BIBLIOGRAPHY CARIÑO, JULIE R. APRIL 2009....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CARIÑO, JULIE R. APRIL 2009. Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and
Yield of High Yielding Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Leoncia L. Tandang, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to (1) evaluate the response of high yielding varieties
(HYV’s) of rice to green manuring; (2) determine the effect of green manure on the
growth and yield of HYV’s in Tuba, Benguet; (3) determine the interaction effect of
variety and green manure on the growth and yield of rice; and (4) determine the
profitability of growing HYV’s of rice applied with green manures.
Significant differences among the green manures used were observed on the
number of days to tillering and to booting, number of days from booting to heading,
number of tillers at maximum tillering stage, number of productive tillers, length of
panicle, height at maturity, grains per panicle and grain yield per plot and per hectare.
Plants applied with madre de cacao had the highest grain yield.
Plants applied with sunflower were the earliest to boot and to ripen. Plants applied
with ipi-ipil had the highest number of tillers while the unfertilized plants were the
earliest to produce tillers and to boot but they were the latest to ripen. Madre de cacao
was the best green manure in terms of all the parameters considered in this study
particularly the grain yield per plot. Green manuring could play an important role to
promote favorable soil properties and provide nutrition to the rice plant for a sustainable
rice production.
The rice varieties tested significantly differed in terms of the parameters
considered in this study. IR 64 had the tallest seedlings before transplanting, highest
number of productive tillers and highest grain yield per plot and per hectare. IR 34 was
the tallest at harvesting stage and had the longest panicle, but the latest to produce tillers,
to boot and to ripen. PSB Rc 82 had the highest number of grains per panicle and the
earliest to mature. Significant interaction effect of variety and green manures was
observed on the number of days from transplanting to tillering, number of days from
booting to heading and on the height of rice at maturity.
Based on the results of this study, farmers could grow IR 64 and IR 34 varieties of
rice and use madre de cacao as green manure to produce good grain yield and to have the
high return on cash expense.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography..…………………………………………………………………….......
i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………... i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………...
iii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………… 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………………...
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………………….
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………………...
14
Soil Chemical Analysis………………………………………………………….
14
Height of Seedlings Before Transplanting………………………………………
14
Plant Height at Maturity………………………………………………………..
14
Number of Days from Transplanting to
Tillering……………………………..................................................................
16
Number of Days from Transplanting to
Booting………………………………………………………………………...
16
Number of Days from Transplanting to
Ripening……………………………..................................................................
16
Number of Days from Booting to Heading…………………………………….
16
Number of Tillers at Maximum Tillering
Stage……………………………………………………………………………
18
Number of Productive Tillers…………………………………………………..
18
Length of Panicle …...…………………………………………………………
21
Number of Grains Per Panicle………………………………………………….
23
iii
Yield Per Plot and Per Hectare…………………………………………………
24
Reaction to Lodging, Stemborer and
Rice Blast………………………………………………………………………
25
Cost and Return Analysis………………………………………………………
25
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS………………….. 28
Summary……………………………………………………………………….
28
Conclusions…………………………………………………………………….
29
Recommendations……………………………………………………………
29
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………………
31
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………….....’
33
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
There is no possibility of expanding the areas devoted to planting rice. Presently,
they are deliberately decreased because of the increasing demands for residential lots and
the pressing need for areas devoted to industrial and business and establishment. To face
this challenge of increasing production is to intensify production in existing fields and
make production sustainable.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is well known cereal plant in warm and cool climates but
usually rice plant grows faster in warm places. In the Philippines, wild and commercially
grown varieties of rice are both preserved and are commonly grown because rice is the
main staple crop of the Filipinos. According to UPCA (1983), rice production should be
given priority so that the increasing population will have enough supply. Farmers should
be encouraged to produce more to minimize the importation of rice. To increase rice
production, adapted and high performing varieties and appropriate cultural management
practices like fertilizer application must be considered. Since commercial fertilizers are
expensive and excessive application of it makes the soil acidic, reduced farm nutrients
and caused soil degradation and environment pollution. And to avoid this problem,
organic farming might be a good solution to sustain productivity and replenish the soil
depleted nutrients.
Rice production in the country had not yet come up to the level of sufficiency as
shown by straggering quantities of rice importation yearly to fill up the difficiency. The
use of organic fertilizer like compost may enlighten the farmers to improve soil
properties which lead to increase the production of high yielding varieties of rice. Such
farmers may utilize their ricelands to the fullest with high yields, and make the soil
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
2
favorable and productive. The use of green manures is less expensive since it is
abundantly available in the locality.
This study aimed to:
1. determine which high yielding varieties (HYV’s) of rice is most responsive to
green manuring;
2. determine the effect of green manure on the growth and yield of HYV’s of rice
in Tuba, Benguet;
3. determine the interaction effect of green manure and HYV’s on the growth and
yield of rice; and
4. to determine the profitability of growing HYV’s of rice applied with green
manure in Tuba, Benguet.
This study was conducted at farmer’s field in Nangalisan Tuba, Benguet from
December 2007 to April 2008.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
About the Crop
Rice belongs to the Graminae family, subfamily Oryzoideae, tribe Oryzeae, genus
Oryza. It is probably originated in India or Southeastern Asia. Oryza contains 22 species,
both annual and perennial. Cultivated rice, both Asiatic and African, is an annual grass
with culms terminated by loose panicle inflorescence having single, perfect flowered
spikelets. Plants may reach 16 feet (deep water types in Southeast Asia) but most modern
U.S. cultivars may reach 3 to 4 feet, culms are round and hallow except for nodes.Leaves
are narrow, joined to sheaths and collars. Leaf auricles are well defined, sickle shaped
and hairy in cultivated rice. Ligules may be acute to acuminate or may be biclefted
(Smith, 1995).
Organic Rice Production
According to Sullivan (2003), leguminous green manure crops can supply 30% to
50% of the nitrogen needs of high yielding varieties of rice depending on the quantity,
quality and type of green manure crop, the time and method of application, soil fertilizer,
and cropping method. The clover provides enough nitrogen to produce high yield without
additional nitrogen at one location. And it was found that organic rice price is two to
three times higher than the conventionally grown rice but organic rice cost more to
produce.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
4
Importance of Organic Fertilizer
At present, rice growers are facing of many problems. One of which is the low soil
fertility. Fertile lands that were successively cultivated for a long period have turned
acidic due to inaccurate system of management.
Organic matter influences physical and chemical properties of the soil. It
represents an accumulation of particularly synthesized plant and animal residues, which
are continually broken down by the soil microorganism and consequently of a transitory
soil constituent (Brandy, 1985).
Furthermore, soil high in organic matter tends to increase the population of
microorganism and through this organism, it would eventually return to the soil in
mineralized form.
Organic fertilizers generally provide the elements essential for the plant growth. It
is at least 50% to 60% cheaper than inorganic fertilizer and is effective is increasing yield
(Laurean, 1984). It can also maintain the soil good physical condition and increase the
water holding capacity of the soil in a maximum utilization of the rain (Singh, 1983).
Effect of Organic Matter on Soil
Organic matter attract and hold cation nutrients and trace elements in an available
state reducing leaching losses. Bind soil particles into aggregates, produced a granular
structure which permits the accessibility of air to roots, the capillary movement of water
and the penetration roots through the soil. Organic matter are transformed into vitamins,
hormones and other substances which stimulate growth in plants and microorganism
(Parnes, 1986).
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
5
Kinoshita (1970), revealed that organic matter turn heavy soil lighter, more
crumbly, friable and hold light soil particles to act as an anchor against erosion and to
increase the water holding capacity of the soil. They provide some of the large quantities
of nitrogen needed by the plants and release nutrients present in the soil by turning them
into soluble compound that can be absorbed by the roots of the plants. Finally, they carry
considerable quantity of elements often insufficient in the soil and provide readily
available microelements, both activities promote plant growth.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer to Plant Growth
Soil vary in their capacity to supply the mineral nutrients for the plants factors.
Responsible for the variation are soil origin, stage of soil development, organic matter
content and soil management practices with passage of time individual elements in the
soil minerals are slowly released ions capable of being taken up by plants. The rate of this
release dependent on factors such as the kind of soil minerals climate, vegetation growing
on the soil (Pandy,1987).
Some local experiments have been conducted on the use of organic fertilizer. In
1976, Mejia work on sweet pepper and she found out that different organic fertilizer had
variable effect on the growth of the plants. The applied 4 tons of chicken dung per
hectare registered the highest weight of roots and vegetative growth.
Bal- iwang (1994), found out the different fertilizers had variable effect on the rice
growth. The rice plant applied with two tons of chicken dung per hectare registered the
highest plant at maturity and highest number of productive tillers.
The addition of manure increased the rate of growth of rice plants. Manures
materially hastened the emergence of the panicles of the rice plants during dry season,
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
6
but did not increase the tillers of the plants and yield during wet season (Ballesteros,
1949).
Effect of Sunflower
Pandosen (1986), stated that in the absence of manure, wild sunflower that is
abundant in highland can be perfect substitute for organic nitrogen source. Sunflower is
quite easy to compost and it hastens decomposition. Furthermore, she stated that wild
sunflower has been known to be good supplementary source of organic nitrogen. Fresh
sunflower contains 3.76 % N and wild sunflower based compost has 3.22% N. Besides
being free, wild sunflower is readily available in the Cordillera region. The use of wild
sunflower as a source of organic N may provide important findings related to minimizing
the use of inorganic N and could be good basis for recommendation.
Effect of Ipil – Ipil
Ipil –ipil is an excellent source of organic fertilizer and soil improver, and it is
being used as a fertilizer and erosion controller in corn, tobacco and onions according to
Benge (1977). Application of ipil – ipil leaves as organic fertilizer is as effective as the
commercial inorganic fertilizer (ammonium sulfate) in providing ammonium nutrition of
rice both under flooded and non flooded condition.
Effect of Madre de Cacao
Madre de cacao also locally known as kakawete is a nitrogen fixing tree. It is
used as ripening agent of harvested banana and can be utilized as fertilizer to lessen the
farm inputs. Application of organic materials just like madre de cacao is a good
agricultural practice to maintain soil nutrient level and ameliorate the properties of soil to
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
7
sustain crop production. Effect on the crops performance and yield as well as its
beneficial effect on the soil physical and chemical properties, further study is strongly
recommended. Similarly, the economic benefits of applying organic materials as soil
amendment and its potential as an alternative to inorganic fertilizers should also be
evaluated (Archives 2004).
Effect of Green Manures on Soil Organic Matter
According to MacRae (2009), green manures affect the microbial activity of the
soil and it is generally accepted that low- nitrogen green manures (1.5% N or less) can be
effective in improving soil organic matter levels. Furthermore, stated that it is also
improved soil physical conditions create the potential for increased crop growth.
Importance of High Yielding Varieties (HYV’s)
The use of high yielding varieties (HYV’s) can lessen the production cost and ease
the burdens of the farmers according to Sallatic (1999). Due to their earliness in maturity
than the traditional varieties, two croppings in a year could result in greater production
and profit. Vergara (1992), stated that modern varieties of the high yielding varieties of
rice gave greater potential than traditional varieties even under the best condition.
Traditional varieties do not yield more than modern varieties.
Pests and Diseases
Rice bug locally known as “atangya” in Tagalog and “dangaw” in Ilocano, sucks
the content of the rice grain during milk stage resulting to empty grains.On the otherhand,
rice blast is one of the most destructive fungal disease of rice. It inflicts as much as 50%
loss areas where severe outbreaks occur. However, rice blast is controlled by planting
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
8
resistant varieties, integrated with some cultural management practices which include
raising seedling in wetland condition (UPLB, 1983).
Disease and insect problems are common in rainfed lowland rice environment
which are more serious during rice second crop. However, for the successful production
of rice crops, rice cultivars planted should be resistant to insects, pests and disease like
stemborers and rice bugs which are the common insect problem as well as bacterial blight
and brown spot (Ingram, 1995).
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
9
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 216 sq m. was thoroughly prepared for wet seedbeds. The area was
divided into three blocks representing three replications. Each replication was subdivided
into 12 plots measuring 1m x 5m each. Earthened bunds measuring 20 cm wide and 30
cm high were constructed in between treatments to avoid fertilizer mixing during
irrigation.
The different green manures were mixed thoroughly with the soil during last
harrowing which was one week before transplanting. One rice seedling per hill was
transplanted in a straight row with a distance of 20 cm between hills and 20 cm between
rows. The experiment was laid out following 3 x 4 factor–factorial arrangement in
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The high yielding
varieties (HYV’s) were considered as Factor A and the different green manures were
considered as Factor B.
Factor A: High Yielding Variety (V)
Factor B: Green Manure (GM)
V1-IR
64
GM0 – no fertilizer/control
V2- IR 34
GM1 – Sunflower (5kg/plot)
V3- PSB Rc 82
GM2 – Madre de cacao (5kg/plot)
GM3 – Ipil – ipil (5kg/plot)
Hand weeding was done 20 days after transplanting. From then on the plots were
kept weed free. Insect pests and diseases were controlled and monitored to reduce
economic losses. Other recommended cultural management practices were followed to
ensure better yield.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
10
Soil samples were gathered from the experimental area before and after the study
to determine the pH, organic matter (OM), nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus content
at Baguio Soils Laboratory Pacdal, Baguio City for initial analysis and at the Bureau of
Soils San Fernando City, La Union for final analysis.
Data Gathered:
1. Height of seedling before transplanting (cm). The height of rice seedlings
before transplanting was measured from the base of the plant to the longest leaf before
transplanting using 10 samples per plot.
2. Number of days from transplanting to tillering. This was recorded when at least
50% of the total plants per plot started producing tillers.
3. Number of tillers at maximum tillering stage. This was counted and recorded
when 50 % of the total plants in each plot produced flag leaf.
4. Number of productive tillers. The number of productive tillers were counted
using 10 random sample hills per plot.
5. Number of days from transplanting to booting. This was taken when at least
50% of the total plants in a plot booted.
6. Numbers of days from booting to heading. This was taken when at least 50% of
the total plants in a plot produced heads.
7. Length of panicle (cm). This was taken by measuring the panicle from its base
up to the tip of the last grain excluding the awn for ten sample plants per treatment.
8. Plant height at maturity (cm). The height of the plants was measured from the
base of the plant at ground level to the tip of the longest panicle at harvest using ten
random sample hills per plot.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
11
9. Number of grains per panicle. This was taken using ten random panicle
samples per plot.
10. Grain yield per plot (kg/5m2). This was taken by removing the grains after
drying the grains and separating the filled grains from the unfilled grains. Only the
weight of filled grains per plot was recorded.
11. Computed grain yield per hectare (t/ha). This was taken by converting the
weight of filled grains per plot into yield per hectare using the following formula:
Yield (kg)
Yield/ hectare (t/ha) = x 2
5m2
Where 2 was the factor used to convert yield per plot in kg/5m2 to computed
yield per hectare in t/ha using one hectare effective area.
12. Resistance to lodging. This was recorded at maturity using the following scale
used by Phil Rice (1996):
Scale
Description
Remarks
1 No
lodging
Resistant
2 25%
lodging
Moderately
resistant
3
50% lodging
Moderately susceptible
4 75%
lodging
Susceptible
5 100%
lodging
Very
susceptible
13.Reaction to stemborer. Evaluation of stem borer infestation expressed in
percent whiteheads was done at heading time using the following standard scale (Phil
Rice, 1996):
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
12
Rating index
%
Whiteheads
Remarks
1 1-5
Tolerant
2 6-10
Moderately
tolerant
5 11-15
Intermediate
7 16-25
Moderately
susceptible
9 26-above
Susceptible
14. Reaction to blast (neck rot). Evaluation on the severity of rice blast or neck rot
was taken from the plants at the center rows, using the following formula for infection
and rating scale used by Phil Rice (1996):
No.
of
panicles
infected
Percent Infection = x 100
Total No. of panicle considered
Index
Percent Blast infectation
Remarks
1 0-5
Resistant
2 6-25
Intermediate
3 26-above
Susceptible
16. Return on cash expenses (ROCE). The total production costs per plot were
recorded and net profit was computed. The return on cash expenses was computed using
the following formula:
Net profit
ROCE = x 100
Total cost production
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
13
Data Analysis
All the quantitative data gathered in this study were statistically analyzed using
the 3 x 4 factor- factorial arrangement in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
with three replications. The significance of differences among treatment means was
determined using the F- test and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level 0f
significance.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soil Chemical Properties
Table 1 shows the result of the soil analysis before planting and after harvesting.
Before planting the soil pH was below 6.0 and there was an increase in pH after
harvesting. The organic matter of the experimental plots also increased. Likewise, the N,
P and K contents of the soil also increased. This finding indicated that the application of
green manure in the rice field increased the chemical properties of the soil.
Plant Height at Seedling Stage and at Maturity
Variety. The seedlings of IR 64 and IR 34 were taller than the seedlings of PSB
Rc 82 (Table 2). At maturity, the height of plants among varieties tested was comparable.
Green manure. The different green manures used in this study did not
significantly affect the plant height at seedling stage. The green manures incorporated in
plots increased the plant height of rice at maturity (Table 2). Plants applied with madre de
Table 1. Soil chemical properties
TREATMENT pH
OM
N
P
K
(%)
(%)
(ppm)
(ppm)
Before
planting
5.92 1.5 0.05 12 70
After
harvesting
Control
6.3
3.5
0.92
63
62
Sunflower
6.0
2.0
0.90
30
53
Madre de cacao
6.0
3.0
1.64
66
50
Ipil- ipil
6.2
3.5
0.66
35
43
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
15
cacao were the tallest. This was followed by those plants applied with ipil – ipil and
sunflower. Finally, the unfertilized plants were the shortest. This results shows that rice
plants responded well when applied with green manure. This probably was due to
nitrogen content of the green manures used that enhanced growth of HYV’s.
Interaction effect. Varieties and green manures did not significantly interact on
the height of seedling before transplanting. The varieties and green manures had
significantly interaction effect on plant height of rice at maturity (Table 2). Without green
Table 2. Plant height at seedling stage and maturity of rice varieties applied with different
green manure
PLANT HEIGHT
TREATMENT
(cm)
SEEDLING
STAGE
MATURITY
Variety (V)
IR 64
27.81a
85.03a
IR34
27.37a
86.32a
PSB Rc 82
26.74b
85.50a
Green Manure (GM)
Control
27.22a
79.38c
Sunflower
27.06a
86.16b
Madre de cacao
27.53a
90.04a
Ipil – ipil
27.42a
86.89ab
V x GM
ns
*
CV (%)
2.29
4.32
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5 % level using DMRT.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
16
manure IR 34 had the tallest plant but with sunflower as green manure all the three
HYV’s had comparable plant height. With madre de cacao and ipil–ipil as green manure,
IR 34 produced the tallest plants among the three HYV’s evaluated (Figure 1).
Maturity
Variety. Table 3 shows that PSB Rc 82 was the earliest to produce tiller, boot and
ripen from transplanting among the three rice varieties used in this study. PSB Rc 82 took
about two weeks from booting to heading and it reached heading 2 days earlier than the
other two varieties of rice studied.
Green manure. Significant differences were noted among the plants applied with
different green manures used in terms of the number of days from transplanting to
tillering, booting and ripening. The plants applied with green manures produced tillers
two days after tillering of unfertilized plants. However, they booted and ripened one day
earlier than the unfertilized plants except for those applied with ipil- ipil which ripened at
similar days with plants grown in plots without green manure. Application of fertilizers
hasten the number of days from booting to heading of rice by one day earlier than the
unfertilized one (Table 3). According to Vergara (1992), fertilizers hastened earlier
flowering and maturity of rice plants because of their nutrient contents which gave faster
effect on the growth and development of rice plants.
Interaction
effect. Highly significant interaction effect of varieties and green
manure applied was observed on the number of days from booting to heading of rice (Fig.
3).The three HYV's had almost similar response to all green manures applied in terms of
days from booting to heading. Only PSB Rc 82 was the earliest to heading from booting
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
17
100
90
80
70
m)
60
h
t
(c
V1
ig
50
V2
n
t
He
V3
a
40
Pl
30
20
10
0
GM0
GM1
GM2
GM3
Green Manure
Legend:
Variety
(V)
Green
Manures
(GM)
V1
–
IR
64
GM0 – Control
V2
–
IR
34
GM1 – Sunflower
V3 – PSB Rc 82
GM2 – Madre de cacao
GM3 – Ipil – ipil
Figure 1. Interaction effect of rice varieties and green manures on plant height at maturity
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
18
while IR 64 and IR 34 formed head from booting at the same period regardless of green
manure applied.
Number of Tillers and Productive Tillers Per Hill
Variety. No significant differences on the number of tillers at maximum tillering
stage of rice was observed among the three rice varieties tested (Table 4). IR 64 produced
more than 9 tillers per hill while both IR 34 and PSB Rc 82 produced ten tillers per hill.
PSB Rc 82 had the lowest number of productive tillers per plant among the HYV’s
Table 3. Number of days from transplanting to tillering, booting and ripening and from
booting to heading of the rice varieties applied with different green manures
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM
NUMBER OF
TRANSPLANTING TO:
DAYS FROM
TREATMENT
BOOTING TO
HEADING
TILLERING
BOOTING
RIPENING
Variety
(V)
IR 64
16.66a 15.25a 20.50b
16.50a
IR 34
16.87a 15.25a 21.00a
16.50a
PSB Rc 82
14.99b 13.00b 18.25c
14.04b
Green Manure (GM)
Control
14.63b 15.33a 20.44a
18.67a
Sunflower
16.42a 14.00c 19.56b
17.00b
Madre de cacao
16.74a 14.33b 19.56b
16.33d
Ipil – ipil
16.89a 14.33b 20.11ab
16.67c
V x GM
ns
**
ns
**
CV (%)
3.02
0
2.87
0.32
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5 % level using DMRT.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
19
80
n
g
70
ng to booti 60
p
l
a
nti
V1
ans 50
V2
om tr
V3
s
fr
40
of Day
30
u
mber
N
20
GM0
GM1
GM2
GM3
Green Manure
Legend:
Variety
(V)
Green
Manures
(GM)
V1
–
IR
64
GM0 – Control
V2
–
IR
34
GM1 – Sunflower
V3 – PSB Rc 82
GM2 – Madre de cacao
GM3 – Ipil – ipil
Figure 2. Interaction effect of rice varieties and green manures on number of days from
transplanting to booting
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
20
studied. IR 64 had the highest number of productive tillers which was followed by IR 34
(Table 4).
Green manure. Green manure application significantly increased the number of
tiller per plant by one tiller than those of the unfertilized plants (Table 4). The unfertilized
plants produced the highest number of productive tillers followed by the plants applied
with ipil- ipil and with madre de cacao. The lowest number of productive tillers was
recorded in plants applied with sunflower.
Table 4. Number of tillers per hill at maximum tillering stage and productive tillers per
hill of the rice varieties applied with different green manures
NUMBER OF TILLERS PER
NUMBER OF
HILL AT MAXIMUM
PRODUCTIVE
TREATMENT
TILLERING STAGE
TILLERS
PER HILL
Variety (V)
IR 64
9.63b 54.33a
IR 34
10.21a 54.00b
PSB Rc 82
10.03a 51.50c
Green Manure (GM)
Control
9.17b 54.00a
Sunflower
10.09a 52.78c
Madre de cacao
10.04a 53.11bc
Ipil – ipil
10.52a 53.22b
V x GM
ns ns
CV (%)
8.49 0.72
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5 % level using DMRT.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
21
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect of rice varieties and
green manures used on the number of tillers at maximum tillering stage of rice.
According to Yoshida (1981) the tillering performance of rice is related to the nutrient
status of the plant that is the more nutrients present, the more tillers to produced.
Varieties and green manures had no significant interaction effect on the number of
productive tillers (Table 4). In order to produce more tillers according to PhilRice (1991)
rice plants need adequate NPK content of the soil. Probably the amount of nutrients
supplied by green manures mixed with the soil in plots, were not yet available for rice
utilization to produce numerous and productive tillers.
Length of Panicle
Variety. IR 64 and IR 34 recorded longer panicle than PSB Rc 82 (Table 7). Rice
plants applied with madre de cacao had the longest panicle of 69.27 cm. It did not
significantly differ from the panicle length measured in plants applied with ipil – ipil but
significantly different from the length recorded from the plants applied fertilized with
sunflower. This could be attributed to better growth and development of rice plants
applied with green manures.
Green manure. The plants grown in plots without green manure had the shortest
panicle. This goes with the findings of Sung-ag in 1997 that application of organic
fertilizer produce longer panicles and due to availability of sufficient NPK from the
fertilizer used.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
22
50
45
40
35
o
heading
i
ng t 30
boot
V1
25
V2
r
om
s
f
V3
20
Day
of 15
b
er
10
Num
5
0
GM0
GM1
GM2
GM3
Green Manure
Legend:
Variety
(V)
Green
Manures
(GM)
V1
–
IR
64
GM0 – Control
V2
–
IR
34
GM1 – Sunflower
V3 – PSB Rc 82
GM2 – Madre de cacao
GM3 – Ipil – ipil
Figure 3. Interaction effect of rice varieties and green manures on number of days from
booting to heading
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
23
Interaction effect. Different green manures and rice varieties tested in this study
did not significantly interact with each other on the length of panicle of rice.
Number of Grains per Panicle
Variety. PSB Rc 82 had the higher number of grains per panicle than both IR 34
and IR 64 (Table 5).
Green manure. Green manure application significantly enhanced the number of
grains per panicle. Plants applied with madre de cacao and ipil – ipil recorded the highest
number of grains per panicle and the lowest was recorded in plants grown without green
Table 5. Length of panicle and number of grains per panicle of the rice varieties applied
with different green manures
TREATMENT
PANICLE LENGTH (cm)
NUMBER OF GRAINS
PER PANICLE
Variety (V)
IR 64
67.11a 84b
IR 34
68.27a 85b
PSB Rc 82
65.49b 94a
Green Manure (GM)
Control
63.12c 82c
Sunflower
67.26b 87b
Madre de cacao
69.27a 92a
Ipil – ipil
68.18ab 91a
V x GM
ns
ns
CV (%)
2.66 6.47
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5 % level using DMRT.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
24
manure. This finding indicates that green manure increases grain number per panicle.
This confirmed the findings of Donahue (1978), who further stated that fertilizers
specially their NPK contents aid in seed formation.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect between the green manures
used and the varieties of rice tested was noted on the number of grains per panicle of rice.
Yield per Plot and per Hectare
Variety. IR 64 and IR 34 gave comparatively higher yield per plot and per hectare
than PSB Rc 82 (Table 6 and Fig. 4). PSB Rc 82 had lower yield because it was affected
Table 6. Grain yield per plot and per hectare of rice varieties applied with green manures
TREATMENT
GRAIN YIELD
kg/5m2 t/ha
Variety (V)
IR 64
2.42a 4.84a
IR 34
2.38a 4.76a
PSB Rc 82
2.10b 4.20b
Green Manure (GM)
Control
1.90d 3.80d
Sunflower
2.41b 4.82b
Madre de cacao
2.66a 5.32a
Ipil – ipil
2.24c 4.48c
V x GM
ns ns
CV (%)
3.99 3.99
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5 % level using DMRT.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
25
by rice blast and had the lowest number of productive tillers.
Green manure. Green manure application increased the grain yield per plot and
per hectare of rice. The plants without green manure produced the lowest yield per plots
and per hectare. The plants applied with madre de cacao recorded the highest yield per
plot and per hectare. Plants applied with sunflower and ipil-ipil produced higher yield
than the plants grown in plots without green manure.
Interaction effect. The different kinds of green manures and varieties of rice tested
did not have significantly interaction effect on the grain yield of rice (Table 6).
Resistance to Lodging, Stemborer and Rice Blast
All varieties used were resistant to lodging. The plants grown without green
manure were noted to have moderately resistance to lodging while plants with different
green manures were all rated resistant to lodging.
Similarly, all the HYV’s used were resistance to whiteheads caused by stemborer
and rice blasts. Green manures did not significantly affect resistance of rice to stemborer
and rice blast. Furthermore, there was no significant interaction effects of HYV’s and
green manures on lodging, stemborer and rice blast of rice.
Cost and Return analysis
IR 64 gave the highest gross income of 60.50 with a total expenses of 35.00 and a
net income of P25.50. the PSB Rc 82 registered the lowest with P 52.50 gross income
and a net income of P17. 50. A positive return on cash expenses (ROCE) was observed in
All the varieties tested. IR 64 obtained the highest ROCE of 72.86% and PSB Rc 82 had
the lowest ROCE of 50.00% (Table 7).
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
26
Figure 4. Grains of the rice varieties applied with different green manures
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
27
A positive ROCE was noted in rice grown in plots without green manure and in
plots with madre de cacao. Negative net income and ROCE were noted in plants applied
with sunflower and ipil – ipil as green manures. This is due to lower yield and high of
production cost increased like in the plots without green manure which had the lowest
yield and low cost of production so it gave highest ROCE.
Table 7. Return on cash expense (ROCE) of rice varieties applied with different green
manures
YIELD
GROSS
COST OF
NET
ROCE
PER
INCOME PRODUCTION INCOME
(%)
TREATMENT
PLOT
(PhP)
(PhP)
(PhP)
(kg)
Variety (V)
IR 64
2.42 60.50 35.00 25.50
72.86
IR 34
2.38 59.50 35.00 24.50
70.00
PSB Rc 82
2.10 52.50 35.00 17.50
50.00
Green Manure (GM)
Control
1.90 47.50 35.00 12.50
35.71
Sunflower
2.41 60.25 65.50 -5.25 -8.02
Madre de cacao
2.66 66.50 65.50
1.00 1.53
Ipil – ipil
2.24 56.00 65.50 -9.50
-14.50
* Note: The selling price of rice grains is based on P25.00 per kilo
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to evaluate the response of high yielding varieties
(HYV’s) of rice to green manuring; to determine the effect of green manure on the
growth and yield of HYV’s of rice to determine the interaction effect of variety and green
manure on the growth and yield of rice; and to determine the profitability of growing
HYV’s of rice applied with green manures in Tuba, Benguet.
Based on the result of the study, the rice varieties tested were significantly
different in all the parameters studied. IR 64 had the tallest seedling before transplanting,
highest number of productive tillers and highest grain yield per plot and hectare. IR 34
was the tallest at harvest and had longest panicle, and latest to produce tillers, to boot and
to ripen. PSB Rc 82 had the highest number of grains per panicle and was the earliest to
mature. IR 64 and IR 34 could be grown because of their good growth and yield in Tuba,
Benguet.
Significant differences among the green manures used were observed on the days
to tillering and to booting, days from booting to heading, and days from heading to
ripening, number of tillers at maximum tillering stage, number of productive tillers,
length of panicle, height at maturity, grains per panicle and grain yield per plot and per
hectare. Plants applied with madre de cacao had the tallest seedling before transplanting,
tallest plant at maturity, longest panicle and highest number of grains per panicle and
grain yield. Plants applied with sunflower were the earliest to boot and to ripen. Plants
applied with ipil-ipil had the highest number of tillers. The unfertilized plants were the
earliest to produce tillers, to boot but latest to ripen, and gave the lowest grains per
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
29
panicle and grain yield. Among the green manures applied, madre de cacao was the best
because it gave the highest yield. Green manuring could play an important role to
promote favorable soil properties and provides nutrition to the rice plant for a sustainable
rice production.
Significant interaction effect of variety and green manure was observed on the
number of days from transplanting to booting, number of days from booting to heading
and on the height at maturity.
Conclusions
Based on the results of the study, IR 64 and IR 34 are the most responsive HYV’s
to green manuring because they exhibited good growth and high grain yield.
The different fertilizers applied significantly affect the number of days from
transplanting to tillering, booting and ripening, number of days from booting to heading,
plant height at maturity, number of tillers at maximum tillering stage, number of
productive tillers, length of panicle, number grains per panicle and yield per plot and
computed yield per hectare.
High yielding varieties of rice and green manures had significant interaction
effect on maturity and plant height of rice at harvest.
Recommendations
Based on the results of the study, IR 64 and IR 34 could be grown in Tuba,
Benguet due to their relatively higher tillers and number of grains per panicle and grain
yield. They were also found to be resistant to stemborer and rice blast. Green manures
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
30
like madre de cacao could also be used by the farmers in Tuba as substitute to inorganic
fertilizers to realize higher return on cash expenses.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
31
LITERATURE CITED
ARCHIVES. 2004. Effect of Green Manures on Soil Physical Condition and Crop
Performance. Retrieved data from
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/NEWSLTR/v2n4/sa-5.htm.
BAL-IWANG, H. G. 1994. Effect of organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of HYV
rice. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 23.
BRANDY, N. C. 1985. The Nature and Properties of the Soil. 9th Edition. New York:
McMillan Publishing Company. Pp. 152-161.
BENGE, M. D. 1977. Crops and Soils. UPLB. College of Agriculture, Laguna.
DONAHUE, R. 1978. Our Soils and Their Management. 3rd Edition. Reprint by Tejano
Enterprises, Sta. Cruz Manila. Pp 33-36.
INGRAM, K.T. 1995. Rain fed Lowland Rice; Agricultural Research for High-Risk
Environments. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna. P. 49.
KINOSHITA, K. M. 1970. Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia. New York: Willy
and Sons. Inc. Pp. 232-240.
LAUREAN, C.P. 1984. Evaluation of the different organic matter on the growth and
yield of rice. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P.3-5.
MEJIA, A.M. 1976. The effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield
of Sweet paper. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 7-8.
PANDOSEN, M. D. 1986. Potential of wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) as organic
fertilizer. MS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4, 18-
19.
PARNES, R. 1986. Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers. Woodends Agricultual Institute.
Pp.123-125.
PHILRICE. 1991. Rice Production Technoguide. PhilRice DA. Maligaya, Muños, Nueva
Ecija.P.34.
SALLATIC, E. L. 1999. Performance of PSB Rc Rice under Burgos, La Union
Condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet.
s
SINGH, C. 1983. Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops.New Delhi: Oxford and
IBH Publishing Co. P. 26.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
32
SUNG-AG, R.A. 1997. Effect of different farm manures on the growth and yield of high
rice under Poblacion San Gabriel La Union condition. BS Thesis
Benguet State University La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 9.
UPCA. 1983. Rice Production in the Philippines. Revised Edition. UPLB College of
Agriculture. College Laguna. P. 62.
UPLB, 1983.Rice Poduction Manual of NFAC. UPLB Countryside Action
Program.UPLB Laguna, P.63.
VERGARA, B. S. 1992. A farmer’s primer on growing rice. International Rice Research
Institute. Los Baños, Laguna. P.164.
YOSHIDA. S. 1981. Fundamentals of rice crops science. IRRI. Los Baños, Laguna.
P.213.
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
33
APPENDICES
APPENDIX Table 1. Height of seedling (cm) before transplanting of rice varieties
applied with different green manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I II III
V1GM0
20.06 27.44 27.07 83.57 27.86
GM1
28.15 27.90 27.01 83.06 27.69
GM2
28.20 28.00 27.90 83.10 27.70
GM3
27.90 27.00 28.10 83.00 27.67
V2GM0
28.80 27.00 26.90 82.70 27.57
GM1
27.40 27.40 26.00 80.80 26.93
GM2
26.90 28.00 27.90 82.80 27.60
GM3
27.14 27.00 28.00 82.14 27.38
V3GM0
26.88 26.34 25.49 78.71 26.24
GM1
26.78 26.00 26.90 79.68 26.56
GM2
27.00 27.00 26.90 80.50 26.83
GM3
28.00 27.15 26.50 81.65 27.22
TOTAL
108.66 106.49 105.79 320.54 106.85
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
34
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
27.86
27.69
27.70
27.67
110.92
27.73
IR34 27.57
26.93
27.60
27.38
109.48
27.37
PSB Rc 82
26.24
26.56
26.83
27.22
108.85
26.71
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
5% 1%
SQUARE
Block 2
2.6402
1.3201
V 2
6.8838
3.4419
8.84**
3.44
5.72
GM 3
1.1953
0.3984
1.02ns 3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
1.6078
0.2680
0.69ns 2.55
3.76
Error 22
8.5694
0.3895
Total 35
**- highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 2.29%
ns- not significant
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
35
APPENDIX Table 2. Number of days from transplanting to tillering of rice varieties
applied with different green manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I II III
V1GM0
25 25 25 75 25
GM1
23 23 23 69 23
GM2
24 24 24 72 24
GM3
24 24 24 72 24
V2GM0
25 25 25 75 25
GM1
24 24 24 72 24
GM2
24 24 24 72 24
GM3
24 24 24 72 24
V3GM0
23 23 23 69 23
GM1
22 22 22 66 22
GM2
22 22 22 66 22
GM3
23 23 23 69 23
TOTAL
283 283 283 849 283
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
36
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
25
23
24
24
96
24
IR34 25
24
24
24
97
24.25
PSB Rc 82
23
22
22
23
90
22.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
5% 1%
SQUARE
Block 2
1.8955
0.9478
3.97
V 2
25.3472
12.6736
53.10**
3.44
5.72
GM 3
29.4455
9.8152
41.12**
3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
2.9128
0.4855
2.03ns
2.55 3.76
Error 22
5.2511
0.2387
Total 35
64.8522
**- highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 3.02%
ns- not significant
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
37
APPENDIX Table 3. Number of days from transplanting to booting of rice varieties
applied with different green manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I II III
V1GM0
55 55 55 165 55
GM1
54 54 54 162 54
GM2
54 54 54 162 54
GM3
54 54 54 162 54
V2GM0
55
55
55
165
55
GM1
53 54 53 160
53.33
GM2
54 54 54 165 54
GM3
54 53 54 161
53.67
V3GM0
52 52 52 156 52
GM1
51 51 51 153 51
GM2
51 52 51 154
51.33
GM3
52 51 52 155
51.67
TOTAL
630 630 630 1917 630
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
38
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
55
54
54
54
217
54.25
IR34
55
53.33
54
53.67
216
54
PSB Rc 82
52
51
51.33
51.67
206
51.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
5% 1%
SQUARE
Block 2
0.0000
0.0000
V 2
40.5000
20.2500
99999.99**
3.44
5.72
GM 3
9.0000
3.0000
99999.99**
3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
1.5000
0.2500
99999.99**
2.55
3.76
Error 22
0.0000
0.0000
Total 35
51.0000
** - highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 0%
ns- not significant
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
39
APPENDIX Table 4. Number of days from booting to heading of rice varieties applied
with different green manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I II III
V1GM0
16 16 16 48 16
GM1
15 15 15 45 15
GM2
15 15 15 45 15
GM3
15 15 15 45 15
V2GM0
16 16 16 48 16
GM1
15 15 15 45 15
GM2
15 15 15 45 15
GM3
15 15 15 45 15
V3GM0
14 14 14 42 14
GM1
12 12 12 36 12
GM2
13 13 13 39 13
GM3
13 13 13 39 13
TOTAL
174 174 174 522 174
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
40
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
16
15
15
15
61 15.25
IR34 16
15
15
15
61
15.25
PSB Rc 82
14
12
13
13
52
13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
5% 1%
SQUARE
Block 2
0.1667
0.0833
1.00
V 2
152.0000
76.0000
912.00**
3.44
5.72
GM 3
29.0000
9.6667
116.00**
3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
4.0000
0.6667
8.00**
2.55
3.76
Error 22
1.8333
0.0833
Total 35
187.0000
** - highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 0.32%
ns- not significant
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
41
APPENDIX Table 5. Number of tillers at maximum tillering stage of rice varieties
applied with different green manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I II III
V1GM0
15.0 14.7 16.3 46 15.33
GM1
16.8 17.2 17.3 51.3 17.1
GM2
17.0 18.1 16.9 52.0 17.33
GM3
16.9 17.0 16.7 50.6 16.87
V2GM0
15.3 15.0 16.2 46.5 15.5
GM1
16.0 16.8 17.3 50.1 16.7
GM2
17.1 17.8 16.9 51.8 17.27
GM3
18.1 17.9 18.0 54.0 18.0
V3GM0
13.2 13.1 12.9 39.2 13.07
GM1
14.5 16.0 15.9 46.4 15.47
GM2
15.0 15.8 16.1 46.9 15.63
GM3
15.3 16.2 15.9 47.4 15.8
TOTAL
190.2 195.6 196.4 582.2 194.07
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
42
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
15.33
17.10
17.33
16.78
66.54 16.64
IR34 15.50
16.70
17.27
18.00
67.47
16.88
PSB Rc 82
13.07
15.47
15.63
15.80
59.97
15.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
F
SQUARE
5% 1%
Block 2
0.8089
0.4044
0.57
V 2
2.1505
1.0753
1.50ns
3.44
5.72
GM 3
8.7222
2.9074
4.06*
3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
5.3694
0.8949
1.25ns
2.55 3.76
Error 22
15.7378
0.7153
Total 35
32.7889
**- highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 8.49%
ns- not significant
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
43
APPENDIX Table 6. Number of productive tillers of rice varieties applied
with different green manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I II III
V1GM0
8.6 8.1 8.9 25.6 8.53
GM1
10.3 9.6 8.4 28.3 9.43
GM2
11.4 10.7 9.3 31.4 10.47
GM3
9.8 10.4 10.0 30.2 10.07
V2GM0
9.3 9.9 9.2 28.4 9.47
GM1
10.6 9.7 10.0 30.3 10.1
GM2
9.7 10.7 10.3 30.7 10.23
GM3
12.3 9.1 11.7 33.1 11.03
V3GM0
8.8 10.0 9.7 28.5 9.5
GM1
12.1 10.4 9.7 32.2 10.73
GM2
8.7 9.6 10.0 28.3 9.43
GM3
10.4 10.2 10.8 31.4 10.47
TOTAL
122.0 118.4 118.0 358.4 119.46
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
44
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
8.53
9.43
10.47
10.07
38.50
9.63
IR34 9.47
10.10
10.23
11.03
40.83
10.21
PSB Rc 82
9.50
10.73
9.43
10.47
40.13
10.03
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
5% 1%
SQUARE
Block 2
0.0555
0.0278
0.19
V 2
57.5555
28.7778
193.15**
3.44
5.72
GM 3
7.2222
2.4074
16.16**
3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
1.1111
0.1852
1.24ns
2.55
3.76
Error 22
3.2778
0.1490
Total 35
69.2222
** - highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 0.72%
ns- not significant
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
45
APPENDIX Table 7. Number of days from transplanting to ripening of rice varieties
applied with different green manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I II III
V1GM0
93 93 93 279 93
GM1
92 92 92 276 92
GM2
90 90 90 270 90
GM3
91 91 91 273 91
V2GM0
95 95 95 285 95
GM1
93 93 93 279 93
GM2
93 93 93 279 93
GM3
93 93 93 279 93
V3GM0
90 90 90 270 90
GM1
88 88 88 264 88
GM2
89 87 88 264 88
GM3
88 88 88 264 88
TOTAL 1095 1093 354 3282 1094
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
46
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
93
92
90
91
366
91.5
IR34 95
93
93
93
374
93.3
PSB Rc 82
90
88
88
88
354
88.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
5% 1%
SQUARE
Block 2
0.1667
0.0833
0.26
V 2
51.5000
25.7500
79.05**
3.44
5.72
GM 3
5.1944
1.7315
5.32**
3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
5.1944
0.1204
0.37ns
2.55
3.76
Error 22
7.1667
0.3258
Total 35
64.7500
** - highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 2.87%
ns- not significant
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
47
APPENDIX Table 8. Length of panicle (cm) of rice varieties applied with different
green manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I II III
V1GM0
19.15 19.45 19.15 57.75 19.25
GM1
20.48 21.31 21.57 63.36 21.12
GM2
21.55 22.57 21.19 65.31 21.77
GM3
22.35 21.08 21.49 64.92 21.64
V2GM0
19.90 20.26 19.95 60.11 20.04
GM1
20.65 21.57 21.45 63.67 21.22
GM2
21.35 22.00 21.45 64.80 21.60
GM3
22.15 20.46 21.49 64.10 21.37
V3GM0
19.65 20.80 19.61 60.06 20.02
GM1
21.51 21.05 21.16 63.67 21.24
GM2
20.81 21.26 21.33 63.40 21.13
GM3
21.64 21.92 21.75 65.31 21.77
TOTAL 251.19 234.28 251.59 756.51 251.17
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
48
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
19.25
21.12
21.77
21.64
83.78
20.95
IR34 20.04
21.22
21.60
21.37
84.23
21.06
PSB Rc 82
20.02
21.24
21.13
21.77
84.16
21.04
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
5% 1%
SQUARE
Block 2
7.4955
3.7478
1.18
V 2
46.6239
23.3119
7.33**
3.44
5.72
GM 3
194.5755
64.8585
20.39**
3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
26.8161
4.4693
1.41**
2.55
3.76
Error 22
69.9778
3.1808
Total 35
345.4889
** - highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 2.66%
ns- not significant
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
49
APPENDIX Table 9. Plant height (cm) at maturity of rice varieties applied with different
green
manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I II III
V1GM0
64.70 64.00 61.10 189.80 63.27
GM1
67.00 68.60 68.40 204.00 68.00
GM2
71.20 68.30 68.20 207.70 69.23
GM3
67.40 68.00 68.40 203.80 67.93
V2GM0
65.10 65.30 65.10 195.50 65.17
GM1
66.40 67.10 66.20 199.70 66.57
GM2
77.70 68.50 68.10 214.30 71.43
GM3
69.70 70.70 69.30 209.70 69.90
V3GM0
60.20 61.2 61.4 182.8 60.93
GM1
67.2 67.3 67.1 201.6 67.2
GM2
67.1 67.3 67.0 201.4 67.13
GM3
66.3 67.5 66.3 200.1 66.7
TOTAL
810 803.8 796.6
2410.4
803.47
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
50
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
63.27
68.00
69.23
67.93
268.43
67.11
IR34 65.17
66.57
71.43
69.90
273.07
68.27
PSB Rc 82
60.93
67.20
67.13
66.70
261.96
65.49
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
5% 1%
SQUARE
Block 2
59.6317
29.8158
2.18
V 2
10.1267
5.0633
0.37ns
3.44
5.72
GM 3
543.9411
181.3137
13.27**
3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
235.5889
39.2648
2.87*
2.55
3.76
Error 22
300.6417
13.6655
Total 35
1149.9300
** - highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 4.32%
ns- not significant
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
51
APPENDIX Table 10.Number of grains per panicle of rice varieties applied with
different green manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I II III
V1GM0
81.2 67.4 79.4 228.0 76.0
GM1
85.6 84.1 83.0 252.7 84.33
GM2
90.0 89.9 88.7 268.6 89.53
GM3
89.6 86.0 88.1 263.7 87.9
V2GM0
81.4 79.0 80.2 240.6 80.2
GM1
84.0 84.0 80.9 248.9 82.97
GM2
88.6 89.0 89.4 267.0 89.0
GM3
87.8 86.9 88.7 263.4 87.8
V3GM0
94.3 88.6 86.4 269.3 89.77
GM1
95.3 94.0 94.2 283.5 94.5
GM2
98.0 97.6 95.1 290.7 96.9
GM3
96.2 94.4 97.8 288.4 96.13
TOTAL
1072.0 1040.9 1051.9 3164.8 1055.03
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
52
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
76.00
84.33
89.53
87.90
337.76
84.44
IR34 80.20
82.97
89.00
87.80
339.97
85.00
PSB Rc 82
89.77
94.5
96.90
96.13
377.30
94.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
5% 1%
SQUARE
Block 2
41.4506
29.7253
V 2
742.4672
371.2336
59.06ns 3.44
5.72
GM 3
522.2889
174.0963
27.70**
3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
50.4461
8.4077
1.34ns 2.55
3.76
Error 22
138.2828
6.2856
Total 35
** - highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 2.85%
ns- not significant
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
53
APPENDIX Table 11.Yield per plot (kg) of rice varieties applied with different green
manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I II III
V1GM0
2.0 2.15 1.90 6.05 2.02
GM1
2.50 2.65 2.50 7.65 2.55
GM2
2.75 2.80 2.80 8.35 2.78
GM3
2.45 2.40 2.10 6.95 2.32
V2GM0
1.95 2.0 1.90 5.85 1.95
GM1
2.65 2.50 2.60 7.75 2.58
GM2
2.80 2.65 2.65 8.10 2.70
GM3
2.40 2.35 2.10 6.85 2.28
V3GM0
1.75 1.80 1.65 5.20 1.73
GM1
2.05 2.05 2.15 6.25 2.08
GM2
2.45 2.50 2.50 7.45 2.48
GM3
2.15 2.05 2.15 6.35 2.12
TOTAL
27.9 27.9 27.0 82.9 27.59
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
54
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
2.02
2.55
2.78
2.32
9.67
2.42
IR34 1.95
2.58
2.70
2.28
9.51
2.38
PSB Rc 82
1.73
2.08
2.48
2.12
8.41
2.10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
5% 1%
SQUARE
Block 2 0.0450
0.0225
V 2
0.6988
0.3494
41.55**
3.44
5.72
GM 3 2.7117
0.9039
107.49**
3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
0.1146
0.0191
2.27ns 2.55
3.76
Error 22
0.1850
0.0084
Total 35
** - highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 3.99%
ns- not significant
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
55
APPENDIX Table 12. Computed grains yield per hectare (t) of rice varieties applied
with different green manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I II III
V1GM0
1.33 1.43 1.27 4.03 1.34
GM1
1.67 1.77 1.67 5.11 1.70
GM2
1.83 1.87 1.87 5.57 1.86
GM3
1.63 1.60 1.40 4.63 1.54
V2GM0
1.30 1.33 1.27 3.90 1.30
GM1
1.77 1.67 1.73 5.17 1.72
GM2
1.87 1.77 1.77 5.41 1.80
GM3
1.60 1.57 1.40 4.57 1.52
V3GM0
1.17 1.20 1.10 3.47 1.16
GM1
1.37 1.37 1.43 4.17 1.39
GM2
1.63 1.67 1.67 4.97 1.66
GM3
1.43 1.37 1.43 4.23 1.41
TOTAL
18.60 18.62 18.01 55.23 18.40
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
56
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
1.34
1.70
1.86
1.54
6.44
1.61
IR34 1.30
1.72
1.80
1.52
6.34
1.59
PSB Rc 82
1.16
1.39
1.66
1.41
5.62
1.41
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
5% 1%
SQUARE
Block 2
0.0200
0.0100
V 2
0.3116
0.1558
42.86**
3.44
5.72
GM 3
1.2157
0.4052
111.47**
3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
0.0507
0.0885
2.32ns 2.55
3.76
Error 22
0.0800
0.0036
Total 35
** - highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV)= 3.93%
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
57
APPENDIX Table 13. Reaction to stemborer of rice varieties applied with different
green manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I
II
III
V1GM0
1 2 3 6 2.0
GM1
1 2 1 4
1.33
GM2
2 1 2 5
1.67
GM3
3 1 2 6 2.0
V2GM0
2 2 1 5
1.67
GM1
1 3 2 6 2.0
GM2
2 1 2 5
1.67
GM3
1 2 2 5
1.67
V3GM0
2 2 1 5
1.67
GM1
1 2 3 6 2.0
GM2
2 3 2 7
2.33
GM3
1 3 2 6 2.0
TOTAL
19 24 23 67
22.33
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
58
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
2.0
1.33
1.67
2.0
7.0
1.75
IR34 1.67
2.0
1.67
1.67
7.01
1.75
PSB Rc 82
1.67
2.0
2.33
2.0
8.0
2.0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
5% 1%
SQUARE
Block 2
1.1667
0.5833
V 2
0.5000
0.2500
0.41ns 3.44
5.72
GM 3
0.1111
0.0370
0.06ns 3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
1.7222
0.2870
0.47ns 2.55
3.76
Error 22
13.5000
0.6136
Total 35
** - highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 42.73%
ns- not significant
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
59
APPENDIX Table 14. Reaction to rice blast of rice varieties applied with different
green
manures
TREATMENT BLOCK(S) TOTAL MEAN
______________________________
I
II
III
V1GM0
3 2 1 6 2.0
GM1
2 1 2 5
1.67
GM2
1 2 3 6 2.0
GM3
2 1 1 4
1.33
V2GM0
3 1 2 6 2.0
GM1
2 1 2 5
1.67
GM2
1 1 2 4
1.33
GM3
1 2 1 4
1.33
V3GM0
1 2 1 4
1.33
GM1
3 1 2 6 2.0
GM2
1 1 2 4
1.33
GM3
2 1 1 4
1.33
TOTAL
22 16 20 58
19.33
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
60
TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT CONTROL SUNFLOWER MADRE IPIL-
TOTAL MEAN
DE
IPIL
CACAO
IR 64
2.0
1.67
2.0
1.33
7.0
1.75
IR34 2.0
1.67
1.33
1.33
6.33
1.58
PSB Rc 82
1.33
2.0
1.33
1.33
6.0
1.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE
OF
F
5% 1%
SQUARE
Block 2
1.5556
0.7778
V 2
0.3889
0.1944
0.36ns 3.44
5.72
GM 3
1.2222
0.4074
0.76ns 3.05
4.82
V x GM
6
1.6111
0.2685
0.50ns 2.55
3.76
Error 22
11.7778
0.5354
Total 35
** - highly significant Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 45.41%
ns- not significant
Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and Yield of High Yielding
Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet / Julie R. Cariño. 2009
Document Outline
- Effect of Green Manures on the Growth and
Yield of High Yielding Varieties of Rice in Tuba, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES