BIBLIOGRAPHY DIWAYAN, MERJIL B. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DIWAYAN, MERJIL B. APRIL 2010. Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-
Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as Affected by ANAA Concentration
and Rooting Media. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, PhD
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area at
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from November 2009 to January 2010 to
determine the optimum concentration of Alpha Naphthalene Acetic Acid (ANAA) that
would enhance root formation of stem cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort; and to determine
the best rooting media that will promote earlier and uniform rooting of Saint John’s-
Wort stem cuttings.
Form the results obtained in the study untreated stem cuttings had earlier root
formation, and earlier readiness for transplanting Saint John’s- Wort stem cuttings.
Higher percentage of rooted cutting and higher percentage of survival were obtained from
untreated stem cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort two months from sticking. Moreover,
longer roots were produced in untreated cuttings two months from sticking. However,
higher average numbers of roots were produced per cutting when treated with half
strength ANAA concentration two months from sticking.
Stem cuttings rooted in sand were the earliest to produced visible roots at 0.5 cm
root primordial and reached earlier readiness for transplanting at 3 cm root length.
Stem cuttings that were not treated with ANAA and rooted in sand reached earlier
readiness for transplanting at 3 cm root length and higher average root length.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract……….………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………
ii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………............... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cutting as Propagules……………………………………………….. 4
Rooting Hormones………………………………………………….. 4
Hormone Concentration……………………………………………. 5
Rooting Media………………………………………………………. 6
Misting………………………………………………………………. 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………….………………………… 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Sticking to Visible
Root Formation……………………………………………………… 11
Percentage of Rooted Cuttings……………………………………… 12
Average Root Length………………………………………………... 13
Average Number of Roots
Produced Per Cutting.……………………………………………….. 17
Days from Sticking of Cuttings
to Transplanting Stage……………………………………………..... 18
Percentage Survival…………………………………………………. 21
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary……………………………………………………………... 24
Conclusion ..………………………………………………………….. 25
Recommendation...……………………………………...…………… 25
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………….. 27
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………… 29
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Hypericum is a genus of about 400 species of flowering plants in the family
Clusiaceae, subfamily Hypericoideae (formerly often considered a full family
Hypericaceae). The genus has a nearly worldwide distribution, missing only from
tropical lowlands, deserts and Polar Regions. All members of the genus may be referred
to as St. John's-wort, though they are also commonly just called Hypericum, and some are
known as tutsan. The marsh St. John's-worts are nowadays separated in Triadenum
(Schempp, 2009).
St. John's-worts vary from annual or perennial herbaceous herbs 5–10 cm tall to
shrubs and small trees up to 12 m tall. The leaves are opposite, simple oval, 1–8 cm long,
either deciduous or evergreen. The flowers vary from pale to dark yellow, and from 0.5–6
cm in diameter, with five (rarely four) petals. The fruit is usually a dry capsule which
splits to release the numerous small seeds; in some species it is fleshy and berry-like.
Hypericum androsaemum, commonly known as tutsan, is a plant in the genus
Hypericum native to open woods and hillsides in Eurasia. It is a perennial shrub reaching
up to 1.5 m in height. The common name tutsan appears to be a corruption of toute saine
literally meaning all-healthy. This is probably in reference to its healing properties. The
leaves are used applied to wounds, and as a stomachache. Nicholas Culpeper, in his 1653
publication Culpeper's Complete Herbal, says "Tutsan purgeth choleric humours ... both
to cure sciatica and gout, and to heal burnings by fire." It will also stop bleeding and heal
wounds and sores. Apparently it works just as well if it swallowed or used as a salve or
ointment. The berries which turn from white/green, to red, to black are poisonous.
This tutsan cultivar is a stoloniferous, deciduous shrub which typically grows 1.5-
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
2
3' tall. Best ornamental features are: (1) oval to oblong, dark plum-purplish green leaves
(to 4" long) which emit a mildly resinous scent when bruised, (2) clusters of rose-like, 5-
petaled, yellow flowers (3/4" diameter) with bushy center clumps of yellow stamens in
summer and (3) red-aging-to-black berries in fall. Stems are distinctively 2-edged. Tutsan
comes from the French words "tout" (meaning all) and "sain" (meaning healthy) in
reference to various old medicinal uses for species plants, particularly the roots. This
cultivar is synonymous with and sometimes also sold as 'Tedbury Purple'.
Hypericum androsaemum easily grown in any reasonably good well-drained but
moisture retentive soil that can tolerates a wide range of pH it succeeds in sun or semi-
shade but flowers better in a sunny position. Succeeds in dry shade and is drought
tolerant when established. Hardy to about -20°C, but if cut back by cold weather plants
can resprout from the base. Plants often self-sow freely. A number of named forms have
been developed for their ornamental value. Plants in this genus are notably resistant to
honey fungus. The leaves are covered in pellucid dots which, when touched, release a
resinous smell somewhat like goats.
Hypericum androsaemum are good ground cover plant. Although it is clump
forming rather than spreading it increases freely by self-sowing. Plants are best spaced
about 90 cm apart each way. Habitats of Hypericum androsaemum are Woodland
Garden; Dappled Shade; Shady Edge; Ground Cover; Hedgerow.
Saint John’s- Wort is susceptible to nematodes which can cause root rot. Leaf
spot, mildew and rust are less threatening. Wilt and root rot can be significant problems,
particularly in hot and humid climates of the South.
In propagating Saint John’s- Wort, Seed - sow spring in a greenhouse and only
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
3
just cover the seed. The seed usually germinates in 1 - 3 months at 10°C. When they are
large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in
the greenhouse for their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late
spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Cuttings of half-ripe wood 10 - 12
cm with a heel are used for propagating during July to August in a frame. Plant out in the
following spring careful division of old suckering shrubs in the dormant season. Take
softwood cuttings in late spring; greenwood or semi-ripe cuttings in summer.
Cuttings are still the most important means of propagating ornamental shrubs.
Auxins generally stimulate rooting and had been confirmed in several findings.
The study is important for future researchers for it will surely provide appropriate
information in the researches regarding Saint John’s- Wort. The result also of the study is
important as it will serve as a guide to the people such as farmers, producers and
prospective growers who would like to plant Saint John’s- Wort in their backyard or in
their farms. If the result of the study be conducive, it will be extended to the Saint John’s-
Wort growers or producers as well as in the community to encourage more production of
this plant.
The study was conducted to: (1) to determine the optimum concentration of
Alpha Naphthalene Acetic Acid (ANAA) that would enhance root formation of stem
cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort; and (2) to determine the best rooting media that will
promote earlier and uniform rooting of Saint John’s- Wort stem cuttings.
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area at
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from November 2009 to January 2010.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cutting as Propagules
Hartman and Kester (1975) stated that softwood cuttings generally root easier and
quicker than hardwood cuttings because they readily respond to treatments with root
promoting substances. They stated further that stem cutting is the most practical and
economical method of propagating ornamental shrubs.
Greater uniformity is obtained from asexually propagation through the absence of
variation where by parent plants reproduce exactly with no genetic change (Hartman and
Kester, 1975). Cuttings from the vegetative part of the plants are possible due to their
capacity for regeneration. Stem cuttings (form vegetative part of plants) have the ability
to form adventitious roots which can regenerate a new school system.
Edmund et al., (1978) pointed out that propagating plants through cuttings and
other vegetative means prevent many advantages to the growers. They noted that same
plants are more economically propagated by vegetative means than by seeds. Some seeds
also germinate with difficulty and the resulting plants are not true to their parents.
Rooting Hormones
Rooting hormones help in the stimulation of root initiation with a larger
percentage of roots formed in cuttings and a faster rooting time. Growth regulators may
alter the type of roots formed as well as the numbers of roots produced (Brown, 1996).
Reiley and Shry (1991) stated that the development of rooting hormones made the
possibility of rooting certain plant cuttings that were considered impossible to root
before. This chemical also shortened the length of time required to root cuttings.
Hartman and Kester (1975) recommended the use of ANAA and IBA for general
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
5
use in rooting stem cuttings of most plant species. They added that ANNA was already
tested for its activity in promoting roots in stem segments. It is now well accepted and
had been confirmed that auxin, naturally or exogenously applied, is requirement for the
initiation of the adventitious roots in stem cuttings. Weaver (1972) however, mentioned
that among the several auxin derivatives used to induce rooting, the best so far is IBA
because it is retained near the site application due to its low translocation. The IAA, on
the other hand, has also a similar effect but it is also unstable and is easily translocated,
thus IBA is more preferred. Auxins promotes root but inhibits root and that IBA is more
effective than ANAA in the promotion of rooting cuttings (Griffith, 1940; Delargy and
Wright 1979).
Janick (1972) mentioned that the rooting of cuttings positively influenced by
auxins. The auxin level is closely related with adventurous rooting of stem cuttings. It
was also noted that in the variety in such compounds, the greatest degree of success have
been achieved with IBA.
Rooting hormones are generally used to aid root formation. Some plants root
more easily than others because they produce higher level of natural hormones. These
plants need less synthetic rooting hormone to root satisfactorily (Ingles, 1980).
Hormone Concentration
According to Krishnamoorthy (1981) the optimum concentration of auxin
required for a particular species under the prevailing condition to work out as this depend
upon the number of factors. Toxic concentration would inhibit rooting and very low
concentration would be ineffective. Concentration of 10- 100mg/l would suffice in most
of the cases. Bleasedale in 1973 added that, rooting could be inhibited if auxins are
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
6
applied at wrong concentration.
Adriance and Brison (1955) stated that the best stimulation of root formation is
usually obtained from concentration just below the toxic level. This is because high
concentrations may injure or kill the cuttings, and low concentrations may be effective
(Halfacre and Barden, 1979), root formation, however, is more stimulated at lower
concentration than shoot.
Rooting Media
According to Hartman (1975), the rooting medium has three functions: (a) to hold
the cutting in place during the rooting period, (b) to provide moisture for the cutting, and
(c) to permit penetration of air to the base of the cutting.
Furthermore he stated that an ideal rooting medium provides sufficient porosity to
allow good aeration, has a high water- holding capacity, and yet is well drained. For
tender softwood and semi- hardwood cuttings, it should be free from harmful fungi and
bacteria.
Hartman also stated that the rooting medium can affect the type of root system
arising from cuttings. Cuttings of some species, when rooted in sand, produce long
unbranched, coarse, and brittle roots, but when rooted in a mixture, such as sand and peat
moss, or perlite and peat moss, develop roots that are well branched, slender, and
flexible, a type much more suited for digging and repotting.
Misting
Root formation in cuttings is only affected by hormones but also by other factors
like environment, rooting medium, chemical treatment as well as plant itself as a factor
(Adriance and Brison, 1955). Cuttings can absorb small amount of water through its cut
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
7
end but the amount of water absorbed is not enough to replace the amount normally lost
through the process of transpiration. Thus transpiration has to be slowed down by
keeping the relative humidity high in vicinity of the cuttings and keeping the temperature
relatively lower. Misting or sprinkling water can increase relative humidity.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study were stem cuttings of Saint John’s-wort about 15
cm long, ANAA, transparent plastic bags (5x8), cutter, pruning shear, graduated cylinder,
watering can, measuring materials and the rooting media.
Experimental design and treatments. The experiment was laid out in a Complete
Randomized Design (CRD) in factorial arrangement with ANAA concentrations as
Factor A and rooting media as Factor B. There were three replications per treatment
having three samples per treatment. The treatments were as follows:
Factor A- ANAA Concentration Factor B- Rooting Media
A1 –without ANAA treatment (Control) M1 – garden soil (Control)
A2 – full strength (1000 ppm)
M2 – sand
A3 – half strength (500 ppm)
M3 – alnus compost
M4 – 1:1 garden soil + sand
M5 – 1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
M6 - 1:1 sand + alnus compost
M7 – 1:1:1 garden soil + sand
+ alnus compost
Preparation of stem cuttings. The stem cuttings were cut 15 centimeters in length.
The cuttings were cleaned and only leaves from the lower half were removed. At the stem
end of the samples were cut into a slanting manner before dipping for 30 minutes in the
ANAA concentrations as Factor A, prior to planting in the rooting media as Factor B.
Care and maintenance was done to all sample cuttings throughout the duration of
the study. Figure 1 shows an overview of the experiment.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
9
Figure 1. Overview of the experiment
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the following:
1. Days from sticking to visible root formation (0.5cm root primordia ). This was
gathered by counting the number of days from treatment to visible root formation.
2. Percentage of rooted cuttings. This was obtained two months after sticking of
the cuttings in the rooting media using the formula:
% of rooted cuttings = Number of rooted cuttings x 100
Total number of cuttings
3. Average root length (cm). The length of the roots for every cutting was
measured and the average root length will be computed as follows:
Average root length = Length of roots
Total root number
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
10
4. Average number of roots produced per cuttings. This was taken by counting
all the roots produced in each individual stem cutting two months from sticking of cutting
using the formula:
Average number of roots = Number of roots
Number of cuttings
5. Days from sticking cuttings to transplanting stage (3cm root length). This was
gathered by counting the number of days from sticking to transplanting stage at 3cm root
length.
6. Percentage survival (%). This was obtained by using the formula:
% Survival= Number of cuttings survived x100
Total number of cuttings planted
7. Documentation. This was taken through pictures of the experiment during
data gathering.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Sticking
to Visible Root Formation
Effect of ANAA concentration. The number of days from sticking to visible root
formation is presented in Table 1. Results show that Saint John’s- Wort stem cuttings that
were not treated with ANAA concentration significantly initiated roots earlier with a
mean of 18.00 days from sticking to visible root formation. Longer days to root formation
were noted in stem cuttings treated with full strength ANAA concentration with a mean
of 20.52 days from sticking to visible root formation and the half strength ANAA
concentration with a mean of 21.95 days from sticking to visible root formation.
Table 1. Number of days from sticking to visible root formation
NUMBER OF DAYS
TREATMENT
ANAA Concentration
18.00b
Without ANAA (Control)
20.52a
Full strength (1000 ppm)
21.95a
Half strength (500 ppm)
Rooting Media
Garden soil (Control)
24.11a
Sand
16.89d
Alnus compost
18.33cd
1:1 garden soil + sand
20.78bc
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
21.22b
1:1 sand + alnus compost
19.22bcd
1:1:1 garden soil + sand + alnus compost
20.56bc
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
12
Effect of rooting media. Highly significant differences were obtained on the
number of days from sticking to visible root formation. Significantly, earlier rooting was
observed in cuttings rooted in sand with a mean of 16.89 days from sticking to visible
root formation followed by those rooted in alnus compost with a mean of 18.33 days
from sticking to visible root formation. Longer days to root formation were noted in stem
cuttings rooted in garden soil with a mean of 24.11days from sticking to visible root
formation.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects observed between
the different ANAA concentrations and the various rooting media with regards to the
number of days from sticking to visible root formation.
Percentage of Rooted Cuttings
Effect of ANAA concentration. Significantly higher percentage of rooted cuttings
was obtained from cuttings that were not treated with ANAA concentration with a mean of
90.48 % as shown in Table 2. Lower percentage of rooted cuttings was noted in those
treated with full strength ANAA concentration with a mean of 51.11 %.
Effect of rooting media. There were no significant differences were noted on the
percentage of rooted cuttings two months from sticking as affected by the different rooting
media (Table 2). However, cuttings rooted in alnus compost tend to have higher rooting
percentage with a mean of 85.19 %.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects obtained between
the different ANAA concentrations and different rooting media on the percentage of
rooted cuttings two months from sticking.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
13
Table 2. Percentage of rooted cuttings
PERCENTAGE
TREATMENT
ANAA Concentration
Without ANAA (Control)
90.48a
Full strength (1000 ppm)
51.11c
Half strength (500 ppm)
73.02b
Rooting Media
Garden soil (Control)
71.11a
Sand
66.67a
Alnus compost
85.19a
1:1 garden soil + sand
66.67a
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
66.67a
1:1 sand + alnus compost
81.43a
1:1:1 garden soil + sand + alnus compost
62.96a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Average Root Length
Effect of ANAA concentration. Table 3 shows that without ANAA treatment
prior to rooting, Saint John’s-Wort cuttings have significantly longer roots were produce
two months from sticking compared to those treated with half strength and full strength
ANAA concentrations.
Effect of rooting media. There were highly significant differences were noted on
the average root length two months from sticking as affected by the different rooting
media (Table 3). Stem cuttings rooted in sand produce the longest roots with a mean of
19.02 cm. The shortest roots were measured in stem cuttings rooted in garden soil with a
mean of 12.62 cm. Figure 2 shows the rooted cuttings in the three ANAA treatments
with the different rooting media 60 days from sticking.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
14
A1M1
A1M2
A1M3
A1M4
A1M5
A1M6
A1M7
A2M1
A2M2
A2M3
A2M4
A2M5
A2M6
A2M7
A3M1
A3M2
A3M3
A3M4
A3M5 A3M6 A3M7
Figure 2. Overview of the rooted cuttings in the three ANAA treatments with the
different rooting media 60 days from sticking
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
15
Interaction effect. The combined effects of the different ANAA concentrations
and the different rooting media on the average root length of Saint John’s- Wort were
highly significant.
Figure 3 showed that stem cuttings without ANAA treatment that were rooted in
sand statistically higher average root length with a mean of 22.20 cm two months from
sticking. Stem cuttings treated with full strength ANAA concentrations that were rooted
in garden soil have lower average root length two months from sticking with a mean of
11 cm.
Table 3. Average root length
ROOT LENGTH
TREATMENT
(cm)
ANAA Concentration
Without ANAA (Control)
17.78a
Full strength (1000 ppm)
13.17c
Half strength (500 ppm)
16.18b
Rooting Media
Garden soil (Control)
12.62d
Sand
19.02a
Alnus compost
16.18b
1:1 garden soil + sand
16.36b
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
15.47cb
1:1 sand + alnus compost
16.01b
1:1:1 garden soil + sand + alnus compost
14.51c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
16
25
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Garden soil
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Sand
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Alnus compost
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ghf
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1:1 garden soil +
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5
compost
0
Without ANAA
Full Strength
Half Strength
Concentration
ANAA
ANAA
Concentration
Concentration
(1000 ppm)
(500 ppm)
Figure 3. Average root length two months from sticking as affected by ANAA
concentration and rooting media
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
17
Average Number of Roots
Produced Per Cuttings
Effect of ANAA concentration. Significantly higher average numbers of roots per
cuttings were obtained from cuttings treated with full strength ANAA concentration with
a mean of 30.25 roots but was statistically comparable to those treated with half strength
ANAA concentration with a mean of 29.87 roots two months from sticking compared
with the untreated cuttings (without ANAA concentration) as shown in Table 4.
Effect of rooting media. Table 4 shows that the average numbers of roots produce
per cuttings two months from sticking were significantly affected by the different rooting
media used. Stem cuttings planted in sand produced higher average number of roots per
cutting with a mean of 35.59 roots. The lowest average number of roots produced per
cuttings was noted in those rooted in garden soil with a mean of 22.11 roots two months
from sticking.
Table 4. Average number of roots produced per cutting
NUMBER OF ROOTS
TREATMENT
ANAA Concentration
Without ANAA (Control)
22.11b
Full strength (1000 ppm)
30.25a
Half strength (500 ppm)
29.87a
Rooting Media
Garden soil (Control)
23.00c
Sand
35.59a
Alnus compost
29.59b
1:1 garden soil + sand
25.67bc
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
24.52c
1:1 sand + alnus compost
26.18bc
1:1:1 garden soil + sand + alnus compost
27.33bc
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
18
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects between the
different ANAA concentrations and the different rooting media on the average number of
roots produced per cutting two months from sticking.
Days From Sticking of Cuttings
to Transplanting Stage
Effect of ANAA concentration. Table 5 shows that without ANAA treatment,
rooted cuttings significantly reached transplanting stage earlier with a mean of 24.76
days. On the other hand, significantly longer duration to readiness for transplanting was
observed on cuttings treated with half strength ANAA concentration with a mean of
29.71 days.
Table 5. Days from sticking cuttings to transplanting stage (3 cm root length)
DAYS
TREATMENT
ANAA Concentration
Without ANAA (Control)
24.76c
Full strength (1000 ppm)
28.05b
Half strength (500 ppm)
29.71a
Rooting Media
Garden soil (Control)
32.22a
Sand
23.78c
Alnus compost
27.44b
1:1 garden soil + sand
26.78b
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
28.00b
1:1 sand + alnus compost
26.33b
1:1:1 garden soil + sand + alnus compost
28.00b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
19
Effect of rooting media. Stem cuttings rooted in sand had significantly
earlier readiness for transplanting with a mean of 23.78 days from sticking while
those rooted in garden soil had the longest duration with a mean of 32.22 days
from sticking.
Interaction effect. The combined effects of the different ANAA
concentrations and the different rooting media on the duration from sticking to
transplanting stage were significant.
Figure 4 showed that stem cuttings without ANAA treatment prior to
rooting and that had rooted in sand reached transplanting stage significantly
earlier showing 3cm root length after 20 days compared to those stem cutting
rooted in garden soil and those stem cuttings treated with full strength and half
strength ANAA concentrations rooted in garden soil and 1:1 garden soil + alnus
compost.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
20
a
ab
35
a
bc
bc
d
cd
Garden soil
c
cde
cd
r
oot
de
c
m
30
f
de de
de de de
fg fg
3 c
de
fg
fg
Sand
e
e
fg
cde
fg
fg
fg
e at
fg
fg
f
25
g
s
t
ag
Alnus compost
i
ng
ant
h
pl
1:1 garden soil
20
+ sand
r
ans ht
1:1 garden soil
s
t
o t leng
+ alnus
t
i
ng
15
compost
1:1 sand +
cut
alnus compost
ng
10
1:1:1 garden
s
t
i
cki
soil + sand +
alnus compost
s
f
r
om
5
ay
D
0
Without
Full Strength Half Strength
ANAA
ANAA
ANAA
Concentration Concentration
Concentration
(1000 ppm)
(500 ppm)
Figure 4. Days from sticking cuttings to transplanting stage at 3cm root length as affected
by ANAA concentration and rooting media
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
21
Percentage Survival
Effect of ANAA concentration. The effect of ANAA treatment on the percentage
survival of cuttings is shown in Table 6.
Results shows that stem cuttings without ANAA concentration had the highest
percentage survival with a mean of 90.48 %. However, cuttings treated with full strength
ANAA had lower percentage survival with a mean of 48.73%.
Effect of rooting media. There were no significant differences were noted on the
percentage of rooted cuttings two months from sticking as shown in Table 6. However,
cuttings rooted in alnus compost had higher percentage of survival with a mean of
85.17% while stem cuttings s rooted in garden soil + sand + alnus compost had lower
percentage of survival with a mean of 62.96%.
Table 6. Percentage survival
PERCENTAGE SURVIVAL
TREATMENT
ANAA Concentration
Without ANAA (Control)
90.48a
Full strength (1000 ppm)
48.73c
Half strength (500 ppm)
73.02b
Rooting Media
Garden soil (Control)
66.67a
Sand
66.67a
Alnus compost
85.19a
1:1 garden soil + sand
66.67a
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
65.56a
1:1 sand + alnus compost
81.48a
1:1:1 garden soil + sand + alnus compost
62.96a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
22
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects obtained between
the different ANAA concentrations and the different rooting media with regards to the
percentage of survival of stem cuttings 60 days from sticking as shown in Figure 5.
Rooted cuttings without ANAA treatment (control) before rooting 60 days from sticking
Rooted cuttings treated with full strength ANAA concentration before rooting 60 days
from sticking
Rooted cuttings treated with half strength ANAA concentration before rooting 60 days
from sticking
Figure 5. Overview of the rooted stem cuttings from the different ANAA concentration as
affected by different rooting media
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
23
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad Benguet from November 2009 to January 2010 to
determine the optimum concentrations of Alpha Naphthalene Acetic Acid (ANAA) that
would enhance root formation of stem cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort; and to determine
the best rooting media that will promote earlier and uniform rooting of Saint John’s-
Wort stem cuttings.
Results revealed that there were significant differences obtained on the number of
days from sticking to visible root formation (0.5cm root primordia) on stem cuttings as
affected by the different ANAA concentrations. Untreated cuttings had earlier root
formation, and earlier readiness for transplanting Saint John’s- Wort stem cuttings
compared to those treated with the full strength and half strength ANAA concentrations.
Significantly higher percentage of rooted cutting and higher percentage of survival were
obtained from untreated stem cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort two months from sticking.
Moreover, longer roots were produced in untreated cuttings two months from sticking.
However, significantly higher average numbers of roots were produced per cuttings when
treated with half strength ANAA concentration although statistically comparable to those
treated with full strength ANAA concentration two months from sticking of cuttings
compared to the untreated stem ones.
Stem cuttings rooted in sand were significantly the earliest to produce visible
roots at 0.5 cm root primordia but was comparable to the other treatments. However,
there were no significant effects of the different rooting media on the percentage of
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
24
rooted cuttings and the percentage of survival. Saint John’s- Wort stem cuttings rooted in
sand had significantly higher average number of roots produced per cuttings and highly
significant average root length compared to the other treatments. Moreover, cuttings
rooted in sand reached significantly earlier readiness for transplanting at 3 cm root
length; two months from sticking.
Stem cuttings that were not treated with ANAA and rooted in sand were
significantly ready for transplanting earlier at 3 cm root length and significantly higher
average root length compared to those planted in garden soil and that of stem cuttings
treated with full strength and half strength ANAA concentrations. However, there were
no significant interaction effects between the different ANAA concentrations and the
different rooting media on the number of days from sticking to visible root formation
(0.5cm root primordia ), percentage of rooted cuttings, average root length, average
number of roots produced per cuttings and the percentage survival .
Conclusion
Form the results obtained in the study, it is concluded that untreated stem cuttings
of Saint John’s- Wort rooted in sand were the earliest to produce visible roots, higher
average root length and earlier duration from sticking of cuttings to transplanting stage at
3cm root length. However, stem cuttings treated with half strength ANAA concentration
promoted the higher production of higher average number of roots per cuttings when
rooted in sand.
Recommendation
Based from the results of the study, rooting of stem cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort
is recommended using sand as the rooting medium for earlier root formation, earlier
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
25
readiness for transplanting and higher average root length. Further study with the use of
lower concentration of ANAA in rooting stem cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort is
recommended.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
26
LITERATURE CITED
ADRIANCE, G. I. V and F. R. BRISON. 1955. Propagation of Horticultural Plants. New
York. McGraw- Hill Rook Co, Inc. pp. 119-131.
BLEASEDALE, J. K. 1973. Plant Physiology in Relation to Horticulture, London: The
McMillan Press Ltd. pp. 150-155.
BROWN, L. V. 1996. Applied Principles of Horticulture Science. Oxford. Butterworth
Heinemann. p. 202.
DELARGY, J. A. and C. E. WRIGHT. 1979. Root formation in cuttings of apple in
relation to auxin application and etiolation. New Phytol. pp. 314- 347.
EDMUND, J. B. , F. S. ANDREW and T. L. SEN. 1978. Fundamentals of Horticulture.
New York. McGraw- Hill Book Co., Inc. p. 167.
GRIFFITH, B. G. 1940. Effect of indolebutyric acid, indoleacetic acid, and alpha
naphthalene acetic acid on rooting of cutting Douglas fir and sitka spruce. J.
Forestry. pp. 496- 501.
HALFACRE, R. G. and J. A. BARDEN. 1979. Plant Propagation Principles and
Practices. New Delhi, India: Prentice Hall of India Dvt. Ltd. pp. 305- 578.
HARTMAN, H. T. 1975. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. London: Prentice
Hall International Inc. p. 256.
HARTMAN, H.T. and D.E. KESTER. 1975. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices.
Englewoods cliffs. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. pp. 305- 307.
INGLES, R. A. 1980. Introduction to Floriculture Academic Press Inc., New York. pp.
237- 241.
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticultural Science. San Francisco. N. H. Freeman and Co. pp. 346
351.
KRISHNAMOORTHY, H. H. 1981. Plant Growth Substances. Tata McGraw- Hill
Publishing Company, Ltd. New Delhi. pp. 163- 167.
REILEY, E. H. and SHRY JR. 1991. Introductory Horticulture. New York: Delma
Publisher. pp. 196- 198.
SCHEMPP, C. M. 2009. Hypericum. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved
October 10, 2009. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum#cite_ref-0.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
27
WEAVER, R. T. 1972. Plant Growth Substance in Agriculture. San Francisco,
California.W. H. freeman and Co. p. 128.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
28
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from sticking to visible root formation (0.5cm root primordia )
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
A1M1
23
23
21
67
22.33
A1M2
14
16
14
44
14.67
A1M3
15
18
18
51
17.00
A1M4
18
18
19
55
18.33
A1M5
18
17
17
52
17.33
A1M6
17
19
18
54
18.00
A1M7
17
19
19
55
18.33
A2M1
28
26
25
79
26.33
A2M2
13
20
15
48
16.00
A2M3
23
21
19
63
21.00
A2M4
20
19
26
65
21.67
A2M5
20
19
22
61
20.33
A2M6
19
19
22
60
20.00
A2M7
19
23
23
65
21.67
A3M1
29
23
19
71
23.67
A3M2
20
22
18
60
20.00
A3M3
21
19
21
61
20.33
A3M4
20
26
21
67
22.33
A3M5
29
26
23
78
26.00
A3M6
21
19
19
59
19.67
A3M7
22
22
21
65
21.67
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
29
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Factor A
2
168.222
84.111
14.9689**
3.22 5.15
Factor B
6
289.746
48.291
8.5942**
2.32 3.26
AB
12
94.444
7.870
1.4007ns
1.90 2.64
Error
42
236.000
5.619
TOTAL
62
788.413
ns = Not significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation= 11.76 %
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
30
Appendix Table 2. Percentage of rooted cuttings
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN (%)
I
II
III
A1M1
100
100
100
300
100
A1M2
100
100
100
300
100
A1M3
100
100
100
300
100
A1M4
100
66.67
66.67
233.34
77.78
A1M5
66.67
100
100
266.67
88.89
A1M6
100
66.67
100
266.67
88.89
A1M7
100
66.67
66.67
233.34
77.78
A2M1
66.67
33.33
40
140
46067
A2M2
30
35
35
100
33.33
A2M3
100
33.33
66.67
200
66.67
A2M4
33.33
66.67
66.67
166.67
55.56
A2M5
50
33.33
50
133.33
44.44
A2M6
66.67
66.67
33.33
166.67
55.56
A2M7
66.67
66.67
33.33
166.67
55.56
A3M1
33.33
66.67
100
200
66.67
A3M2
66.67
66.67
66.67
200.01
66.67
A3M3
100
66.67
100
266.67
88.89
A3M4
66.67
33.33
100
200
66.67
A3M5
100
50
50
200
66.67
A3M6
100
100
100
300
100
A3M7
33.33
66.67
66.67
166.67
55.56
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
31
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Factor A
2
16340.570 8170.285
21.6835**
3.22 5.15
Factor B
6
3869.994 644.999
1.7118ns
2.32 3.26
AB
12
4311.652 359.304
0.9536ns
1.90 2.64
Error
42
15825.481 376.797
TOTAL
62
40347.698
ns = Not significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation= 27.14 %
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
32
Appendix Table 3. Average root length
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN (cm)
I
II
III
A1M1
16.00
13.40
14.50
43.90
14.63
A1M2
22.10
23.70
20.80
66.70
22.20
A1M3
20.70
20.00
19.30
60.00
20.00
A1M4
19.70
19.30
18.70
57.70
19.23
A1M5
15.90
17.10
16.00
45.00
16.33
A1M6
15.80
18.20
17.10
51.10
17.03
A1M7
14.20
16.00
16.80
47.00
15.67
A2M1
11.20
10.00
11.80
33.00
11.00
A2M2
16.70
13.00
15.20
44.90
14.97
A2M3
11.50
12.00
13.20
36.70
12.23
A2M4
12.70
14.30
14.70
41.70
13.90
A2M5
12.00
11.80
13.20
370
12.33
A2M6
13.80
15.50
14.00
43.30
14.43
A2M7
15.40
13.00
11.50
39.90
13.30
A3M1
11.20
12.50
13.00
36.70
12.23
A3M2
20.60
19.50
19.60
59.70
19.90
A3M3
15.10
17.80
16.00
48.90
16.30
A3M4
14.10
17.90
15.80
47.80
15.93
A3M5
18.70
16.00
18.50
53.20
17.73
A3M6
15.70
16.50
17.50
49.70
16.57
A3M7
1 3.00
14.70
16.00
43.70
14.57
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Factor A
2
238.46
119.23
78.75** 3.22 5.15
Factor B
6
204.50
34.08
22.51** 2.32 3.26
AB
12
65.05
5.42
3.58** 1.90 2.64
Error
42
63.59
1.51
TOTAL
62
571.61
ns = Not significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation= 7.82 %
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
34
Appendix Table 4. Average number of roots produced per cutting
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
A1M1
17.67
26.00
16.33
60.00
20.00
A1M2
36.33
31.00
30.67
98.00
32.67
A1M3
20.00
30.33
19.33
69.66
23.22
A1M4
23.33
29.00
17.33
69.66
23.22
A1M5
1.67
22.00
18.33
52.00
17.33
A1M6
13.33
12.00
28.67
54.00
18.00
A1M7
31.67
24.00
25.33
81.00
27.00
A2M1
18.33
31.33
25.00
74.66
24.89
A2M2
40.00
43.00
41.00
124.00
41.33
A2M3
31.33
29.33
33.67
94.33
31.44
A2M4
27.00
27.67
28.33
83.00
27.67
A2M5
30.00
28.00
32.67
90.67
30.22
A2M6
30.33
32.33
27.33
89.99
30.00
A2M7
27.33
18.00
23.33
68.66
22.89
A3M1
20.33
26.33
25.67
72.33
24.11
A3M2
38.33
36.33
33.67
108.33
36.11
A3M3
37.33
32.67
32.33
102.33
34.11
A3M4
29.67
23.00
25.67
78.34
26.11
A3M5
30.33
29.00
28.67
88.00
29.33
A3M6
29.00
31.67
31.00
91.67
30.56
A3M7
27.00
28.67
30.67
86.34
28.78
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
35
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Factor A
2
886.931
443.465
21.3725**
3.22 5.15
Factor B
6
936.625
156.104
7.5233**
2.32 3.26
AB
12
406.868
33.906
1.6341ns
1.90 2.64
Error
42
871.474
20.749
TOTAL
62
3101.897
ns = Not significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation= 16.62 %
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
36
Appendix Table 5. Days from sticking cuttings to transplanting stage (3cm root length)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
A1M1
31
31
29
91
30.33
A1M2
19
21
19
59
19.67
A1M3
24
29
25
78
26.00
A1M4
24
23
26
73
24.33
A1M5
22
23
26
71
23.67
A1M6
23
26
24
73
24.33
A1M7
23
26
26
75
25.00
A2M1
37
33
35
105
35.00
A2M2
25
26
24
75
25.00
A2M3
29
27
31
87
29.00
A2M4
26
24
29
79
26.33
A2M5
25
24
29
78
26.00
A2M6
26
26
27
79
26.33
A2M7
26
29
31
86
28.67
A3M1
37
31
26
64
31.33
A3M2
27
29
24
80
26.67
A3M3
29
26
27
82
27.33
A3M4
27
33
29
89
29.67
A3M5
37
35
31
103
34.33
A3M6
29
29
27
75
25.00
A3M7
31
31
29
91
30.33
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
37
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Factor A
2
266.698
133.349
25.2282**
3.22 5.15
Factor B
6
346.857
57.810
10.9369**
2.32 3.26
AB
12
164.190
13.683
2.58886*
1.90 2.64
Error
42
222.000
5.286
TOTAL
62
999.746
* = Significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation= 8.36 %
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
38
Appendix Table 6. Percentage survival
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL M EAN
I
II
III
(%)
A1M1
100
100
100
300
100
A1M2
100
100
100
300
100
A1M3
100
100
100
300
100
A1M4
100
66.67
66.67
233.34
77.78
A1M5
66.67
100
100
266.67
88.89
A1M6
100
100
100
266.67
88.89
A1M7
100
66.67
66.67
233.34
77.78
A2M1
36.67
33.33
30
100
33.33
A2M2
35
30
35
100
33.33
A2M3
100
33.33
66.67
200
66.67
A2M4
33.33
66.67
66.67
166.67
55.56
A2M5
40
33.33
50
123.33
41.11
A2M6
66.67
66.67
33.33
166.67
55.56
A2M7
66.67
66.67
33.33
166.67
55.56
A3M1
33.33
66.67
100
200
66.67
A3M2
66.67
66.67
66.67
200.01
66.67
A3M3
100
66.67
100
266.67
88.89
A3M4
66.67
33.33
100
200
66.67
A3M5
50
50
100
200
66.67
A3M6
100
100
100
300
100
A3M7
33.33
66.67
66.67
166.67
55.56
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
39
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Factor A
2
18462.300 9231.150
25.5394**
3.22 5.15
Factor B
6
4150.487 691.748
1.9138ns
2.32 3.26
AB
12
4967.722 413.977
1.1453ns
1.90 2.64
Error
42
15180.814 361.448
TOTAL
62
42761.323
ns = Not significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation= 26.88 %
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
DIWAYAN, MERJIL B. APRIL 2010. Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-
Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as Affected by ANAA Concentration
and Rooting Media. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, PhD
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area at
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from November 2009 to January 2010 to
determine the optimum concentration of Alpha Naphthalene Acetic Acid (ANAA) that
would enhance root formation of stem cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort; and to determine
the best rooting media that will promote earlier and uniform rooting of Saint John’s-
Wort stem cuttings.
Form the results obtained in the study untreated stem cuttings had earlier root
formation, and earlier readiness for transplanting Saint John’s- Wort stem cuttings.
Higher percentage of rooted cutting and higher percentage of survival were obtained from
untreated stem cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort two months from sticking. Moreover,
longer roots were produced in untreated cuttings two months from sticking. However,
higher average numbers of roots were produced per cutting when treated with half
strength ANAA concentration two months from sticking.
Stem cuttings rooted in sand were the earliest to produced visible roots at 0.5 cm
root primordial and reached earlier readiness for transplanting at 3 cm root length.
Stem cuttings that were not treated with ANAA and rooted in sand reached earlier
readiness for transplanting at 3 cm root length and higher average root length.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract……….………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………
ii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………............... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cutting as Propagules……………………………………………….. 4
Rooting Hormones………………………………………………….. 4
Hormone Concentration……………………………………………. 5
Rooting Media………………………………………………………. 6
Misting………………………………………………………………. 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………….………………………… 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Sticking to Visible
Root Formation……………………………………………………… 11
Percentage of Rooted Cuttings……………………………………… 12
Average Root Length………………………………………………... 13
Average Number of Roots
Produced Per Cutting.……………………………………………….. 17
Days from Sticking of Cuttings
to Transplanting Stage……………………………………………..... 18
Percentage Survival…………………………………………………. 21
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary……………………………………………………………... 24
Conclusion ..………………………………………………………….. 25
Recommendation...……………………………………...…………… 25
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………….. 27
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………… 29
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Hypericum is a genus of about 400 species of flowering plants in the family
Clusiaceae, subfamily Hypericoideae (formerly often considered a full family
Hypericaceae). The genus has a nearly worldwide distribution, missing only from
tropical lowlands, deserts and Polar Regions. All members of the genus may be referred
to as St. John's-wort, though they are also commonly just called Hypericum, and some are
known as tutsan. The marsh St. John's-worts are nowadays separated in Triadenum
(Schempp, 2009).
St. John's-worts vary from annual or perennial herbaceous herbs 5–10 cm tall to
shrubs and small trees up to 12 m tall. The leaves are opposite, simple oval, 1–8 cm long,
either deciduous or evergreen. The flowers vary from pale to dark yellow, and from 0.5–6
cm in diameter, with five (rarely four) petals. The fruit is usually a dry capsule which
splits to release the numerous small seeds; in some species it is fleshy and berry-like.
Hypericum androsaemum, commonly known as tutsan, is a plant in the genus
Hypericum native to open woods and hillsides in Eurasia. It is a perennial shrub reaching
up to 1.5 m in height. The common name tutsan appears to be a corruption of toute saine
literally meaning all-healthy. This is probably in reference to its healing properties. The
leaves are used applied to wounds, and as a stomachache. Nicholas Culpeper, in his 1653
publication Culpeper's Complete Herbal, says "Tutsan purgeth choleric humours ... both
to cure sciatica and gout, and to heal burnings by fire." It will also stop bleeding and heal
wounds and sores. Apparently it works just as well if it swallowed or used as a salve or
ointment. The berries which turn from white/green, to red, to black are poisonous.
This tutsan cultivar is a stoloniferous, deciduous shrub which typically grows 1.5-
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
2
3' tall. Best ornamental features are: (1) oval to oblong, dark plum-purplish green leaves
(to 4" long) which emit a mildly resinous scent when bruised, (2) clusters of rose-like, 5-
petaled, yellow flowers (3/4" diameter) with bushy center clumps of yellow stamens in
summer and (3) red-aging-to-black berries in fall. Stems are distinctively 2-edged. Tutsan
comes from the French words "tout" (meaning all) and "sain" (meaning healthy) in
reference to various old medicinal uses for species plants, particularly the roots. This
cultivar is synonymous with and sometimes also sold as 'Tedbury Purple'.
Hypericum androsaemum easily grown in any reasonably good well-drained but
moisture retentive soil that can tolerates a wide range of pH it succeeds in sun or semi-
shade but flowers better in a sunny position. Succeeds in dry shade and is drought
tolerant when established. Hardy to about -20°C, but if cut back by cold weather plants
can resprout from the base. Plants often self-sow freely. A number of named forms have
been developed for their ornamental value. Plants in this genus are notably resistant to
honey fungus. The leaves are covered in pellucid dots which, when touched, release a
resinous smell somewhat like goats.
Hypericum androsaemum are good ground cover plant. Although it is clump
forming rather than spreading it increases freely by self-sowing. Plants are best spaced
about 90 cm apart each way. Habitats of Hypericum androsaemum are Woodland
Garden; Dappled Shade; Shady Edge; Ground Cover; Hedgerow.
Saint John’s- Wort is susceptible to nematodes which can cause root rot. Leaf
spot, mildew and rust are less threatening. Wilt and root rot can be significant problems,
particularly in hot and humid climates of the South.
In propagating Saint John’s- Wort, Seed - sow spring in a greenhouse and only
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
3
just cover the seed. The seed usually germinates in 1 - 3 months at 10°C. When they are
large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in
the greenhouse for their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late
spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Cuttings of half-ripe wood 10 - 12
cm with a heel are used for propagating during July to August in a frame. Plant out in the
following spring careful division of old suckering shrubs in the dormant season. Take
softwood cuttings in late spring; greenwood or semi-ripe cuttings in summer.
Cuttings are still the most important means of propagating ornamental shrubs.
Auxins generally stimulate rooting and had been confirmed in several findings.
The study is important for future researchers for it will surely provide appropriate
information in the researches regarding Saint John’s- Wort. The result also of the study is
important as it will serve as a guide to the people such as farmers, producers and
prospective growers who would like to plant Saint John’s- Wort in their backyard or in
their farms. If the result of the study be conducive, it will be extended to the Saint John’s-
Wort growers or producers as well as in the community to encourage more production of
this plant.
The study was conducted to: (1) to determine the optimum concentration of
Alpha Naphthalene Acetic Acid (ANAA) that would enhance root formation of stem
cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort; and (2) to determine the best rooting media that will
promote earlier and uniform rooting of Saint John’s- Wort stem cuttings.
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area at
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from November 2009 to January 2010.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cutting as Propagules
Hartman and Kester (1975) stated that softwood cuttings generally root easier and
quicker than hardwood cuttings because they readily respond to treatments with root
promoting substances. They stated further that stem cutting is the most practical and
economical method of propagating ornamental shrubs.
Greater uniformity is obtained from asexually propagation through the absence of
variation where by parent plants reproduce exactly with no genetic change (Hartman and
Kester, 1975). Cuttings from the vegetative part of the plants are possible due to their
capacity for regeneration. Stem cuttings (form vegetative part of plants) have the ability
to form adventitious roots which can regenerate a new school system.
Edmund et al., (1978) pointed out that propagating plants through cuttings and
other vegetative means prevent many advantages to the growers. They noted that same
plants are more economically propagated by vegetative means than by seeds. Some seeds
also germinate with difficulty and the resulting plants are not true to their parents.
Rooting Hormones
Rooting hormones help in the stimulation of root initiation with a larger
percentage of roots formed in cuttings and a faster rooting time. Growth regulators may
alter the type of roots formed as well as the numbers of roots produced (Brown, 1996).
Reiley and Shry (1991) stated that the development of rooting hormones made the
possibility of rooting certain plant cuttings that were considered impossible to root
before. This chemical also shortened the length of time required to root cuttings.
Hartman and Kester (1975) recommended the use of ANAA and IBA for general
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
5
use in rooting stem cuttings of most plant species. They added that ANNA was already
tested for its activity in promoting roots in stem segments. It is now well accepted and
had been confirmed that auxin, naturally or exogenously applied, is requirement for the
initiation of the adventitious roots in stem cuttings. Weaver (1972) however, mentioned
that among the several auxin derivatives used to induce rooting, the best so far is IBA
because it is retained near the site application due to its low translocation. The IAA, on
the other hand, has also a similar effect but it is also unstable and is easily translocated,
thus IBA is more preferred. Auxins promotes root but inhibits root and that IBA is more
effective than ANAA in the promotion of rooting cuttings (Griffith, 1940; Delargy and
Wright 1979).
Janick (1972) mentioned that the rooting of cuttings positively influenced by
auxins. The auxin level is closely related with adventurous rooting of stem cuttings. It
was also noted that in the variety in such compounds, the greatest degree of success have
been achieved with IBA.
Rooting hormones are generally used to aid root formation. Some plants root
more easily than others because they produce higher level of natural hormones. These
plants need less synthetic rooting hormone to root satisfactorily (Ingles, 1980).
Hormone Concentration
According to Krishnamoorthy (1981) the optimum concentration of auxin
required for a particular species under the prevailing condition to work out as this depend
upon the number of factors. Toxic concentration would inhibit rooting and very low
concentration would be ineffective. Concentration of 10- 100mg/l would suffice in most
of the cases. Bleasedale in 1973 added that, rooting could be inhibited if auxins are
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
6
applied at wrong concentration.
Adriance and Brison (1955) stated that the best stimulation of root formation is
usually obtained from concentration just below the toxic level. This is because high
concentrations may injure or kill the cuttings, and low concentrations may be effective
(Halfacre and Barden, 1979), root formation, however, is more stimulated at lower
concentration than shoot.
Rooting Media
According to Hartman (1975), the rooting medium has three functions: (a) to hold
the cutting in place during the rooting period, (b) to provide moisture for the cutting, and
(c) to permit penetration of air to the base of the cutting.
Furthermore he stated that an ideal rooting medium provides sufficient porosity to
allow good aeration, has a high water- holding capacity, and yet is well drained. For
tender softwood and semi- hardwood cuttings, it should be free from harmful fungi and
bacteria.
Hartman also stated that the rooting medium can affect the type of root system
arising from cuttings. Cuttings of some species, when rooted in sand, produce long
unbranched, coarse, and brittle roots, but when rooted in a mixture, such as sand and peat
moss, or perlite and peat moss, develop roots that are well branched, slender, and
flexible, a type much more suited for digging and repotting.
Misting
Root formation in cuttings is only affected by hormones but also by other factors
like environment, rooting medium, chemical treatment as well as plant itself as a factor
(Adriance and Brison, 1955). Cuttings can absorb small amount of water through its cut
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
7
end but the amount of water absorbed is not enough to replace the amount normally lost
through the process of transpiration. Thus transpiration has to be slowed down by
keeping the relative humidity high in vicinity of the cuttings and keeping the temperature
relatively lower. Misting or sprinkling water can increase relative humidity.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study were stem cuttings of Saint John’s-wort about 15
cm long, ANAA, transparent plastic bags (5x8), cutter, pruning shear, graduated cylinder,
watering can, measuring materials and the rooting media.
Experimental design and treatments. The experiment was laid out in a Complete
Randomized Design (CRD) in factorial arrangement with ANAA concentrations as
Factor A and rooting media as Factor B. There were three replications per treatment
having three samples per treatment. The treatments were as follows:
Factor A- ANAA Concentration Factor B- Rooting Media
A1 –without ANAA treatment (Control) M1 – garden soil (Control)
A2 – full strength (1000 ppm)
M2 – sand
A3 – half strength (500 ppm)
M3 – alnus compost
M4 – 1:1 garden soil + sand
M5 – 1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
M6 - 1:1 sand + alnus compost
M7 – 1:1:1 garden soil + sand
+ alnus compost
Preparation of stem cuttings. The stem cuttings were cut 15 centimeters in length.
The cuttings were cleaned and only leaves from the lower half were removed. At the stem
end of the samples were cut into a slanting manner before dipping for 30 minutes in the
ANAA concentrations as Factor A, prior to planting in the rooting media as Factor B.
Care and maintenance was done to all sample cuttings throughout the duration of
the study. Figure 1 shows an overview of the experiment.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
9
Figure 1. Overview of the experiment
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the following:
1. Days from sticking to visible root formation (0.5cm root primordia ). This was
gathered by counting the number of days from treatment to visible root formation.
2. Percentage of rooted cuttings. This was obtained two months after sticking of
the cuttings in the rooting media using the formula:
% of rooted cuttings = Number of rooted cuttings x 100
Total number of cuttings
3. Average root length (cm). The length of the roots for every cutting was
measured and the average root length will be computed as follows:
Average root length = Length of roots
Total root number
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
10
4. Average number of roots produced per cuttings. This was taken by counting
all the roots produced in each individual stem cutting two months from sticking of cutting
using the formula:
Average number of roots = Number of roots
Number of cuttings
5. Days from sticking cuttings to transplanting stage (3cm root length). This was
gathered by counting the number of days from sticking to transplanting stage at 3cm root
length.
6. Percentage survival (%). This was obtained by using the formula:
% Survival= Number of cuttings survived x100
Total number of cuttings planted
7. Documentation. This was taken through pictures of the experiment during
data gathering.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Sticking
to Visible Root Formation
Effect of ANAA concentration. The number of days from sticking to visible root
formation is presented in Table 1. Results show that Saint John’s- Wort stem cuttings that
were not treated with ANAA concentration significantly initiated roots earlier with a
mean of 18.00 days from sticking to visible root formation. Longer days to root formation
were noted in stem cuttings treated with full strength ANAA concentration with a mean
of 20.52 days from sticking to visible root formation and the half strength ANAA
concentration with a mean of 21.95 days from sticking to visible root formation.
Table 1. Number of days from sticking to visible root formation
NUMBER OF DAYS
TREATMENT
ANAA Concentration
18.00b
Without ANAA (Control)
20.52a
Full strength (1000 ppm)
21.95a
Half strength (500 ppm)
Rooting Media
Garden soil (Control)
24.11a
Sand
16.89d
Alnus compost
18.33cd
1:1 garden soil + sand
20.78bc
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
21.22b
1:1 sand + alnus compost
19.22bcd
1:1:1 garden soil + sand + alnus compost
20.56bc
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
12
Effect of rooting media. Highly significant differences were obtained on the
number of days from sticking to visible root formation. Significantly, earlier rooting was
observed in cuttings rooted in sand with a mean of 16.89 days from sticking to visible
root formation followed by those rooted in alnus compost with a mean of 18.33 days
from sticking to visible root formation. Longer days to root formation were noted in stem
cuttings rooted in garden soil with a mean of 24.11days from sticking to visible root
formation.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects observed between
the different ANAA concentrations and the various rooting media with regards to the
number of days from sticking to visible root formation.
Percentage of Rooted Cuttings
Effect of ANAA concentration. Significantly higher percentage of rooted cuttings
was obtained from cuttings that were not treated with ANAA concentration with a mean of
90.48 % as shown in Table 2. Lower percentage of rooted cuttings was noted in those
treated with full strength ANAA concentration with a mean of 51.11 %.
Effect of rooting media. There were no significant differences were noted on the
percentage of rooted cuttings two months from sticking as affected by the different rooting
media (Table 2). However, cuttings rooted in alnus compost tend to have higher rooting
percentage with a mean of 85.19 %.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects obtained between
the different ANAA concentrations and different rooting media on the percentage of
rooted cuttings two months from sticking.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
13
Table 2. Percentage of rooted cuttings
PERCENTAGE
TREATMENT
ANAA Concentration
Without ANAA (Control)
90.48a
Full strength (1000 ppm)
51.11c
Half strength (500 ppm)
73.02b
Rooting Media
Garden soil (Control)
71.11a
Sand
66.67a
Alnus compost
85.19a
1:1 garden soil + sand
66.67a
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
66.67a
1:1 sand + alnus compost
81.43a
1:1:1 garden soil + sand + alnus compost
62.96a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Average Root Length
Effect of ANAA concentration. Table 3 shows that without ANAA treatment
prior to rooting, Saint John’s-Wort cuttings have significantly longer roots were produce
two months from sticking compared to those treated with half strength and full strength
ANAA concentrations.
Effect of rooting media. There were highly significant differences were noted on
the average root length two months from sticking as affected by the different rooting
media (Table 3). Stem cuttings rooted in sand produce the longest roots with a mean of
19.02 cm. The shortest roots were measured in stem cuttings rooted in garden soil with a
mean of 12.62 cm. Figure 2 shows the rooted cuttings in the three ANAA treatments
with the different rooting media 60 days from sticking.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
14
A1M1
A1M2
A1M3
A1M4
A1M5
A1M6
A1M7
A2M1
A2M2
A2M3
A2M4
A2M5
A2M6
A2M7
A3M1
A3M2
A3M3
A3M4
A3M5 A3M6 A3M7
Figure 2. Overview of the rooted cuttings in the three ANAA treatments with the
different rooting media 60 days from sticking
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
15
Interaction effect. The combined effects of the different ANAA concentrations
and the different rooting media on the average root length of Saint John’s- Wort were
highly significant.
Figure 3 showed that stem cuttings without ANAA treatment that were rooted in
sand statistically higher average root length with a mean of 22.20 cm two months from
sticking. Stem cuttings treated with full strength ANAA concentrations that were rooted
in garden soil have lower average root length two months from sticking with a mean of
11 cm.
Table 3. Average root length
ROOT LENGTH
TREATMENT
(cm)
ANAA Concentration
Without ANAA (Control)
17.78a
Full strength (1000 ppm)
13.17c
Half strength (500 ppm)
16.18b
Rooting Media
Garden soil (Control)
12.62d
Sand
19.02a
Alnus compost
16.18b
1:1 garden soil + sand
16.36b
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
15.47cb
1:1 sand + alnus compost
16.01b
1:1:1 garden soil + sand + alnus compost
14.51c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
16
25
a
Garden soil
b
b
cb
20
Sand
cd
e ed
e
e
df
df egdf
df
e
gdf
Alnus compost
e
ghf
ghf
j
i
i
j
g
ghf
ht
i
hf
15
g
h
j
i
1:1 garden soil +
h
l
eng
sand
j
j
i
j
k
k
k
r
oot
e
k
1:1 garden soil +
ag
alnus compost
A
v
er 10
1:1 sand + alnus
compost
1:1:1 garden soil
+ sand + alnus
5
compost
0
Without ANAA
Full Strength
Half Strength
Concentration
ANAA
ANAA
Concentration
Concentration
(1000 ppm)
(500 ppm)
Figure 3. Average root length two months from sticking as affected by ANAA
concentration and rooting media
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
17
Average Number of Roots
Produced Per Cuttings
Effect of ANAA concentration. Significantly higher average numbers of roots per
cuttings were obtained from cuttings treated with full strength ANAA concentration with
a mean of 30.25 roots but was statistically comparable to those treated with half strength
ANAA concentration with a mean of 29.87 roots two months from sticking compared
with the untreated cuttings (without ANAA concentration) as shown in Table 4.
Effect of rooting media. Table 4 shows that the average numbers of roots produce
per cuttings two months from sticking were significantly affected by the different rooting
media used. Stem cuttings planted in sand produced higher average number of roots per
cutting with a mean of 35.59 roots. The lowest average number of roots produced per
cuttings was noted in those rooted in garden soil with a mean of 22.11 roots two months
from sticking.
Table 4. Average number of roots produced per cutting
NUMBER OF ROOTS
TREATMENT
ANAA Concentration
Without ANAA (Control)
22.11b
Full strength (1000 ppm)
30.25a
Half strength (500 ppm)
29.87a
Rooting Media
Garden soil (Control)
23.00c
Sand
35.59a
Alnus compost
29.59b
1:1 garden soil + sand
25.67bc
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
24.52c
1:1 sand + alnus compost
26.18bc
1:1:1 garden soil + sand + alnus compost
27.33bc
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
18
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects between the
different ANAA concentrations and the different rooting media on the average number of
roots produced per cutting two months from sticking.
Days From Sticking of Cuttings
to Transplanting Stage
Effect of ANAA concentration. Table 5 shows that without ANAA treatment,
rooted cuttings significantly reached transplanting stage earlier with a mean of 24.76
days. On the other hand, significantly longer duration to readiness for transplanting was
observed on cuttings treated with half strength ANAA concentration with a mean of
29.71 days.
Table 5. Days from sticking cuttings to transplanting stage (3 cm root length)
DAYS
TREATMENT
ANAA Concentration
Without ANAA (Control)
24.76c
Full strength (1000 ppm)
28.05b
Half strength (500 ppm)
29.71a
Rooting Media
Garden soil (Control)
32.22a
Sand
23.78c
Alnus compost
27.44b
1:1 garden soil + sand
26.78b
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
28.00b
1:1 sand + alnus compost
26.33b
1:1:1 garden soil + sand + alnus compost
28.00b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
19
Effect of rooting media. Stem cuttings rooted in sand had significantly
earlier readiness for transplanting with a mean of 23.78 days from sticking while
those rooted in garden soil had the longest duration with a mean of 32.22 days
from sticking.
Interaction effect. The combined effects of the different ANAA
concentrations and the different rooting media on the duration from sticking to
transplanting stage were significant.
Figure 4 showed that stem cuttings without ANAA treatment prior to
rooting and that had rooted in sand reached transplanting stage significantly
earlier showing 3cm root length after 20 days compared to those stem cutting
rooted in garden soil and those stem cuttings treated with full strength and half
strength ANAA concentrations rooted in garden soil and 1:1 garden soil + alnus
compost.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
20
a
ab
35
a
bc
bc
d
cd
Garden soil
c
cde
cd
r
oot
de
c
m
30
f
de de
de de de
fg fg
3 c
de
fg
fg
Sand
e
e
fg
cde
fg
fg
fg
e at
fg
fg
f
25
g
s
t
ag
Alnus compost
i
ng
ant
h
pl
1:1 garden soil
20
+ sand
r
ans ht
1:1 garden soil
s
t
o t leng
+ alnus
t
i
ng
15
compost
1:1 sand +
cut
alnus compost
ng
10
1:1:1 garden
s
t
i
cki
soil + sand +
alnus compost
s
f
r
om
5
ay
D
0
Without
Full Strength Half Strength
ANAA
ANAA
ANAA
Concentration Concentration
Concentration
(1000 ppm)
(500 ppm)
Figure 4. Days from sticking cuttings to transplanting stage at 3cm root length as affected
by ANAA concentration and rooting media
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
21
Percentage Survival
Effect of ANAA concentration. The effect of ANAA treatment on the percentage
survival of cuttings is shown in Table 6.
Results shows that stem cuttings without ANAA concentration had the highest
percentage survival with a mean of 90.48 %. However, cuttings treated with full strength
ANAA had lower percentage survival with a mean of 48.73%.
Effect of rooting media. There were no significant differences were noted on the
percentage of rooted cuttings two months from sticking as shown in Table 6. However,
cuttings rooted in alnus compost had higher percentage of survival with a mean of
85.17% while stem cuttings s rooted in garden soil + sand + alnus compost had lower
percentage of survival with a mean of 62.96%.
Table 6. Percentage survival
PERCENTAGE SURVIVAL
TREATMENT
ANAA Concentration
Without ANAA (Control)
90.48a
Full strength (1000 ppm)
48.73c
Half strength (500 ppm)
73.02b
Rooting Media
Garden soil (Control)
66.67a
Sand
66.67a
Alnus compost
85.19a
1:1 garden soil + sand
66.67a
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
65.56a
1:1 sand + alnus compost
81.48a
1:1:1 garden soil + sand + alnus compost
62.96a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
22
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects obtained between
the different ANAA concentrations and the different rooting media with regards to the
percentage of survival of stem cuttings 60 days from sticking as shown in Figure 5.
Rooted cuttings without ANAA treatment (control) before rooting 60 days from sticking
Rooted cuttings treated with full strength ANAA concentration before rooting 60 days
from sticking
Rooted cuttings treated with half strength ANAA concentration before rooting 60 days
from sticking
Figure 5. Overview of the rooted stem cuttings from the different ANAA concentration as
affected by different rooting media
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
23
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad Benguet from November 2009 to January 2010 to
determine the optimum concentrations of Alpha Naphthalene Acetic Acid (ANAA) that
would enhance root formation of stem cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort; and to determine
the best rooting media that will promote earlier and uniform rooting of Saint John’s-
Wort stem cuttings.
Results revealed that there were significant differences obtained on the number of
days from sticking to visible root formation (0.5cm root primordia) on stem cuttings as
affected by the different ANAA concentrations. Untreated cuttings had earlier root
formation, and earlier readiness for transplanting Saint John’s- Wort stem cuttings
compared to those treated with the full strength and half strength ANAA concentrations.
Significantly higher percentage of rooted cutting and higher percentage of survival were
obtained from untreated stem cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort two months from sticking.
Moreover, longer roots were produced in untreated cuttings two months from sticking.
However, significantly higher average numbers of roots were produced per cuttings when
treated with half strength ANAA concentration although statistically comparable to those
treated with full strength ANAA concentration two months from sticking of cuttings
compared to the untreated stem ones.
Stem cuttings rooted in sand were significantly the earliest to produce visible
roots at 0.5 cm root primordia but was comparable to the other treatments. However,
there were no significant effects of the different rooting media on the percentage of
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
24
rooted cuttings and the percentage of survival. Saint John’s- Wort stem cuttings rooted in
sand had significantly higher average number of roots produced per cuttings and highly
significant average root length compared to the other treatments. Moreover, cuttings
rooted in sand reached significantly earlier readiness for transplanting at 3 cm root
length; two months from sticking.
Stem cuttings that were not treated with ANAA and rooted in sand were
significantly ready for transplanting earlier at 3 cm root length and significantly higher
average root length compared to those planted in garden soil and that of stem cuttings
treated with full strength and half strength ANAA concentrations. However, there were
no significant interaction effects between the different ANAA concentrations and the
different rooting media on the number of days from sticking to visible root formation
(0.5cm root primordia ), percentage of rooted cuttings, average root length, average
number of roots produced per cuttings and the percentage survival .
Conclusion
Form the results obtained in the study, it is concluded that untreated stem cuttings
of Saint John’s- Wort rooted in sand were the earliest to produce visible roots, higher
average root length and earlier duration from sticking of cuttings to transplanting stage at
3cm root length. However, stem cuttings treated with half strength ANAA concentration
promoted the higher production of higher average number of roots per cuttings when
rooted in sand.
Recommendation
Based from the results of the study, rooting of stem cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort
is recommended using sand as the rooting medium for earlier root formation, earlier
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
25
readiness for transplanting and higher average root length. Further study with the use of
lower concentration of ANAA in rooting stem cuttings of Saint John’s- Wort is
recommended.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
26
LITERATURE CITED
ADRIANCE, G. I. V and F. R. BRISON. 1955. Propagation of Horticultural Plants. New
York. McGraw- Hill Rook Co, Inc. pp. 119-131.
BLEASEDALE, J. K. 1973. Plant Physiology in Relation to Horticulture, London: The
McMillan Press Ltd. pp. 150-155.
BROWN, L. V. 1996. Applied Principles of Horticulture Science. Oxford. Butterworth
Heinemann. p. 202.
DELARGY, J. A. and C. E. WRIGHT. 1979. Root formation in cuttings of apple in
relation to auxin application and etiolation. New Phytol. pp. 314- 347.
EDMUND, J. B. , F. S. ANDREW and T. L. SEN. 1978. Fundamentals of Horticulture.
New York. McGraw- Hill Book Co., Inc. p. 167.
GRIFFITH, B. G. 1940. Effect of indolebutyric acid, indoleacetic acid, and alpha
naphthalene acetic acid on rooting of cutting Douglas fir and sitka spruce. J.
Forestry. pp. 496- 501.
HALFACRE, R. G. and J. A. BARDEN. 1979. Plant Propagation Principles and
Practices. New Delhi, India: Prentice Hall of India Dvt. Ltd. pp. 305- 578.
HARTMAN, H. T. 1975. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. London: Prentice
Hall International Inc. p. 256.
HARTMAN, H.T. and D.E. KESTER. 1975. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices.
Englewoods cliffs. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. pp. 305- 307.
INGLES, R. A. 1980. Introduction to Floriculture Academic Press Inc., New York. pp.
237- 241.
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticultural Science. San Francisco. N. H. Freeman and Co. pp. 346
351.
KRISHNAMOORTHY, H. H. 1981. Plant Growth Substances. Tata McGraw- Hill
Publishing Company, Ltd. New Delhi. pp. 163- 167.
REILEY, E. H. and SHRY JR. 1991. Introductory Horticulture. New York: Delma
Publisher. pp. 196- 198.
SCHEMPP, C. M. 2009. Hypericum. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved
October 10, 2009. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum#cite_ref-0.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
27
WEAVER, R. T. 1972. Plant Growth Substance in Agriculture. San Francisco,
California.W. H. freeman and Co. p. 128.
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
28
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from sticking to visible root formation (0.5cm root primordia )
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
A1M1
23
23
21
67
22.33
A1M2
14
16
14
44
14.67
A1M3
15
18
18
51
17.00
A1M4
18
18
19
55
18.33
A1M5
18
17
17
52
17.33
A1M6
17
19
18
54
18.00
A1M7
17
19
19
55
18.33
A2M1
28
26
25
79
26.33
A2M2
13
20
15
48
16.00
A2M3
23
21
19
63
21.00
A2M4
20
19
26
65
21.67
A2M5
20
19
22
61
20.33
A2M6
19
19
22
60
20.00
A2M7
19
23
23
65
21.67
A3M1
29
23
19
71
23.67
A3M2
20
22
18
60
20.00
A3M3
21
19
21
61
20.33
A3M4
20
26
21
67
22.33
A3M5
29
26
23
78
26.00
A3M6
21
19
19
59
19.67
A3M7
22
22
21
65
21.67
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
29
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Factor A
2
168.222
84.111
14.9689**
3.22 5.15
Factor B
6
289.746
48.291
8.5942**
2.32 3.26
AB
12
94.444
7.870
1.4007ns
1.90 2.64
Error
42
236.000
5.619
TOTAL
62
788.413
ns = Not significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation= 11.76 %
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
30
Appendix Table 2. Percentage of rooted cuttings
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN (%)
I
II
III
A1M1
100
100
100
300
100
A1M2
100
100
100
300
100
A1M3
100
100
100
300
100
A1M4
100
66.67
66.67
233.34
77.78
A1M5
66.67
100
100
266.67
88.89
A1M6
100
66.67
100
266.67
88.89
A1M7
100
66.67
66.67
233.34
77.78
A2M1
66.67
33.33
40
140
46067
A2M2
30
35
35
100
33.33
A2M3
100
33.33
66.67
200
66.67
A2M4
33.33
66.67
66.67
166.67
55.56
A2M5
50
33.33
50
133.33
44.44
A2M6
66.67
66.67
33.33
166.67
55.56
A2M7
66.67
66.67
33.33
166.67
55.56
A3M1
33.33
66.67
100
200
66.67
A3M2
66.67
66.67
66.67
200.01
66.67
A3M3
100
66.67
100
266.67
88.89
A3M4
66.67
33.33
100
200
66.67
A3M5
100
50
50
200
66.67
A3M6
100
100
100
300
100
A3M7
33.33
66.67
66.67
166.67
55.56
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
31
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Factor A
2
16340.570 8170.285
21.6835**
3.22 5.15
Factor B
6
3869.994 644.999
1.7118ns
2.32 3.26
AB
12
4311.652 359.304
0.9536ns
1.90 2.64
Error
42
15825.481 376.797
TOTAL
62
40347.698
ns = Not significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation= 27.14 %
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
32
Appendix Table 3. Average root length
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN (cm)
I
II
III
A1M1
16.00
13.40
14.50
43.90
14.63
A1M2
22.10
23.70
20.80
66.70
22.20
A1M3
20.70
20.00
19.30
60.00
20.00
A1M4
19.70
19.30
18.70
57.70
19.23
A1M5
15.90
17.10
16.00
45.00
16.33
A1M6
15.80
18.20
17.10
51.10
17.03
A1M7
14.20
16.00
16.80
47.00
15.67
A2M1
11.20
10.00
11.80
33.00
11.00
A2M2
16.70
13.00
15.20
44.90
14.97
A2M3
11.50
12.00
13.20
36.70
12.23
A2M4
12.70
14.30
14.70
41.70
13.90
A2M5
12.00
11.80
13.20
370
12.33
A2M6
13.80
15.50
14.00
43.30
14.43
A2M7
15.40
13.00
11.50
39.90
13.30
A3M1
11.20
12.50
13.00
36.70
12.23
A3M2
20.60
19.50
19.60
59.70
19.90
A3M3
15.10
17.80
16.00
48.90
16.30
A3M4
14.10
17.90
15.80
47.80
15.93
A3M5
18.70
16.00
18.50
53.20
17.73
A3M6
15.70
16.50
17.50
49.70
16.57
A3M7
1 3.00
14.70
16.00
43.70
14.57
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Factor A
2
238.46
119.23
78.75** 3.22 5.15
Factor B
6
204.50
34.08
22.51** 2.32 3.26
AB
12
65.05
5.42
3.58** 1.90 2.64
Error
42
63.59
1.51
TOTAL
62
571.61
ns = Not significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation= 7.82 %
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
34
Appendix Table 4. Average number of roots produced per cutting
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
A1M1
17.67
26.00
16.33
60.00
20.00
A1M2
36.33
31.00
30.67
98.00
32.67
A1M3
20.00
30.33
19.33
69.66
23.22
A1M4
23.33
29.00
17.33
69.66
23.22
A1M5
1.67
22.00
18.33
52.00
17.33
A1M6
13.33
12.00
28.67
54.00
18.00
A1M7
31.67
24.00
25.33
81.00
27.00
A2M1
18.33
31.33
25.00
74.66
24.89
A2M2
40.00
43.00
41.00
124.00
41.33
A2M3
31.33
29.33
33.67
94.33
31.44
A2M4
27.00
27.67
28.33
83.00
27.67
A2M5
30.00
28.00
32.67
90.67
30.22
A2M6
30.33
32.33
27.33
89.99
30.00
A2M7
27.33
18.00
23.33
68.66
22.89
A3M1
20.33
26.33
25.67
72.33
24.11
A3M2
38.33
36.33
33.67
108.33
36.11
A3M3
37.33
32.67
32.33
102.33
34.11
A3M4
29.67
23.00
25.67
78.34
26.11
A3M5
30.33
29.00
28.67
88.00
29.33
A3M6
29.00
31.67
31.00
91.67
30.56
A3M7
27.00
28.67
30.67
86.34
28.78
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
35
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Factor A
2
886.931
443.465
21.3725**
3.22 5.15
Factor B
6
936.625
156.104
7.5233**
2.32 3.26
AB
12
406.868
33.906
1.6341ns
1.90 2.64
Error
42
871.474
20.749
TOTAL
62
3101.897
ns = Not significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation= 16.62 %
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
36
Appendix Table 5. Days from sticking cuttings to transplanting stage (3cm root length)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
A1M1
31
31
29
91
30.33
A1M2
19
21
19
59
19.67
A1M3
24
29
25
78
26.00
A1M4
24
23
26
73
24.33
A1M5
22
23
26
71
23.67
A1M6
23
26
24
73
24.33
A1M7
23
26
26
75
25.00
A2M1
37
33
35
105
35.00
A2M2
25
26
24
75
25.00
A2M3
29
27
31
87
29.00
A2M4
26
24
29
79
26.33
A2M5
25
24
29
78
26.00
A2M6
26
26
27
79
26.33
A2M7
26
29
31
86
28.67
A3M1
37
31
26
64
31.33
A3M2
27
29
24
80
26.67
A3M3
29
26
27
82
27.33
A3M4
27
33
29
89
29.67
A3M5
37
35
31
103
34.33
A3M6
29
29
27
75
25.00
A3M7
31
31
29
91
30.33
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
37
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Factor A
2
266.698
133.349
25.2282**
3.22 5.15
Factor B
6
346.857
57.810
10.9369**
2.32 3.26
AB
12
164.190
13.683
2.58886*
1.90 2.64
Error
42
222.000
5.286
TOTAL
62
999.746
* = Significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation= 8.36 %
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
38
Appendix Table 6. Percentage survival
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL M EAN
I
II
III
(%)
A1M1
100
100
100
300
100
A1M2
100
100
100
300
100
A1M3
100
100
100
300
100
A1M4
100
66.67
66.67
233.34
77.78
A1M5
66.67
100
100
266.67
88.89
A1M6
100
100
100
266.67
88.89
A1M7
100
66.67
66.67
233.34
77.78
A2M1
36.67
33.33
30
100
33.33
A2M2
35
30
35
100
33.33
A2M3
100
33.33
66.67
200
66.67
A2M4
33.33
66.67
66.67
166.67
55.56
A2M5
40
33.33
50
123.33
41.11
A2M6
66.67
66.67
33.33
166.67
55.56
A2M7
66.67
66.67
33.33
166.67
55.56
A3M1
33.33
66.67
100
200
66.67
A3M2
66.67
66.67
66.67
200.01
66.67
A3M3
100
66.67
100
266.67
88.89
A3M4
66.67
33.33
100
200
66.67
A3M5
50
50
100
200
66.67
A3M6
100
100
100
300
100
A3M7
33.33
66.67
66.67
166.67
55.56
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
39
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Factor A
2
18462.300 9231.150
25.5394**
3.22 5.15
Factor B
6
4150.487 691.748
1.9138ns
2.32 3.26
AB
12
4967.722 413.977
1.1453ns
1.90 2.64
Error
42
15180.814 361.448
TOTAL
62
42761.323
ns = Not significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation= 26.88 %
Rooting Characteristics of Saint John’s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as
Affected by ANAA Concentration and Rooting Media / Merjil B. Diwayan. 2010
Document Outline
- Rooting Characteristics of Saint John�s-Wort (Hypericum androsaemum L.) Stem Cuttings as Affected by ANAA Concentrationand Rooting Media.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Cutting as Propagules
- Rooting Hormones
- Hormone Concentration
- Rooting Media
- Misting
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Number of Days from Stickingto Visible Root Formation
- Percentage of Rooted Cuttings
- Average Root Length
- Average Number of RootsProduced Per Cuttings
- Days From Sticking of Cuttingsto Transplanting Stage
- Percentage Survival
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES