BIBLIOGRAPHY GUZMAN, JASPER K. APRIL 2011....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GUZMAN, JASPER K. APRIL 2011. Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green
Onion (Allium fistulosum L.) at Different Plant Densities. Banengbeng, Sablan, Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Banengbeng, Sablan, Benguet from August to
October, 2010 to determine the effect of different plant densities on the growth, yield and
profitability of green onion, and the best plant spacing for green onion production under
Banengbeng, Sablan, Benguet condition.
Results of the study show that except weight of plants harvested per plot where
the 30 cm x 15 cm obtained significantly lower weight, the rest of the data gathered on
growth and yield did not differ significantly.
In terms of profitability, the highest net income of P386.50 or 111.48% return on
expenses from 20 square meters was obtained from green onion plants spaced at 15 x 15
cm. This was followed by spacing plants at 20 cm x 15 cm, 25 cm x 15 cm and 30 cm x
15 cm with P323.20, P305.10 and 100.30, ROI; respectively. It was also observed that the
net income from green onions decrease as the plant spacing becomes wider with lower
population per area.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract………….………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………….. ii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS ……………………………………………… 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………… 10
Plant Height at harvesting (cm)……………………………………...... 10
Number of Suckers Produced per Plant……………............................... 10
Weight of Plants Per Plot (kg)…………………………………………. 11
Weight Per Bunch (g)..………………………………………………… 12
Economic Analysis……………………………………………………. 13
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary……………………………………………………………….. 16
Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 16
Recommendation………………………………………………………. 17
LITERARURE CITED…………………………………………………………
18
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………….
17
INTRODUCTION
Green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) is one of the vegetable crops planted by farmers as
main crop during rainy season, intercrop or mixed crop during dry season. Some farmers plant
two rows where in the use of land is not maximized.
Green onion is used mostly as seasoning in soups. It is also used as topping in a recipe
like cake, salad, bread and also junk foods. Most of buyers of green onions are large business
like hotel, restaurant, and bakery and also in fast food. The leafy part of green onion is the main
part that is used in cooking. Aromatic flavor of leaves is appreciated especially among Russians,
where they used as raw in various salads or as delicious filling in pies.
Some of the farmers plant onion as their intercrop to other vegetables to maximize the
use of area but they even do not know if the plant is compatible to each other. Gardeners in
Benguet said that onion is the easiest vegetable to grow. Plant density also has been recognized
as a major factor in determining the degree of competition between plants.
There had been few studies and limited information regarding the plant densities in green
onion. Information that will be gathered from the study will help the farmers, extension workers,
researchers and the following generation who will engage in vegetable production. This research
will also raise the standard of living for the farmers due to higher profit, but also increase the
volume of production of the country. Increases in production will also encourage development in
the community where the farmers are living and the expansion of industry.
The study was conducted to: 1) determine the effect of different plant densities on the
growth and yield of green onion; 2) determine the plant density appropriate for green onion that
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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will optimize yield per unit area; and 3) determine the profitability of green onion at different
plant densities.
The study was conducted at the area of Oring, Banengbeng, Sablan Benguet from August
to October 2010.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of the Crop
Onion is a vegetable that has a strong odor and flavor. Onion ranked as one of the world’s
most popular foods. They are use chiefly as a seasoning and are eaten raw, cooked, dehydrated
and pickled. When cut, it gives a vapor that causes people’s eyes to water. Onions differ in
strength of their flavor. People use such strong tasting onions as the Southport yellow globe in
soups and stews. Mild onions, including the tallow Bermuda and sweet Spanish are often eaten
raw in salads or sandwiches. Onions are harvested when their bulb are immature are called green
onion or salad onions. Green onions are sold with their leaves attached. Onions probably first
grew in central or Southwestern Asia. Today, onions are grown throughout the world. The
leading onion-growing countries include China, India and United States (Hughes, 1997).
Green onions have small white bases or ends that vary in size depending on when they
were harvested. Most will have slight roundness to the base but they have not developed into full
bulbs. They are available year round but their prime season is spring and summer (Anonymous,
n.d.).
Nutritional Value
According to Bonar (1994), onions contain few calories, an appreciable amount of
calcium and some vitamin C but their nutritional value is not high, despite their reputed
medicinal qualities.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Economic Value
According to Bonar (1994), onions are possibly the most widely used vegetable in the
world. No casserole or stew is complete without them and they are added two thousands of other
dishes as a moisturizer and flavoring. On their own, they can be baked or boiled, or made into a
delicious sauce or soup. Moreover, the author mentioned that the onion is one of the longest and
most widely used vegetables, with and recorded history reaching back 3,500 B.C.
Medicinal Value
Bonar (1994) stated that the ancient Egyptians though so highly of the onion that they
were used in medicine and mummification, and the slaves building the pyramids ate onions as
well as garlic and radishes. Nero ate them to cure colds and the Romans belief in their medicinal
use and along side the liking for the flavor, and they were used for sleeplessness, cough, sore
throats and stomach.
Soil Climatic Requirements
The onion is cool season plant that will grow well over a wide range of temperature.
Onion seed will germinate best near 650 F. Best growth and quality are obtained if the
temperature is cool during the early development and warm near maturity. A dry atmosphere at
harvest is desirable to obtain satisfactory curing, and to thrive well to irrigation in many areas
(McCollum, 1980).
Effect of Plant Spacing/Plant Density
The field spacing and plant population are those that maximize yield and quality without
unduly increasing production cost (Anonymous, 1990). As a rule, all crops tended to increase
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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yield per unit area as plant population increased, but up to a certain limit. The author also added
that beyond this limit, the yield may not increase further and may even drop.
Bautista and Mabesa (1970) stated that as plant population per unit area increased, the
yield per unit area will also increase until the spacing is so close that excessive competitions
between rows and in rows among plants occur. With each grower’s situation, wider spacing is
needed where the plant requirements for moistures and nutrients cannot be met at a closer
spacing, where growing large vegetables is desirable and where the variety requires such
spacing.
Colbong (1985) reported that wider spacing of radish plants enhanced early maturity
produced the most number of leaves, larger and longer roots and increased heavier weight of
individual roots.
On one hand, Thompson (1959) said that close spacing of sweet potatoes increase yield
of marketable roots while Martin and Leonard (1970) stated that thinner spacing in the same crop
tends to produced fewer but large roots.
In 1972, Watts added that the proper distance between plants depend upon the variety,
purpose of the crop, fertility of the soil, and method of cultivation, spacing and harvesting.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were green onion suckers (Boltsville), decomposed
chicken manure, pesticides, farm tools, watering cans, foot rule, pegs, and record book.
Method
Experimental design and treatments. The experimental layout was the Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatments which were replicated four times were the
following.
Code
Distance of Planting Row
of
Plants Number
of
Plants
T1
30 x 15 cm
2 rows
66 plants
T2
25 x 15 cm
3 rows
99 plants
T3
20 x 15 cm
4 rows
132 plants
T4
15 x 15 cm
5 rows
165 plants
Land
preparation. Sixteen plots measuring 1m x 5m (80 sq m) were dug 30 cm deep for
the study. After digging, the plots were applied with compost chicken dung as fertilizer base-
dress. This was mixed with the soil thoroughly. The plot surface was leveled and lines were
made to indicate where the green onion suckers were planted.
Planting. Two green onion suckers were planted on each hill about five centimeters deep
following the distance and number of plant rows specified in the treatment (Figure 1).
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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I
Fig.1. The upper photo shows the plants at 1 week old while the lower photo
Shows plants stand at 15 days from planting
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Irrigation. The plants were irrigated by bucket overhead using two cans (16 liters
capacity) of water per plot. This was done every three days or twice a week if it did not rain.
Side dressing and hilling-up. Three weeks after planting, 14-14-14 at the rate of 120-120-
120 kg of N-P2O-K2O per hectare or 428.57g per plot of 1m x 5m was applied. This fertilizer
was evenly distributed in between the plants followed by hilling-up to cover the fertilizer,
growing weeds and fix the plots to prevent water run-off.
Crop maintenance. All the plants were taken cared off equally up to the termination of the
study. If the plants were infected with disease, fungicide was applied and when insects damage
the plants, insecticide was applied.
Data gathering. Seventy days after planting, the plants were uprooted and the following
data were gathered:
1. Plant height (cm). This was obtained 70 days from planting. Ten sample plants were
uprooted randomly from each plot and were measured from the base of the leaf sheath to the tip
of the longest leaf. The measurement were added then divided by 10 to get the average per plant.
2. Number of suckers produced per plant. The number of plants per hill from ten sample
plants were counted and recorded.
3. Weight of plants per plot (kg). This was the total weight of plants that was harvested
per plot.
4. Weight per bunch (g). The total weight of 10 sample plants per plot was divided by
the10 samples to obtain the weight of plants per bunch.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Documentation. This was photographed after transplanting, during growth and harvest.
5. Economic analysis. All inputs like the planting materials, fertilizers, pesticides, labor,
etc., were recorded and so with the sales in order to compute for the return on expenses using the
formula:
ROE (%) = Gross Sales/Plot – Total Expenses/ Plot x 100
Total Expenses/ Plot
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Height
Table 1 shows the plant height measured from the different plant densities. As presented,
there was a corresponding increase in height as the distance of planting was reduced. In other
words, the closer the distance of planting, where there were more plants grown per square meter,
and also had taller plants. However, there were no significant differences in plant heights of
green onions grown in the different plant spacings (Figure 2).
Number of Suckers Produced per Plant
There were no significant differences observed among the plant spacing studied as
presented in Table 2. It was expected that the number of suckers will be more from wider
spacings which had decreased as the spacing also decrease. The trend was shown from 25 x 15
cm, 20 x 15 cm, and 15 x 15 cm where the numbers of suckers were there was a corresponding
decrease in the number of suckers produced per plant as the spacing decreased; but the 30 x 15
cm spacing did not produce the most suckers as expected. This result might
imply that even if the distance between rows of plants were farther apart if the distance in rows is
all the same. It will result to similar number of suckers to be produced per plant.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Treatment 2
Figure 2. Green onions grown at different spacing at harvest
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Table 1. Plant height of green onion from the different spacings at harvest
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
30 x 15 cm
55.21a
25 x 15 cm
57.65a
20 x 15 cm
57.78a
15 x 15 cm
58.78a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Table 2. Number of suckers produced per plant
TREATMENT
MEAN
30 x 15 cm
48.00a
25 x 15 cm
52.50a
20 x 15 cm
47.75a
15 x 15 cm
47.50a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Weight of Plants per Plot
As shown in Table 3, the weight of plants harvested per plot increased as the plant
spacing was made closer. Apparently, green onion planted at 25 x 15 cm, 20 x 15 cm and 15 x 15
cm slightly differed among themselves in plant weight per plot but significantly heavier than the
weight of plants from the 30 x 15 cm spacing. There were slight differences among the different
plant spacings in the plant height and number of suckers per plant but the lowest height and
number of suckers from the 30 x 15 cm spacing resulted to the significantly lower weight of
plants harvested per plot. According to some
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Table 3. Weight of plants harvested per plot
TREATMENT
MEAN
(kg)
30 x 15 cm
4.22b
25 x 15 cm
6.47a
20 x 15 cm
6.82a
15 x 15 cm
7.63a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
authors, all crops tend to increase yield per unit area as plant population increase, but up to a
certain limit and beyond this the yield starts to drop (Anon.1990; Anon. 2009). Bautista and
Mabesa (1970) explained that when the spacing is so close, excessive competition between rows
and in rows among plants occur resulting to yield reduction. However, the yield increase
observed in this study is very slight among the treatments and the peak of yield was not reached
and the drop of yield due to severe competition was not attained because the variation in spacing
was only in the distance between rows but the distance of plants in rows was all the same at 15
cm which is the ideal distance for green onion. The results might have been different when the
distance of plants in rows was varied from wide to close spacing.
Weight per Bunch
There were no significant differences observed among the plant spacings in terms of
weight per bunch as presented in Table 4. As was explained earlier, it appears that when the
spacing in between rows with changes by 5 cm; and the spacing in rows is measured at 15 cm in
all treatments, the weight per bunch did not differ significantly. Spacing green onion at 15 cm in
rows seem to be appropriate for the plant and even if
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Table 4.Weight per bunch from the different densities
TREATMENT
MEAN
(g)
30 x 15 cm
159.52a
25 x 15 cm
162.67a
20 x 15 cm
163.10a
15 x 15 cm
157.20a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level at DMRT
we vary the spacings between rows do not have significant influence in the weight of plant per
bunch. Apparently, the weight per bunch decrease as the spacings were made closer because of
competition among plants and plant parts. However, the competition was not severe may be due
to the plant characteristic where the leaves are usually erect.
Economic Analysis
As shown in Table 5, the net income from the different spacings of green onion studied
increased as the spacing was decreased from P100.30 to P386.50. In other words, when the
spacing was 15 x 15 cm, the return on expenses was 111.48% or P1.11 for every peso spent in
the production. As the spacings became wider from 20 x 15 cm, 25 x 15 cm, and 30 x 15 cm, the
net income reduced to P323.20, P305.10 and P100.30, respectively. While the statistical analysis
did not show significant differences among the plant spacings, the difference of 13.65 kg of yield
between 15 x 15 cm and 30 x 15 cm would mean P327.60 which when converted to hectare basis
will be P163, 800.00. This amount will mean a lot to a farmer already. Even the difference
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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between the 15 x 15 cm and 20 x 15 cm which is 6.0 kg will still give P14, 125.00 per hectare
advantage of 15 x 15 cm over 20 x 15 cm spacing with the selling price of P24.00 per kilo.
Table 5. Economic analysis from the 20 square meter area of green at Banengbeng, Sablan,
Benguet
ITEM _________________ PLANT SPACING (cm)___
30 x 15________25 x 15______20 x 15_____15 x 15
YIELD (kg) 16.90 25.90 27.30 30.55
SALES (P) 405.60 621.60 655.20 733.20
Expenses
Planting materials 28.80 39.00 56.40 70.20
14-14-14 31.50 31.50 31.50 31.50
Labor cost
Cleaning 47.50 47.50 47.50 47.50
Digging plots 47.50 47.50 47.50 47.50
Irrigating 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00
Harvesting 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00
Transportation 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00_
Total Expenses 305.30 316.60 332.00 346.70
Net Income 100.30 305.10 323.20 386.50
ROE (%) 32.85 96.40 97.35 111.48
RANK 4 3 2 1 Note: The
selling prize per kilo during harvest was P 24.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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16
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted from August to October 2010 at Oring, Banengbeng, Sablan,
Benguet to evaluate the growth, yield and profitability of green onion in different plant densities.
Results of the study shows that except the weight of plants harvested per plot where the
30 cm x 15 cm obtained significantly lower weight, the rest of the data gathered on growth and
yield did not differ significantly.
In terms of profitability, green onions spaced at 15 cm x 15 cm obtained the highest net
income of P386.50 or 111.48% return on expenses from 20 square meters. This was followed by
20 cm x 15 cm, 25 cm x 15 cm and 30 cm x 15 cm with P323.20, P305.10 and P100.30,
respectively. Obviously, the net income from green onions decrease as the plant spacing
becomes wider.
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, 15 cm x 15 cm plant spacing in green onion
produced heavier yield with higher net income than those spacings with wider distance between
rows from 20 to 30 cm. When the spacing was 15 x 15 cm, the return on expenses was 111.48%
or P1.11 for every peso spent in the production.
Recommendations
It is therefore recommended that green onion be planted 15 cm x 15 cm (in rows and in
between rows) in Oring, Banengbeng, Sablan, Benguet. The difference of 13.65 kg of yield
between 15 x 15 cm and 30 x 15 cm would mean P327.60 which when converted to hectare basis
will be P163,800.00. This amount will mean a lot to a farmer already. It is further recommended
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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17
that closer spacings be evaluated with longer maturity days of harvesting than the 70 days used
in this study.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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LITERATURE CITED
ANON. 1990. Vegetable Production Manual. Republic of China. P. 81
ANON, nd. Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion. Retrieved December 15, 2009 from
www. expervillage. com.
BAUTISTA, O. K. and R. C. MABESA. 1970. Vegetable Production. UPLB, College, Los
Banos, Laguna. P. 63.
BAWANG, F. 2006. Production and Postharvest Technologies of Vegetable in the Mid
Elevation and High Altitude Tropics. Baguio City. Baguio Allied Printers. Pp. 39-40.
BONAR, A. 1994. Vegetables. Tiger Books International. London. Pp. 94-96.
COLBONG, Y. G. 1985. The effect of planting distance on the growth and yield of radish. BS
Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. 42pp.
HUGHES, G. 1997. Onions. The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, London. P. 763.
MARTIN, J. H. and W. H. LEONARD. 1970. Principles of Field Crop Production. New York:
Macmillan Book Co. P. 281.
MCCOLLUM, W. 1980. Producing Vegetable Crops. Danville Illinois. The Interstate Printers
and Publishers, Inc. Danville Illiniod. Pp. 360-361
THOMPSON, H. C. and W. C. KELLY. 1959. Vegetable Crops. 5th edition. McGraw hill co.,
New York.
WATTS, R. L. 1972. Vegetable Gardening. New York: Orange Judd, Inc. P. 271.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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19
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Plant height (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT 1 11
111
1V TOTAL
MEAN
30 x 15 cm
56.75
57.19
49.54
57.36
220.84
55.21
25 x 15 cm
56.40
54.81
55.25
64.16
230.62
57.65
20 x 15 cm
55.35
57.51
56.36
61.93
231.15
57.78
15 x 15 cm
57.65
60.69
57.21
59.60
235.15
58.78
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
4
79.85501
26.6167
Treatment
4
27.72079
9.2401
1.53ns
3.86 6.99
Error
9
54.2600
6.0289
TOTAL 17
161.8302
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation = 4.28%
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Appendix Table 2. Number of suckers produced per plant
REPLICATION
TREATMENT 1 11
111
1V TOTAL
MEAN
30 x 15 cm
58
50
35
49
192
48.00
25 x 15 cm
57
49
51
53
210
52.50
20 x 15 cm
48
53
49
41
191
47.75
15 x 15 cm
44
45
55
46
190
47.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SUM OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
SQUARES FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Block
4
51.6875
17.2292
Treatment
4
68.1875
22.7292
0.50ns 3.86
Error
9
409.0625
45.4514
TOTAL 17
528.9375
ns= not significant Coefficient of variation=13.78%
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Appendix Table 3. Weight of plants per plot
REPLICATION
TREATMENT 1
11
111
1V TOTAL MEAN
30 x 15 cm
4.50
5.20
3.30
3.90
16.90
4.22
25 x 15 cm
7.40
6.60
6.0
5.90
25.90
6.47
20 x 15 cm
5.20
8.20
7.0
6.90
27.30
6.82
15 x 15 cm
6.50
6.50
9.90
7.65
30.55
7.63
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SUM OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
SQUARES
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
Block
4
1.4917
0.4972
Treatment
4
25.6017
8.5339
5.41*
3.86 6.99
Error 9
14.1977
1.5775
TOTAL
17
41.2911
*= significant Coefficient of variation =19.97%
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Appendix Table 4. Weight per bunch (g)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT 1
11
111
1V TOTAL MEAN
30 x 15 cm
16.00
157.30
162.80
152.00
638.10
159.52
25 x 15 cm
190.10
165.40
211.90
176.20
265.70
662.67
20 x 15 cm
127.50
198.40
166.50
160.00
652.4
163.10
15 x 15 cm
126.70
154.50
179.80
143.80
604.8
157.20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SUM OF
DEGREES
SUMOF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
SQUARES
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
Treatment 4
742176.5150
247392.1717
Block 4
764565.470
254855.1583
1.10ns
3.86 6.99
Error 9
2090106.1800
232234.0200
TOTAL 17
3596848.1700
ns= not significant Coefficient of variation =169.61
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
at Different Plant Densities / Jasper K. Guzman 2011
GUZMAN, JASPER K. APRIL 2011. Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green
Onion (Allium fistulosum L.) at Different Plant Densities. Banengbeng, Sablan, Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Banengbeng, Sablan, Benguet from August to
October, 2010 to determine the effect of different plant densities on the growth, yield and
profitability of green onion, and the best plant spacing for green onion production under
Banengbeng, Sablan, Benguet condition.
Results of the study show that except weight of plants harvested per plot where
the 30 cm x 15 cm obtained significantly lower weight, the rest of the data gathered on
growth and yield did not differ significantly.
In terms of profitability, the highest net income of P386.50 or 111.48% return on
expenses from 20 square meters was obtained from green onion plants spaced at 15 x 15
cm. This was followed by spacing plants at 20 cm x 15 cm, 25 cm x 15 cm and 30 cm x
15 cm with P323.20, P305.10 and 100.30, ROI; respectively. It was also observed that the
net income from green onions decrease as the plant spacing becomes wider with lower
population per area.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract………….………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………….. ii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS ……………………………………………… 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………… 10
Plant Height at harvesting (cm)……………………………………...... 10
Number of Suckers Produced per Plant……………............................... 10
Weight of Plants Per Plot (kg)…………………………………………. 11
Weight Per Bunch (g)..………………………………………………… 12
Economic Analysis……………………………………………………. 13
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary……………………………………………………………….. 16
Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 16
Recommendation………………………………………………………. 17
LITERARURE CITED…………………………………………………………
18
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………….
17
INTRODUCTION
Green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) is one of the vegetable crops planted by farmers as
main crop during rainy season, intercrop or mixed crop during dry season. Some farmers plant
two rows where in the use of land is not maximized.
Green onion is used mostly as seasoning in soups. It is also used as topping in a recipe
like cake, salad, bread and also junk foods. Most of buyers of green onions are large business
like hotel, restaurant, and bakery and also in fast food. The leafy part of green onion is the main
part that is used in cooking. Aromatic flavor of leaves is appreciated especially among Russians,
where they used as raw in various salads or as delicious filling in pies.
Some of the farmers plant onion as their intercrop to other vegetables to maximize the
use of area but they even do not know if the plant is compatible to each other. Gardeners in
Benguet said that onion is the easiest vegetable to grow. Plant density also has been recognized
as a major factor in determining the degree of competition between plants.
There had been few studies and limited information regarding the plant densities in green
onion. Information that will be gathered from the study will help the farmers, extension workers,
researchers and the following generation who will engage in vegetable production. This research
will also raise the standard of living for the farmers due to higher profit, but also increase the
volume of production of the country. Increases in production will also encourage development in
the community where the farmers are living and the expansion of industry.
The study was conducted to: 1) determine the effect of different plant densities on the
growth and yield of green onion; 2) determine the plant density appropriate for green onion that
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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will optimize yield per unit area; and 3) determine the profitability of green onion at different
plant densities.
The study was conducted at the area of Oring, Banengbeng, Sablan Benguet from August
to October 2010.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of the Crop
Onion is a vegetable that has a strong odor and flavor. Onion ranked as one of the world’s
most popular foods. They are use chiefly as a seasoning and are eaten raw, cooked, dehydrated
and pickled. When cut, it gives a vapor that causes people’s eyes to water. Onions differ in
strength of their flavor. People use such strong tasting onions as the Southport yellow globe in
soups and stews. Mild onions, including the tallow Bermuda and sweet Spanish are often eaten
raw in salads or sandwiches. Onions are harvested when their bulb are immature are called green
onion or salad onions. Green onions are sold with their leaves attached. Onions probably first
grew in central or Southwestern Asia. Today, onions are grown throughout the world. The
leading onion-growing countries include China, India and United States (Hughes, 1997).
Green onions have small white bases or ends that vary in size depending on when they
were harvested. Most will have slight roundness to the base but they have not developed into full
bulbs. They are available year round but their prime season is spring and summer (Anonymous,
n.d.).
Nutritional Value
According to Bonar (1994), onions contain few calories, an appreciable amount of
calcium and some vitamin C but their nutritional value is not high, despite their reputed
medicinal qualities.
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Economic Value
According to Bonar (1994), onions are possibly the most widely used vegetable in the
world. No casserole or stew is complete without them and they are added two thousands of other
dishes as a moisturizer and flavoring. On their own, they can be baked or boiled, or made into a
delicious sauce or soup. Moreover, the author mentioned that the onion is one of the longest and
most widely used vegetables, with and recorded history reaching back 3,500 B.C.
Medicinal Value
Bonar (1994) stated that the ancient Egyptians though so highly of the onion that they
were used in medicine and mummification, and the slaves building the pyramids ate onions as
well as garlic and radishes. Nero ate them to cure colds and the Romans belief in their medicinal
use and along side the liking for the flavor, and they were used for sleeplessness, cough, sore
throats and stomach.
Soil Climatic Requirements
The onion is cool season plant that will grow well over a wide range of temperature.
Onion seed will germinate best near 650 F. Best growth and quality are obtained if the
temperature is cool during the early development and warm near maturity. A dry atmosphere at
harvest is desirable to obtain satisfactory curing, and to thrive well to irrigation in many areas
(McCollum, 1980).
Effect of Plant Spacing/Plant Density
The field spacing and plant population are those that maximize yield and quality without
unduly increasing production cost (Anonymous, 1990). As a rule, all crops tended to increase
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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yield per unit area as plant population increased, but up to a certain limit. The author also added
that beyond this limit, the yield may not increase further and may even drop.
Bautista and Mabesa (1970) stated that as plant population per unit area increased, the
yield per unit area will also increase until the spacing is so close that excessive competitions
between rows and in rows among plants occur. With each grower’s situation, wider spacing is
needed where the plant requirements for moistures and nutrients cannot be met at a closer
spacing, where growing large vegetables is desirable and where the variety requires such
spacing.
Colbong (1985) reported that wider spacing of radish plants enhanced early maturity
produced the most number of leaves, larger and longer roots and increased heavier weight of
individual roots.
On one hand, Thompson (1959) said that close spacing of sweet potatoes increase yield
of marketable roots while Martin and Leonard (1970) stated that thinner spacing in the same crop
tends to produced fewer but large roots.
In 1972, Watts added that the proper distance between plants depend upon the variety,
purpose of the crop, fertility of the soil, and method of cultivation, spacing and harvesting.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were green onion suckers (Boltsville), decomposed
chicken manure, pesticides, farm tools, watering cans, foot rule, pegs, and record book.
Method
Experimental design and treatments. The experimental layout was the Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatments which were replicated four times were the
following.
Code
Distance of Planting Row
of
Plants Number
of
Plants
T1
30 x 15 cm
2 rows
66 plants
T2
25 x 15 cm
3 rows
99 plants
T3
20 x 15 cm
4 rows
132 plants
T4
15 x 15 cm
5 rows
165 plants
Land
preparation. Sixteen plots measuring 1m x 5m (80 sq m) were dug 30 cm deep for
the study. After digging, the plots were applied with compost chicken dung as fertilizer base-
dress. This was mixed with the soil thoroughly. The plot surface was leveled and lines were
made to indicate where the green onion suckers were planted.
Planting. Two green onion suckers were planted on each hill about five centimeters deep
following the distance and number of plant rows specified in the treatment (Figure 1).
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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I
Fig.1. The upper photo shows the plants at 1 week old while the lower photo
Shows plants stand at 15 days from planting
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Irrigation. The plants were irrigated by bucket overhead using two cans (16 liters
capacity) of water per plot. This was done every three days or twice a week if it did not rain.
Side dressing and hilling-up. Three weeks after planting, 14-14-14 at the rate of 120-120-
120 kg of N-P2O-K2O per hectare or 428.57g per plot of 1m x 5m was applied. This fertilizer
was evenly distributed in between the plants followed by hilling-up to cover the fertilizer,
growing weeds and fix the plots to prevent water run-off.
Crop maintenance. All the plants were taken cared off equally up to the termination of the
study. If the plants were infected with disease, fungicide was applied and when insects damage
the plants, insecticide was applied.
Data gathering. Seventy days after planting, the plants were uprooted and the following
data were gathered:
1. Plant height (cm). This was obtained 70 days from planting. Ten sample plants were
uprooted randomly from each plot and were measured from the base of the leaf sheath to the tip
of the longest leaf. The measurement were added then divided by 10 to get the average per plant.
2. Number of suckers produced per plant. The number of plants per hill from ten sample
plants were counted and recorded.
3. Weight of plants per plot (kg). This was the total weight of plants that was harvested
per plot.
4. Weight per bunch (g). The total weight of 10 sample plants per plot was divided by
the10 samples to obtain the weight of plants per bunch.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Documentation. This was photographed after transplanting, during growth and harvest.
5. Economic analysis. All inputs like the planting materials, fertilizers, pesticides, labor,
etc., were recorded and so with the sales in order to compute for the return on expenses using the
formula:
ROE (%) = Gross Sales/Plot – Total Expenses/ Plot x 100
Total Expenses/ Plot
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Height
Table 1 shows the plant height measured from the different plant densities. As presented,
there was a corresponding increase in height as the distance of planting was reduced. In other
words, the closer the distance of planting, where there were more plants grown per square meter,
and also had taller plants. However, there were no significant differences in plant heights of
green onions grown in the different plant spacings (Figure 2).
Number of Suckers Produced per Plant
There were no significant differences observed among the plant spacing studied as
presented in Table 2. It was expected that the number of suckers will be more from wider
spacings which had decreased as the spacing also decrease. The trend was shown from 25 x 15
cm, 20 x 15 cm, and 15 x 15 cm where the numbers of suckers were there was a corresponding
decrease in the number of suckers produced per plant as the spacing decreased; but the 30 x 15
cm spacing did not produce the most suckers as expected. This result might
imply that even if the distance between rows of plants were farther apart if the distance in rows is
all the same. It will result to similar number of suckers to be produced per plant.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Treatment 2
Figure 2. Green onions grown at different spacing at harvest
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Table 1. Plant height of green onion from the different spacings at harvest
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
30 x 15 cm
55.21a
25 x 15 cm
57.65a
20 x 15 cm
57.78a
15 x 15 cm
58.78a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Table 2. Number of suckers produced per plant
TREATMENT
MEAN
30 x 15 cm
48.00a
25 x 15 cm
52.50a
20 x 15 cm
47.75a
15 x 15 cm
47.50a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Weight of Plants per Plot
As shown in Table 3, the weight of plants harvested per plot increased as the plant
spacing was made closer. Apparently, green onion planted at 25 x 15 cm, 20 x 15 cm and 15 x 15
cm slightly differed among themselves in plant weight per plot but significantly heavier than the
weight of plants from the 30 x 15 cm spacing. There were slight differences among the different
plant spacings in the plant height and number of suckers per plant but the lowest height and
number of suckers from the 30 x 15 cm spacing resulted to the significantly lower weight of
plants harvested per plot. According to some
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Table 3. Weight of plants harvested per plot
TREATMENT
MEAN
(kg)
30 x 15 cm
4.22b
25 x 15 cm
6.47a
20 x 15 cm
6.82a
15 x 15 cm
7.63a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
authors, all crops tend to increase yield per unit area as plant population increase, but up to a
certain limit and beyond this the yield starts to drop (Anon.1990; Anon. 2009). Bautista and
Mabesa (1970) explained that when the spacing is so close, excessive competition between rows
and in rows among plants occur resulting to yield reduction. However, the yield increase
observed in this study is very slight among the treatments and the peak of yield was not reached
and the drop of yield due to severe competition was not attained because the variation in spacing
was only in the distance between rows but the distance of plants in rows was all the same at 15
cm which is the ideal distance for green onion. The results might have been different when the
distance of plants in rows was varied from wide to close spacing.
Weight per Bunch
There were no significant differences observed among the plant spacings in terms of
weight per bunch as presented in Table 4. As was explained earlier, it appears that when the
spacing in between rows with changes by 5 cm; and the spacing in rows is measured at 15 cm in
all treatments, the weight per bunch did not differ significantly. Spacing green onion at 15 cm in
rows seem to be appropriate for the plant and even if
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Table 4.Weight per bunch from the different densities
TREATMENT
MEAN
(g)
30 x 15 cm
159.52a
25 x 15 cm
162.67a
20 x 15 cm
163.10a
15 x 15 cm
157.20a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level at DMRT
we vary the spacings between rows do not have significant influence in the weight of plant per
bunch. Apparently, the weight per bunch decrease as the spacings were made closer because of
competition among plants and plant parts. However, the competition was not severe may be due
to the plant characteristic where the leaves are usually erect.
Economic Analysis
As shown in Table 5, the net income from the different spacings of green onion studied
increased as the spacing was decreased from P100.30 to P386.50. In other words, when the
spacing was 15 x 15 cm, the return on expenses was 111.48% or P1.11 for every peso spent in
the production. As the spacings became wider from 20 x 15 cm, 25 x 15 cm, and 30 x 15 cm, the
net income reduced to P323.20, P305.10 and P100.30, respectively. While the statistical analysis
did not show significant differences among the plant spacings, the difference of 13.65 kg of yield
between 15 x 15 cm and 30 x 15 cm would mean P327.60 which when converted to hectare basis
will be P163, 800.00. This amount will mean a lot to a farmer already. Even the difference
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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between the 15 x 15 cm and 20 x 15 cm which is 6.0 kg will still give P14, 125.00 per hectare
advantage of 15 x 15 cm over 20 x 15 cm spacing with the selling price of P24.00 per kilo.
Table 5. Economic analysis from the 20 square meter area of green at Banengbeng, Sablan,
Benguet
ITEM _________________ PLANT SPACING (cm)___
30 x 15________25 x 15______20 x 15_____15 x 15
YIELD (kg) 16.90 25.90 27.30 30.55
SALES (P) 405.60 621.60 655.20 733.20
Expenses
Planting materials 28.80 39.00 56.40 70.20
14-14-14 31.50 31.50 31.50 31.50
Labor cost
Cleaning 47.50 47.50 47.50 47.50
Digging plots 47.50 47.50 47.50 47.50
Irrigating 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00
Harvesting 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00
Transportation 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00_
Total Expenses 305.30 316.60 332.00 346.70
Net Income 100.30 305.10 323.20 386.50
ROE (%) 32.85 96.40 97.35 111.48
RANK 4 3 2 1 Note: The
selling prize per kilo during harvest was P 24.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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16
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted from August to October 2010 at Oring, Banengbeng, Sablan,
Benguet to evaluate the growth, yield and profitability of green onion in different plant densities.
Results of the study shows that except the weight of plants harvested per plot where the
30 cm x 15 cm obtained significantly lower weight, the rest of the data gathered on growth and
yield did not differ significantly.
In terms of profitability, green onions spaced at 15 cm x 15 cm obtained the highest net
income of P386.50 or 111.48% return on expenses from 20 square meters. This was followed by
20 cm x 15 cm, 25 cm x 15 cm and 30 cm x 15 cm with P323.20, P305.10 and P100.30,
respectively. Obviously, the net income from green onions decrease as the plant spacing
becomes wider.
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, 15 cm x 15 cm plant spacing in green onion
produced heavier yield with higher net income than those spacings with wider distance between
rows from 20 to 30 cm. When the spacing was 15 x 15 cm, the return on expenses was 111.48%
or P1.11 for every peso spent in the production.
Recommendations
It is therefore recommended that green onion be planted 15 cm x 15 cm (in rows and in
between rows) in Oring, Banengbeng, Sablan, Benguet. The difference of 13.65 kg of yield
between 15 x 15 cm and 30 x 15 cm would mean P327.60 which when converted to hectare basis
will be P163,800.00. This amount will mean a lot to a farmer already. It is further recommended
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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17
that closer spacings be evaluated with longer maturity days of harvesting than the 70 days used
in this study.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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LITERATURE CITED
ANON. 1990. Vegetable Production Manual. Republic of China. P. 81
ANON, nd. Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion. Retrieved December 15, 2009 from
www. expervillage. com.
BAUTISTA, O. K. and R. C. MABESA. 1970. Vegetable Production. UPLB, College, Los
Banos, Laguna. P. 63.
BAWANG, F. 2006. Production and Postharvest Technologies of Vegetable in the Mid
Elevation and High Altitude Tropics. Baguio City. Baguio Allied Printers. Pp. 39-40.
BONAR, A. 1994. Vegetables. Tiger Books International. London. Pp. 94-96.
COLBONG, Y. G. 1985. The effect of planting distance on the growth and yield of radish. BS
Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. 42pp.
HUGHES, G. 1997. Onions. The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, London. P. 763.
MARTIN, J. H. and W. H. LEONARD. 1970. Principles of Field Crop Production. New York:
Macmillan Book Co. P. 281.
MCCOLLUM, W. 1980. Producing Vegetable Crops. Danville Illinois. The Interstate Printers
and Publishers, Inc. Danville Illiniod. Pp. 360-361
THOMPSON, H. C. and W. C. KELLY. 1959. Vegetable Crops. 5th edition. McGraw hill co.,
New York.
WATTS, R. L. 1972. Vegetable Gardening. New York: Orange Judd, Inc. P. 271.
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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19
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Plant height (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT 1 11
111
1V TOTAL
MEAN
30 x 15 cm
56.75
57.19
49.54
57.36
220.84
55.21
25 x 15 cm
56.40
54.81
55.25
64.16
230.62
57.65
20 x 15 cm
55.35
57.51
56.36
61.93
231.15
57.78
15 x 15 cm
57.65
60.69
57.21
59.60
235.15
58.78
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Block
4
79.85501
26.6167
Treatment
4
27.72079
9.2401
1.53ns
3.86 6.99
Error
9
54.2600
6.0289
TOTAL 17
161.8302
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation = 4.28%
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Appendix Table 2. Number of suckers produced per plant
REPLICATION
TREATMENT 1 11
111
1V TOTAL
MEAN
30 x 15 cm
58
50
35
49
192
48.00
25 x 15 cm
57
49
51
53
210
52.50
20 x 15 cm
48
53
49
41
191
47.75
15 x 15 cm
44
45
55
46
190
47.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SUM OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
SQUARES FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Block
4
51.6875
17.2292
Treatment
4
68.1875
22.7292
0.50ns 3.86
Error
9
409.0625
45.4514
TOTAL 17
528.9375
ns= not significant Coefficient of variation=13.78%
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Appendix Table 3. Weight of plants per plot
REPLICATION
TREATMENT 1
11
111
1V TOTAL MEAN
30 x 15 cm
4.50
5.20
3.30
3.90
16.90
4.22
25 x 15 cm
7.40
6.60
6.0
5.90
25.90
6.47
20 x 15 cm
5.20
8.20
7.0
6.90
27.30
6.82
15 x 15 cm
6.50
6.50
9.90
7.65
30.55
7.63
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SUM OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
SQUARES
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
Block
4
1.4917
0.4972
Treatment
4
25.6017
8.5339
5.41*
3.86 6.99
Error 9
14.1977
1.5775
TOTAL
17
41.2911
*= significant Coefficient of variation =19.97%
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
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Appendix Table 4. Weight per bunch (g)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT 1
11
111
1V TOTAL MEAN
30 x 15 cm
16.00
157.30
162.80
152.00
638.10
159.52
25 x 15 cm
190.10
165.40
211.90
176.20
265.70
662.67
20 x 15 cm
127.50
198.40
166.50
160.00
652.4
163.10
15 x 15 cm
126.70
154.50
179.80
143.80
604.8
157.20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SUM OF
DEGREES
SUMOF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
SQUARES
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
Treatment 4
742176.5150
247392.1717
Block 4
764565.470
254855.1583
1.10ns
3.86 6.99
Error 9
2090106.1800
232234.0200
TOTAL 17
3596848.1700
ns= not significant Coefficient of variation =169.61
Growth, Yield and Profitability of Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
at Different Plant Densities / Jasper K. Guzman 2011
Document Outline
- Growth, Yield and Profitability of GreenOnion (Allium fistulosum L.) at Different Plant Densities
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES