Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk from Mulberry Silkworm
(Bombyx mori Linnaeus). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Maria Ana C. Tanyag, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted from December 2009 to March 2010 to determine if
sweet potato can be a source of dyes for raw silk from mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori
Linnaeus). Three sweet potato varieties: Bengueta, Kawitan and Haponita particularly the
leaves, stems, root flesh and root peelings were considered. The dye-extracts were
applied to the raw silk and the resulting colors were determined using the textile color
chart as standard.
Different colors were derived from the three varieties. The different plant parts
also gave different colors ranging from light golden rod to steel blue. The color of the
dyes changed when applied to raw silk. The colors became lighter ranging from cornsilk
3 to plum.
The fastness of the dyes on the raw silk need to be evaluated.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Dyes Extracted from Sweet potato
Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Dyes Extracted from Sweet potato
and Applied to Raw Silk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Comparison of Fresh Dye from
Processed Dye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . .
43
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
ii
1
INTRODUCTION
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Linn.) is produced worldwide mainly in tropical
regions. In the Philippines, this root crop ranks second in terms of volume production
next to cassava (BAS, 2008). Benguet produced the highest average volume annual
production which is 45% of the total amount production in the Cordillera region
(Gonzales et al., 2006).
This crop is produced commercially for food. As sweet potatoes are excellent
sources of carbohydrates and vitamins, it is also used for animal feeds. The demand for
sweet potato is increasing. It is made into flour and a substitute for wheat flour in baking
cakes and pastries. Peeling of the tubers would be utilized as dyes, feeds and compost
materials (NPRCRTC, 1995).
Silk is a protein fiber extruded by the silkworm larva in a continuous filament as a
cocoon. Raw silk is the product of processing cocoons. This product can be enhanced by
the addition of color (Lijuaco, 1998). It has good affinity to dyes because its fibers are
triangular and reflects like prisms, thus giving a beautiful dense color when dyed.
Dyes are classified as natural or synthetic. The textile industry has been
importing most of its dyeing and other coloring material because of the absence of local
manufacturers of either synthetic or natural dyestuffs. However, according to the
Philippine DENR, the use of synthetic dyes causes the textile industry to discharge toxic
waste into the water system, and is one of the main sources of environmental pollution
(Fresco, 2004).
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The PTRI developed a natural dyeing technology which includes the extraction of
dyes from indigenous plant sources and their application to natural fibers, yarns and
fabrics. To date, PTRI identified and established appropriate dyeing technology for 75
dye-yielding plants like sibukao, bakawan lalake, bakawan babae, loco roots, mahogany
to name few (PTRI, n.d.)
The government should continue its efforts to resort ultimately to natural dyeing
technology not only to cut the country’s reliance on synthetic dye imports which prove to
be ecologically degrading, but also to explore benefits that can be derived from
indigenous sources which offer an eco-friendly alternative.
Sericulture
practitioners
are faced with the value adds on to their silk production,
in order to dictate reasonable price. Limited research work has been done to explore the
commercial potential of natural dyes from plant sources.
Thus, it is the aim of this study to help local silk producers identify and make use
of indigenous plants as source of natural silk dyeing materials. This would minimize the
value added cost to their product. Moreover, the use of natural dyes would be safe to
man as well as to the environment.
The technology of natural dye production from sweet potato can be a sustainable
source of income for farmers, as the prices of cash crops are very unstable coined with
high cost of inputs.
The experiment was conducted to identify the dyes produced by the three sweet
potato varieties, to know the color they can give the Bombyx mori L. raw silk and to
document the study through photos. The study was conducted at Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2009 to March 2010.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Silk Material
Silk is a protein fiber extruded by the silkworm larva in a continuous filament as a
cocoon. These cocoons are dried, sorted, directly cooked, reeled, re-reeled, hanked and
booked for market, as raw silk (Caccam and Libunao, n.d.).
Raw silk is the raw material for silk production. Silk, the most in demand and
popular among natural fibers serve as a second skin which contains 18 percent amino
acids. Silk can prevent the absorption of ultra violet rays which causes skin cancer
(Estolas, 1997). It has good affinity to dyes and its spectacular because its fibers are
triangular and reflects like prisms, thus giving a beautiful dense when dyed (DMMSU-
SRDI, 1996).
The universal appeal of colors led to a demand for huge volume of coloring
substances by silk manufacturers. Whether natural or synthetic, silk industries rely
heavily on dyes. These user-industries realize that their products can be enhanced by the
addition of color (Lijuaco, 1998).
Silk Dyeing Technology
Dyeing is the process of imparting color on a material. A dye is a compound that
can be adhered or fixed on a substance on materials like textiles, papers and cosmetics.
The dyeing technology offered by PTRI are of two types: synthetic dyeing using
commercially available dyes and natural dyeing which covers dye extraction from dye-
yielding plants and its subsequent application on the materials (Alvarez, 2003).
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In an excerpt retrieved from Pioneer Thinking Company (1999), the following
methods are presented in making natural dyes from plants: chop plant material into small
pieces and place them in a pot. Double the amount of water to the plant material. Bring
to a boil, and then simmer for about an hour. Strain, now you can add your fabric to be
dyed. For a stronger shade, allow material to soak in the dye overnight. For more
efficient dye extraction, Lijuaco (1998) stated that chopping or grinding the dye sources
is recommended except for seeds and dried leaves.
The fiber can be added to the dye bath. For most dyes, one may want to simmer
the fibers in the dye bath for approximately 30 minutes, or until the color one wishes to
achieve is reached. Obviously, the longer you leave the fiber in the dye the deeper or
more intense the color will become. However, when you remove the dyed fibers from
the dye-bath, after they are rinsed, the color will lighten. For this reason, the fibers in the
dye-bath can be left longer to absorb more of the color. In rinsing the fiber remove the
fiber from the dye-bath and rinse it in water approximately the same temperature as the
dye-bath. Continue rinsing the fiber in progressively cooler water until the water is
completely clear. At this point you should gently squeeze the fiber, dry or blot it gently
in a towel (South Texas Unit of the Herb Society of America, n.d.).
Kolander (2003) came up with procedures on how to use natural dyes. First step
is to extract the dye from barks, roots and dyewoods by soaking overnight, boil for half
an hour, pour off and save the extract, this is the dye solution. Add more water and boil
again and again as long as the dye plant parts continue to extract. Save the dye solution
to make the dye bath. Dyeing the textiles is the second step which as follows: add
enough additional water to the dye solution so the textile can move freely in the dye bath.
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Add the textile and heat to hot. Heat for one hour or until the color reaches the desired
depth. If the color is too light, use fore dyestuff.
Importance of Natural Dyes
As early in 1923, Small reported that by far, the greatest source of natural
coloring materials is the plant world. He cited further that color can be extruded from
limitless number of bark, roots, leaves, flowers, nuts and berries. The extraction and
application methods of natural dyes offer an eco-friendly alternative. They are no-
allergenic, do not contain carcinogenic substances nor emit pollutants during the process.
Fresco in 2004 mentioned that common plants could help cut the Philippines reliance on
imported synthetic dyes and reduce the pollution they cause. He added that the
government should continue its efforts to go for the natural dyeing technology in order to
explore benefits that can be derived from indigenous plant sources.
With the realization of the extent of ecological degradation worldwide, more
stringent laws protecting the environment were passed. Hence, the search for “naturals”
as alternative raw materials bridged the gap between natural dyes and erstwhile dominant
synthetics (Lijuaco, 1998).
Fresco (2004) reported that the Philippine DENR claims that the textile industry
discharge toxic wastes into the water systems, and is one of the main sources of
environmental pollution. This is due to the use of synthetic dyes which are more
abundant, cheaper and easier to apply than natural dyes. The use of the indigenous dyes
from the plants is in line with the global consciousness on environment friendly processes
and materials (PTRI, 1999).
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Natural Dye Sources
The scientists, from the Philippine Textile Research Institute (PTRI) have
identified twenty six species of plants including mangrove tree, a type of onion, guava
and cashew nut trees that could be used to produce high quality natural dyes (Fresco,
2004).
PTRI developed the indigo dye powder production technology from malatayum
(Indigofera tinctoria) It is the latest addition to twenty indigenous dye sources established
by PTRI since 1992 (PTRI, 1999).
The dye extraction and application technologies for yellow ginger rhizomes,
talisay leaves, malatayum leaves, atsuete seeds, buko husks, bulubulu leaves and betel nut
seeds were transferred to and commercialized by the Federation of Banaue Weaver’s
Organization (PTRI, 2003).
Bunga de china, acacia, onion skin, golden shower, alig lalake, babae, neem tree
and cashew leaves gave a satisfactory color fastness to a rating of 3 to 4.5 (PTRI, 2004).
The cultural and management parameters for yellow ginger sibukao, indigo and annatto
were explored and studied. Consequently, these technologies are ready for dissemination
to various farmer cooperators who will respond to the growing requirement for the said
dye sources in Aklan and in other parts of the country (PTRI, 2006).
As cited by Habal and De Guzman (2003) plant dye sources with optimized
dyeing technology developed and being transferred by PTRI include duhat, hawili,
kamachile, hapok, luam and sibukao.
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Uses of Sweet Potato
Gonzales and Masangkay (2006) reported that 99.99% of the parts of sweet potato
are consumed as food, the 0.01% is used as feeds or seeds. Traditionally, the crop has
been the staple food for many mountain tribes especially in areas where rice is not readily
available. The roots are chopped and dried into “buku” and mixed with wine.
Sweet potato is made into flour and partly used to substitute wheat flour for
baking cakes and pastries. The flour/starch is imported to Korea for noodle making.
Fresh sweet potato has been used as an ingredient of various products such as snack
chips, catsup, pickles and candies that are fruit based jam beverage and wine (Gonzales
and Masangkay, 2006).
In 1995, NPRCRTC reported information on the following uses of the different
parts of the sweet potato plant. The leaves serve as vegetable for human consumption
and feed stuff for the livestock industry. The stem in the form of cuttings are used as
feed stuff for the poultry and livestock industry, for propagation in sweet potato
production and fertilizer when composted. The root when boiled is for human
consumption and could be made into home-made candies and delicacies. It could also be
used as fees for chicken and livestock. Chips canned or plain, other confectioneries, flour
starch and juice can be prepared from the roots. Vinegar, alcohol and wine are also by-
products of the roots. The peelings of the root can be extracted for the production of dye
for dyeing and coloring the textile and other chemical industries. Peelings would also be
used as livestock feeds and compost material.
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Gonzales in 2003 reported that NPRCRTC-BSU came up with a red wine made
from dark purple-fleshed sweet potato, “Haponita”. Mature leaves are dark green while
immature leaves are purple. When processed into wines, the sweet potato root is boiled
and extracted into juice. In the process, the dark purple flesh turns to red which
resembles the red commercial wine. Sp. Haponita has high anthocyanin content. These
anthocyanin pigments are responsible for the color of red wines (Gonzales et al., 2006).
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were sweet potato, raw silk from Bombyx mori L.,
beaker (500 ml), white muslin cloth, stirring rod, wash bottle, empty glass bottle, mortar
and pestle, knife, chopping board, liquefied petroleum gas stove and tank, wire gauze,
triple beam balance, papers, ballpens, pentel pen, transparent polyethylene bags, stick and
a digital camera.
Planting, Harvesting and
Preparation of Sweet
Potato
Three sweet potato varieties from NPRCRTC namely: Bengueta, Kawitan and
Haponita were evaluated. These sweet potato varieties were planted and grown
following the recommended cultural practices by the NPRCRTC at their experimental
area. The sweet potatoes were planted on loamy soils in mounds, 25 cm high using one
apical cuttings per hill with a length of 30 cm and with a distance of 100 x 25 cm
between rows and hills, respectively. Fertilizer was applied 60-30-60 NPK kg/ha.
The sweet potato plants were harvested after 3 months from planting. Whole plant
parts were taken and put in labeled polyethylene bags. In the laboratory, the plant parts
were separated and washed thoroughly with tap water. The leaves were removed and
placed in a labeled polyethylene bag. The stems were chopped and placed in different
container. On the other hand the roots were thinly peeled using a knife. The flesh and the
peelings were placed in separate containers also.
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Extraction of Dyes
Twenty (20) grams of each plant part are used. To extract the dyes the plant parts
were chopped into little pieces then crushed using the mortar and pestle. These were
placed separately in 500 ml beaker filled with 400 ml tap water. The specimens were
boiled for one hour, stirred once every five minutes with the use of the stirring rod. After
one hour of boiling, the solution was strained by pouring the solution into the white cloth
at the top of the glass bottle opening. Then the white cloth with the solid part of the
solution is squeezed in the glass bottle when the temperature is bearable.
Dye Application to Raw Silk
The extracted liquid dye was poured to the beaker. The 4 g of silk was moistened
in the tap water, squeezed and then added to the liquid dye extract. The solution was
heated at the gas stove with full volume for 35 minutes, stirred twice in every 5 minutes
using the stirring rod. After 35 minutes of boiling, the beaker was placed in the sink and
filled with cold tap water. Then the silk was washed by squeezing and moistening and so
on until the squeezed water is clean. The dyed raw silk was loosened and air dried for 3
days.
Plant Material Preparation to Dyeing
Figures 1 to 30 shows the photo documentation in preparing the plant part
material until the dyeing of the raw silk.
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Figure 1. Materials used for extracting the dyes
Figure 2. Materials used for the dyeing process
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Figure 3. Harvested Bengueta variety plants
Figure 4. Harvested plants of Kawitan variety
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Figure 5. Haponita variety plants harvested at NPRCRTC
Figure 6. The researcher manually harvesting the kawitan
variety plant
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Figure 7. Segregating the leaves by plucking it upward from
the base of the petiole
Figure 8. Chopping of the stems for easier weighing
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Figure 9. Leaves of Bengueta variety
Figure 10. Chopped stems of the Bengueta variety
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Figure 11. Peeled enlarged roots of the Bengueta variety
Figure 12. Root peelings of the Bengueta Variety placed in a
plastic bag for weighing
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Figure 13. Leaves of the Kawitan variety
Figure 14. Chopped stems of Kawitan variety
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Figure 15. Peeled roots of the Kawitan variety put in plastic bag
Figure 16. Root peelings of the Kawitan variety
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Figure 17. Leaves of Haponita variety
Figure 18. Chopped stems of the Haponita variety
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Figure 19. Root flesh of the Haponita variety
Figure 20. Root peelings of the Haponita variety
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Figure 21. Weighing the 20 grams root flesh in the triple beam
balance at the Soils Science Laboratory
Figure 22. Chopping the root peelings to facilitate extraction of dyes
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Figure 23. Crushing the chopped stems for efficient and faster
extraction of the color
Figure 24. Transferring the crushed leaves to a beaker
with 400 ml water
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Figure 25. Stirring the boiling water with chopped root flesh
Figure 26. Pouring the 1-hour boiled plant part in the white muslin
cloth to strain the extract
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Figure 27. The liquid dye extract is transferred to the beaker
for dyeing
Figure 28. The extracted dye with the raw silk is in the beaker
being heated
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Figure 29. A stirring rod was used to stir the silk while the
solution is boiling
Figure 30. The dyed raw silk is washed in a flowing tap water
until the squeezed water is clean
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Data Gathered
The following data were gathered:
1. Identified colors derived from the sweet potato varieties. The colors were
determined using the textile color chart.
2. Specific colors yielded by the different parts of the sweet potato plant. The
colors given by the dyes extracted from the different parts to the raw silk were recorded
using the textile color chart. Twenty grams of each plant part were pounded and
transferred to the beaker with 400 ml water then boiled for 1 hour. The solution was
strained and the extract is set aside. Four grams of silk is added to the extract and boiled
for 35 minutes with frequent stirring. The silk materials are washed thoroughly with tap
water squeezed and air-dried. Textile color chart was used to determine the color of the
dyed raw silk.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Dyes Extracted from the
Sweet Potato Varieties
The colors extracted from the sweet potatoes varied from light golden rod to steel
blue as shown in Table 1. Similarly the different plant parts that were extracted produced
varied color. The dye extracted from the leaves of Bengueta variety is green yellow while
the stem gave yellow green. On the other hand, the roots whether it be the flesh or
peelings produced light golden rod. The same plant parts in the Kawitan variety produced
the same color with that of the Bengueta variety. In the case of Haponita variety, it was
different. The root flesh and root peelings gave steel blue. This color is attributed to its
high anthocyanin content that gives red color dye to the wine produced from this variety
(Gonzales, 2003).
Table 1. Color of fresh dyes from three sweet potato varieties
VARIETY
PLANT PART
DYE COLOR
Bengueta Leaves Green yellow
Stems
Yellow green
Root flesh
Light golden rod
Root peelings
Light golden rod
Kawitan Leaves Green yellow
Stems
Yellow green
Root flesh
Light golden rod
Root peelings
Light golden rod
Haponita Leaves Green yellow
Stems
Yellow green
Root flesh
Steel blue
Root peelings
Steel blue
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The finding shows that sweet potato can be a source of natural dyes. The leaves
and stems regardless of the variety produce green yellow and yellow green, respectively.
The Bengueta and Kawitan varieties produce the same color but not in the case of
Haponita.
Dyes Extracted from Sweet potato and
Applied to Raw Silk
The colors derived from the three varieties of sweet potato were used to dye the
raw silk from B. mori. The result of the dyed raw silk is shown in Table 2. The
differences among the varieties are discussed below.
Bengueta
variety. The dyes extracted from the leaves gave the raw silk a cornsilk
3 color. The dye from the stem gave a beige color while the root flesh and root peelings
of this variety gave the same color to the raw silk which was Margie.
The results show that the 4 parts of Bengueta variety can give color to the raw
silk. This variety gave 3 different colors which are cornsilk 3, beige and Margie.
Kawitan
variety. The extracted dye from the leaves gave the raw silk a citrus
color while the other parts gave different colors. The dye from the stem gave a serenity
color to the raw silk. Both the root flesh and the root peelings gave a Margie color to the
raw silk.
This variety also gave 3 different colors which are citrus, serenity and Margie.
Haponita
variety. The extracted dye from the leaves of this variety gave a
sunshine yellow color to the raw silk. The extracted dye from the stem gave a color
Margie when applied to raw silk. Both the root flesh and the root peelings gave a plum
color to the raw silk. The finding corroborate with what Gonzales in 2003 reported that
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Table 2. Color of dyed raw silk extracted from three sweet potato varieties
COLOR OF DYED RAW SILK
VARIETY
PLANT PART
Replication 1
Replication 2
Replication 3
Bengueta
Leaves
Cornsilk 3
Cornsilk 3
Cornsilk 3
Stems
Beige
Beige
Beige
Peeled
Roots
Margie Margie Margie
Root
Peelings
Margie
Margie
Margie
Kawitan Leaves
Citrus
Citrus
Citrus
Stems
Serenity
Serenity Serenity
Peeled
Roots
Margie Margie Margie
Root
Peelings
Margie
Margie
Margie
Haponita Leaves
Sunshine
yellow
Sunshine Sunshine yellow
yellow
Stems
Margie
Margie
Margie
Peeled
Roots
Plum
Plum
Plum
Root
Peelings
Plum
Plum
Plum
“Haponita” variety which is used in making the wine produced natural red color which
resembles the red wine and the anthocyanin pigments responsible for the color given
All the dyes extracted from the 4 parts of Haponita gave color to the raw silk.
This variety gave sunshine yellow, margie and plum color to the raw silk.
The result of the study on the three varieties agrees on the NPRCRTC (1995)
report that the peelings of the sweet potato can be extracted for the production of dye.
Comparison of Fresh Dye
from Processed Dye
The fresh dye refers to the solution derived from sweet potato after boiling while
the processed dye refers to the dye appearing on the raw silk after dyeing.
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Table 3 shows that the fresh dyes from the Bengueta variety changed after they
were applied to the raw silk. The green yellow dye from the leaves became cornsilk 3
which is lighter. The same was true on the other dyes. The results were the same on the
Kawitan variety. The fresh dyes changed color when applied to the raw silk and the
resulting colors are lighter. In the case of Haponita variety, it was observed that the
results do not differ from the other two varieties.
The results observed on the three varieties of sweet potato imply that the dyes
derived from them may not be stable when further boiled. It is not also certain that the
colors from this plant will remain fast for a long time. Figures 31 to 42 shows the photo
documentation of raw silk dyed with the plant parts of 3 varieties of sweet potato.
Table 3. Color of fresh dye from sweet potato and the dyed raw silk
COLOR OF
COLOR OF DYED
VARIETY
PLANT PART
FRESH DYES
RAW SILK
Bengueta Leaves Green yellow
Cornsilk 3
Stems
Yellow green
Beige
Root flesh
Light golden rod
Margie
Root peelings
Light golden rod
Margie
Kawitan Leaves Green yellow
Citrus
Stems
Yellow green
Serenity
Root flesh
Light golden rod
Margie
Root peelings
Light golden rod
Margie
Haponita Leaves Green yellow
Sunshine yellow
Stems
Yellow green
Margie
Root flesh
Steel blue
Plum
Root peelings
Steel blue
Plum
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a)
b)
c)
Figure 31. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the leaves of the Bengueta
variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2 and
(c) replication 3
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a)
b)
c)
Figure 32. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the stems of the
Bengueta variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1,
(b) replication 2 and (c) replication 3
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a)
b)
c)
Figure 33. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the root flesh of the
Bengueta variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2
and (c) replication 3
.
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a)
b)
c)
Figure 34. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the root peelings of the
Bengueta variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2
and (c) replication 3
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.
a)
b)
c)
Figure 35. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the leaves of the Kawitan
variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2 and
(c) replication 3
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a)
b)
c)
Figure 36. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the stems of the Kawitan
variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2 and
(c) replication 3
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a)
b)
c)
Figure 37. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the peeled roots of the
Kawitan variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2
and (c) replication 3
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a)
b)
c)
Figure 38. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from root peelings of the
Kawitan variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2
and (c) replication 3
.
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
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a)
b)
c)
Figure 39. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the leaves of the Haponita
variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2 and
(c) replication 3
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a)
b)
c)
Figure 40. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the stems of the Haponita
variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2 and
(c) replication 3
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a)
b)
c)
Figure 41. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from root flesh of the Haponita
variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2 and
(c) replication 3
.
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a)
b)
c)
Figure 42. Raw silk dyed from the dye extracted from the root peelings of the
Haponita variety of sweet potato: (a) replication 1, (b) replication 2
and (c) replication 3
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The colors of the dyes derived from three sweet potato varieties and the colors
produced when applied to Bombyx mori L. raw silk were determined from December
2009 to March 2010. The sweet potato varieties used were Bengueta, Kawitan and
Haponita planted and grown at NPRCRTC.
Each plant was segregated into four parts namely leaves, stems, root flesh and
root peelings and were tested for the colors yielded upon extraction and application to the
raw silk. Each plant part was replicated 3 times.
Extraction is done by chopping and crushing the plant part and boiling it for 1
hour. The extract is strained and their color was determined with the use of a textile color
chart. The raw silk is added and boiled for 35 minutes. This is done to all the segregated
plant part of the different varieties. The dyed raw silks are air dried for 3 days and their
colors were determined also with the use of the textile color chart.
Conclusions
Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the 3 sweet potato varieties
namely Bengueta, Kawitan and Haponita are good dye sources because they can produce
various colors with their different parts such as leaves, stems, root flesh and root peelings
and their colors changed when applied to the raw silk of Bombyx mori L. The colors
became lighter.
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Recommendations
Based on the results and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations
were made:
1. Further studies should be conducted to check the color fastness of the dyes
produced and the effect of the dyeing process to the quality of silk.
2. Other sweet potato varieties and other dye-yielding plants should also be
studied on the dye-color they can produce.
3. The dyes produced should also be tested with other commodities like
cosmetics and foods.
4. If it is so desired that the color of the fresh dyes will be achieved, it is
recommended that a study will be conducted on how their color can be stabilized.
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LITERATURE CITED
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BAS. 2008. Situation Report on Major Vegetables and Root Crops. Jan.-June. 2008.
1(2):3-4.
CACCAM, M. and F. LIBUNAO. n.d. Novelty Items from Cut Cocoons for All
Occasions (leaflet). Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University –
Sericulture Research Institute, Bacnotan, La Union. P. 2.
DMMMSU-SRDI. 1996. Silk Dyeing (leaflet). Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State
University-Sericulture Research Institute, Bacnotan, La Union.
ESTOLAS, W. R. 1997. Silkworm anyone. College of Agriculture Calendar. 4(8-9):2.
FRESCO, M. C. 2004. Common tropical plants yield new natural dyes. Retrieved from
http://www.scidev.net/en/news/common-tropial-plants-yeild-new-natural-
dyes.html.
GONZALES, I. E. BOTANGEN and T. MASANGKAY. 2006. Yield trials of twelve
sweet potato entries. BSU Research Journal 51:51-61.
GONZALES, I. and T. MASANGKAY. 2006. The root crops industry in the
Philippines: An assessment – Component 2 (Sweet Potato).
GONZALES, I. 2003. Sp. “Haponita” for red wine making. Rangtay Newsletter 5(2):11.
HABAL, L. and Z. DE GUZMAN. 2003. Gampol, Manila: Ayala Foundation.
KOLANDER, C. 2003. How to Use Natural Dyes. Excerpt from HEMP! For Textile
Artists. Pp. 1 and 2.
LIJUACO, C. L. (ed.). 1998. Katutubong Kulay: The Revival of the Philippine Natural
Dye. 4/F Feliza Building, 108 Terrera Street Legaspi Village, Makati City, Metro
Manila. Coca-Cola Foundation Philippines, Incorporation (CCFPI). Pp. 13 and
22.
NPRCRTC. 1995. Practical Guide to Potato Production. NPRCRTC Bulletin.
PIONEER THINKING COMPANY. 1999. Making Natural Dyes from Plants. Retrieved
from http://www.pioneerthinking.com\\naturaldyes.html
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PTRI. 2006. Natural Dyes R and D. Philippine Textile Research Institute. Annual
Report 2006. P. 12.
PTRI. 2004. Dye Powder Production. Philippine Textile Research Institute. Annual
Report 2004. P. 11.
PTRI. 2003. Natural Dyes for Textiles. Philippine Textile Research Institute. Annual
Report 2003. P. 10.
PTRI. 1999. Natural Dyes from Indigenous Plants. Philippine Textile Research
Institute. Annual Report 1999. P. 7.
PTRI. n.d. Upgraded natural dyeing technology. Retrieved from http://www2.ptri.dost-
gov.ph/index.php?option=com_context&task=view&id=48&Itemid=71
SMALL, C. P. 1932. How to Know Textiles. Ginn and Company: The Athenian Press.
Pp. 142-143.
SOUTH TEXAS UNIT OF THE HERB SOCIETY OF AMERICA. n.d. Naturally Dyed
Fibers. Retrieved from http://www.herbsociety-stu.org/Growing%26Using.htm.
Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk
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Document Outline
- Dyes Derived from Sweet Potato
(Ipomoea batatas Linnaeus) As Potential Dyes for Raw Silk from Mulberry Silkworm
(Bombyx mori Linnaeus).
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED