BIBLIOGRAPHY TIÑAS, REY A. APRIL 2012. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TIÑAS, REY A. APRIL 2012. Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage
(Brassica pekinensisHort)to Flea Beetle (PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney). Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat, Msc.,
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Experimental Area in Balili,
La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to February 2012 to determined the
population of flea beetle on the Chinese cabbage; to record the injury inflicted by the flea
beetle on the Chinese cabbage; to determine the yield of Chinese cabbage and to compute
the Return On Invesment (ROI) of each variety of Chinese cabbage.
Variety Michihili had the highest population of flea beetle adult; high on varieties
Cr Chesney, S & G, Summerstar and low population of adult flea beetle on varieties
Green Cool and Loo Green.
The injury of adult flea beetle had similar new feeding holes on the leaves of all
varieties of Chinese cabbage used. There were less plants per hill that was injured by the
larval flea beetle in the variety Michihili of 26.55%. The S & G variety had the highest
number of plant per hill injured by the flea beetle larvae of 47.65%.
Michihili variety had the highest marketable & less non-marketable heads of
Chinese cabbage.
Variety Michihili had the highest Return on Investment (ROI) of 74.2%.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography ....................................................................................................... i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents................................................................................................. ii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE.............................................................................. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY……………………………………… 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Weekly population of adult flea beetleon the
different varieties of Chinese cabbage from
November 2011 to February 12…………………………………………
13
Weekly new feeding holes ofadult flea beetle
on the different varieties of Chinese cabbage
from November 2011 to February 2012 ………….…………………….
14
Larval injury on the different Chinese cabbage
from November 2011 to February 2012 ………………………………..
15
Marketable yield as inflicted by the flea beetle
on the different varieties of Chinese cabbage
from November 2011 to February 2012 (kg) …………………………..
16
Non-marketable yield as inflicted by the flea
beetle on the different varieties of Chinese
cabbage from 2011 to February 2012 (kg)……………………………...
17
Computed of return on investment (ROI) on
the differentvarieties of Chinese cabbage
fromNovember 2011 to February 2012………………………………...
18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION …….………………………………………................. 19
LITERATURE CITED........................................................................................ 21
APPENDICES...................................................................................................... 22
1
INTRODUCTION
Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort), one of the most major crops grown in
the Philippines is most adapted to Benguet and around Cordillera region and most
common leafy vegetables sold in our local markets. It is also known as one of the oldest
vegetables in Asia. The different varieties of Chinese cabbage contains high vitamins and
minerals, in fact some vegetables have higher vitamin C than the best source of fruits.
This vegetable contains most food nutrients. They are particular rich in minerals and
vitamins.
Flea beetle is the common name to an insect of the family chrysomilidaeand the
order of the coleopteran. Flea beetles are one of the most difficult to manage pest of
cruciferous crops. There are various genera and species of flea beetles, all members of the
chrysomilidae family. They occasionally damage vegetables, flowers, and even trees.
Adult’s flea beetle, which produce most plant injuries are typically small often shiny, and
have larger rear legs that allow them to jump like a flea when disturbed. And also
produce characteristics injury known as ‘shot holing”. The adults chew many small holes
or pits in the leaves, which make them look as if they have been damage by fine
buckshot. Young plants and seedlings are particularly susceptible. Growth may be
retarded and even kill. Leaf feeding also of plant appearance. Further damage may be
done by the larvae, which feed on the roots. Some flea beetles are considered general
feeders, though many species attack only one plant or closely related kinds of plants
(Metcalf and Metcalf, 1995).
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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The findings of the study will guide and provide important information to all
vegetable grower in which of the varieties of Chinese cabbage will be having good yield
and more immuned to a flea beetle. Furthermore it will help the vegetables grower to
lesser their farm input.
The studies aimed were to determine the population of flea beetle on the chinese
cabbage leaves, to monitor the injury inflicted by the flea beetle on the leaf of Chinese
cabbage and to determine the yield of the chinese cabbage.
The studies were conducted at Benguet State University Experimental Area in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to February 2012.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Varietal Evaluation
Bautista and Mabesa (1997), selecting the right variety will minimize problems
associated with water and fertilizer management. The variety to be selected should be less
input and ensure profit.
The findings of Bionde (1995), from his study on varietal resistance showed that
turnips, mustards and Chinese cabbage were more resistant vegetables to insect pest.
Cadiz (1990) found that most variety of Chinese cabbage imported from Hongkong,
Taiwan, and Japan appear adapted to the Philippine conditions. They are adapted
elevations in the cool and dry season.
Ecology and Description of Flea beetle
Adult flea beetle feed externally on plants, eating the surface of the leaves, stems
and petals. Under heavy feeding the small round holes caused by an individual flea
beetles feedings may coalesce into larger areas of damage. Some flea beetles are root
feeders. In adverse weather conditions some flea beetles seek shelter in the soil. Some
species, such as phyllotretacruciferae and striolata, prefer to leave their hide out only
during jumping ability and this behavior of hiding in the soil (Whiting and Wilson, 2002).
Flea beetle is found in a wide variety of habits, forest as well as fields and
prairies. In Hungary it is common of the leaf beetle assemblages in basswood and maple
canopies, but only as visiting or “tourist” species (Vig and Mark, 2005).
Most of the present information on the biology flea beetle was compiled from
European literature since the species has been little investigated in North America. In the
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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Europe, flea beetles over winters as adults which emerged at the end of March and the
beginning of April when the temperature is 8-9 degrees Celsius. They search for
appropriate host plants, and the feeding flea beetle is characterized by numerous small
holes bordered by a narrow line of dead brown leaf (Jourdevil, 1993).
Levesque (2009) considered several flea beetle species as companion specie of
grape pest into vineyards of the Eastern townships in Quebes, Canada since this flea
beetle thriving on various weeds within the vineyards, but not on grape itself. It was the
third most common leaf beetle species of the L” Orpailleur vineyard and the fourth at
Dietrich- joss among the 59 species of the leaf beetle fauna in raspberry fields at John
Ville in Southern Quebec where it was replaced by the native flea beetle.
Life Cycle of Flea Beetle
Flea beetles over winter as adults under soil and leaf litter in brushy or woody
areas surrounding fields, rather than in grassy areas right next to fields. They emerge in
early spring when temperatures reach about 50 degrees, feeding on weeds or crops, if
available. Females soon lay their eggs in the soil at the base of these plants. Eggs hatch in
a week or two and the larvae feed on plants until fully grown. Then they pupate in the
soil for 11 to 13 days before emerging as adults. Delaying the planting dates of
susceptible crops until after the over wintering beetles have emerged is one way to reduce
damage to young plants (Whiting and Wilson, 2002).
Varietal Characteristics
Variety choice in organic farming is an essential factor of successful production.
But there is significant lack of information on the performance of varieties under organic
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
5
conditions. As conventional plant breeding aims at optimizing yields under high input
conditions. As diversity of organic farming system and condition is large and results in a
larger genotype-environment-management interaction than in conventional Agriculture,
the organic farmers is more interested in varieties, that have the ability to adapt to
variable conditions and performed well with stable yields in different years at the specific
site. In many countries there are variety trials under organic conditions but not for every
crop and every year. Some are conducted by farmers groups, others research station or by
chemical seed companies. In the organic sector, the non-chemical approach also has
effects on traits concerning product quality such as long term storability without
sprouting inhibitors for cabbage and potatoes (Lammerts Van Buerenet al., 2004).
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials used were digital camera, gasoline, tractors, grab hoe, compost,
watering can, sunflower leaves, papers, gypsum, foliar, record book and seeds of Chinese
cabbage.
Land Preparation
The provide 24 plots area was cleaned by the used of grab hoe, then after cleaning
the cleaned area were cultivated by the used of hand tractor. The plots measured 1m x
10m each. Chinese cabbage seeds were planted in double rows at a distance of 25cm
x25cm rows. The Chinese cabbage seed that planted were bought from the La Trinidad,
Benguet Farm Supply. Prior to planting, the soil was fertilized with compost and gypsum
lime. The plants were irrigated manually every other day. Application of fermented
sunflower leaves and foliar fertilizer as spray was done one week after plant emergence
to help for the growth of the plant.
Fertilization
The gathered sunflower leaves from Benguet State University garden was chop
with the used of bolo and was put on the drum and add with water until it was full and
covered with plastic for fermentation to 4-5 days. The fermented leaves was mixed with
water (10 ml/L of water) and watered on the plants with the use of watering can.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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Monotoring the Population of
Flea beetle to Chinese Cabbage
In monitoring the population of flea beetle to chinese cabbage were taken weekly.
There were ten plants that was taken per treatment at random as samples. The flea beetle
were counted visually on the plant leaves and were recorded. Fleabeetle that just jump
into the leaves during the counting were not included.
Monitoring the New Feeding Holes of Flea
beetle to Chinese Cabbage
The new feeding holes inflicted to chinese cabbage were taken weekly. There
were ten plants that was taken per treatment at random as samples. Needing holes was
counted visually on the outside leaves of the chinese cabbage. New feeding holes are
typically small often shiny. The counted feeding holes were recorded.
Yield
Yield was gathered on the ten plants of chinese cabbage that was taken per
treatment at random as samples. The chinese cabbage were harvested and were classified
to marketable and non marketable. In marketable yield, the chinese cabbage were cut and
removed the inflicted leaves and it was weighed (kg). After it was weighed and packed it
was brought to the market. The chinese cabbage thatwas not bought and was returned
were added into the non-marketable yield.
The six treatments laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
replicated four times.
The varieties were:
T1-Michihili (Ramgo seeds)
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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T2-Chinese cabbage F1 Hybrid Cr Chesney
T3-S & G (Syngenta seeds)
T4-Summers star
T5-Green cool
T6–Loo Greens (Hybrid Syngenta seeds)
Data Gathered were:
1.
Population of the flea beetle. The total number of flea beetle counted from
the leaves of Chinese cabbage.
2. Injury. The total number of injury inflicted by flea beetle on the plants.
a).Larval injury.Total number of dead plants that was inflicted by the larvae.
b). Adult injury.Total number of injury on the leaves.
3. Yield. Weight (kg) of Chinese cabbage after harvesting.
a). Marketable yield (kg). Harvested Chinese cabbage that were presentable to
the market.
b). Non-marketable yield (kg). Harvested Chinese cabbage that were not
presentable to the market.
Documentation
Figure 1. Flea beetle larva
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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Figure 2. Adult Flea beetle
Figure 3. Chinese cabbage inflicted of
flea beetle larvae
Figure 4.New feeding holes of adult flea beetle.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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Figure 5.Weighing of marketable and
non-marketable yield.
Figure 6.Michihili Variety
Figure 7. Cr Chesney Variety
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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Figure 8. S & G Variety
Figure 9.Summerstar Variety
Figure 10 Loo Green Variety
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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Figure 11. Green Cool Variety
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Adult Flea Beetle Population
As shown in Table 1, the total population of Michihili variety significantly differs
from that of Green Cool and Loo Green, the mean weekly population per plant was
highest in the Michihili variety with a mean (221.75) followed by Summerstar(213.33), S
& G (197.45), Cr Chesney (194.98), Loo Green (191.35), the lowest is in Green Cool
which was 186.
Population of flea beetle is highest in Michihili variety because of its
characteristics that has a wide and elongated leaves than the other varieties.
Table 1. Averageweekly population of adult flea beetle on the different varieties of
Chinese cabbage from November 2011 to February 2012
REPLICATION
VARIETY
Total
Mean
Michihili
887
221.75a
CR Chesney
779.9
194.98ab
S & G
789.8
197.45ab
Summerstar
853.3
213.33ab
Green Cool
744
186.00b
Loo Green
765.4
191.35b
Mean
803.23
200.81
*Common letters are notsignificant different 5% level of significance (DMRT)
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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Percentage Injury of Adult Flea beetle
Table 2 shows that there is no significant different on the new feeding holes of
flea beetle in each plant and in each variety. Among the six varieties, Michihili had the
highest mean feeding holes (1089.15) followed by Green Cool (1049.13), Loo Green
(1048.58), Cr Chesney (1044.68), Summerstar (1037.75), and the lowest is S & G with a
total mean of 1005.73.
Michihili has a thin leaves were the flea beetle can easily consume on it.
Percentage Injury of Flea beetle larvae
Table 3 presents the percentage of larval injury per plot. The third variety, S & G,
yielded the highest larval injury at 47.65 mean followed by Loo Green, Green cool, Cr
Chesney, Summerstar, andMichihili with a mean of 42.18, 37.88, 36.32, 33.19 and 26.55
respectively.
Table 2. Meanweekly new feeding holes of adult flea beetle on the varieties of
Chinese cabbage from November 2011 to February 2012
REPLICATION
Total
VARIETY
Mean
Michihili
4,356.60
1,089.15a
CR Chesney
4,178.70
1,044.68a
S & G
4,022.90
1,005.73a
Summerstar
4,151.00
1,037.75a
Green Cool
4,196.50
1,049.13a
Loo Green
4,194.30
1,048.58a
Mean
4,183.33
1,045.83
*Common letters are not significant different 5% level of significance (DMRT)
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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Table 3. Percentage larval injury on the different varieties of Chinese cabbage from
November 2011 to February 2012.
REPLICATION
VARIETY
Total Mean
Michihili 106.23
26.55a
CR Chesney
145.3
36.32a
S & G
190.61
47.65a
Summerstar 132.79
33.19a
Green Cool
151.55
37.88a
Loo Green
168.74
42.18a
Mean 149.20
37.30
*Common letters are not significant different 5% level of significance (DMRT)
Marketable Yield
The table shows no significant differences among the six varieties in terms of
marketable yield. As gleaned from the table, Michihili yielded the highest with an
average of 7.21kg followed by Summerstar with 5.14 kg, S & G with 4.35 kg, Green
Cool with 4.06 kg, Loo green with 3.73. On the other hand, the lowest marketable yield is
that of Cr Chesney 3.39 kg.
Yield is highest onMichihili were it produce many leaves and has good
appearance.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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Table 4. Mean marketable yield as inflicted flea beetle on the different varieties of
Chinese cabbage from November 2011 to February 2012.
REPLICATION
VARIETY
Total
Mean
Michihili
28.85
7.21 a
CR
Chesney
13.55
3.39 a
S & g
17.4
4.35 a
Summerstar
20.55
5.14 a
Green
Cool
15.9
4.06 a
Loo
Green
14.9
3.73 a
Mean
18.52
4.40
*Common letters are not significant different 5% level of significance (DMRT)
Non-marketable Yield
Table 5 shows the data gathered on the non-marketable yield per plant. As
gleaned from the table, Loo Green yielded the highest with an average of 2.45kg
followed by CR Chesney with 2.0 kg, S & G with 1.5 kg, Michihili with O.75 kg, Green
cool 0.67 respectively. On the other hand, the lowest non-marketable yield is that of
Summerstar, 0.45 kg.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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Table 5. Meannon-marketable yield as inflicted of flea beetle on the different
varieties of Chinese cabbage from November 2011 to February 2012.
REPLICATION
VARIETY
Total Mean
Michihili 3
0.75 a
CR Chesney
8
2.00 a
S & G
6
1.50 a
Summerstar 1.8
0.45 a
Green Cool
2.7
0.67 a
Loo Green
9.8
2.45 a
Mean 5.22
1.30
*Common letters are not significant different 5% level of significance (DMRT)
Return on Investment
Table 6 shows the corresponding Return on Investment (ROI) per plot. The
highest net income is from Michihili which was 310 followed by Summerstar of 308.25;
the lowest was from CR Chesney of 203.25.
The corresponding ROI from Michihili was the highest (74.2) while that of Loo
Green was the least (8.78). It is further observed that the one with highest ROI had the
highest net income and the lowest expense.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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Table 6. Average computed return on investment (ROI) on the different
varieties of Chinese cabbage from November 2011 to February 2012.
VARIETY
Return on investment
Michihili 74.20 a
CR Chesney
12.72 a
S & G
24.02 a
Summerstar 59.84 a
Green Cool
26.46 a
Loo Green
8.78 a
Mean 34.37
*Common letters are not significant different 5% level of significance(DMRT)
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Experimental Area in Balili,
La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to February 2012 to determine varieties,
which posses degree of resistance against flea beetle infestation, monitor the injury on the
plant leaves and were correlate the population of flea beetle to the injury on leaves and
yield of Chinese cabbage plant.
Among the six varieties of Chinese cabbage evaluated, the highest weekly feeding
holes is Michihili with means of 1089.15 respectively respectively were resistant to flea
beetle, conversely the other varieties Green Cool (1049.73), Loo Greens (1048.58), Cr
Chesney (1044.68), Summerstar (1037.75), and Syngenta (1005.73).
The total marketable yield of Chinese cabbage were in the highest total for the
variety of Michihili with a mean of 7.21, followed by the Summerstar (5.14), S & G
(4.35), Green Cool (4.06), Loo Green (3.73) and Cr Chesney (3.39)
Conclusion
Therefore,
Michihili
variety has the highest population of flea beetle, highest in
injury and highest in yield, were in the characteristics has wide elongated leaves and
produce many leaves than the other variety.
Recommendation
Among the six varieties, Michihili are recommended to plant during months when
beetle is high that it exhibited resistance to flea beetle. Furthermore, it was stated on the
studies that it was the highest marketable yield and on return on investment. Although at
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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different growing season that all the varieties of Chinese cabbage could be planted by
growers in the field but in terms of resistant plant, the MichihiliRamgo Seeds.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
21
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, O. K. and R. G. MABESA. 1997. Vegetable Production. Los Baňos,
Laguna, Colleges of Agriculture. P. 28.
BIONDE, M.S. 1995.Varietal resistance to insect attack in various cruciferous
crops.Journal Econ. Entom. 59 (2): 130-135.
CADIZ, L. M. 1990. Varietal Evaluation. Year book of Agriculture: Philippine
Agriculturist. P.8.
JOURDEVIL, L. S. 1993. Host Plants and Defense Mechanism. (3rd edition). New Delhi:
Oxford and IBA Publishing Co. Pp. 57-75.
LAMMERTS VAN BUEREN, E. T., H. J. M VAN SOEST. , E. C.DE GROOT, I. W.
BOOKEMA. And A. M. OSMAN 2004.Broadening the genetics base for better
adapted varieties for organic farming systems. Characterization and assessment of
cabbage accession for new basic population. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA.534 p.
LEVESQUE,S. W. 2009. Check list to the flea beetle species occurring in Canada
(Coleoptera) Fragmenta Entomological 22: 109- 183.
METCALF, R. L. and R. A. METCALF. 1995. Destructive and Useful Insects, (5th
edition). New York McGraw- Hill Book Co., NY. Pp. 14-15.
VIG, E. G. and M. L. MARK. 2005. Flea beetles (Coleoptera) of Hungary habitat use and
host plant associations. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
106: 858- 864.
WHITING, D. and C. WILSON. 2002.Flea beetle Ecology.Department of Entomology,
Virginia Tech. Pp. 31- 32.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
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APPENDIX
Table 1. Weekly Adult Flea Beetle Total Population per Plant
BLOCKS
TREATMENT
I II III
IV Total Mean
Michihili 217.8
223.3
218.4
227.5
887
221.75
CR Chesney
205.6
195.4
191
187.9
779.9
194.975
S & G
202.4
198
198.6
190.8
789.8
197.45
Summerstar 226.4
220.6
214.1
192.2
853.3
213.325
Green Cool
168.8
193.5
197.9
183.8
744
186
Loo Green
187.2
197.9
204.7
175.6
765.4
191.35
TOTAL 1208.2
1228.7
1224.7
1157.8
4819.4
1204.85
MEAN 201.37
204.78
204.12
192.97
803.23
200.81
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION
SQUARES FREEDOM
SQUARE
F
F0.05
BLOCKS 531.295
3
177.0983
1.849952
3.287382
TREATMENT
3797.093 5 759.4187
7.932812*
2.901295
Error 1435.97
15
95.73133
Total 5764.358
23
*significant
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
23
Table 2. Weekly New Feeding Holes of Flea Beetle per Plant
BLOCKS
TREATMENT I II III
IV Total Mean
Michihili 1,050.20
1,114.80
1,074.50
1,117.10
4,356.60
1,089.15
CR Chesney
1,055.90
1,033.80
1,053.30
1,035.70
4,178.70
1,044.68
S & G
1,048.10
948.8
1,039.80
986.2
4,022.90
1,005.73
Summerstar 1,061.40
1,032.00
1,056.50
1,001.10
4,151.00
1,037.75
Green Cool
1,109.90
1,009.80
1,035.90
1,040.90
4,196.50
1,049.13
Loo Green
1,037.20
1,055.70
1,042.30
1,059.10
4,194.30
1,048.58
TOTAL 6,362.70
6,194.90
6,302.30
6,240.10
25,100.00
6,275.00
MEAN 1,060.45
1,032.48
1,050.38
1,040.02
4,183.33
1,045.83
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION
SQUARES
FREEDOM
SQUARE
F F0.05
BLOCKS 2678.433
3
892.8111
0.860119
3.287382
TREATMENT 14280.18
5 2856.037
2.751456ns 2.901295
Error 15570.14
15
1038.009
Total 32528.75
23
nsnot significant
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
24
Table 3. Larval Injury per Plot (%)
BLOCKS
TREATMENT
I II III
IV Total Mean
Michihili 17.18
15.62
53.12
20.31
106.23
26.5575
CR Chesney
40.62
31.25
34.37
39.06
145.3
36.325
S & G
45.31
17.18
45.31
82.81
190.61
47.6525
Summerstar 53.12
29.68
28.12
21.87
132.79
33.1975
Green Cool
15.62
25
76.56
34.37
151.55
37.8875
Loo Green
39.06
75
17.18
37.5
168.74
42.185
TOTAL 210.91
193.73
254.66
235.92
895.22
223.805
MEAN 35.15
32.29
42.44
39.32
149.20
37.30
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION
SQUARES
FREEDOM
SQUARE
F
F0.05
BLOCKS 361.5985
3
120.5328
0.248054
3.287382
TREATMENT 1058.26
5 211.6521
0.435576ns 2.901295
Error 7288.694
15
485.9129
Total 8708.552
23
nsnot significant
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
25
Table 4. Marketable Yield per Plant (kg)
BLOCKS
TREATMENT
I II III
IV
Total Mean
Michihili 8.25
4.2
6.2
10.2
28.85
7.2125
CR Chesney
2.5
5.4
3.9
1.75
13.55
3.3875
S & G
1.75
5.35
4.8
2.5
14.4
3.6
Summerstar 3.25
7.65
6.15
3.5
20.55
5.1375
Green Cool
2.5
2.7
3.8
4.28
13.28
3.32
Loo Green
4.65
3.9
1.75
4.6
14.9
3.725
TOTAL 22.9
29.2
26.6
26.83
105.53
26.3825
MEAN 3.82
4.87
4.43
4.47
17.59
4.40
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION
SQUARES FREEDOM SQUARE
F
F0.05
BLOCKS 3.385612
3
1.128537
0.307916
3.287382
TREATMENT 46.96477
5 9.392954
2.562819ns 2.901295
Error 54.97631
15
3.665088
Total
105.3267
23
nsnot significant
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
26
Table 5. Non-marketable Yield per Plant (kg)
BLOCKS
TREATMENT
I II
III
Total Mean
IV
Michihili
0 1 2 0 3 0.75
CR
Chesney
1 0 0 7 8 2
S & G
2.5
0
1
2.5
6
1.5
Summerstar 0.5
0
0.5
0.8
1.8
0.45
Green
Cool
1.25 0.5 0.7 0.25 2.7 0.675
Loo Green
8
0.8
0
1
9.8
2.45
TOTAL
13.25 2.3 4.2 11.55 31.3 7.825
MEAN
2.21 0.38 0.70 1.93 5.22 1.30
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION
SQUARES
FREEDOM
SQUARE
F F0.05
BLOCKS 14.49542 3 4.831806
1.046493
3.28738
TREATMENT 13.07208
5
2.614417 0.566242ns
2.90129
Error 69.25708
15
4.617139
Total 96.82458
23
nsnot significant
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
27
Table 6.ROI on Michihili Variety per Plot. Total Expenses ÷ Treatment
EXPENSES QUANTITY UNIT
PRICE TOTAL
Land preparation
1 ½ days 200
50
Planting 1
day 200 33.33
Watering 7
days
200 233.33
Spraying 2
days 200
66.66
Weeding 1
½ days
200
50
Gypsum 1
sack 900
150
Foliar 1
liter 135 22.5
Gasoline 2
liters
48
16
Michihili 2
pack
45
90
Total= 711.78
*Total Expenses = 711.78 = 177.94
4 replication 4
ROI= Total Net Income – Total expenses
Total
Expenses
Given:
5.17
Price: 60 (5.17)
ROI= 310- 177.94x 100
177.94
ROI = 74.21 %
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
28
Table 7.ROI on Cr Chesney Variety per Plot. Total Expenses ÷ Treatment
EXPENSES QUANTITY UNIT
PRICE TOTAL
Land preparation
1 ½ days 200
50
Planting 1
day 200 33.33
Watering 7
days
200 233.33
Spraying 2
days 200
66.66
Weeding 1
½ days
200
50
Gypsum 1
sack 900
150
Foliar 1
liter 135 22.5
Gasoline 2
liters
48
16
Cr Chesney
1 pack
100
100
Total= 721.78
*Total Expenses = 721.78 = 180.44
4 replication 4
ROI= Total Net Income – Total expenses
Total
Expenses
Given:
3.39
Price: 60 (3.39)
ROI= 203.4 – 180.44x 100
180
.44
ROI = 12.72 %
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
29
Table 8.ROI on S & G Variety per Plot. Total Expenses ÷ Treatment
EXPENSES QUANTITY UNIT
PRICE TOTAL
Land preparation
1 ½ days 200
50
Planting 1
day 200 33.33
Watering 7
days
200 233.33
Spraying 2
days 200
66.66
Weeding 1
½ days
200
50
Gypsum 1
sack 900
150
Foliar 1
liter 135 22.5
Gasoline 2
liters
48
16
S & G
1 pack
220
220
Total= 841.78
*Total Expenses = 841.78 = 210.44
4 replication 4
ROI= Total Net Income – Total expenses
Total
Expenses
Given:
4.35
Price: 60 (4.35)
ROI= 261-210.44 x 100
210.44
ROI = 24.02 %
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
30
Table 9.ROI on Summerstar Variety per Plot. Total Expenses ÷ Treatment
EXPENSES QUANTITY UNIT
PRICE TOTAL
Land preparation
1 ½ days 200
50
Planting 1
day 200 33.33
Watering 7
days
200 233.33
Spraying 2
days 200
66.66
Weeding 1
½ days
200
50
Gypsum 1
sack 900
150
Foliar 1
liter 135 22.5
Gasoline 2
liters
48
16
Summerstar 2
pack
75
150
Total= 771.78
*Total Expenses = 771.78= 192.94
4 replication 4
ROI= Total Net Income – Total expenses
Total
Expenses
Given:
5.14
Price: 60 (5.14)
ROI= 308.4 – 192.94 x 100
192.94
ROI = 59.84 %
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
31
Table 10.ROI on Green Cool Variety per Plot. Total Expenses ÷ Treatment
EXPENSES QUANTITY UNIT
PRICE TOTAL
Land preparation
1 ½ days 200
50
Planting 1
day 200 33.33
Watering 7
days
200 233.33
Spraying 2
days 200
66.66
Weeding 1
½ days
200
50
Gypsum 1
sack 900
150
Foliar 1
liter 135 22.5
Gasoline 2
liters
48
16
Green Cool
2 pack
75
150
Total= 771.78
*Total Expenses = 771.78 = 192.94
4 replication 4
ROI= Total Net Income – Total expenses
Total
Expenses
Given:
4.06
Price: 60 (4.06)
ROI= 244 – 192.94 x 100
192.94
ROI = 26.46 %
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
32
Table 11.ROI on Loo Green Variety per Plot. Total Expenses ÷ Treatment
EXPENSES QUANTITY UNIT
PRICE TOTAL
Land preparation
1 ½ days 200
50
Planting 1
day 200 33.33
Watering 7
days
200 233.33
Spraying 2
days 200
66.66
Weeding 1
½ days
200
50
Gypsum 1
sack 900
150
Foliar 1
liter 135 22.5
Gasoline 2
liters
48
16
Loo Green
1 pack
200
200
Total= 821.78
*Total Expenses = 821.78 = 205.45
4 replication 4
ROI= Total Net Income – Total expenses
Total
Expenses
Given:
3.73
Price: 60 (3.73)
ROI= 223.5 – 205.45 x 100
205.45
ROI = 8.78 %
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
TIÑAS, REY A. APRIL 2012. Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage
(Brassica pekinensisHort)to Flea Beetle (PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney). Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat, Msc.,
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Experimental Area in Balili,
La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to February 2012 to determined the
population of flea beetle on the Chinese cabbage; to record the injury inflicted by the flea
beetle on the Chinese cabbage; to determine the yield of Chinese cabbage and to compute
the Return On Invesment (ROI) of each variety of Chinese cabbage.
Variety Michihili had the highest population of flea beetle adult; high on varieties
Cr Chesney, S & G, Summerstar and low population of adult flea beetle on varieties
Green Cool and Loo Green.
The injury of adult flea beetle had similar new feeding holes on the leaves of all
varieties of Chinese cabbage used. There were less plants per hill that was injured by the
larval flea beetle in the variety Michihili of 26.55%. The S & G variety had the highest
number of plant per hill injured by the flea beetle larvae of 47.65%.
Michihili variety had the highest marketable & less non-marketable heads of
Chinese cabbage.
Variety Michihili had the highest Return on Investment (ROI) of 74.2%.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography ....................................................................................................... i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents................................................................................................. ii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE.............................................................................. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY……………………………………… 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Weekly population of adult flea beetleon the
different varieties of Chinese cabbage from
November 2011 to February 12…………………………………………
13
Weekly new feeding holes ofadult flea beetle
on the different varieties of Chinese cabbage
from November 2011 to February 2012 ………….…………………….
14
Larval injury on the different Chinese cabbage
from November 2011 to February 2012 ………………………………..
15
Marketable yield as inflicted by the flea beetle
on the different varieties of Chinese cabbage
from November 2011 to February 2012 (kg) …………………………..
16
Non-marketable yield as inflicted by the flea
beetle on the different varieties of Chinese
cabbage from 2011 to February 2012 (kg)……………………………...
17
Computed of return on investment (ROI) on
the differentvarieties of Chinese cabbage
fromNovember 2011 to February 2012………………………………...
18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION …….………………………………………................. 19
LITERATURE CITED........................................................................................ 21
APPENDICES...................................................................................................... 22
1
INTRODUCTION
Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort), one of the most major crops grown in
the Philippines is most adapted to Benguet and around Cordillera region and most
common leafy vegetables sold in our local markets. It is also known as one of the oldest
vegetables in Asia. The different varieties of Chinese cabbage contains high vitamins and
minerals, in fact some vegetables have higher vitamin C than the best source of fruits.
This vegetable contains most food nutrients. They are particular rich in minerals and
vitamins.
Flea beetle is the common name to an insect of the family chrysomilidaeand the
order of the coleopteran. Flea beetles are one of the most difficult to manage pest of
cruciferous crops. There are various genera and species of flea beetles, all members of the
chrysomilidae family. They occasionally damage vegetables, flowers, and even trees.
Adult’s flea beetle, which produce most plant injuries are typically small often shiny, and
have larger rear legs that allow them to jump like a flea when disturbed. And also
produce characteristics injury known as ‘shot holing”. The adults chew many small holes
or pits in the leaves, which make them look as if they have been damage by fine
buckshot. Young plants and seedlings are particularly susceptible. Growth may be
retarded and even kill. Leaf feeding also of plant appearance. Further damage may be
done by the larvae, which feed on the roots. Some flea beetles are considered general
feeders, though many species attack only one plant or closely related kinds of plants
(Metcalf and Metcalf, 1995).
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
2
The findings of the study will guide and provide important information to all
vegetable grower in which of the varieties of Chinese cabbage will be having good yield
and more immuned to a flea beetle. Furthermore it will help the vegetables grower to
lesser their farm input.
The studies aimed were to determine the population of flea beetle on the chinese
cabbage leaves, to monitor the injury inflicted by the flea beetle on the leaf of Chinese
cabbage and to determine the yield of the chinese cabbage.
The studies were conducted at Benguet State University Experimental Area in
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to February 2012.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Varietal Evaluation
Bautista and Mabesa (1997), selecting the right variety will minimize problems
associated with water and fertilizer management. The variety to be selected should be less
input and ensure profit.
The findings of Bionde (1995), from his study on varietal resistance showed that
turnips, mustards and Chinese cabbage were more resistant vegetables to insect pest.
Cadiz (1990) found that most variety of Chinese cabbage imported from Hongkong,
Taiwan, and Japan appear adapted to the Philippine conditions. They are adapted
elevations in the cool and dry season.
Ecology and Description of Flea beetle
Adult flea beetle feed externally on plants, eating the surface of the leaves, stems
and petals. Under heavy feeding the small round holes caused by an individual flea
beetles feedings may coalesce into larger areas of damage. Some flea beetles are root
feeders. In adverse weather conditions some flea beetles seek shelter in the soil. Some
species, such as phyllotretacruciferae and striolata, prefer to leave their hide out only
during jumping ability and this behavior of hiding in the soil (Whiting and Wilson, 2002).
Flea beetle is found in a wide variety of habits, forest as well as fields and
prairies. In Hungary it is common of the leaf beetle assemblages in basswood and maple
canopies, but only as visiting or “tourist” species (Vig and Mark, 2005).
Most of the present information on the biology flea beetle was compiled from
European literature since the species has been little investigated in North America. In the
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
4
Europe, flea beetles over winters as adults which emerged at the end of March and the
beginning of April when the temperature is 8-9 degrees Celsius. They search for
appropriate host plants, and the feeding flea beetle is characterized by numerous small
holes bordered by a narrow line of dead brown leaf (Jourdevil, 1993).
Levesque (2009) considered several flea beetle species as companion specie of
grape pest into vineyards of the Eastern townships in Quebes, Canada since this flea
beetle thriving on various weeds within the vineyards, but not on grape itself. It was the
third most common leaf beetle species of the L” Orpailleur vineyard and the fourth at
Dietrich- joss among the 59 species of the leaf beetle fauna in raspberry fields at John
Ville in Southern Quebec where it was replaced by the native flea beetle.
Life Cycle of Flea Beetle
Flea beetles over winter as adults under soil and leaf litter in brushy or woody
areas surrounding fields, rather than in grassy areas right next to fields. They emerge in
early spring when temperatures reach about 50 degrees, feeding on weeds or crops, if
available. Females soon lay their eggs in the soil at the base of these plants. Eggs hatch in
a week or two and the larvae feed on plants until fully grown. Then they pupate in the
soil for 11 to 13 days before emerging as adults. Delaying the planting dates of
susceptible crops until after the over wintering beetles have emerged is one way to reduce
damage to young plants (Whiting and Wilson, 2002).
Varietal Characteristics
Variety choice in organic farming is an essential factor of successful production.
But there is significant lack of information on the performance of varieties under organic
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
5
conditions. As conventional plant breeding aims at optimizing yields under high input
conditions. As diversity of organic farming system and condition is large and results in a
larger genotype-environment-management interaction than in conventional Agriculture,
the organic farmers is more interested in varieties, that have the ability to adapt to
variable conditions and performed well with stable yields in different years at the specific
site. In many countries there are variety trials under organic conditions but not for every
crop and every year. Some are conducted by farmers groups, others research station or by
chemical seed companies. In the organic sector, the non-chemical approach also has
effects on traits concerning product quality such as long term storability without
sprouting inhibitors for cabbage and potatoes (Lammerts Van Buerenet al., 2004).
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
6
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials used were digital camera, gasoline, tractors, grab hoe, compost,
watering can, sunflower leaves, papers, gypsum, foliar, record book and seeds of Chinese
cabbage.
Land Preparation
The provide 24 plots area was cleaned by the used of grab hoe, then after cleaning
the cleaned area were cultivated by the used of hand tractor. The plots measured 1m x
10m each. Chinese cabbage seeds were planted in double rows at a distance of 25cm
x25cm rows. The Chinese cabbage seed that planted were bought from the La Trinidad,
Benguet Farm Supply. Prior to planting, the soil was fertilized with compost and gypsum
lime. The plants were irrigated manually every other day. Application of fermented
sunflower leaves and foliar fertilizer as spray was done one week after plant emergence
to help for the growth of the plant.
Fertilization
The gathered sunflower leaves from Benguet State University garden was chop
with the used of bolo and was put on the drum and add with water until it was full and
covered with plastic for fermentation to 4-5 days. The fermented leaves was mixed with
water (10 ml/L of water) and watered on the plants with the use of watering can.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
7
Monotoring the Population of
Flea beetle to Chinese Cabbage
In monitoring the population of flea beetle to chinese cabbage were taken weekly.
There were ten plants that was taken per treatment at random as samples. The flea beetle
were counted visually on the plant leaves and were recorded. Fleabeetle that just jump
into the leaves during the counting were not included.
Monitoring the New Feeding Holes of Flea
beetle to Chinese Cabbage
The new feeding holes inflicted to chinese cabbage were taken weekly. There
were ten plants that was taken per treatment at random as samples. Needing holes was
counted visually on the outside leaves of the chinese cabbage. New feeding holes are
typically small often shiny. The counted feeding holes were recorded.
Yield
Yield was gathered on the ten plants of chinese cabbage that was taken per
treatment at random as samples. The chinese cabbage were harvested and were classified
to marketable and non marketable. In marketable yield, the chinese cabbage were cut and
removed the inflicted leaves and it was weighed (kg). After it was weighed and packed it
was brought to the market. The chinese cabbage thatwas not bought and was returned
were added into the non-marketable yield.
The six treatments laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
replicated four times.
The varieties were:
T1-Michihili (Ramgo seeds)
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
8
T2-Chinese cabbage F1 Hybrid Cr Chesney
T3-S & G (Syngenta seeds)
T4-Summers star
T5-Green cool
T6–Loo Greens (Hybrid Syngenta seeds)
Data Gathered were:
1.
Population of the flea beetle. The total number of flea beetle counted from
the leaves of Chinese cabbage.
2. Injury. The total number of injury inflicted by flea beetle on the plants.
a).Larval injury.Total number of dead plants that was inflicted by the larvae.
b). Adult injury.Total number of injury on the leaves.
3. Yield. Weight (kg) of Chinese cabbage after harvesting.
a). Marketable yield (kg). Harvested Chinese cabbage that were presentable to
the market.
b). Non-marketable yield (kg). Harvested Chinese cabbage that were not
presentable to the market.
Documentation
Figure 1. Flea beetle larva
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
9
Figure 2. Adult Flea beetle
Figure 3. Chinese cabbage inflicted of
flea beetle larvae
Figure 4.New feeding holes of adult flea beetle.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
10
Figure 5.Weighing of marketable and
non-marketable yield.
Figure 6.Michihili Variety
Figure 7. Cr Chesney Variety
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
11
Figure 8. S & G Variety
Figure 9.Summerstar Variety
Figure 10 Loo Green Variety
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
12
Figure 11. Green Cool Variety
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
13
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Adult Flea Beetle Population
As shown in Table 1, the total population of Michihili variety significantly differs
from that of Green Cool and Loo Green, the mean weekly population per plant was
highest in the Michihili variety with a mean (221.75) followed by Summerstar(213.33), S
& G (197.45), Cr Chesney (194.98), Loo Green (191.35), the lowest is in Green Cool
which was 186.
Population of flea beetle is highest in Michihili variety because of its
characteristics that has a wide and elongated leaves than the other varieties.
Table 1. Averageweekly population of adult flea beetle on the different varieties of
Chinese cabbage from November 2011 to February 2012
REPLICATION
VARIETY
Total
Mean
Michihili
887
221.75a
CR Chesney
779.9
194.98ab
S & G
789.8
197.45ab
Summerstar
853.3
213.33ab
Green Cool
744
186.00b
Loo Green
765.4
191.35b
Mean
803.23
200.81
*Common letters are notsignificant different 5% level of significance (DMRT)
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
14
Percentage Injury of Adult Flea beetle
Table 2 shows that there is no significant different on the new feeding holes of
flea beetle in each plant and in each variety. Among the six varieties, Michihili had the
highest mean feeding holes (1089.15) followed by Green Cool (1049.13), Loo Green
(1048.58), Cr Chesney (1044.68), Summerstar (1037.75), and the lowest is S & G with a
total mean of 1005.73.
Michihili has a thin leaves were the flea beetle can easily consume on it.
Percentage Injury of Flea beetle larvae
Table 3 presents the percentage of larval injury per plot. The third variety, S & G,
yielded the highest larval injury at 47.65 mean followed by Loo Green, Green cool, Cr
Chesney, Summerstar, andMichihili with a mean of 42.18, 37.88, 36.32, 33.19 and 26.55
respectively.
Table 2. Meanweekly new feeding holes of adult flea beetle on the varieties of
Chinese cabbage from November 2011 to February 2012
REPLICATION
Total
VARIETY
Mean
Michihili
4,356.60
1,089.15a
CR Chesney
4,178.70
1,044.68a
S & G
4,022.90
1,005.73a
Summerstar
4,151.00
1,037.75a
Green Cool
4,196.50
1,049.13a
Loo Green
4,194.30
1,048.58a
Mean
4,183.33
1,045.83
*Common letters are not significant different 5% level of significance (DMRT)
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
15
Table 3. Percentage larval injury on the different varieties of Chinese cabbage from
November 2011 to February 2012.
REPLICATION
VARIETY
Total Mean
Michihili 106.23
26.55a
CR Chesney
145.3
36.32a
S & G
190.61
47.65a
Summerstar 132.79
33.19a
Green Cool
151.55
37.88a
Loo Green
168.74
42.18a
Mean 149.20
37.30
*Common letters are not significant different 5% level of significance (DMRT)
Marketable Yield
The table shows no significant differences among the six varieties in terms of
marketable yield. As gleaned from the table, Michihili yielded the highest with an
average of 7.21kg followed by Summerstar with 5.14 kg, S & G with 4.35 kg, Green
Cool with 4.06 kg, Loo green with 3.73. On the other hand, the lowest marketable yield is
that of Cr Chesney 3.39 kg.
Yield is highest onMichihili were it produce many leaves and has good
appearance.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
16
Table 4. Mean marketable yield as inflicted flea beetle on the different varieties of
Chinese cabbage from November 2011 to February 2012.
REPLICATION
VARIETY
Total
Mean
Michihili
28.85
7.21 a
CR
Chesney
13.55
3.39 a
S & g
17.4
4.35 a
Summerstar
20.55
5.14 a
Green
Cool
15.9
4.06 a
Loo
Green
14.9
3.73 a
Mean
18.52
4.40
*Common letters are not significant different 5% level of significance (DMRT)
Non-marketable Yield
Table 5 shows the data gathered on the non-marketable yield per plant. As
gleaned from the table, Loo Green yielded the highest with an average of 2.45kg
followed by CR Chesney with 2.0 kg, S & G with 1.5 kg, Michihili with O.75 kg, Green
cool 0.67 respectively. On the other hand, the lowest non-marketable yield is that of
Summerstar, 0.45 kg.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
17
Table 5. Meannon-marketable yield as inflicted of flea beetle on the different
varieties of Chinese cabbage from November 2011 to February 2012.
REPLICATION
VARIETY
Total Mean
Michihili 3
0.75 a
CR Chesney
8
2.00 a
S & G
6
1.50 a
Summerstar 1.8
0.45 a
Green Cool
2.7
0.67 a
Loo Green
9.8
2.45 a
Mean 5.22
1.30
*Common letters are not significant different 5% level of significance (DMRT)
Return on Investment
Table 6 shows the corresponding Return on Investment (ROI) per plot. The
highest net income is from Michihili which was 310 followed by Summerstar of 308.25;
the lowest was from CR Chesney of 203.25.
The corresponding ROI from Michihili was the highest (74.2) while that of Loo
Green was the least (8.78). It is further observed that the one with highest ROI had the
highest net income and the lowest expense.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
18
Table 6. Average computed return on investment (ROI) on the different
varieties of Chinese cabbage from November 2011 to February 2012.
VARIETY
Return on investment
Michihili 74.20 a
CR Chesney
12.72 a
S & G
24.02 a
Summerstar 59.84 a
Green Cool
26.46 a
Loo Green
8.78 a
Mean 34.37
*Common letters are not significant different 5% level of significance(DMRT)
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Experimental Area in Balili,
La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to February 2012 to determine varieties,
which posses degree of resistance against flea beetle infestation, monitor the injury on the
plant leaves and were correlate the population of flea beetle to the injury on leaves and
yield of Chinese cabbage plant.
Among the six varieties of Chinese cabbage evaluated, the highest weekly feeding
holes is Michihili with means of 1089.15 respectively respectively were resistant to flea
beetle, conversely the other varieties Green Cool (1049.73), Loo Greens (1048.58), Cr
Chesney (1044.68), Summerstar (1037.75), and Syngenta (1005.73).
The total marketable yield of Chinese cabbage were in the highest total for the
variety of Michihili with a mean of 7.21, followed by the Summerstar (5.14), S & G
(4.35), Green Cool (4.06), Loo Green (3.73) and Cr Chesney (3.39)
Conclusion
Therefore,
Michihili
variety has the highest population of flea beetle, highest in
injury and highest in yield, were in the characteristics has wide elongated leaves and
produce many leaves than the other variety.
Recommendation
Among the six varieties, Michihili are recommended to plant during months when
beetle is high that it exhibited resistance to flea beetle. Furthermore, it was stated on the
studies that it was the highest marketable yield and on return on investment. Although at
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
20
different growing season that all the varieties of Chinese cabbage could be planted by
growers in the field but in terms of resistant plant, the MichihiliRamgo Seeds.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
21
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, O. K. and R. G. MABESA. 1997. Vegetable Production. Los Baňos,
Laguna, Colleges of Agriculture. P. 28.
BIONDE, M.S. 1995.Varietal resistance to insect attack in various cruciferous
crops.Journal Econ. Entom. 59 (2): 130-135.
CADIZ, L. M. 1990. Varietal Evaluation. Year book of Agriculture: Philippine
Agriculturist. P.8.
JOURDEVIL, L. S. 1993. Host Plants and Defense Mechanism. (3rd edition). New Delhi:
Oxford and IBA Publishing Co. Pp. 57-75.
LAMMERTS VAN BUEREN, E. T., H. J. M VAN SOEST. , E. C.DE GROOT, I. W.
BOOKEMA. And A. M. OSMAN 2004.Broadening the genetics base for better
adapted varieties for organic farming systems. Characterization and assessment of
cabbage accession for new basic population. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA.534 p.
LEVESQUE,S. W. 2009. Check list to the flea beetle species occurring in Canada
(Coleoptera) Fragmenta Entomological 22: 109- 183.
METCALF, R. L. and R. A. METCALF. 1995. Destructive and Useful Insects, (5th
edition). New York McGraw- Hill Book Co., NY. Pp. 14-15.
VIG, E. G. and M. L. MARK. 2005. Flea beetles (Coleoptera) of Hungary habitat use and
host plant associations. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
106: 858- 864.
WHITING, D. and C. WILSON. 2002.Flea beetle Ecology.Department of Entomology,
Virginia Tech. Pp. 31- 32.
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
22
APPENDIX
Table 1. Weekly Adult Flea Beetle Total Population per Plant
BLOCKS
TREATMENT
I II III
IV Total Mean
Michihili 217.8
223.3
218.4
227.5
887
221.75
CR Chesney
205.6
195.4
191
187.9
779.9
194.975
S & G
202.4
198
198.6
190.8
789.8
197.45
Summerstar 226.4
220.6
214.1
192.2
853.3
213.325
Green Cool
168.8
193.5
197.9
183.8
744
186
Loo Green
187.2
197.9
204.7
175.6
765.4
191.35
TOTAL 1208.2
1228.7
1224.7
1157.8
4819.4
1204.85
MEAN 201.37
204.78
204.12
192.97
803.23
200.81
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION
SQUARES FREEDOM
SQUARE
F
F0.05
BLOCKS 531.295
3
177.0983
1.849952
3.287382
TREATMENT
3797.093 5 759.4187
7.932812*
2.901295
Error 1435.97
15
95.73133
Total 5764.358
23
*significant
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
23
Table 2. Weekly New Feeding Holes of Flea Beetle per Plant
BLOCKS
TREATMENT I II III
IV Total Mean
Michihili 1,050.20
1,114.80
1,074.50
1,117.10
4,356.60
1,089.15
CR Chesney
1,055.90
1,033.80
1,053.30
1,035.70
4,178.70
1,044.68
S & G
1,048.10
948.8
1,039.80
986.2
4,022.90
1,005.73
Summerstar 1,061.40
1,032.00
1,056.50
1,001.10
4,151.00
1,037.75
Green Cool
1,109.90
1,009.80
1,035.90
1,040.90
4,196.50
1,049.13
Loo Green
1,037.20
1,055.70
1,042.30
1,059.10
4,194.30
1,048.58
TOTAL 6,362.70
6,194.90
6,302.30
6,240.10
25,100.00
6,275.00
MEAN 1,060.45
1,032.48
1,050.38
1,040.02
4,183.33
1,045.83
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION
SQUARES
FREEDOM
SQUARE
F F0.05
BLOCKS 2678.433
3
892.8111
0.860119
3.287382
TREATMENT 14280.18
5 2856.037
2.751456ns 2.901295
Error 15570.14
15
1038.009
Total 32528.75
23
nsnot significant
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
24
Table 3. Larval Injury per Plot (%)
BLOCKS
TREATMENT
I II III
IV Total Mean
Michihili 17.18
15.62
53.12
20.31
106.23
26.5575
CR Chesney
40.62
31.25
34.37
39.06
145.3
36.325
S & G
45.31
17.18
45.31
82.81
190.61
47.6525
Summerstar 53.12
29.68
28.12
21.87
132.79
33.1975
Green Cool
15.62
25
76.56
34.37
151.55
37.8875
Loo Green
39.06
75
17.18
37.5
168.74
42.185
TOTAL 210.91
193.73
254.66
235.92
895.22
223.805
MEAN 35.15
32.29
42.44
39.32
149.20
37.30
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION
SQUARES
FREEDOM
SQUARE
F
F0.05
BLOCKS 361.5985
3
120.5328
0.248054
3.287382
TREATMENT 1058.26
5 211.6521
0.435576ns 2.901295
Error 7288.694
15
485.9129
Total 8708.552
23
nsnot significant
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
25
Table 4. Marketable Yield per Plant (kg)
BLOCKS
TREATMENT
I II III
IV
Total Mean
Michihili 8.25
4.2
6.2
10.2
28.85
7.2125
CR Chesney
2.5
5.4
3.9
1.75
13.55
3.3875
S & G
1.75
5.35
4.8
2.5
14.4
3.6
Summerstar 3.25
7.65
6.15
3.5
20.55
5.1375
Green Cool
2.5
2.7
3.8
4.28
13.28
3.32
Loo Green
4.65
3.9
1.75
4.6
14.9
3.725
TOTAL 22.9
29.2
26.6
26.83
105.53
26.3825
MEAN 3.82
4.87
4.43
4.47
17.59
4.40
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION
SQUARES FREEDOM SQUARE
F
F0.05
BLOCKS 3.385612
3
1.128537
0.307916
3.287382
TREATMENT 46.96477
5 9.392954
2.562819ns 2.901295
Error 54.97631
15
3.665088
Total
105.3267
23
nsnot significant
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
26
Table 5. Non-marketable Yield per Plant (kg)
BLOCKS
TREATMENT
I II
III
Total Mean
IV
Michihili
0 1 2 0 3 0.75
CR
Chesney
1 0 0 7 8 2
S & G
2.5
0
1
2.5
6
1.5
Summerstar 0.5
0
0.5
0.8
1.8
0.45
Green
Cool
1.25 0.5 0.7 0.25 2.7 0.675
Loo Green
8
0.8
0
1
9.8
2.45
TOTAL
13.25 2.3 4.2 11.55 31.3 7.825
MEAN
2.21 0.38 0.70 1.93 5.22 1.30
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREE
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION
SQUARES
FREEDOM
SQUARE
F F0.05
BLOCKS 14.49542 3 4.831806
1.046493
3.28738
TREATMENT 13.07208
5
2.614417 0.566242ns
2.90129
Error 69.25708
15
4.617139
Total 96.82458
23
nsnot significant
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
27
Table 6.ROI on Michihili Variety per Plot. Total Expenses ÷ Treatment
EXPENSES QUANTITY UNIT
PRICE TOTAL
Land preparation
1 ½ days 200
50
Planting 1
day 200 33.33
Watering 7
days
200 233.33
Spraying 2
days 200
66.66
Weeding 1
½ days
200
50
Gypsum 1
sack 900
150
Foliar 1
liter 135 22.5
Gasoline 2
liters
48
16
Michihili 2
pack
45
90
Total= 711.78
*Total Expenses = 711.78 = 177.94
4 replication 4
ROI= Total Net Income – Total expenses
Total
Expenses
Given:
5.17
Price: 60 (5.17)
ROI= 310- 177.94x 100
177.94
ROI = 74.21 %
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
28
Table 7.ROI on Cr Chesney Variety per Plot. Total Expenses ÷ Treatment
EXPENSES QUANTITY UNIT
PRICE TOTAL
Land preparation
1 ½ days 200
50
Planting 1
day 200 33.33
Watering 7
days
200 233.33
Spraying 2
days 200
66.66
Weeding 1
½ days
200
50
Gypsum 1
sack 900
150
Foliar 1
liter 135 22.5
Gasoline 2
liters
48
16
Cr Chesney
1 pack
100
100
Total= 721.78
*Total Expenses = 721.78 = 180.44
4 replication 4
ROI= Total Net Income – Total expenses
Total
Expenses
Given:
3.39
Price: 60 (3.39)
ROI= 203.4 – 180.44x 100
180
.44
ROI = 12.72 %
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
29
Table 8.ROI on S & G Variety per Plot. Total Expenses ÷ Treatment
EXPENSES QUANTITY UNIT
PRICE TOTAL
Land preparation
1 ½ days 200
50
Planting 1
day 200 33.33
Watering 7
days
200 233.33
Spraying 2
days 200
66.66
Weeding 1
½ days
200
50
Gypsum 1
sack 900
150
Foliar 1
liter 135 22.5
Gasoline 2
liters
48
16
S & G
1 pack
220
220
Total= 841.78
*Total Expenses = 841.78 = 210.44
4 replication 4
ROI= Total Net Income – Total expenses
Total
Expenses
Given:
4.35
Price: 60 (4.35)
ROI= 261-210.44 x 100
210.44
ROI = 24.02 %
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
30
Table 9.ROI on Summerstar Variety per Plot. Total Expenses ÷ Treatment
EXPENSES QUANTITY UNIT
PRICE TOTAL
Land preparation
1 ½ days 200
50
Planting 1
day 200 33.33
Watering 7
days
200 233.33
Spraying 2
days 200
66.66
Weeding 1
½ days
200
50
Gypsum 1
sack 900
150
Foliar 1
liter 135 22.5
Gasoline 2
liters
48
16
Summerstar 2
pack
75
150
Total= 771.78
*Total Expenses = 771.78= 192.94
4 replication 4
ROI= Total Net Income – Total expenses
Total
Expenses
Given:
5.14
Price: 60 (5.14)
ROI= 308.4 – 192.94 x 100
192.94
ROI = 59.84 %
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
31
Table 10.ROI on Green Cool Variety per Plot. Total Expenses ÷ Treatment
EXPENSES QUANTITY UNIT
PRICE TOTAL
Land preparation
1 ½ days 200
50
Planting 1
day 200 33.33
Watering 7
days
200 233.33
Spraying 2
days 200
66.66
Weeding 1
½ days
200
50
Gypsum 1
sack 900
150
Foliar 1
liter 135 22.5
Gasoline 2
liters
48
16
Green Cool
2 pack
75
150
Total= 771.78
*Total Expenses = 771.78 = 192.94
4 replication 4
ROI= Total Net Income – Total expenses
Total
Expenses
Given:
4.06
Price: 60 (4.06)
ROI= 244 – 192.94 x 100
192.94
ROI = 26.46 %
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
32
Table 11.ROI on Loo Green Variety per Plot. Total Expenses ÷ Treatment
EXPENSES QUANTITY UNIT
PRICE TOTAL
Land preparation
1 ½ days 200
50
Planting 1
day 200 33.33
Watering 7
days
200 233.33
Spraying 2
days 200
66.66
Weeding 1
½ days
200
50
Gypsum 1
sack 900
150
Foliar 1
liter 135 22.5
Gasoline 2
liters
48
16
Loo Green
1 pack
200
200
Total= 821.78
*Total Expenses = 821.78 = 205.45
4 replication 4
ROI= Total Net Income – Total expenses
Total
Expenses
Given:
3.73
Price: 60 (3.73)
ROI= 223.5 – 205.45 x 100
205.45
ROI = 8.78 %
Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensisHort) to Flea Beetle
(PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)/ Tiñas, Rey A. April 2012
Document Outline
- Varietal Resistance of Chinese Cabbage(Brassica pekinensisHort)to Flea Beetle (PhyllotretaStriolataPokorney)
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDIX