BIBLIOGRAPHY AMANTE, MICHELLE ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AMANTE, MICHELLE L. APRIL 2010. Involvement of Women in the
Sericulture Industry at Bacnotan, La Union. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Maria Ana C. Tanyag, M.Sc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted from December 2009 to January 2010 to identify the
general profile of the women engaged in sericulture, sericulture activities women are
engaged in women’s corresponding output from sericulture and the sericulture problems
encountered, and to obtain photo documents of the women’s participation and processed
outputs in sericulture activities.
Thirty respondents were randomly selected for the study. The data gathered were
tabulated and analyzed using frequency and percentage.
Majority of the respondents are married (70%) and full time sericulturists (66%).
The respondents were involved in all sericulture activities including mulberry production,
cocoon production, filature operations, novelty item production and product marketing.
Their primary product, the raw cocoons are further processed into high valued items such
as raw silk, woven cloth and handicrafts.
The results indicated the chance of prosperity for the sericulture industry in the
country. As women emerged as large working force and have the ability to handle fully a
sericulture project, they can be in-charge or may take over the sericulture operation as
more men at present favor jobs in another industries.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
METHODOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
General Profile of the
Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Participation in Pre-Operational
Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Participation in Sericulture
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Outputs Produced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Sericulture-Related Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . .
28
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Page
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
APPENDIX
A. Communication Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
B. Letter to the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
C. Survey Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
In many countries, including the Philippines, wives have the primary
responsibility for both household substinence and child welfare. In decision-making, a
woman’s role is frequently perceived as mainly secondary. Earlier, the women’s socio-
economic contribution and potential resource seem to be unappreciated and
unrecognized. However, Mancebo et al. (1997) stated that in recent years, some
significant changes in the social status, roles, perceptions, attitudes and aspirations of
women have taken place. Today that employment is viewed as a matter of economic
necessity both in the two-adult household and in the large number of single-adult women
households; gender inequality has started to diminish (Panopio and Santico-Rolda, 2000).
In Asia, sericulture has emerged as a profitable employment avenue for rural folk,
particularly women. In India, women were given special preferences under various
government schemes for sericulture, which includes growing of mulberry trees, rearing of
silkworm, and unwounding the cocoons to silk thread. Likewise, in China where “men
plow, women weave”, men were responsible for rice production and women were
responsible for raising silkworms in mulberry trees, harvesting the cocoons, spinning the
silk thread, and weaving the silk cloth.
In the Philippines, sericulture is being developed by the government as an agro-
based industry (Cosalan, 2001). The Sericulture Research and Development Institute
(SRDI) located in Bacnotan, La Union was created to serve as the National Center for
Sericulture. With countryside development as the focus of its extension program, SRDI
2
establishes cooperatives, sericulture center, pilot sites and medium scale filature units to
showcase the viability of sericulture in the Philippines.
At present, Bacnotan, La Union has the highest number of sericulture adopters in
Region I. Amongst the sericulturists were women who believe that sericulture industry
will induce their potential and capabilities as a resource. The sericulture operations of
women and all other sericulture farmers in the locality were fully supported by SRDI.
Statement of the Problem
The study determined the extent of participation of women in the sericulture
program and projects at Bacnotan, La Union. Systematic information of women’s tasks in
sericulture was made available through the study.
In this connection, the study was conducted to answer the following questions:
1. What is the general profile of the women engaged in sericulture?
2. What are the different sericulture activities done by women?
3. What are the different kinds of outputs produced from sericulture activities?
4. What are the sericulture problems encountered?
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to:
1. Describe the general profile of women engaged in sericulture;
2. Identify sericulture activities women are engaged in;
3. Determine women’s corresponding output/product from sericulture;
4. Identify the sericulture problems encountered; and
5. Record their involvement in sericulture activities through photo documentation.
3
Importance of the Study
The results of the study are expected to provide ideas useful in the evaluation and
improvement of gender-sensitive sericulture policies and programs. The results of the
study could also serve as research material for future studies and documentation of
sericulture.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study covered the roles of women in the sericulture industry in Bacnotan, La
Union. The study was conducted from December 2009 to January 2010.
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Philippine Sericulture
Silk was introduced to the Philippines as one of the trade items from China as
cited by Tantoco (2003). In the 19th century, large scale silk plantations and manufacture
of silk cloth were encouraged as cash crops along with cotton and abaca. During the
Japanese occupation, the silk industry offers a wide opportunity to Filipinos and Japanese
migrants until the outbreak of World War II (Afable, 2004).
Sericulture and silk yarn processing thrive well in Central Mindanao, in Quezon,
in Benguet, in Ilocos provinces of La Union and Ilocos Norte and in Ilo-ilo in the
Visayas, among other areas (Tantoco, 2003).
Sericulture is one example of a no waste industry (Caccam and Libunao, n.d).
Recently, all the cocoon products and the mulberry leaf, which is primarily a silkworm
feed, are realized to have an economic importance.
The cocoons of good quality are processed into raw silk which is the main product
of sericulture. Tantoco, in 2003 described the silk as versatile yarn material. Aklan and
Ilo-ilo weavers utilize 10-100% silk on their products (Delfin, 2009). At present, raw silk
is in great demand in the country due to the declaration of R.A 9242, an act requiring the
use of tropical fibers in the uniforms of government officials.
Gaki (2007) found that the unreelable or waste cocoons are utilized in the
production of handicrafts or the so-called novelty items, thus giving additional income
both to the farmer and the crafter. According to Caccam and Libunao (n.d), waste
cocoons are excellent raw material in novelty items production. In various shapes,
5
contours, designs, and colors these cocoons could be curved into various creative works
as novelty item.
Changing Roles of Women
Mancebo et al. in 1997 cited that women before are often described as an
underprivileged group characterized by inferior social status brought about by unequal
treatment and less access to resources and opportunities. Although the importance of
women’s biological and social roles is clear, their input in all spheres of life often goes
unacknowledged.
But according to Panopio and Santico-Rolda (2000), the development of third
world countries into industrializing societies has brought about the emergence of a certain
type of a family structure consistent with the demands of the time. Women have
gradually inched their way towards equality in many aspects of human activity.
Today, the typical woman like the typical man is in the paid labor force and is
working full time year round (Renzetti and Curran, 2003). Husbands no longer
exclusively hold the wage earner; instead, women share this role with their husbands or
occupy it themselves as the sole financial supporter of their families (Stewart et al.,
2003).
Gaki (2007) reported the utilization of waste cocoons in making of handicraft/
novelty items due to economic potentials. Handicraft production along with other
sericulture activities is now fully participated by women as stated by Donato (2009).
6
Definition of Terms
Denier. A unit to measure the thickness of the filament which is about 9,000 m
long express in grams.
Doubling. The winding of two or more threads into single thread.
Filature. The building where the cocoons are being processed.
Lacing. The process of tying the hank across its length at 4 to 6 equidistant places
to prevent entangling of the reeled silk when brought for winding process.
Mounting. Provision of good cocooning aids, rational management and
preservation.
Raw silk. Silk thread produced after re-reeling.
Reeling. Unwinding of the silk filament of the cocoons through suitable
techniques to form composite thread for weaving.
Re-reeling. The rewinding of silk from small size to standard reels,
Sericulture. Art and science of raising silkworms to produce economically
valuable cocoons.
Silk yarn. Silk thread produced after twisting.
Silk filament testing. Unwinding and individual weighing of certain number of
cocoons per batch to determine the number of cocoons to be reeled into single thread
depending in the required denier.
Twisting. This is done to increase the strength and appearance of the yarn.
Warp. Lengthwise or vertical threads on a loam or any woven fabric.
Winding. The transfer of thread hanks to winding bobbins to eliminate
imperfections and facilitate the subsequent processes.
7
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted from December 2009 to January 2010 at Bacnotan, La
Union as it is the center of sericulture in the province. The map of the study area is shown
in Figures 1 to 3.
Respondents of the Study
Thirty respondents were selected through random sampling. The respondents
were the SRDI female farmer cooperators of sericulture, filature workers and novelty
item producers/cocoon handicrafters. The distribution of the respondents is as follows:
Sapilang - 15
Ortega - 4
San Martin - 1
Casiaman - 3
Oya-oy - 1
Poblacion - 1
Say-oan - 1
Lacong - 4
Data Collection
The respondents were personally interviewed by the researcher with the aid of a
structured questionnaire. Field visitations and observations were likewise done.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the general profile of the women engaged in sericulture;
the activities women are engaged in; the women’s corresponding output/product derived
from sericulture; and the sericulture problems encountered. Photo documents were also
obtained.
Data Analysis
The data gathered were tabulated and analyzed using frequency and percentage.
8
Figure 1. Philippine map
Figure 2. Region I map
Figure 3. Map of La Union showing the study area
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the profile of the thirty respondents interviewed with regards to
age, civil status, educational attainment, number of years in sericulture and type of
involvement.
Age. The thirty respondents belonged to the age bracket of 21-60 years old. The
respondents indicated that age does not limit them to be involved in sericulture activities.
Civil status. Majority (70%) of the respondents were married. All of them
indicated that they ventured into sericulture because they have to be involved into income
generating activities to share the financial responsibilities with their husband. In the
same manner, all the other respondents, one was widow and the rest were single, pointed
out that they adopted sericulture in able for them to earn for the financial needs of their
families. This result conform to the study of Stewart et al. (2003), that women now share
the wage earner role of their husband or become the sole financial supporter of their
families.
Educational attainment. The respondents have formal education as 30% finished
elementary; 6.67% finished high school; 30% reached college; 13.3%$ finished college;
and 20% finished master studies. The respondents indicated that educational attainment
does not play much role in their production skills as the sericulture activities are learned
gradually through experience.
Number of years in sericulture. Majority of the respondents (56.7%) have
sufficient practice in sericulture as they were involved for more than 10 years; 40% were
involved for 1-3 years; and 3.3% or 1 was involved in sericulture for 4-6 years. It was
10
Table 1. General profile of the respondents
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
PARTICULARS
(F)
(%)
Age
21-25
1
3.30
26-30
0
0
31-35
3
10.00
36-40
2
6.70
41-45
5
16.70
46-50
10
33.30
51-55
4
13.30
56-60
5
16.70
TOTAL
30
100.00
Civil Status
Married
21
70.00
Single
8
26.70
Widow
1
3.30
TOTAL
30
100.00
Educational Attainment
9
30.00
Elementary Graduate
2
6.67
College Level
9
30.00
College Graduate
4
13.30
MS Graduate
6
20.00
TOTAL
30
100.00
Number of Years in Sericulture
1-3
12
40.00
4-6
1
3.30
7-9
0
0
10 years or more
17
56.70
TOTAL
30
100.00
Type of Involvement
Part time
10
33.30
Full time
20
66.70
TOTAL
30
100.00
observed that the number of years in sericulture has significance in the sericulture skills
of the respondents. The women involved in sericulture for more than 10 years derived
more output and worked faster in the weaving process and novelty items production.
Cerila Dingle, SRDI weaver for 18 years weaves 2 meters of silk cloth a day compared to
the average 1.2 meters cloth output of the other weavers with shorter weaving experience.
11
Type of involvement. Majority (66.7%) of the respondents practice sericulture
full time and 33.3% practice sericulture part time. The respondents indicated that
sericulture provides opportunity of employment to women. They also stated that the
industry offers additional knowledge and interesting activities to be engaged in that
stimulated creativity like the designing and making of silk cloth and handicrafts.
Participation in Pre-Operational Activities
Table 2 presents the participation of the women respondents as to decision-
making and inputs purchasing (Figures 4-9).
Decision-making. As to deciding for sericulture operations, 20% solely made
decisions while majority (80%) gave secondary opinions. This could be attributed to the
fact that men are the head of the family, particularly in the decision-making.
Table 2. Involvement in pre-operational activities of the respondents
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
PARTICULARS
(F)
(%)
Decision-making
Primary opinion
6
20.00
Secondary opinion
24
80.00
TOTAL
30
100.00
Inputs Purchasing
Primarily involved
5
16.70
Seldom involved
10
33.30
Not involved
15
50.00
TOTAL
30
100.00
12
Figure 4. Women harvesting mulberry leaves to be fed to the larvae, Sapilang,
January 2010
Figure 5. Size filament testing of cocoons before reeling to determine the number
of cocoons to be reeled into single thread of required denier, SRDI filature,
January 2010
13
Figure 6. Reeling or the unwinding process of the silk filament from the cocoons,
SRDI filature, January 2010
Figure 7. Transferring of raw silk into winding bobbins to facilitate the subsequent
processes, SRDI filature, January 2010
14
Figure 8. Measuring the length of the warp to be used in weaving to minimize the
waste of thread, SRDI filature, January 2010
Figure 9. Tying the loam warp ends before weaving, SRDI filature, January 2010
15
Figure 10. Production of novelty items chiefly done by women, SRDI filature,
January 2010
16
Inputs purchasing. The result shows that 16.7% of the respondents were primarily
involved; 30% were seldom involved; and 50% were not involved in inputs purchasing.
Majority of the respondents leave the activity to their husband and other male members
of their family. The respondents indicated that this activity is usually done by men
because it requires physical strength particularly in the transportation of the heavy inputs
like the fertilizers.
Participation in Sericulture Operation
Table 3 shows the participation of women in sericulture as to mulberry
production, cocoon production, filature operations, handicraft/novelty item production,
and product marketing. The results confirmed the statement of Donato (2009) that
sericulture activities is now fully participated by women.
Mulberry plantation. The result shows that women can work along with men in
the mulberry plantation. The respondents involved stated that mulberry production is not
difficult probably because the sapling production, pruning and leaf harvesting were the
only activities new to them. The other practices were similarly applied to their other
crops.
Cocoon production. Among the respondents, 6.7% helped in the disinfection of
the rearing house, tools and implements. Majority of the respondents leave disinfection
to men because they indicated that this activity requires less labor as it can be done in
only few hours. However, they participated in feeding and bed cleaning, mounting and
cocoon harvesting probably because these activities are labor intensive.
Filature operation. With the presence of a filature unit in SRDI, the cocoon
products of the sericulture farmers are further processed into items of higher economic
17
Table 3. Involvement of the respondents in Sericulture operation
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
PARTICULARS
(F)
(%)
Mulberry Production
Sapling production
10
33.3
Planting
10
33.3
Pruning
11
36.7
Fertilization
8
26.7
Leaf harvesting
11
36.7
Weeding
8
26.7
Cocoon Production
Disinfection
2
6.7
Feeding and bed cleaning
11
36.7
Mounting
10
33.3
Cocoon harvesting
12
40.0
Filature Operation
Cocoon Primary Processing
Reeling
4
13.3
Re-reeling
4
13.3
Winding
8
26.7
Doubling
5
16.7
Twisting
5
16.7
Silk Enhancement
Design planning
2
6.7
Weaving
6
20.0
Handicraft/Novelty Item Production
Sample Planning and Designing
3
10.0
Product Making
6
20.0
Product Marketing
Silk
Retailing
5
16.7
Wholesaling
2
6.7
Novelty Items
Retailing
5
16.7
Wholesaling
2
6.7
*Multiple response
value. This finding correlates with the report of Tantoco (2003) that sericulture and silk
yarn processing thrive in many areas of the country including La Union.
18
Result shows that among the thirty respondents, 13.3% were involved in reeling
and re-reeling; 26.7% were involved in winding; 16.7% were involved in doubling; and
16.7% were involved in twisting.
For the silk enhancement, 6.7% of the respondents were involved in the design
planning; and 20% were involved in the weaving process. The decorative patterns of the
woven products can either be originally created by the designer or specified by the
clients.
Handicraft/Novelty item production. Waste cocoon handicrafting is one of the
profitable sericulture activity in Bacnotan. This correlates the study of Gaki (2007) that
unreelable cocoons are utilized in the production of novelty items which gives additional
income to both the farmer and crafter.
Product marketing. Among the respondents, 16.7% were retailers of silk and
novelty items to one-stop shops and to walk-in clients. Only 6.7% were silk and novelty
item wholesalers. The respondents indicated that related problems particularly lack of
capital and product buyers bound them to venture into sericulture product marketing.
Outputs Produced
Table 4 shows the outputs derived by women from their sericulture operations.
Among the thirty respondents, 40% produced only raw product or cocoons, and majority
produced processed items. It was observed that the outputs produced by the respondents
were dependent on their sericulture skills and to the equipment and facilities needed to
process the products (Figures 11 to 24).
19
Table 4. Sericulture outputs produced by the respondents
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
PARTICULARS
(F)
(%)
Raw (cocoons)
12
40
Processed
Raw silk and silk yarn
6
20
Woven fabric
6
20
Novelty items
6
20
TOTAL
30
100
Sericulture-Related Problems
Table 5 shows the constraints in the production and marketing experienced by the
respondents.
Table 5. Sericulture-related problems encountered by the respondents
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
PARTICULARS
(F)
(%)
Production
Lack of equipment and facilities
14
46.70
Limited area of mulberry plantation
9
30.00
Lack of capital
18
60.00
Low output
2
6.70
Labor intensive
14
46.70
Lack of technical assistance
2
6.70
Lack of irrigation system
12
40.00
Unsuitable soil characteristics
12
40.00
Outbreak of diseases
12
40.00
Marketing
Lack of buyers
6
20.00
Lack of market outlet
7
23.30
Low profit
2
6.70
TOTAL
30
100.00
*Multiple response
20
Figure 11. Cocoons which are the raw
materials for the production
of raw silk. White cocoons
are from bivoltine races
while colored cocoons are
from multivoltine races.
Figure 12. Raw silk laced and
hanged to be air
dried. Raw silk will
go through a series of
operations
which
condition the thread
before it is woven
into fabric
21
Figure 13. Barong tagalong made
from woven silk
Figure 14. Scarves made from
woven silk
22
Figure 15. Mini basket designed with
flowers and birds made of
cocoons. Cocoons are
combined with local
materials
to
form
attractive ornaments
Figure 16. Animated bird made of
cocoons can be singly
made into refrigerator
magnets or used as
accessory
to
other
novelty items
23
Figure 17. Corsage made of cocoons.
Combined with ribbons,
cocoons are cut and
arranged to form corsage
that can be used in all
occasions.
Figure 18. Lei made of cocoons
24
Figure 19. Long-stemmed individual
flowers made of cocoons.
Cut cocoons are made
into leaves, sepals and
petals
composing
a
flower
Figure 20. Bridal bouquet composed
of
cocoon
flower
assemblages. Cocoon
flowers are combined
with other synthetic
materials to form long
lasting flower
arrangements
25
Figure 21. Token accessorized with
flowers made of cocoons.
Cocoon flowers and other
novelty items are used to
adorn tokens of various
forms that could represent
the affair
Figure 22. Lotus flowers made of cocoons
assembled on a mini jar
26
Figure 23. Cocoon flowers arranged on
topiary in coral. Topiary
bearing cocoon flowers,
combined with mini jar and
arranged in a coral, displays
creativity and artistry
Figure 24. Cocoon flowers arranged
on topiary. Carefully
combined cocoon flowers
with other materials
presented a well-designed
art work
27
Production. Majority of the respondents stated that insufficiency of capital limit
them to operate and expand their sericulture projects which result to low production of
cocoons and not continuous operation. In addition, they identified limited area of
mulberry plantation, lack of irrigation system and unsuitable soil characteristics as their
mulberry production problems. They further identified low output, labor intensive and
outbreak of diseases during rainy days as their problems in the cocoon production. Lack
of technical assistance was also claimed as one of the related problems.
Marketing. The respondents identified their marketing problems as follows: lack
of buyers; lack of market outlet and low profit. These major marketing problems were
encountered since the respondents only market their products to one-stop shops and walk-
in clients. They do not have the capacity to market their products to bigger stores due to
problems in supply and demand relationship. The respondents cannot produce large
quantity because their sericulture production is on a limited scale.
28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at Bacnotan, La Union from December 2009 to January
2010 to identify the general profile of the women engaged in sericulture, sericulture
activities women are engaged in, women’s corresponding output from sericulture and the
sericulture problems encountered and to record their involvement in sericulture through
photo documentation.
Thirty respondents from the female farmer cooperators, filature workers and
novelty item producers were randomly selected for the study. The data were gathered
through personal interview aided with a structured questionnaire during field visitations
and observations. The data gathered were tabulated and analyzed using frequency and
percentage.
The respondents were at the age bracket of 21-60 years old, formally educated
and mostly married. Majority of the respondents (56%) were engaged in sericulture for
more than 10 years. Moreover, 66% of the respondents practice sericulture full time.
Majority of the respondents (80%) gave secondary opinions as to decision-making
and 50% of the respondents were involved in the inputs purchasing. Women participated
in all sericulture activities.
Most of the respondents (80%) produced processed cocoon products such as raw
silk, silk yarn, woven cloth and novelty items.
The common problems encountered were: lack of capital, lack of equipment and
facilities and labor intensive. A major marketing problem was also identified and it is the
lack of market outlet.
29
Conclusions
Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were made:
1. The women sericulturists at Bacnotan belonged to the age bracket of 21-60
years old, 70% were married and 66% were engaged full time.
2. Women participate in the whole sericulture operation from mulberry
production to product marketing.
3. Forty percent of respondents produced raw cocoons and 60% derived
processed products.
4. Most of the related problems were encountered in the cocoon production.
Recommendations
Based on the results and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations
were made:
1. The government agencies involved in sericulture should provide continuous
technical support to the sericulture farmers in order to increase cocoon production.
2. The government agencies involved in sericulture should establish lending
cooperative to suffice the capital needed by the sericulture farmers.
3. The government should bridge the gap between the farmers and product buyers
to establish demand and supply relationship.
4. The government should stabilize the market by promotion of sericulture and its
products to encourage sericulture enthusiasts.
5. The government agencies involved should evaluate the existing sericulture
policies and programs to come-up with projects that will foster and benefit both men and
women adopters of sericulture.
30
LITERATURE CITED
AFABLE, P. O. 2004. Japanese Pioneers in the Northern Philippine Highlands: A
Centennial Tribute. Filipino-Japanese Foundation of Northern Luzon, Inc.
Baguio City, Philippines. P. 79.
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31
APPENDIX A
Communication Letter
December 19, 2009
College of Agriculture, BSU
La Trinidad, 2601 Benguet
DR. FLORENTINA S. DUMLAO
OIC University President
DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union
Thru:
Dr. RICARDO C. BRIONES
Director, SRDI-DMMMSU, Bacnotan, La Union
Sir:
I am a student of Benguet State University taking up Bachelor of Science in Agriculture,
major in Sericulture. I am conducting my thesis entitled, “Involvement of Women in the
Sericulture Industry in Bacnotan, La Union.” The target respondents would be the
female farmer cooperators, filature workers and cocoon handicrafters.
In relation to the research, may I ask permission from your good office to allow me to
float questionnaires, conduct interviews and do photo documentation of their
involvement in the sericulture activities. Rest assured that the gathered information
would be used for the intended purpose.
Thank you very much!
Very truly yours,
MICHELLE L. AMANTE
Noted:
MARIA ANA C. TANYAG
Research Adviser
32
APPENDIX B
Letter to the Respondents
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
La Trinidad (2601), Benguet
December 19, 2009
Dear Respondents,
I am a student of Benguet State University taking up Bachelor of Science in
Agriculture. I am conducting my thesis entitled “Involvement of Women in the
Sericulture Industry at Bacnotan, La Union”.
In this connection, I am asking you to sincerely answer the attached survey
questionnaire. I assure you that your answer will be kept confidential and would be used
for the intended purpose.
The time and effort that you have invested for the success of this study is highly
appreciated.
Respectfully yours,
MICHELLE L. AMANTE
Noted by:
MARIA ANA C. TANYAG
Research Adviser
33
APPENDIX C
Survey Questionnaire
INSTRUCTION: Please supply the needed information. Fill in your answers in the space
provided and place a check before your chosen answers.
I. Involvement in Sericulture
II. A. Adoption of Sericulture
1. Number of years
_____ 0-3 years
_____ 4-6 years
_____ 7-9 years
_____10 years or more
2. Type of employment
a. Type
_____ Part time
_____ Full time
b.Household Engagement
_____ Sole sericulturist in the family
_____Spouse is helping
_____Children are helping
_____Whole family is involved
Others (Please Specify) ______________________________________
3. Reasons of engagement ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
A. Participation in Sericulture Activities
1. Decision- making
_____ Primary Opinion
_____ Secondary Opinion
2. Inputs purchasing
_____ Primarily Involved
_____Seldom Involved
_____ Not involved
3. Mulberry Plantation
_____ Planting
34
_____ Pruning
_____ Fertilization
_____ Leaf harvesting
_____ Others (Please Specify) ____________________________
4. Rearing House
_____ Disinfection
_____ Feeding and Bed Cleaning
_____ Mounting
_____ Cocoon Harvesting
_____ Others (Please Specify) _____________________________
5. Filature
a. Cocoon Primary Processing
_____ Reeling
_____ Re-reeling
_____ Winding
_____ Twisting
b. Silk Enhancement
_____ Dyeing
_____ Embroidery/Designing
_____ Weaving
_____ Others (please Specify) ____________________________
6. Handicraft/ Novelty Item production
_____ Sample Planning and Designing
_____ Product Making
_____ Others (Please Specify) ____________________________
7. Product Marketing
a. Silk
_____ Retailing
_____ Wholesaling
b. Novelty Items
_____Retailing
_____Wholesaling
35
II. OUTPUTS PRODUCED
A. Raw
_____Cocoons only
B. Processed
1. Good Cocoons
_____ Raw silk
_____ Silk yarn
_____Woven fabric
_____ Others (Please specify) ____________________________
2. Waste Cocoons
a. Silk Threads
_____ Doupion
_____ Spun silk
_____ Others (Please specify) ____________________________
b. Novelty Items
_____Single flower
_____Composite flowers
_____Boquet
_____Corsage
_____Lei
_____Token
_____Topiary
_____Animated series
_____Wall decors
_____ Others (Please specify) ____________________________
III.SERICULTURE RELATED PROBLEMS
A. Production
_____ Lack of equipment and facilities
_____ Limited area of mulberry plantation
_____ Lack of capital
_____ Low output
_____ Labor intensiveness
_____ Lack of technical assistance
Others (Please Specify) __________________________________
B. Marketing
_____ Lack of buyers
_____ Lack of market outlet
_____ Unstable market price
_____ Low Profit
Others (Please Specify) ___________________________________
36
C. Sericulture – Based Organizations
1. Existence of Organizations
_____ Absent
_____ Present
2. Membership
_____ Non-member
_____ Member
3. Name of Organization _______________________________
Document Outline
- Involvement of Women in theSericulture Industry at Bacnotan, La Union.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES