BIBLIOGRAPHY LIGAT, JOAN V. APRIL 2012. Trapping...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIGAT, JOAN V. APRIL 2012. Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulatesMuller)
Infesting Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassaDuch). Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat, M.S.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Entomology Experimental Area, Balili, La Trinidad Benguet
to determine the density of Board trap that could collect substantial number of slugs infesting
strawberry, to monitor the injury inflected by the pest in the strawberry fruits and to determine
the effect of board trap to the yield of strawberry fruits.
The number of slugs were high on the 16 traps and lowest was in the 9 traps.
The 16 trap on the plots of strawberry fruits had the least slug’s injury.
The strawberry plots with 16 had the highest marketable fruits and lowest non marketable
fruits.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...……………………………………………………………… i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………... i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………… iii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………… 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………….. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………. 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………. 9
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………….. 14
Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 15
Recommendation…………………………………………………… 15
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………… 16
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………. 20
1
INTRODUCTION
Slugs (Agriolimax reticulatesMuller) are one of known pest of cultivated crops
and as damaging pest in the production of strawberry fields and home gardens. Slugs feed
on ripe fruits and produce rough holes that render the fruit marketable. They also feed on
the leaves and effect of rasping feeding are ragged holes in the leaves. Slug’s injury is
sometimes difficult to diagnose. Smaller leaves may be eaten entirely, while only the
edges leaves may be consumed (Getz, 1999).
The presence of slime trails often is the indication of slugs’ activity. Slugs can be
serving as insect vectors of bacterial and fungal disease of plants. The injury to plants
which includes lettuces, carrots, Chinese cabbage and strawberry consist of chewed holes
on the stem, flowers and fruits. These widely distributed to tropical and temperate zone
(Drubble, 2003).
The pest emphasized by unique features as torsion, a twisting visceral mass in
which in some instances, biologist hypothesized it as an adaptation that protects their
head by allowing it to enter to the shell first during withdrawal from potential predators
(Chapman, 1982).
Slugs are classified as Gastropods. They feed on a variety of plants materials that
they ate by rasping with specialized mouthparts. They feed on mostly nights, although
they occasionally are active on overcast or rainy days. During hot and dry seasons they
may be temporarily inactive (Berg, 2003).
They can be found on the plant at night and in the early morning and under the
plastic and mulch during the day and they are sensitive to dryness and will seek out of
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
2
moisture making the humid environment under the mulch of strawberries attracted to
them.
Hence, the importance of the study guides and provide important information to
farmers in establishing appropriate management and strategies in controlling pest such as
sow bugs, earwigs and small insects and these are important to guide also in monitoring
and controlling its population of insects.
The objective of the study is to determine the density of board trap that could
collect substantial number of slugs infesting strawberry. To monitor the injury inflected
by the pest in the strawberry fruits and to determine the effect of board trap to the yield of
strawberry.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University, Entomology Instruction
Area at Balili, La Trinidad,and Benguet from October 2011 to March 2012.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Production of Strawberry
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassaDuch) is a viable crop in most areas of the
Philippines. Strawberry belongs to genus Fragaria in Rose family. They are low growing
perennial herb that may live for many years. These plants have short roots and long
slender stems and grow along the surface of the soil. They were propagated by cutting off
and replanting the long runners produced by the plant. It can grow best in cool, moist
climate and any kind of soil (Johnson, 2005).
Strawberry is one of the most number one crops planted by farmers and most
grown crops in the municipality of La Trinidad.
As with any crop, producing strawberries organically entails a system approach to
the whole farm rather than just substituting approved organic materials. Many practices
are the same in organic and conventional strawberry production but the fundamentals
approached to the soil husbandry and pest management. Some conventional system can
maintain strawberry beds for five years for controlling weeds, disease and insects but
organic growers rely on crop rotation (Sideman, 1999).
Reiger (2000) stated that the producers can thus higher returns from strawberries
that from most other crop that’s why farmers used synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and
requires soil building and biological pesticides and requires soil building and biological
pest control to maintain the quality of the plant to avoid lost. Farmers cannot afford to
buy these insecticides due to high prices.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
4
Morphology and Behavior of Slugs
Like other pulmunate land snails, slugs (Agriolimax reticulates) have two pairs of
feelers on their head. The upper pairs light sensing while the lower pair is the sense of
smell. The mantle is the respiratory opening, which easy to see when open but difficult to
see when closed. Slugs moves by the rhythmic waves of muscular contraction. It
simultaneously secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels, prevent damage to food
tissues. Some slugs’ species hibernate underground during the minter in the temperate
climates, but in other species adults die (Muller, 2001).
Ecology of Slugs
Ligat and Colting (2003) cited that any slugs play an important role in ecosystem
by eating dead leaves, fungus and decaying vegetable material. Slugs feed mainly also on
variety plants as decaying plant matter and ripening fruit of tomatoes and strawberries.
Other species of slugs ate parts of living plants. Some slugs are predators and ate other
slugs and snails, or earworms. Most carnivorous on occasion also eat carrion including
dead of their own kind.
Taxonomy of Slugs
The species of slugs requires a different length of time for the development of life
cycle. Slugs’ egg can be found outdoors during any month of year, most in spring and
summer. Most species over winter as adults or nearly mature, during warm and wet
climatic conditions the rate at which develop and thus making possible second
vegetables, field crops and ornamental throughout the continent. They attacked seedlings
of a number of crops, particularly alfalfa and strawberries (Metcalf, 1979).
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
5
Slug Natural Enemies
Wood (2001) cited that some slugs many natural enemies including ground
beetles, pathogens, toads and birds but most rarely effective enough to provide
satisfactory control in the garden. One predator found in some California gardens is a
large Staphylinid beetle (Coleopterans) called the devil coach horse (OcypusOlens).
Larval fireflies are also feeding on slugs.
Characteristics of Different Family of Slugs
Family Agriolimacidae, the grey filed slug, vey variable in color, creamy and
rarely black spotted slugs. Family Limacidae, the great grey little slugs, measures (10- )
20cm), (4-8) in length and is generally a light grayish, with darker spots and blotches.
Family Arionidae, the black field slug. It can be recognized by its yellow sole and
yellow mucus it produces. The black filed slugs can live up to one year. Family
Philomycidae, the Palliser, relatively small and about 2.5 cm in length and they are dark
and slimy appearance. These slug feed in lichen and not pest (Cameron, 2009).
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
6
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials that were used in the study were Styrofoam, Wooden Board, pen,
note book, multipurpose container, pin, salt, mixing spoon, packing tape, plastic cover,
strawberry runners, digital camera and other reference materials such as entomology
books.
Land Preparation
A 250 square m2 area consisting of 10 pilots was prepared and it was subdivided
into five treatments. Cleaning digging the soil with the used of grab hoe and application
of chicken Dung and Gypsum after planting a variety of Strawberry plants were
appropriately done.
The planted strawberry was mulched with cogon grass intended to deprive grass
growth.
Application of Board Trap
A prepared board trap (44 × 16 cm in size) of Styrofoam (Figure 1). Each trap
replicated four times and were assembled at the field. The traps were place at the surfaced
of the soil to concentrate slugs that seek shelter under them.
Traps were checked every morning and there were 176 Board traps used in
trapping slugs infesting strawberry.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
7
Figure 1. The boarrd traps used in the trapping of slugs infesting strawberry.
Collection of Trapped Slugs
Monitoring the slug’s population was donedaily early in the morning and for a
period of four weeks for the collection of trapped slugs. The slugs were scraped off,
scretonized and were drown in a salt solution or inside a multi-purpose plastic container
after counting and recording. There were 10 plots and trap pest in each treatment had the
10 - 15 slugs was counted and were recorded and at the same time it was documented
with the use of digital camera.
Monitoring the Injury Inflected by the Pest on Strawberry Fruits
The monitoring of the injury of strawberry cause by the pest was done through
visual observation on the Strawberry fruits.
There were five treatments and it was replicated four times. The injury was based
on the harvested fruits and the infected and good fruits was counted and separated. Using
the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The number of Board traps and Area
of plots covered were the following:
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
8
Treatment No. of Board Trap Area of Plots Covered (%)
T1
16 100
T2
13 80
T3
9 50
T4
6 30
T5
0 Untreated
Effectiveness of Board Trap
The fruits were harvested twice a week in each treatment. The infected fruits and
good fruits was separated and were counted and recorded and were weight in grams. The
yield of strawberry fruits was noted by having the total number of infected and good
fruits as well as their marketable and non marketable yield.
Data Gathered
1. Population of Slugs. The total number of Slug collected from the Board Trap.
2. Injury. The total number of strawberry fruits damaged by slugs.
3. Yield. Weight (g) of strawberry fruits after harvesting, (nonmarketable and non
marketable).
Data Computed
1. Percent Injury = No. of infected fruits________________ ×100
Total No. of Infected and Good Fruits
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Population of Slugs
No significant differences on the mean total population of slugs were obtained as
shown in the table 1. The 16 number of trap obtained the highest population of 477.Table
1 showthat under the untreated listed the lowest slug’s population of 350.The different
treatments were comparable to each other regardless of the differences in their means.
The 16 number of trap having the 119.2 means could decrease the population of
slugs on strawberry fruits because it was the more traps used in trapping slugs infesting
strawberry.Such results on the increasing slugs population could be attributed by the
frequent weather conditions in which slugs prefers moist than dry area.
The Table 1 shows a non significant differences in comparable with the untreated
having a mean of 87.5, while the 6 number of trap had a mean of 118.25, 114.75 for the
13 number of trap and 16 number of trap had a mean of 119.25.
Table1. The total population of slugs on the different number of traps from November
2011 to February 2012
NUMBER OF TRAPS
TOTAL
MEAN
16 477
119.25a
13 459
114.75 a
9 447
111.75 a
6 473
118.25 a
Without Trap
350
87.50 a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by
DMRT
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
10
Injury to Strawberry Fruits
Injury of fruits was noted by having the number of fruits infected by slugs.
Results show that all the treatments under the 16 number of trap listed the lowest slug’s
injury having a total of 178. However, the 9 number of trap obtained the highest slugs
injury having a total of 225(Table 2).
No significant differences to the injury of slugs on strawberry fruits (Table 2 and
Figure 2-3). The different number of traps was comparable to each other in regardless of
the differences in their means.
Slug’s injury on the 16 number of trap with a mean of 44.50 noted the lowest
injury of slug’s infestation, followed by the 6 number of trap having 55.50 mean: 56.0 for
the 13 number of board trap and untreated having a mean of 62.75.
Such results, 9 number of trap listed the highest number of slug’s injury to the
ripe strawberry fruits with a 63.75 of fruits infested.Hence, injury of slugs to strawberry
plants consist of chewed holes in the fruits.
Table 2. The percent injury of strawberry fruits damaged by slugs from November 2011
to February 2012
NUMBER OF TRAPS
TOTAL
MEAN
16 178
44.50a
13 224
56.00a
9 255
63.75a
6 222
55.50a
Without Trap
251
62.75a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by
DMRT
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
11
Figure 2. Slugs Injury to Strawberry fruits
Figure 3. Slug’s feeding to Strawberry fruits
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
12
Yield
The Table 3 shows significant interaction was observed on marketable yield of
strawberry fruits. The 16 number of trap obtained the highest total of fruits harvested and
highest yield having a total of 1237 and a 309.25 mean of fruits harvested.Results
indicated that the 6 number of trap obtained the lowest yield having a total of 615 and a
153.75 mean of fruits harvested.
The more board trap used were the highest yield of fruits harvested and the least
board trap used had the lowest yield fruits harvested.
Such results, 16 number of trapped obtained the highest marketable yield and
were theone hundred percent area of plots covered of board trap.The 6 number of trap
obtained the lowest marketable yield and were the thirty percent of plots covered of board
trap.
Table 3. The marketable yield of strawberry fruits after 4 weeks application of board
traps
NUMBER OF TRAPS
MARKETABLE (g)
MEAN
TOTAL
16 1,237
309.75a
13 979
244.75ab
9 1,009
252.25ab
6 615
153.75b
Without Trap
673
168.25b
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by
DMRT
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
13
The Table 4 shows highly significant were observed on the non marketable yield
of strawberry fruits. The results indicated the increased of nonmarketable yield
strawberry fruits. The marketable yield decreases accounted with the increased of non
marketable yield of strawberry fruits.
Statistical analysis shows on Table 4 highly significant on the non marketable
yield of strawberry fruits.
The Table 4 shows that 16 number of trap obtained the lowest yield having a total
of 615 and a non marketable mean of 153.75. The 6 number of trap obtained the highest
yield having a total of 1394 and a non marketable mean of 348.5.
Table 4. The non marketable yield of strawberry fruits after 4 weeks application of board
traps
NUMBER OF TRAPS
NON-MARKETABLE (g)
MEAN
TOTAL
16 615
153.70c
13 1,120
255.00b
9 1,204
309.00ab
6 1,394
348.50a
Without Trap
902
225.50c
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by
DMRT
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
14
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the density of board trap could collect
substantial number of slugs, to monitor the injury inflected by the pest in the strawberry
fruits and to determine the effect of board trap to the yield of strawberry fruits at the
Benguet State University Entomology Experimental Area, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet
from October 2011 to March 2012.
A 250 square meter area was prepared, subdivided in to five treatments and
planted with strawberry plant. One week after planting, chicken dung and gypsum
application followed by mulching of cogon grass were done as required. Regularly,
monitoring of the population and injury of slugs on the strawberry was done daily and
early in the morning.
Slug’s infestation on every treatment was observed after one month in which,
board trap application were started.
After the application, it was observed that board trap could be used in controlling
slugs. Statistical analysis reveals that the different number of treatments to the population
and injury of slugs were no significant differences to each other. All treatments from that
of the untreated.
Strawberry fruits were then measured by observing the plants and by having the
non marketable and marketable yield as well as the total number of injury of slugs on
strawberry fruits.
There was an effectiveness of board trap to the yield of strawberry fruits.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
15
Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed under the number of traps
was comparable to each other in regardless of the differences in their means. As the board
traps were applied, slug’s injury to strawberry fruits decreases on the 16 number of traps
comparable with the 9 number of traps which increase of slug’s injury.
Furthermore, non marketable as well as the marketable yield of strawberry fruits
obtained significant interaction.However, the 6 number of traps listed the highest
marketable yield.
It was also observed that there was no damages effect of strawberry leaves it was
only to strawberry fruits. Injury of slugs consists of chewed holes in the fruits.
Thus, board trap can be recommended as effective control of slugs and other
insects such as thrips, cutworm and snails.
Conclusion
Based on the results, it was therefore concluded that 6 number of trap had the
highest marketable yield of strawberry fruits and lowest on thenon marketable yield.
Board trap made up of Styrofoam can control garden slugs.
Recommendation
For easier controlling population and injury of slugs to strawberry plant, 16
number of trap in trapping slugs is recommended.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
16
LITERATURE CITED
BERG, L.P. 2003. Land Slug and their Control. Plant Defense and Host Plant Resistance.
University of Massachusetts: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 620-621.
CAMERON, L. M. 2009. Field Key to Slugs of British Isles. University of Michigan:
Mollusk Division. Museum of Zoology. Ann Arbor. Field Studies. Pp. 807-
834.
CHAPMAN, R.B. 1982. The Insect Structure and Function.(2nd Edition). India:
Macmillan India Ltd. P.100.
DRUBBLE, B.D. 2003. Webster International Encyclopedia.(1st Edition). Columbia:
trident Press International. Pp. 1039-1050.
HOWARD, L.F. 1990.Potential for Strawberry Production in the Philippines. La Trinidad
Benguet: MSAC. P.21.
GETZ, L.K. 1999. Teresstrial Slugs. USA, Northeastern north, 7559 second street:
Dexter Michigan 48130. Pp.57-89.
JOHNSON, T. 2005. Zoogeographical Study of Slugs. Ontario University, Biology
Series iho 57, i-ix, 1.128: University of Toronto Press. P.34.
LIGAT, B.S.and, L.M. COLTING.2003. Compendium of Insect and Weeds Associated
with Crops in the Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resources Management
Project: Cor.sto Tomas Rd. Marcos Highway. Baguio City Diary Farm, Baguio
City and Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.P.160.
METCALF, C. L. 1979. Preliminary Studies on Taxonomy and Control of Garden Slugs
(Agriolimax reticulates). McGraw Hill: New York. P.180.
MULLER, D.P.2001. Garden Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates) on Strawberry. (2nd Edition)
Prentice Hall: Upper River, N.J.P149.
REIGER, M.D. 2000.Introduction to Fruits Crops.Strawberry History and Physiology.
Ney York: Holt and Winston Inc. pp. 532-557.
SIDEMAN, N.T. 1999.Handbook of Vegetable Pest.(2nd Edition).Department of
Entomology University of Florida. Ney York: Capinera. J.B. Pp.573-574.
WOOD.S.B. 2001.Entomology and Pest Management.(2nd Edition). New Jersey: St. Luis
Press delay Beach. Pp. 23-24.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
17
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. The total population of slugs on the different number of board traps
POPULATION TOTAL
______________________________________
No. of Traps R1
R2
R3
R4MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
16
163 124 109 81 119.250a
13
154 130 107 68 114.750a
9
159 106 117 65 111.750a
6
155 128 111 79 118.500a
Without Trap
74 88 100 88 87.500a
ANOVA
SOURCES OF DEGREE SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF SQUARES SQUARES F F
FREEDOM ____________
5% 1%
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 3 10657.800 2552.600
9.0278
3.49 5.95
Treatments 4
2740.200
685.150
1.7408ns 3.23 5.41
Error 12 4722.200
393.517
_______________________________________________________________________
Total 19 18120.200
ns-Not
significant
CV=17.98%
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
18
Appendix Table 2.The percentinjury of strawberry fruits damaged by slugs
%INJURY
______________________________________
No. of Traps R1
R2
R3
R4 MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
16
71 39 37 31 44.500a
13
55 48 53 68 56.00a
9
65 53 68 69 63.750a
6
74 70 71 57 55.500a
Without Trap
65 59 54 73 62.750a
ANOVA
SOURCES OF DEGREE SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF SQUARES SQUARES F F
FREEDOM ____________
5% 1%
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 3 1029.800
343.267
2.2538 3.49 5.95
Treatments 4
947.500
236.875
1.555ns 3.23 5.41
Error 12 1827.700
152.308
________________________________________________________________________
Total 19 3805.000
ns- Not
significant
CV-
21.84%
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
19
Appendix Table 3.The total marketableyields of strawberry fruits after 4 week’s
application ofboard trap
MARKETABLE (g)
_____________________________________
No. of Traps R1 R2 R3 R4 MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
16 328 183 372 354 309.25a
13 221 208 309 241 244.75ab
9 206 324 172 201 252.25ab
6 192 118 123 182 153.75b
Without trap 178 179 192 124 168.25b
ANOVA
SOURCES OF DEGREE SUM OF MEAN F TABULATED
VARIATION OF SQUARES SQUARES Value F
FREEDOM ____________
5% 1%
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 3 4972.950
1657.657
2.2538 3.49 5.95
Factor A 4
66102.800 16525.700 4.2142* 3.23 5.41
Error 12 57056.800 3921.400
________________________________________________________________________
Total 19 118132.550
* -
significant
CV=27.75%
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
20
Appendix Table 4.The total non marketableyield strawberry fruit after 4 week’s
application of board trap
NON MARKETABLE (g)
_______________________________________
No. of fruits R1 R2 R3 R4MEAN
_______________________________________________________________________
16 191 102 113 209 153.7c
13 314 201 248 257 255.0b
9 280 224 302 398 301.0ab
6 276 378 382 408 348.5a
Without trap 298 198 197 209 225.5c
ANOVA
SOURCES OF DEGREE SUM OF MEAN F TABULATED
VARIATION OF SQUARES SQUARES Value F
FREEDOM ____________
5% 1%
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 3 19911.750 6637.250
2.7914 3.49 5.95
Factor A 4
87859.000 21964.750 9.2376** 3.23 5.41
Error 12 28533.000 2377.750
________________________________________________________________________
Total 19 136303.750
** - Highly
Significant
CV=18.99%
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
LIGAT, JOAN V. APRIL 2012. Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulatesMuller)
Infesting Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassaDuch). Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat, M.S.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Entomology Experimental Area, Balili, La Trinidad Benguet
to determine the density of Board trap that could collect substantial number of slugs infesting
strawberry, to monitor the injury inflected by the pest in the strawberry fruits and to determine
the effect of board trap to the yield of strawberry fruits.
The number of slugs were high on the 16 traps and lowest was in the 9 traps.
The 16 trap on the plots of strawberry fruits had the least slug’s injury.
The strawberry plots with 16 had the highest marketable fruits and lowest non marketable
fruits.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...……………………………………………………………… i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………... i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………… iii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………… 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………….. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………. 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………. 9
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………….. 14
Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 15
Recommendation…………………………………………………… 15
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………… 16
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………. 20
1
INTRODUCTION
Slugs (Agriolimax reticulatesMuller) are one of known pest of cultivated crops
and as damaging pest in the production of strawberry fields and home gardens. Slugs feed
on ripe fruits and produce rough holes that render the fruit marketable. They also feed on
the leaves and effect of rasping feeding are ragged holes in the leaves. Slug’s injury is
sometimes difficult to diagnose. Smaller leaves may be eaten entirely, while only the
edges leaves may be consumed (Getz, 1999).
The presence of slime trails often is the indication of slugs’ activity. Slugs can be
serving as insect vectors of bacterial and fungal disease of plants. The injury to plants
which includes lettuces, carrots, Chinese cabbage and strawberry consist of chewed holes
on the stem, flowers and fruits. These widely distributed to tropical and temperate zone
(Drubble, 2003).
The pest emphasized by unique features as torsion, a twisting visceral mass in
which in some instances, biologist hypothesized it as an adaptation that protects their
head by allowing it to enter to the shell first during withdrawal from potential predators
(Chapman, 1982).
Slugs are classified as Gastropods. They feed on a variety of plants materials that
they ate by rasping with specialized mouthparts. They feed on mostly nights, although
they occasionally are active on overcast or rainy days. During hot and dry seasons they
may be temporarily inactive (Berg, 2003).
They can be found on the plant at night and in the early morning and under the
plastic and mulch during the day and they are sensitive to dryness and will seek out of
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
2
moisture making the humid environment under the mulch of strawberries attracted to
them.
Hence, the importance of the study guides and provide important information to
farmers in establishing appropriate management and strategies in controlling pest such as
sow bugs, earwigs and small insects and these are important to guide also in monitoring
and controlling its population of insects.
The objective of the study is to determine the density of board trap that could
collect substantial number of slugs infesting strawberry. To monitor the injury inflected
by the pest in the strawberry fruits and to determine the effect of board trap to the yield of
strawberry.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University, Entomology Instruction
Area at Balili, La Trinidad,and Benguet from October 2011 to March 2012.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Production of Strawberry
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassaDuch) is a viable crop in most areas of the
Philippines. Strawberry belongs to genus Fragaria in Rose family. They are low growing
perennial herb that may live for many years. These plants have short roots and long
slender stems and grow along the surface of the soil. They were propagated by cutting off
and replanting the long runners produced by the plant. It can grow best in cool, moist
climate and any kind of soil (Johnson, 2005).
Strawberry is one of the most number one crops planted by farmers and most
grown crops in the municipality of La Trinidad.
As with any crop, producing strawberries organically entails a system approach to
the whole farm rather than just substituting approved organic materials. Many practices
are the same in organic and conventional strawberry production but the fundamentals
approached to the soil husbandry and pest management. Some conventional system can
maintain strawberry beds for five years for controlling weeds, disease and insects but
organic growers rely on crop rotation (Sideman, 1999).
Reiger (2000) stated that the producers can thus higher returns from strawberries
that from most other crop that’s why farmers used synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and
requires soil building and biological pesticides and requires soil building and biological
pest control to maintain the quality of the plant to avoid lost. Farmers cannot afford to
buy these insecticides due to high prices.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
4
Morphology and Behavior of Slugs
Like other pulmunate land snails, slugs (Agriolimax reticulates) have two pairs of
feelers on their head. The upper pairs light sensing while the lower pair is the sense of
smell. The mantle is the respiratory opening, which easy to see when open but difficult to
see when closed. Slugs moves by the rhythmic waves of muscular contraction. It
simultaneously secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels, prevent damage to food
tissues. Some slugs’ species hibernate underground during the minter in the temperate
climates, but in other species adults die (Muller, 2001).
Ecology of Slugs
Ligat and Colting (2003) cited that any slugs play an important role in ecosystem
by eating dead leaves, fungus and decaying vegetable material. Slugs feed mainly also on
variety plants as decaying plant matter and ripening fruit of tomatoes and strawberries.
Other species of slugs ate parts of living plants. Some slugs are predators and ate other
slugs and snails, or earworms. Most carnivorous on occasion also eat carrion including
dead of their own kind.
Taxonomy of Slugs
The species of slugs requires a different length of time for the development of life
cycle. Slugs’ egg can be found outdoors during any month of year, most in spring and
summer. Most species over winter as adults or nearly mature, during warm and wet
climatic conditions the rate at which develop and thus making possible second
vegetables, field crops and ornamental throughout the continent. They attacked seedlings
of a number of crops, particularly alfalfa and strawberries (Metcalf, 1979).
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
5
Slug Natural Enemies
Wood (2001) cited that some slugs many natural enemies including ground
beetles, pathogens, toads and birds but most rarely effective enough to provide
satisfactory control in the garden. One predator found in some California gardens is a
large Staphylinid beetle (Coleopterans) called the devil coach horse (OcypusOlens).
Larval fireflies are also feeding on slugs.
Characteristics of Different Family of Slugs
Family Agriolimacidae, the grey filed slug, vey variable in color, creamy and
rarely black spotted slugs. Family Limacidae, the great grey little slugs, measures (10- )
20cm), (4-8) in length and is generally a light grayish, with darker spots and blotches.
Family Arionidae, the black field slug. It can be recognized by its yellow sole and
yellow mucus it produces. The black filed slugs can live up to one year. Family
Philomycidae, the Palliser, relatively small and about 2.5 cm in length and they are dark
and slimy appearance. These slug feed in lichen and not pest (Cameron, 2009).
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
6
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials that were used in the study were Styrofoam, Wooden Board, pen,
note book, multipurpose container, pin, salt, mixing spoon, packing tape, plastic cover,
strawberry runners, digital camera and other reference materials such as entomology
books.
Land Preparation
A 250 square m2 area consisting of 10 pilots was prepared and it was subdivided
into five treatments. Cleaning digging the soil with the used of grab hoe and application
of chicken Dung and Gypsum after planting a variety of Strawberry plants were
appropriately done.
The planted strawberry was mulched with cogon grass intended to deprive grass
growth.
Application of Board Trap
A prepared board trap (44 × 16 cm in size) of Styrofoam (Figure 1). Each trap
replicated four times and were assembled at the field. The traps were place at the surfaced
of the soil to concentrate slugs that seek shelter under them.
Traps were checked every morning and there were 176 Board traps used in
trapping slugs infesting strawberry.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
7
Figure 1. The boarrd traps used in the trapping of slugs infesting strawberry.
Collection of Trapped Slugs
Monitoring the slug’s population was donedaily early in the morning and for a
period of four weeks for the collection of trapped slugs. The slugs were scraped off,
scretonized and were drown in a salt solution or inside a multi-purpose plastic container
after counting and recording. There were 10 plots and trap pest in each treatment had the
10 - 15 slugs was counted and were recorded and at the same time it was documented
with the use of digital camera.
Monitoring the Injury Inflected by the Pest on Strawberry Fruits
The monitoring of the injury of strawberry cause by the pest was done through
visual observation on the Strawberry fruits.
There were five treatments and it was replicated four times. The injury was based
on the harvested fruits and the infected and good fruits was counted and separated. Using
the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The number of Board traps and Area
of plots covered were the following:
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
8
Treatment No. of Board Trap Area of Plots Covered (%)
T1
16 100
T2
13 80
T3
9 50
T4
6 30
T5
0 Untreated
Effectiveness of Board Trap
The fruits were harvested twice a week in each treatment. The infected fruits and
good fruits was separated and were counted and recorded and were weight in grams. The
yield of strawberry fruits was noted by having the total number of infected and good
fruits as well as their marketable and non marketable yield.
Data Gathered
1. Population of Slugs. The total number of Slug collected from the Board Trap.
2. Injury. The total number of strawberry fruits damaged by slugs.
3. Yield. Weight (g) of strawberry fruits after harvesting, (nonmarketable and non
marketable).
Data Computed
1. Percent Injury = No. of infected fruits________________ ×100
Total No. of Infected and Good Fruits
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Population of Slugs
No significant differences on the mean total population of slugs were obtained as
shown in the table 1. The 16 number of trap obtained the highest population of 477.Table
1 showthat under the untreated listed the lowest slug’s population of 350.The different
treatments were comparable to each other regardless of the differences in their means.
The 16 number of trap having the 119.2 means could decrease the population of
slugs on strawberry fruits because it was the more traps used in trapping slugs infesting
strawberry.Such results on the increasing slugs population could be attributed by the
frequent weather conditions in which slugs prefers moist than dry area.
The Table 1 shows a non significant differences in comparable with the untreated
having a mean of 87.5, while the 6 number of trap had a mean of 118.25, 114.75 for the
13 number of trap and 16 number of trap had a mean of 119.25.
Table1. The total population of slugs on the different number of traps from November
2011 to February 2012
NUMBER OF TRAPS
TOTAL
MEAN
16 477
119.25a
13 459
114.75 a
9 447
111.75 a
6 473
118.25 a
Without Trap
350
87.50 a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by
DMRT
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
10
Injury to Strawberry Fruits
Injury of fruits was noted by having the number of fruits infected by slugs.
Results show that all the treatments under the 16 number of trap listed the lowest slug’s
injury having a total of 178. However, the 9 number of trap obtained the highest slugs
injury having a total of 225(Table 2).
No significant differences to the injury of slugs on strawberry fruits (Table 2 and
Figure 2-3). The different number of traps was comparable to each other in regardless of
the differences in their means.
Slug’s injury on the 16 number of trap with a mean of 44.50 noted the lowest
injury of slug’s infestation, followed by the 6 number of trap having 55.50 mean: 56.0 for
the 13 number of board trap and untreated having a mean of 62.75.
Such results, 9 number of trap listed the highest number of slug’s injury to the
ripe strawberry fruits with a 63.75 of fruits infested.Hence, injury of slugs to strawberry
plants consist of chewed holes in the fruits.
Table 2. The percent injury of strawberry fruits damaged by slugs from November 2011
to February 2012
NUMBER OF TRAPS
TOTAL
MEAN
16 178
44.50a
13 224
56.00a
9 255
63.75a
6 222
55.50a
Without Trap
251
62.75a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by
DMRT
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
11
Figure 2. Slugs Injury to Strawberry fruits
Figure 3. Slug’s feeding to Strawberry fruits
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
12
Yield
The Table 3 shows significant interaction was observed on marketable yield of
strawberry fruits. The 16 number of trap obtained the highest total of fruits harvested and
highest yield having a total of 1237 and a 309.25 mean of fruits harvested.Results
indicated that the 6 number of trap obtained the lowest yield having a total of 615 and a
153.75 mean of fruits harvested.
The more board trap used were the highest yield of fruits harvested and the least
board trap used had the lowest yield fruits harvested.
Such results, 16 number of trapped obtained the highest marketable yield and
were theone hundred percent area of plots covered of board trap.The 6 number of trap
obtained the lowest marketable yield and were the thirty percent of plots covered of board
trap.
Table 3. The marketable yield of strawberry fruits after 4 weeks application of board
traps
NUMBER OF TRAPS
MARKETABLE (g)
MEAN
TOTAL
16 1,237
309.75a
13 979
244.75ab
9 1,009
252.25ab
6 615
153.75b
Without Trap
673
168.25b
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by
DMRT
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
13
The Table 4 shows highly significant were observed on the non marketable yield
of strawberry fruits. The results indicated the increased of nonmarketable yield
strawberry fruits. The marketable yield decreases accounted with the increased of non
marketable yield of strawberry fruits.
Statistical analysis shows on Table 4 highly significant on the non marketable
yield of strawberry fruits.
The Table 4 shows that 16 number of trap obtained the lowest yield having a total
of 615 and a non marketable mean of 153.75. The 6 number of trap obtained the highest
yield having a total of 1394 and a non marketable mean of 348.5.
Table 4. The non marketable yield of strawberry fruits after 4 weeks application of board
traps
NUMBER OF TRAPS
NON-MARKETABLE (g)
MEAN
TOTAL
16 615
153.70c
13 1,120
255.00b
9 1,204
309.00ab
6 1,394
348.50a
Without Trap
902
225.50c
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by
DMRT
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
14
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the density of board trap could collect
substantial number of slugs, to monitor the injury inflected by the pest in the strawberry
fruits and to determine the effect of board trap to the yield of strawberry fruits at the
Benguet State University Entomology Experimental Area, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet
from October 2011 to March 2012.
A 250 square meter area was prepared, subdivided in to five treatments and
planted with strawberry plant. One week after planting, chicken dung and gypsum
application followed by mulching of cogon grass were done as required. Regularly,
monitoring of the population and injury of slugs on the strawberry was done daily and
early in the morning.
Slug’s infestation on every treatment was observed after one month in which,
board trap application were started.
After the application, it was observed that board trap could be used in controlling
slugs. Statistical analysis reveals that the different number of treatments to the population
and injury of slugs were no significant differences to each other. All treatments from that
of the untreated.
Strawberry fruits were then measured by observing the plants and by having the
non marketable and marketable yield as well as the total number of injury of slugs on
strawberry fruits.
There was an effectiveness of board trap to the yield of strawberry fruits.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
15
Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed under the number of traps
was comparable to each other in regardless of the differences in their means. As the board
traps were applied, slug’s injury to strawberry fruits decreases on the 16 number of traps
comparable with the 9 number of traps which increase of slug’s injury.
Furthermore, non marketable as well as the marketable yield of strawberry fruits
obtained significant interaction.However, the 6 number of traps listed the highest
marketable yield.
It was also observed that there was no damages effect of strawberry leaves it was
only to strawberry fruits. Injury of slugs consists of chewed holes in the fruits.
Thus, board trap can be recommended as effective control of slugs and other
insects such as thrips, cutworm and snails.
Conclusion
Based on the results, it was therefore concluded that 6 number of trap had the
highest marketable yield of strawberry fruits and lowest on thenon marketable yield.
Board trap made up of Styrofoam can control garden slugs.
Recommendation
For easier controlling population and injury of slugs to strawberry plant, 16
number of trap in trapping slugs is recommended.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
16
LITERATURE CITED
BERG, L.P. 2003. Land Slug and their Control. Plant Defense and Host Plant Resistance.
University of Massachusetts: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 620-621.
CAMERON, L. M. 2009. Field Key to Slugs of British Isles. University of Michigan:
Mollusk Division. Museum of Zoology. Ann Arbor. Field Studies. Pp. 807-
834.
CHAPMAN, R.B. 1982. The Insect Structure and Function.(2nd Edition). India:
Macmillan India Ltd. P.100.
DRUBBLE, B.D. 2003. Webster International Encyclopedia.(1st Edition). Columbia:
trident Press International. Pp. 1039-1050.
HOWARD, L.F. 1990.Potential for Strawberry Production in the Philippines. La Trinidad
Benguet: MSAC. P.21.
GETZ, L.K. 1999. Teresstrial Slugs. USA, Northeastern north, 7559 second street:
Dexter Michigan 48130. Pp.57-89.
JOHNSON, T. 2005. Zoogeographical Study of Slugs. Ontario University, Biology
Series iho 57, i-ix, 1.128: University of Toronto Press. P.34.
LIGAT, B.S.and, L.M. COLTING.2003. Compendium of Insect and Weeds Associated
with Crops in the Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resources Management
Project: Cor.sto Tomas Rd. Marcos Highway. Baguio City Diary Farm, Baguio
City and Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.P.160.
METCALF, C. L. 1979. Preliminary Studies on Taxonomy and Control of Garden Slugs
(Agriolimax reticulates). McGraw Hill: New York. P.180.
MULLER, D.P.2001. Garden Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates) on Strawberry. (2nd Edition)
Prentice Hall: Upper River, N.J.P149.
REIGER, M.D. 2000.Introduction to Fruits Crops.Strawberry History and Physiology.
Ney York: Holt and Winston Inc. pp. 532-557.
SIDEMAN, N.T. 1999.Handbook of Vegetable Pest.(2nd Edition).Department of
Entomology University of Florida. Ney York: Capinera. J.B. Pp.573-574.
WOOD.S.B. 2001.Entomology and Pest Management.(2nd Edition). New Jersey: St. Luis
Press delay Beach. Pp. 23-24.
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
17
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. The total population of slugs on the different number of board traps
POPULATION TOTAL
______________________________________
No. of Traps R1
R2
R3
R4MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
16
163 124 109 81 119.250a
13
154 130 107 68 114.750a
9
159 106 117 65 111.750a
6
155 128 111 79 118.500a
Without Trap
74 88 100 88 87.500a
ANOVA
SOURCES OF DEGREE SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF SQUARES SQUARES F F
FREEDOM ____________
5% 1%
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 3 10657.800 2552.600
9.0278
3.49 5.95
Treatments 4
2740.200
685.150
1.7408ns 3.23 5.41
Error 12 4722.200
393.517
_______________________________________________________________________
Total 19 18120.200
ns-Not
significant
CV=17.98%
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
18
Appendix Table 2.The percentinjury of strawberry fruits damaged by slugs
%INJURY
______________________________________
No. of Traps R1
R2
R3
R4 MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
16
71 39 37 31 44.500a
13
55 48 53 68 56.00a
9
65 53 68 69 63.750a
6
74 70 71 57 55.500a
Without Trap
65 59 54 73 62.750a
ANOVA
SOURCES OF DEGREE SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF SQUARES SQUARES F F
FREEDOM ____________
5% 1%
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 3 1029.800
343.267
2.2538 3.49 5.95
Treatments 4
947.500
236.875
1.555ns 3.23 5.41
Error 12 1827.700
152.308
________________________________________________________________________
Total 19 3805.000
ns- Not
significant
CV-
21.84%
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
19
Appendix Table 3.The total marketableyields of strawberry fruits after 4 week’s
application ofboard trap
MARKETABLE (g)
_____________________________________
No. of Traps R1 R2 R3 R4 MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
16 328 183 372 354 309.25a
13 221 208 309 241 244.75ab
9 206 324 172 201 252.25ab
6 192 118 123 182 153.75b
Without trap 178 179 192 124 168.25b
ANOVA
SOURCES OF DEGREE SUM OF MEAN F TABULATED
VARIATION OF SQUARES SQUARES Value F
FREEDOM ____________
5% 1%
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 3 4972.950
1657.657
2.2538 3.49 5.95
Factor A 4
66102.800 16525.700 4.2142* 3.23 5.41
Error 12 57056.800 3921.400
________________________________________________________________________
Total 19 118132.550
* -
significant
CV=27.75%
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
20
Appendix Table 4.The total non marketableyield strawberry fruit after 4 week’s
application of board trap
NON MARKETABLE (g)
_______________________________________
No. of fruits R1 R2 R3 R4MEAN
_______________________________________________________________________
16 191 102 113 209 153.7c
13 314 201 248 257 255.0b
9 280 224 302 398 301.0ab
6 276 378 382 408 348.5a
Without trap 298 198 197 209 225.5c
ANOVA
SOURCES OF DEGREE SUM OF MEAN F TABULATED
VARIATION OF SQUARES SQUARES Value F
FREEDOM ____________
5% 1%
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 3 19911.750 6637.250
2.7914 3.49 5.95
Factor A 4
87859.000 21964.750 9.2376** 3.23 5.41
Error 12 28533.000 2377.750
________________________________________________________________________
Total 19 136303.750
** - Highly
Significant
CV=18.99%
Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulates Muller) Infesting Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassaDuch))/ Joan V. Ligat. 2012
Document Outline
- Trapping of Slugs (Agriolimax reticulatesMuller)Infesting Strawberry (Fragaria � ananassaDuch)
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES