BIBLIOGRAPHY DAMOCAY, EMELIA, A. APRIL 2012....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DAMOCAY, EMELIA, A. APRIL 2012. BIOLOGY OF
FRUITFLY(BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY (Physalisperuviana
Linnaeus). Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Gemma S. Das- ilen, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Mites Predatory Rearing House and Balili Experimental
Area, Benguet State University from September 2011 to March 2012 to identify the fruit fly
species attacking the Cape gooseberry, to determine the duration and morphological
characteristics of the different growth stages of Bactroceraspecies attacking Cape gooseberry
and observe its behavior in terms of areas in larval feeding, mating, oviposition and fecundity.
The fruit fly species attacking Cape gooseberry was identified as
BactroceradorsalisHendel.
The duration of the different growth stages of B. dorsalis on Cape gooseberry are as
follows; egg: 3.2± 1.03 days, 1st instar larva: 3± 0 days, 2nd instar larva: 3± 0 days, 3rd instar
larva: 3.4±0.52 days, pupa:19.3± 0.48 days. Longevity of the adult female was 42.5± 3.54 days
and 35.5± 2.12 days for the male. Life span of female was 74±1.41 days and 64± 9.89 days for
the male.
The eggs are white and elongated. The length of the egg was 0.8-1.1 and a width of
0.1mm. The 1st instar larvae was transparent turned to yellowish color when the larva reaches the
third instar of larval stage. The body length measures from 0.8- 2.8 mm and a width of 0.1 to 0.7
mm. The 2nd instar body length measures from 2.3- 9.1 mm in length and a width of 0.7-1.5 mm.
The 3rd instar body length measures from 7.1- 9.9 mm and a width of 1.5 mm. The pupa was
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yellowish in color when newly pupated but turned tobrownish after a minute then turned to dark
brown when the adult was nearly to emerge from the puparium.It measures from 4.0-5.5 mm in
length and a width of 1.5- 2.3 mm. The thorax of newly emerge adult was light brown in color
and with yellow stripes that becomes darker after a few hour. The female adult has long, slender
and pointed ovipositor. The body length of the female measures from 6.3- 7.9 mm and a width of
1.9- 2.3 mm while the male had a body length of 5.5-6.3 mm and a width of 1.5-1.9 mm.
The newly hatched larvae bore the fruit and start to feed just upon hatching up to the last instar
larvae. The female adult that was provided with food lived for about 40- 45 days while the male
lived for 34- 37 days. The male and female that was not provided with food just lived for 3- 5
days.
Copulation took place 3-11days after emergence.Mating was from 10:30 in the morning
and 1:00 in the afternoon as when the temperature is about 27-28 °C. Mating duration is about
15-50 seconds.
The female laid eggs daily, one to two days after mating. The eggs laid everyday by the
female B.dorsalis ranged from 2 to 10 in number with a total of 162 with a mean of 81± 2 eggs.
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….. i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………….. iii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………………………...
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials Used ……………………………………………………………..
8
Preparation of Planting Materials ………………………………………….
8
Planting of the Seedlings …………………………………………………..
8
Collection and Identification
of Fruit fly ………………………………………………………………….
9
Maintenance of the Stock ………………………………………………….
9
Source and Introduction of the Host ……………………………………….
9
Biology Study ……………………………………………………………...
9
Fecundity Study ……………………………………………………………
11
Data Gathered ……………………………………………………………...
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Species of Fruit fly Attacking the
Cape gooseberry …………………………………………………………...
13
Longevity …………………………………………………………………..
18
Behavioral Patterns of B. dorsalis …………………………………………
19
Fecundity …………………………………………………………………..
20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary …………………………………………………………………...
21
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………
22
Recommendation …………………………………………………………..
22
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………………….
23
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………..
25
1
INTRODUCTION
Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana Linnaeus) grows as a branching annual or
perennial plant which sometimes called golden berry. It is related to the tomato and can
be grown in similar soils and climate to the tomato but requires a longer frost-free season
to mature its fruit. The plant may be raised from seeds or from cuttings. The golden-
orange fruit is contained in a husk. Fruit size is variable which measure about 1- 2 in
diameter. Apart from being edible, the fruit are used in pies, ice cream, salads and
cocktail (Jackson and Looney, 1999).
Yield of Cape gooseberry in La Trinidad, Benguet is good. The conditions present
in locality are favorable to the plant. These circumstances enable the plant to provide
optimum yield to maximum yield. With its growing potential in the market, it is seen to
provide more profit to the farmers (Ligat, 2011) as cited by (Eladjoe, 2011).
In La Trinidad, Benguet, many injurious arthropods are associated with the Cape
gooseberry plant. Due to the fact that Cape gooseberry belongs to the Solanaceae family,
it harbored pests of its distant relatives like the tomatoes and potatoes. Eladjoe in 2011
also reported the presence of fruit fly on Cape gooseberry plants including white flies,
thrips, fruit worm larvae and chrysomelid beetles.
Fruit flies belong to the insect family Tephritidae in the Order Diptera. They are
serious pest of fruit and vegetables throughout the world. The female fruit flies have
mainly the habit of laying eggs by inserting its ovipositor into the fruit tissue beneath the
skin where the larvae consequently develop. When the eggs hatch and develop to the
larval stage, the larval feeding cause considerable damage to the fruit tissue. The larval
damage becomes even more serious with secondary infestation by other organism such as
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Drosophila spp., fungi and bacteria. If the infested fruits are still immature, they will drop
before ripening, and if the infested fruits are ripe, they will drop before harvesting
(Cowley, 1990).
Study on the life cycle of fruit fly on Cape gooseberry has not been fully
established in Benguet. Cape gooseberry is one of the host plant of fruit fly and other
insects wherein they attack the plant particularly during the fruiting stage. Because of the
insect’s infestation, yield of Cape gooseberry may be reduced. The information gathered
on its development or life processes give information on proper management of fruit fly
in orderobtain maximum yield of Cape gooseberry.
The study was conducted to identify the fruit fly species attacking the Cape
gooseberry, to determine the duration and morphological characteristics of the different
growth stages of Bactroceraspecies attacking Cape gooseberry and to observe its
behavior in terms of areas in larval feeding, mating, oviposition and fecundity.
The study was conducted at Mites Predatory Rearing House and Balili
Experimental Area, Benguet State University from September 2011 to March 2012.
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Characteristics of Cape Gooseberry
In 1991, Verheij and Coronel stated that in Australia, Cape gooseberry is
cultivated such as Golden nugget and New Sugar Giant. Both varieties belong to large-
fruited types with bland taste. But, here in the Philippines, Cape gooseberry is being
grown and it is locally known as “lobo- lobohan”. It is widely distributed in the
Cordillera Administration Region (CAR) particularly in the Benguet province (Philippine
Medicinal Plants, 2010).
Cape gooseberry is a soft-wooded perennial plant usually reaching 2 to 3 ft in
height. Under good conditions, it can reach 6 ft but it will need support. The spreading
branches are purplish and covered with fine hairs. The heart- shaped nearly opposite
leaves are 2 ½ to 6 inches long. They are slightly velvety when compared with the
narrower and smoother leaves of tomatillo. Bell shaped and nodding flowers form in the
leaf axils. They are yellow in color with dark purple- brown spots in the throat, and
cupped by a purplish- green and hairy calyx. The fruit is a berry with smooth, waxy,
orange- yellow skin and juicy pulp containing numerous very small yellowish seeds
(Morton, 1987).
Berendes in 2011 stated that Cape gooseberry is a deciduous shrub. It is relatively
known plant under the family Solanaceae. Among its relatives which are being grown are
the eggplants and tomatoes.
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Uses of Cape Gooseberry
Cape gooseberry has many uses. The fruit is eaten fresh or mixed whole or sliced
in fruit salads and fruit cocktails. The fruit is generally stewed and used in making
puddings, chutneys and ice creams. It may also be canned or processed into jams and
jellies. Cape gooseberry was also used as ornamentals and as an ingredient in making
perfumes. In addition, the fruits are stewed with honey and eaten as dessert. The British
use the husk as a handle for dipping the fruit icing (Mc Cain, 1993).
In Colombia, the leaves of Cape gooseberry are boiled into a decoction which is
believed to be diuretic and anti asthmatic while in South Africa, the leaves are heated and
applied as poultices on inflammations. The fruit as a part of daily diet helps in
maintaining vision, immune system, lowers the risk of cancers, malaria, asthma and
dermatitis (Heiser, 1969).
Insect pest of Cape gooseberry
In 1987, Morton stated that in South Africa, insect pest that attack the Cape
gooseberry are cutworms, red spider, potato tuber moth, flea beetle and whiteflies, stem
borer, leaf borer and fruit worm. Solanaceous treehopper, thrips, and various beetles also
affect the Cape gooseberry plant.
In La Trinidad, many injurious insects including arthropods are associated with
the Cape gooseberry plant. These are the chewing insects such as elm leaf beetle,
chrysomelid beetle, earwigs, fruit worm larvae, fruit fly larvae, and leaf miner. The
piercing-sucking insects were aphids, white fly, thrips, leaf hopper, leaf footed bug and
broad mite. The identified chewing and piercing- sucking insects and arthropods were
categorized as minor pest of Cape gooseberry (Eladjoe, 2011).
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Biology of Fruit Fly
There are four stages in the life cycle of fruit fly: egg, larva, pupa and adult.
Egg. Eggs laid by the female are white, elongated, and slightly curved deposited
in small batches (Mariau, 1999). Eggs measure from 0.9 to 1.0mm in length with a mean
of 1.06 and a width that measure about two to four days to hatch (Dagdag, 2008).
Larva. In 2008, Dagdag observed that the newly hatch larva is transparent white
in color and it will become yellowish when older. It is elongated and cylindrical with
white anterior mouth hooks. Upon hatching, the new larva bores a tunnel inside its host,
the tunneling process was done by waving its mouthparts towards the tissue of their host
plants. The 2nd and 3rd instars larvae were seen to be the most active feeders.
Pupa. Pupation is normally occurs 1-2 inches and about nine days are required for
attainment of sexual maturity after the adult fly emerge (Dekker and Messing, n.d). The
puparium is yellowish- brown. The pupa had its delicate integument covered within the
puparium. The newly pupated larvae measures about 4.4 to 5.2 mm in length and with a
mean ranges from 1.9 to 2.2mm in width. The adult will emerge from the pupa within 15
to 17 days (Dagdag, 2008).
Adult. The newly emerge adult had its abdomen flattened with a light color and a
balance mixture of dark brown to black and yellow that becomes darker after a few hours.
Adult B.dorsalis are transparent that had a wing span about 12.8 to 15.2 mm for female
and 12.0 to 15.1mm for the male. The female ovipositor is pointed and very slender. The
male measures about 6.0 to 7.1 mm in length and a width that ranges from 1.8 to 2.4 mm.
The female measures about 7.4 to 8.9 mm in length and 2.2 to 2.8 mm in width. The male
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has shorter life span with 37 to 54 days but the female takes about 39 to 61 days to live
(Dagdag, 2008).
Damage of Fruit Fly
Steiner (1957) stated that larval feeding in fruits is the most damaging. Damage
usually consists of breakdown tissue and internal rotting associated with maggot
infestation, but this varies with the type of fruit attacked. Infested young fruit become
distorted, callused and usually drop. Mature attacked fruits develop a water soaked
appearance. The larval tunnels provide entry points for bacteria and fungi that cause the
fruit to rot.
Fruit fly maggots develop in the pulp of the fruit devouring it and favoring the
development of bacterial and fungus. The egg punctures made by the adults may affect
shipping qualities of the fruit (Metcalf and Flint, 1962).
In 2011, Eladjoe observed that a fruit fly larva is one of the pests infesting Cape
gooseberry particularly on fruit. The fruit fly larvae with chewing mouthparts eat the fruit
from inside out which causes it to rot.
Cultural Control of Fruit flies
Metcalf and Flint in 1962 stated that traps baited with sweetened bran, fruit juices
or terpinyl acetate is extensively used to catch adults in Mediterranean fruit fly. Also,
fallen fruit should be collected and buried to a depth of several feet or burned or cooked
to destroy larvae. Fruit bagging, protein bait spraying, destruction of fallen and over ripe
fruits and early mature green fruits will control the species of B.philippinensis (Alwood et
al., 1999). While cleaning up of fallen, rotting papayas effectively reduced populations of
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Oriental fruit fly. Field sanitation also has been recommended as an integral component
of a pest program (Reihcigl, 2000).
In 2007, Prasad stated that tillage is useful in controlling the dormant stages of
pest either by burying them deep in the soil so that they are unable to emerge out or
brought to the soil surface for exposing them to inclement. Fruit fly of guava, pear, and
peach, are controlled by ploughing the soil. In addition, the pre- pupal and pupal
populations of B.dorsalis occurred in the soil and shallow ploughing with cultivar
immediately after harvest is effective in exposing and killing the pupating larva or pupa
which mostly present at 4-6 cm depth.
Basingan in 2011 made a study in fermenting different fruits and vegetable as
fruit fly attractant. The treatments were ripe citrus, guava, mango, papaya, banana,
chayote, bell pepper, and cucumber. It was fermented and was proven that all the
treatments were effective in attracting fruit fly.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials that were used for the biology study of fruit fly were Cape
gooseberry fruit, microwave plastic containers, insect cages, binocular microscope, camel
hair brush and honey. The materials used for the establishment of Cape gooseberry plants
were seedlings of Cape gooseberry, small pricking pots, plastic watering can, holing
device, chicken manure, and fertilizers.
Methods
Preparation of Planting Materials. The seedlings of Cape gooseberry wereplanted
first into small pots with a diameter of 15-20 cm for 6-8 weeks. The seedlings were
allowed to established and was maintained in a cool dry place for at least one month to
provide suitable conditions for the development of the seedlings. Meanwhile, an area of
500 sq. meters of untilled plots where the matured seedlings were transplanted was dig at
the center of the plot using a holing device and was assured to have a one meter distance
from one hole to another by using tape measure. Nylon ropes also was used as a guide to
align the holes into straight lines and the dug soil was placed just beside the hole for this
method employs the organic way of planting wherein minimum tillage is applied.
Planting of the Seedlings. The matured seedlings were transplanted in plots
measuring 1m by 10 m. The distance of one seedling from one another was 1 meter in
between holes and 2 meter between hills or just every other plot. The plant was provided
with 200 g of compost (firmed) and it was watered after transplanting. It was fertilized
with fermented chicken manure two months from transplanting.
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Collection and Identification of Fruit fly. Matured or ripe fruit was collected from
the fields of some Cape gooseberry growers. This was brought at Mites Predatory
Rearing House for examination under the binocular microscope to check the presence of
fruit fly eggs and larvae. The fruitsinfested with fruit fly were separated and the eggs or
larvaewas reared and serves as test insect for the biology study as well as for species
identification.
Maintenance of the Stock. The infested fruit of Cape gooseberry that was
gathered in the field was placed on insect cages. The larvae were allowed to mature as
adults. A paired of adult male and femalewere reared on a separate insect cage where
Cape gooseberry fruit or honey was provided as supplemental source of food. The paired
male and female were allowed to mate and reproduce which serve as a source of test
insect for the study of its biology.
Source and Introduction of the Host. Matured Cape gooseberry fruits were
collected from the field (Figure 1) and were brought to the laboratory and werecheck to
insure that it was not infested with fruit fly. The fruit was introduced in insect cages
which serve as oviposition sites for the female adult and as the source of food for the
larvae.
Biology Study. The Cape gooseberry fruit that was oviposited by the female was
taken from the rearing cages (Figure 2). The eggs laid on the fruit were counted and was
recorded. Using camel brush, the newly hatched larvae were transferred in microwave
plastic containers with Cape gooseberry fruit (Figure 3) that was serve as their source of
food. The developmental stages of the larvae were determined by the increase of body
size and exuvia of mouthparts. The duration of the pupawas noted when the larva pupated
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until the adult emerges from its puparium. The number of male and female fruit fly
emerged per batch of eggs laid in one fruitwas recorded. Alive and preserved specimens
of the different stages of B.dorsaliswereused in determining their morphological
descriptions using foot rule.
Observations on the longevity of adults wererecorded by the time of its
emergence from the puparium until the death of the insect. This wasdone by separating
specimens and providing food and without food.
The behavior of B.dorsalis in terms of larval feeding was observed during its
larval development while the mating and oviposition behavior wasobserved during adult
stage.
Figure 1. The Cape gooseberry fruit Figure 2. The insect cage used for
collected from the field biology study
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Figure 3.The Cape gooseberry fruit placed individually
on microwave plastic containers
Fecundity Study. The reproductive capacity of females was determined by placing
one pair of adult female and male in a cage. The number of eggs laid by the female was
counted and recorded until the insect ceased on laying eggs. Eggs were collected and
counted daily and it was set aside for rearing.
Data Gatheredwere:
1.Duration and morphological characteristics of the different developmental stage of
B.dorsalis.
a. Egg. Incubation period, color, size (length and width) were recorded.
b. Larva. Duration of the development, color, size (length and width) were
recorded.
c. Pupa. Duration of development, color, size (length and width) were recorded.
d.Adult. Longevity, morphological characteristics, wingspan, size (length and
width) were recorded.
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2. Behavioral Studies
a. Feeding Behavior. This was the manner of feeding by the larvae.
b. Mating Behavior. This was the frequency and time of mating of the insect.
c. Oviposition Behavior. This was the manner and site of oviposition.
d. Fecundity. This was the total number of eggs laid by the female.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fruit fly Species Attacking Cape gooseberry
The fruit fly species attacking the Cape gooseberry fruit was the Bactrocera
dorsalis Hendel.
Duration and Morphological Characteristics of the
Developmental Stages of B.dorsalis
The duration of each developmental stage of B. dorsalis are shown in Table 1.
Egg. The incubation period of the egg ranges from 2-4 days with a mean of 3.2 ±
1.03 days. Eggs laid by the female (Figure 4) are white in color and elongated which
collaborates to the statement of Mariau in 1999 that eggs laid by the female are white,
elongated, and slightly curved deposited in small batches. The eggs were laid in clusters
in horizontal manner. It measurement ranges from 0.8 to 1.1 mm in length and a width of
0.1 mm.
Larvae. The newly hatched larvae (Figure 5) developed in 3 days with a mean of
3± 0 days.The larvae were transparent but it was changed into a yellowish color when the
larva reaches the third instar of larval stage. The body length of the 1st instar
larvameasures from 0.8- 2.8 mmand a width of 0.1 to 0.7 mm.
The second instar larvae developed in 3 days with a mean of 3± 0 (Figure 6).The
body length measures from 2.3- 9.1mm in length and a width of 0.7-1.5 mm. On this
larval stage, the larvae were become voracious on feeding.
The third instar larvae developed from 3-4 days with a mean of 3.4 ± 0.52 days
(Figure 7). The larvae were yellowish in color and keeps on jumping when they come out
from the fruit which indicates that they were finding a suitable place to pupate. The body
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Table 1.Duration (Days) of the different developmental stages of B. dorsalis
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES DURATION (Days)
________________________________________
Range Mean
Egg
2-4
3.2±
1.03
Larvae
1st
instar 3 3±
0
2nd
instar
3 3
±
0
3rd
instar 3-4
3.4
±
0.52
Pupa
19-20
19.5
±
0.5
Adult
Female
40-45
42.5±
2.5
Pre- reproductive period
5-12
8.5± 3.5
Reproductive
period
22-25
23.5
±
3.54
Post-
reproductive
period
8-13
10.5±
2.5
Male
34-
37
35.5
±
2.12
Total life span
Female
71-77
72.5
±
2.12
Male
57-
71
64
±
9.89
Figure 4. The newly laid eggs (4x) Figure 5. The newly hatched
larvae (1st instar) (4x)
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Figure 6. The 2nd instar larva (4x) Figure 7. The 3rd instar larva (4x)
length of the 3rd instar larvae measures from 7.1- 9.9 mm and a width of 1.5 mm. Their
body was soft and flexible.Before the larvae accomplish their jumps, the anterior and
posterior part of larvae meet together wherein the mouth hooks grabbed the end of the
body tensing the muscles then quickly released the mouth hooks from the rears of
f their
body that results to jumping.Development and increased of body size of the larvae
depends on the amount of food they intake.
Pupa. The pupa developed from 19- 20 days with a mean 9.5± 0.5days. When
newly pupateed, the pupa was yellowish in color (Figure 8) but turned tobrownish after a
minute then turned to dark brown when the adult was nearly to emerge from the
puparium (Figure 9). It measures from 4.0-5.5 mm in length and a width of 1.5- 2.3 mm.
Adult. The ratio of female versus male that emerged from batch of pupa is
4:3.Adult has short and aristate antennae. The thorax of newly emerge adult was light
brrown in color and with yellow stripes that becomes darker after a few hour.The
abdomen (ventral) of the adult had a combination of dark and brown marking while the
abdomen (dorsal) was brown in color with two horizontal black stripes annd vertical stripe.
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The marking on the abdomen of the adult formed a T-shaped pattern. Wings of fruitfly
was transparent and folded at the back when newly emerge.
Adult (Female).The longevity of the female adult ranged from40-45days with a
mean of42.5± 2.5days. The pre-reproductive period of the female ranged from 5-12
dayswith a mean of 8.5± 3.5days. The reproductive period was 22-25 days with a mean
of 23.5± 3.54days and the post reproductive was 8-13 days with a mean of 10.5± 2.5
days. The total life span of the female ranged from 71-77 days with a mean of 72.5± 2.12
days.The female adult has long, slender and pointed ovipositor (Figure 10-11).The body
length of the female measures from 6.3- 7.9 mmand a width of 1.9- 2.3 mm. The
wingspan measures 11.9- 12.7 mm.
Adult (Male). The longevity of the male adult ranged from 34- 37 days with a
mean of 35.5± 2.12 days.The body lengthmeasuresfrom 5.5-6.3 mm in length and a width
of 1.5-1.9 mm (Table 2). The wingspan measures from 11.1 to 11.9 mm. The male total
life span was 57- 71 days with a mean of 64 ± 9.89 days.
The adult female has longer life span with a total of 71-77 days while the adult
male has shorter life span with a total of 57-71 days. The morphological characteristics of
the different stages of the B.dorsalis from egg to adult collaborate to the biology of the
B.dorsalis on bell pepper that was studied by Dagdag in 2008.
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Figure 8. The pupa (Newly pupated) (4x) Figure 9. The nearly to emerge pupa (4x)
Figure 10. The adult female Figure 11. The adult female
(ventral view)(4x)(dorsal view) (4x)
Figure 12.
The adult male Figure 13. Adult male
(ventral view) (4x)(dorsal view) (4x)
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Table 2. Range size (mm) of the developmental stages of B.dorsalisreared in room
temperature
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGESLENGTH (mm)WIDTH (mm)
Egg 0.8-1.1 0.1
Larvae
1st instar 0.8-2.8 0.1-0.7
2nd instar 2.3-9.1 0.7-1.5
3rd instar 7.1-9.9 1.5
Pupa 4.0-5.5 1.5-2.3
Adult
Male 5.5-6.3 1.5-1.9
Female 6.3-7.9 1.9-2.3
Longevity
The Table 3 shows the longevity of adult female and male B. dorsalis with food
and without food. The female adult that was provided with food lived for about 40- 45
days while the male lived for 34- 37 days. The male and female that was not provided
with food just lived for 3- 5 days.The result implies that cultural management of the Cape
gooseberry is necessary to control B.dorsalisby way of cleaning up rotten Cape
gooseberry fruit wherein B.dorsalisdevelop andlive longer.
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
19
Table 3. Longevity (Days) of the adult B. dorsalis reared in room temperature
ADULTS WITH FOOD WITHOUT FOOD
_____________________________________________
RANGE MEAN RANGE MEAN
FEMALE 40- 45 42.5±3.54 3- 5 3.67±1.15
MALE 34- 37 35.5±2.12 3- 5 3.67±1.15
Behavioral Patterns of B. dorsalis
Feeding
Behavior. The newly hatched larvae bore the fruit and start to feed just
upon hatching up to the last instar larva.The larvae bores a tunnel inside its host, the
tunneling process was done by waving its mouthparts towards the tissue of the Cape
gooseberry fruit. During the second instar larvae, they become voracious in feeding up to
the third instars.
Mating Behavior.It was observed that before mating, the male keep on following
the female. The male move closer to the female while the wings were spread laterally.
Male faces the female and walk back in forth. When the female accept the male, the male
approach the female and waves its wings backward and forward then jumps on the female
and curls its abdomenand attempt copulation. Copulation took place 3-11 days after
emergence from puparium. The mating was observed from10:30 in the morning and 1:00
in the afternoon as when the temperature is about 27-28 °C. Mating duration is about 15-
50 seconds.
Oviposition
Behavior. The female laid eggs daily, one to two days after mating.
The female was observed on the surface of the fruit while it keeps on searching a site for
oviposition. When the female finally found a suitable site on where to lay the eggs, it
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
20
brings out its 6 mm long and pointed ovipositorand injected on the fruit and deposits the
eggs just after the peelings of fruit. The female were also observed depositing its eggs on
the surface or peeling of the fruit. The small pin hole on the surface of the fruit was the
sign and site where the female laid its eggs. The site of the oviposition was also
recognized through the juice that comes out from the fruit just after the female deposited
the eggs.
Fecundity
The Table 4 shows the number of eggs laid by the female B. dorsalis. Theeggs
laid everyday by the female B.dorsaliswas about 2 to 10 in number with a total of 162
eggs with a mean of 81±2 eggs. The femalecan deposit 2 to 10 eggs in one Cape
gooseberry fruit daily.
Table 4. Number of eggs laid by the female B. dorsalis
SAMPLE NO. TOTAL NO. OF EGGS
183
279
Total 162
Mean 81± 2
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Mites Predatory Rearing House and Balili
Experimental Area, Benguet State University from September 2011 to March 2012
toidentify the fruit fly species attacking the Cape gooseberry, to determine the duration
and morphological characteristics of the different growth stages of Bactrocera species
attacking Cape gooseberry and to observe its behavior in terms of areas in larval feeding,
mating, oviposition and fecundity.
The fruit fly (B. dorsalis) underwent four developmental stages namely, egg,
larvae, pupa and adult. The incubation of the egg ranges from 2-4 days with a mean of
3.2 ± 1.03 days. The larvae underwent threelarval instars. The 1st instar and 2nd instar
developed in 3 days while the 3rd instar developed from 3- 4 days. The pupa developed
from 19- 20 days. The longevity of the female adult ranged from 40-45 days while the
male ranged from 34-37 days. The eggs are white and elongated. The length of the egg
measures from 0.8 to 1.1 mm in length and a width of 0.1 mm. The body length of the 1st
instar larva measures from 0.8- 2.8 mm and a width of 0.1 to 0.7 mm. The body length of
the 2nd instar larva measures from 2.3- 9.1 mm in length and a width of 0.7-1.5 mm. The
body length of the 3rd instar larva measures from 7.1- 9.9 mm and a width of 1.5 mm. The
body length of the female measures from 6.3- 7.9 mm and a width of 1.9- 2.3 mm.
The newly hatched larvae bore the fruit and start to feed just upon hatching up to
the last instar larva. Copulation took place 3- 11 days after emergence at around 10:30 in
the morning and 1: 00 in the afternoon. Mating duration is about 15-50 seconds. The
female laid eggs daily, one to two days after mating. The eggs laid everyday by the
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
22
female B.dorsaliswas about 2-10 in number with a total of 162 eggs with a mean of 81±2
eggs.
Conclusion
The species of fruit fly attacking Cape gooseberry fruit was Bactrocera dorsalis
Hendel. The total life span of the female ranged from 71-77days while 57- 71 days for
male. A female lay 2 to 10 eggs in one Cape gooseberry fruit daily.
Recommendation
Further study on the biology of B. dorsalison other host plants is recommended.
Since Cape gooseberry belongs to Solanaceae family it harbored the insect pest which is
fruit fly from its distant relative like tomato. Harvesting of ripe Cape gooseberry fruit is
recommended to deprive the fruit fly with their source of food since Cape gooseberry
serves as one of their host.
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
23
LITERATURE CITED
ALWOOD A. J, A. A. CHINAJARIYAWONG, R. A. DREW, R. A. HAMACEK, E.L.
HANCOCK, C. JINAPIN, J. JIRASUT, M. KONGKONG, C. LEONG and S.
VIJAYSEGARAN. 1999. Host Plant Records for Fruit flies (Diptera:
Tephritidae) in South- East Asia. Retrieved October 17, 2002 from http: //www.
padil. Gov.au/ pbt.
BASINGAN. E. A. 2011. Effectiveness of different fermented fruits and vegetables
as fruit fly attractant. BS Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Ben-
guet. Pp. 7- 22.
BERENDES, J. D. 2011.Physalis.Retrieved June 18, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Physalis.
COWLEY, J. M. 1990. Biology of Fruit fly. The Food and Fertilizer of Technology
Center. Japan. P. 86.
DAGDAG, T. K. 2008. Life cycle of fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) associated
on bell pepper (Capsicum anuum Linnaeus). BS Thesis, Benguet State Universi-
ty, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.11-21.
DEKKER, L. and R. MESSING. nd. Introduction to Managing Fruit flies in Hawaii.
Retrieved August 1, 2010 from www.ctahr. hawaii.edu/oc/ free pubs/pdf/IP
ELADJOE, K. P. 2011. Insects and other Arthropods associated with Cape gooseberry
(Physalis peruviana Linnaeus) in La Trinidad Benguet. BS Thesis, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 14-15.
HEISER, C. B. 1969. Night shades the paradoxical plants. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman
Co. Pp. 361-362.
JACKSON, F. E. and S. M. LOONEY. 1999. Vegetables. Poland: Moa Beckett Publisher
P. 96.
MARIAU, D. 1999. Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Perennial Crops. USA:
Science Publishers, Inc. Pp. 21- 22.
METCALF, C. L. and W. P. FLINT. 1962. Destructive and Useful Insects. USA: Mc
Graw - Hill Book Company, Inc. Pp. 760- 761.
MC CAIN, R. J. 1993. Physalis peruviana: Potential Fruits for cool sub tropical areas.
New York: Janick Inc. Pp. 479- 486.
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(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
24
MORTON, J. F. 1987. Fruit of Warm Climates, Winterville, USA: Creative Resources
System Inc. P. 431.
PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL PLANTS. 2010. Lobo- lobohan. Retrieved August 09, 2010
from http://www.stuartxchange.org/Lobo-lobohan.html.
PRASAD, D. E. 2007. Sustainable Pests Management. Delhi: Daya Publishing House.
P.139.
REICHCIGL, J. E. and N.A. RECHCIGL. 2000. Insect Pest Management. London:Lewis
Publishers. P. 47.
STEINER, L. F. 1957. Field Evaluation of Oriental Fruit flies Insecticides in Hawaii.
Journal. Econ.Ent.50:124.
VERHEIJ, E. W and R. E. CORONEL. 1991. Plant resources of South East Asia: Nether-
lands: Pudoc Wageningen. P. 446.
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
25
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. No. of eggs laid daily
Days of laying Eggs No. of eggs laid
_______________________________
S1 S2
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3 Pre-reproductive
Day 4
period
Day 5
Day 6
Pre-reproductive 5
Day 7
period
10
Day
8
3
Day
9
4
Day
10
4
Day
11
5
Day
12
3
Day
13
6 5
Day
14
3 2 Day
15
3
4
Reproductive Day 16
2 6 period
Day
17
2 2 Day
18
2
3
Day
19
5
4 Day
20
4
2
Day
21
2
3
Day
22
10
Reproductive
4
Day
23
4 period
2
Day 24
4
2
Day
25
2
2
Day
26
4
2
Day
27
2
2
Day
28
4
Day
29
3
Day 30
3
Day 31
3
Day 32
5
Post reproductive
Day 33
2
period
Day 34
2
Day 35
2
Day 36
2
Day 37 2
Appendix table 1 continued…
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26
Day
38
Day 39
Day 40
Day 41 Post
Day 42 reproductive
Day 43 period
Day 44
Day 45
TOTAL 83
79
MEAN
41.5
39.5
Appendix Table 2. The length and width (mm) of the egg of B. dorsalis
SAMPLE LENGTH
WIDTH
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
27
1 1.1
0.1
2
1.1
0.1
3
1.1
0.1
4
0.8
0.1
5
1.1
0.1
6
0.8
0.1
7
0.8
0.1
8
1.1
0.1
9
1.1
0.1
10
1.1
0.1
TOTAL 10.1
1
MEAN
1.0
0.1
Appendix Table 3.The length and width (mm) of the 1st instar larvae of B.dorsalis from
day 1 to day 3
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
28
SAMPLE LENGTH
WIDTH
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
1.1 1.5 2.3 0.1 0.1 0.7
2
0.8
1.5
1.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
3
1.5
1.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.7
4
1.1
1.5
3.2
0.1
0.1
0.7
5
1.5
1.9
3.2
0.1
0.1
0.7
6
1.5
1.9
2.8
0.1
0.1
0.7
7
1.5
1.9
2.8
0.1
0.1
0.7
8
1.1
1.5
1.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
9
1.1
1.9
2.8
0.1
0.1
0.7
10
1.5
1.5
2.8
0.1
0.1
0.7
TOTAL 12.7 17 26.8 1 1 5.8
MEAN
1.27
1.7
2.68
1
1
0.58
Appendix Table 4. The length and width (mm) of the 2nd instar larvae of B.dorsalisfrom
day 4 to day 6
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
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29
SAMPLE LENGTH
WIDTH
4
5
6
4
5
6
1
4.0 5.1 7.1 0.7 0.7 1.1
2
4.4
4.7
7.5
0.3
0.7
1.1
3
4.0
4.7
7.1
0.7
0.7
1.1
4
2.3
4.7
8.3
0.7
0.7
0.7
5
4.7
6.3
8.3
0.7
1.1
1.5
6
4.0
6.3
8.7
0.7
1.1
1.1
7
4.0
5.1
8.3
0.7
0.7
1.1
8
4.0
5.5
8.7
0.7
0.7
1.5
9
4.4
5.1
7.1
0.7
0.7
1.1
10
4.4
6.7
9.1
0.7
1.1
1.5
TOTAL 40.5 54.2 80.2 6.6 8.2
12.2
MEAN
4.05
5.42
8.02
0.66
0.82
1.22
Appendix Table 5. The length and width (mm) of the 3rd instar larvaeof B.dorsalisfrom
day 7 to 8
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
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30
SAMPLE LENGTH
WIDTH
7
8
9
10
7
8
9
10
1
8.7 9.1 9.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
2
8.7
9.1
9.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
3
8.3
8.7
9.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
4
8.3
9.1
9.1
9.5
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.5
5
8.3
9.5
9.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
6
8.7
9.5
9.5
1.1
1.1
1.5
7
8.3
8.7
9.1
9.5
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.5
8
8.7
8.7
9.1
9.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
9
7.1
8.7
9.5
1.1
1.5
1.5
10
9.1
7.1
9.5
9.9
1.5
1.1
1.5
1.5
TOTAL 84.2 88.2 93.8 38.4 13.4 14.2 15 6
MEAN
8.42
8.82
3.84
3.84
1.34
1.42
1.5
0.6
Appendix Table 6. The length and width (mm) of the pupa of B.dorsalis
SAMPLE LENGTH WIDTH
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31
1 4.7 1.9
2 4.7 1.9
3 4.7 1.9
4 4.7 1.9
5 5.5 2.3
6 4.7 1.9
7 5.5 2.3
8 4.3 1.9
9 4.0 1.5
10 5.1 2.3
TOTAL 47.5 19.8
MEAN 4.75 1.98
Appendix Table 7. The length, width and wingspan (mm) of adult male B.dorsalis
SAMPLE LENGTH WIDTH WINGSPAN
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
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32
1
5.9 1.9 11.9
2
5.9 1.9 11.9
3
5.9 1.9 11.9
4
5.5 1.5 11.1
5
5.9 1.5 11.9
6
5.9 1.5 11.9
7
5.5 1.9 11.1
8
5.5 1.5 11.1
9
5.5 1.9 11.1
10
6.3 1.9 12.7
RANGE 5.5- 6.3 1.5- 1.9 11.1-
12.7TOTAL57.817.4 116.6
MEAN 5.781.74 11.66
Appendix Table 8. The length, width and wingspan (mm) of adult female B.dorsalis
SAMPLE LENGTH WIDTH WINGSPAN
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33
1 7.9 1.9
15.8
2
6.3
1.9
12.7
3
6.7
2.3
13.4
4
7.9
1.9
15.8
5
7.9
2.3
15.8
6
7.1
2.3
14.2
7
7.5
1.9
15.0
8
6.7
1.9
13.4
9
6.7
2.3
13.4
10
7.9
1.9
13.4
RANGE 6.3-7.9 1.9-2.3 12.7-15.8
TOTAL
72.6
20.6
142.9
MEAN
7.6
2.06
14.29
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
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DAMOCAY, EMELIA, A. APRIL 2012. BIOLOGY OF
FRUITFLY(BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY (Physalisperuviana
Linnaeus). Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Gemma S. Das- ilen, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Mites Predatory Rearing House and Balili Experimental
Area, Benguet State University from September 2011 to March 2012 to identify the fruit fly
species attacking the Cape gooseberry, to determine the duration and morphological
characteristics of the different growth stages of Bactroceraspecies attacking Cape gooseberry
and observe its behavior in terms of areas in larval feeding, mating, oviposition and fecundity.
The fruit fly species attacking Cape gooseberry was identified as
BactroceradorsalisHendel.
The duration of the different growth stages of B. dorsalis on Cape gooseberry are as
follows; egg: 3.2± 1.03 days, 1st instar larva: 3± 0 days, 2nd instar larva: 3± 0 days, 3rd instar
larva: 3.4±0.52 days, pupa:19.3± 0.48 days. Longevity of the adult female was 42.5± 3.54 days
and 35.5± 2.12 days for the male. Life span of female was 74±1.41 days and 64± 9.89 days for
the male.
The eggs are white and elongated. The length of the egg was 0.8-1.1 and a width of
0.1mm. The 1st instar larvae was transparent turned to yellowish color when the larva reaches the
third instar of larval stage. The body length measures from 0.8- 2.8 mm and a width of 0.1 to 0.7
mm. The 2nd instar body length measures from 2.3- 9.1 mm in length and a width of 0.7-1.5 mm.
The 3rd instar body length measures from 7.1- 9.9 mm and a width of 1.5 mm. The pupa was
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
yellowish in color when newly pupated but turned tobrownish after a minute then turned to dark
brown when the adult was nearly to emerge from the puparium.It measures from 4.0-5.5 mm in
length and a width of 1.5- 2.3 mm. The thorax of newly emerge adult was light brown in color
and with yellow stripes that becomes darker after a few hour. The female adult has long, slender
and pointed ovipositor. The body length of the female measures from 6.3- 7.9 mm and a width of
1.9- 2.3 mm while the male had a body length of 5.5-6.3 mm and a width of 1.5-1.9 mm.
The newly hatched larvae bore the fruit and start to feed just upon hatching up to the last instar
larvae. The female adult that was provided with food lived for about 40- 45 days while the male
lived for 34- 37 days. The male and female that was not provided with food just lived for 3- 5
days.
Copulation took place 3-11days after emergence.Mating was from 10:30 in the morning
and 1:00 in the afternoon as when the temperature is about 27-28 °C. Mating duration is about
15-50 seconds.
The female laid eggs daily, one to two days after mating. The eggs laid everyday by the
female B.dorsalis ranged from 2 to 10 in number with a total of 162 with a mean of 81± 2 eggs.
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….. i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………….. iii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………………………...
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials Used ……………………………………………………………..
8
Preparation of Planting Materials ………………………………………….
8
Planting of the Seedlings …………………………………………………..
8
Collection and Identification
of Fruit fly ………………………………………………………………….
9
Maintenance of the Stock ………………………………………………….
9
Source and Introduction of the Host ……………………………………….
9
Biology Study ……………………………………………………………...
9
Fecundity Study ……………………………………………………………
11
Data Gathered ……………………………………………………………...
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Species of Fruit fly Attacking the
Cape gooseberry …………………………………………………………...
13
Longevity …………………………………………………………………..
18
Behavioral Patterns of B. dorsalis …………………………………………
19
Fecundity …………………………………………………………………..
20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary …………………………………………………………………...
21
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………
22
Recommendation …………………………………………………………..
22
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………………….
23
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………..
25
1
INTRODUCTION
Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana Linnaeus) grows as a branching annual or
perennial plant which sometimes called golden berry. It is related to the tomato and can
be grown in similar soils and climate to the tomato but requires a longer frost-free season
to mature its fruit. The plant may be raised from seeds or from cuttings. The golden-
orange fruit is contained in a husk. Fruit size is variable which measure about 1- 2 in
diameter. Apart from being edible, the fruit are used in pies, ice cream, salads and
cocktail (Jackson and Looney, 1999).
Yield of Cape gooseberry in La Trinidad, Benguet is good. The conditions present
in locality are favorable to the plant. These circumstances enable the plant to provide
optimum yield to maximum yield. With its growing potential in the market, it is seen to
provide more profit to the farmers (Ligat, 2011) as cited by (Eladjoe, 2011).
In La Trinidad, Benguet, many injurious arthropods are associated with the Cape
gooseberry plant. Due to the fact that Cape gooseberry belongs to the Solanaceae family,
it harbored pests of its distant relatives like the tomatoes and potatoes. Eladjoe in 2011
also reported the presence of fruit fly on Cape gooseberry plants including white flies,
thrips, fruit worm larvae and chrysomelid beetles.
Fruit flies belong to the insect family Tephritidae in the Order Diptera. They are
serious pest of fruit and vegetables throughout the world. The female fruit flies have
mainly the habit of laying eggs by inserting its ovipositor into the fruit tissue beneath the
skin where the larvae consequently develop. When the eggs hatch and develop to the
larval stage, the larval feeding cause considerable damage to the fruit tissue. The larval
damage becomes even more serious with secondary infestation by other organism such as
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
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2
Drosophila spp., fungi and bacteria. If the infested fruits are still immature, they will drop
before ripening, and if the infested fruits are ripe, they will drop before harvesting
(Cowley, 1990).
Study on the life cycle of fruit fly on Cape gooseberry has not been fully
established in Benguet. Cape gooseberry is one of the host plant of fruit fly and other
insects wherein they attack the plant particularly during the fruiting stage. Because of the
insect’s infestation, yield of Cape gooseberry may be reduced. The information gathered
on its development or life processes give information on proper management of fruit fly
in orderobtain maximum yield of Cape gooseberry.
The study was conducted to identify the fruit fly species attacking the Cape
gooseberry, to determine the duration and morphological characteristics of the different
growth stages of Bactroceraspecies attacking Cape gooseberry and to observe its
behavior in terms of areas in larval feeding, mating, oviposition and fecundity.
The study was conducted at Mites Predatory Rearing House and Balili
Experimental Area, Benguet State University from September 2011 to March 2012.
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Characteristics of Cape Gooseberry
In 1991, Verheij and Coronel stated that in Australia, Cape gooseberry is
cultivated such as Golden nugget and New Sugar Giant. Both varieties belong to large-
fruited types with bland taste. But, here in the Philippines, Cape gooseberry is being
grown and it is locally known as “lobo- lobohan”. It is widely distributed in the
Cordillera Administration Region (CAR) particularly in the Benguet province (Philippine
Medicinal Plants, 2010).
Cape gooseberry is a soft-wooded perennial plant usually reaching 2 to 3 ft in
height. Under good conditions, it can reach 6 ft but it will need support. The spreading
branches are purplish and covered with fine hairs. The heart- shaped nearly opposite
leaves are 2 ½ to 6 inches long. They are slightly velvety when compared with the
narrower and smoother leaves of tomatillo. Bell shaped and nodding flowers form in the
leaf axils. They are yellow in color with dark purple- brown spots in the throat, and
cupped by a purplish- green and hairy calyx. The fruit is a berry with smooth, waxy,
orange- yellow skin and juicy pulp containing numerous very small yellowish seeds
(Morton, 1987).
Berendes in 2011 stated that Cape gooseberry is a deciduous shrub. It is relatively
known plant under the family Solanaceae. Among its relatives which are being grown are
the eggplants and tomatoes.
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Uses of Cape Gooseberry
Cape gooseberry has many uses. The fruit is eaten fresh or mixed whole or sliced
in fruit salads and fruit cocktails. The fruit is generally stewed and used in making
puddings, chutneys and ice creams. It may also be canned or processed into jams and
jellies. Cape gooseberry was also used as ornamentals and as an ingredient in making
perfumes. In addition, the fruits are stewed with honey and eaten as dessert. The British
use the husk as a handle for dipping the fruit icing (Mc Cain, 1993).
In Colombia, the leaves of Cape gooseberry are boiled into a decoction which is
believed to be diuretic and anti asthmatic while in South Africa, the leaves are heated and
applied as poultices on inflammations. The fruit as a part of daily diet helps in
maintaining vision, immune system, lowers the risk of cancers, malaria, asthma and
dermatitis (Heiser, 1969).
Insect pest of Cape gooseberry
In 1987, Morton stated that in South Africa, insect pest that attack the Cape
gooseberry are cutworms, red spider, potato tuber moth, flea beetle and whiteflies, stem
borer, leaf borer and fruit worm. Solanaceous treehopper, thrips, and various beetles also
affect the Cape gooseberry plant.
In La Trinidad, many injurious insects including arthropods are associated with
the Cape gooseberry plant. These are the chewing insects such as elm leaf beetle,
chrysomelid beetle, earwigs, fruit worm larvae, fruit fly larvae, and leaf miner. The
piercing-sucking insects were aphids, white fly, thrips, leaf hopper, leaf footed bug and
broad mite. The identified chewing and piercing- sucking insects and arthropods were
categorized as minor pest of Cape gooseberry (Eladjoe, 2011).
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Biology of Fruit Fly
There are four stages in the life cycle of fruit fly: egg, larva, pupa and adult.
Egg. Eggs laid by the female are white, elongated, and slightly curved deposited
in small batches (Mariau, 1999). Eggs measure from 0.9 to 1.0mm in length with a mean
of 1.06 and a width that measure about two to four days to hatch (Dagdag, 2008).
Larva. In 2008, Dagdag observed that the newly hatch larva is transparent white
in color and it will become yellowish when older. It is elongated and cylindrical with
white anterior mouth hooks. Upon hatching, the new larva bores a tunnel inside its host,
the tunneling process was done by waving its mouthparts towards the tissue of their host
plants. The 2nd and 3rd instars larvae were seen to be the most active feeders.
Pupa. Pupation is normally occurs 1-2 inches and about nine days are required for
attainment of sexual maturity after the adult fly emerge (Dekker and Messing, n.d). The
puparium is yellowish- brown. The pupa had its delicate integument covered within the
puparium. The newly pupated larvae measures about 4.4 to 5.2 mm in length and with a
mean ranges from 1.9 to 2.2mm in width. The adult will emerge from the pupa within 15
to 17 days (Dagdag, 2008).
Adult. The newly emerge adult had its abdomen flattened with a light color and a
balance mixture of dark brown to black and yellow that becomes darker after a few hours.
Adult B.dorsalis are transparent that had a wing span about 12.8 to 15.2 mm for female
and 12.0 to 15.1mm for the male. The female ovipositor is pointed and very slender. The
male measures about 6.0 to 7.1 mm in length and a width that ranges from 1.8 to 2.4 mm.
The female measures about 7.4 to 8.9 mm in length and 2.2 to 2.8 mm in width. The male
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has shorter life span with 37 to 54 days but the female takes about 39 to 61 days to live
(Dagdag, 2008).
Damage of Fruit Fly
Steiner (1957) stated that larval feeding in fruits is the most damaging. Damage
usually consists of breakdown tissue and internal rotting associated with maggot
infestation, but this varies with the type of fruit attacked. Infested young fruit become
distorted, callused and usually drop. Mature attacked fruits develop a water soaked
appearance. The larval tunnels provide entry points for bacteria and fungi that cause the
fruit to rot.
Fruit fly maggots develop in the pulp of the fruit devouring it and favoring the
development of bacterial and fungus. The egg punctures made by the adults may affect
shipping qualities of the fruit (Metcalf and Flint, 1962).
In 2011, Eladjoe observed that a fruit fly larva is one of the pests infesting Cape
gooseberry particularly on fruit. The fruit fly larvae with chewing mouthparts eat the fruit
from inside out which causes it to rot.
Cultural Control of Fruit flies
Metcalf and Flint in 1962 stated that traps baited with sweetened bran, fruit juices
or terpinyl acetate is extensively used to catch adults in Mediterranean fruit fly. Also,
fallen fruit should be collected and buried to a depth of several feet or burned or cooked
to destroy larvae. Fruit bagging, protein bait spraying, destruction of fallen and over ripe
fruits and early mature green fruits will control the species of B.philippinensis (Alwood et
al., 1999). While cleaning up of fallen, rotting papayas effectively reduced populations of
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Oriental fruit fly. Field sanitation also has been recommended as an integral component
of a pest program (Reihcigl, 2000).
In 2007, Prasad stated that tillage is useful in controlling the dormant stages of
pest either by burying them deep in the soil so that they are unable to emerge out or
brought to the soil surface for exposing them to inclement. Fruit fly of guava, pear, and
peach, are controlled by ploughing the soil. In addition, the pre- pupal and pupal
populations of B.dorsalis occurred in the soil and shallow ploughing with cultivar
immediately after harvest is effective in exposing and killing the pupating larva or pupa
which mostly present at 4-6 cm depth.
Basingan in 2011 made a study in fermenting different fruits and vegetable as
fruit fly attractant. The treatments were ripe citrus, guava, mango, papaya, banana,
chayote, bell pepper, and cucumber. It was fermented and was proven that all the
treatments were effective in attracting fruit fly.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials that were used for the biology study of fruit fly were Cape
gooseberry fruit, microwave plastic containers, insect cages, binocular microscope, camel
hair brush and honey. The materials used for the establishment of Cape gooseberry plants
were seedlings of Cape gooseberry, small pricking pots, plastic watering can, holing
device, chicken manure, and fertilizers.
Methods
Preparation of Planting Materials. The seedlings of Cape gooseberry wereplanted
first into small pots with a diameter of 15-20 cm for 6-8 weeks. The seedlings were
allowed to established and was maintained in a cool dry place for at least one month to
provide suitable conditions for the development of the seedlings. Meanwhile, an area of
500 sq. meters of untilled plots where the matured seedlings were transplanted was dig at
the center of the plot using a holing device and was assured to have a one meter distance
from one hole to another by using tape measure. Nylon ropes also was used as a guide to
align the holes into straight lines and the dug soil was placed just beside the hole for this
method employs the organic way of planting wherein minimum tillage is applied.
Planting of the Seedlings. The matured seedlings were transplanted in plots
measuring 1m by 10 m. The distance of one seedling from one another was 1 meter in
between holes and 2 meter between hills or just every other plot. The plant was provided
with 200 g of compost (firmed) and it was watered after transplanting. It was fertilized
with fermented chicken manure two months from transplanting.
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Collection and Identification of Fruit fly. Matured or ripe fruit was collected from
the fields of some Cape gooseberry growers. This was brought at Mites Predatory
Rearing House for examination under the binocular microscope to check the presence of
fruit fly eggs and larvae. The fruitsinfested with fruit fly were separated and the eggs or
larvaewas reared and serves as test insect for the biology study as well as for species
identification.
Maintenance of the Stock. The infested fruit of Cape gooseberry that was
gathered in the field was placed on insect cages. The larvae were allowed to mature as
adults. A paired of adult male and femalewere reared on a separate insect cage where
Cape gooseberry fruit or honey was provided as supplemental source of food. The paired
male and female were allowed to mate and reproduce which serve as a source of test
insect for the study of its biology.
Source and Introduction of the Host. Matured Cape gooseberry fruits were
collected from the field (Figure 1) and were brought to the laboratory and werecheck to
insure that it was not infested with fruit fly. The fruit was introduced in insect cages
which serve as oviposition sites for the female adult and as the source of food for the
larvae.
Biology Study. The Cape gooseberry fruit that was oviposited by the female was
taken from the rearing cages (Figure 2). The eggs laid on the fruit were counted and was
recorded. Using camel brush, the newly hatched larvae were transferred in microwave
plastic containers with Cape gooseberry fruit (Figure 3) that was serve as their source of
food. The developmental stages of the larvae were determined by the increase of body
size and exuvia of mouthparts. The duration of the pupawas noted when the larva pupated
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until the adult emerges from its puparium. The number of male and female fruit fly
emerged per batch of eggs laid in one fruitwas recorded. Alive and preserved specimens
of the different stages of B.dorsaliswereused in determining their morphological
descriptions using foot rule.
Observations on the longevity of adults wererecorded by the time of its
emergence from the puparium until the death of the insect. This wasdone by separating
specimens and providing food and without food.
The behavior of B.dorsalis in terms of larval feeding was observed during its
larval development while the mating and oviposition behavior wasobserved during adult
stage.
Figure 1. The Cape gooseberry fruit Figure 2. The insect cage used for
collected from the field biology study
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Figure 3.The Cape gooseberry fruit placed individually
on microwave plastic containers
Fecundity Study. The reproductive capacity of females was determined by placing
one pair of adult female and male in a cage. The number of eggs laid by the female was
counted and recorded until the insect ceased on laying eggs. Eggs were collected and
counted daily and it was set aside for rearing.
Data Gatheredwere:
1.Duration and morphological characteristics of the different developmental stage of
B.dorsalis.
a. Egg. Incubation period, color, size (length and width) were recorded.
b. Larva. Duration of the development, color, size (length and width) were
recorded.
c. Pupa. Duration of development, color, size (length and width) were recorded.
d.Adult. Longevity, morphological characteristics, wingspan, size (length and
width) were recorded.
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2. Behavioral Studies
a. Feeding Behavior. This was the manner of feeding by the larvae.
b. Mating Behavior. This was the frequency and time of mating of the insect.
c. Oviposition Behavior. This was the manner and site of oviposition.
d. Fecundity. This was the total number of eggs laid by the female.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fruit fly Species Attacking Cape gooseberry
The fruit fly species attacking the Cape gooseberry fruit was the Bactrocera
dorsalis Hendel.
Duration and Morphological Characteristics of the
Developmental Stages of B.dorsalis
The duration of each developmental stage of B. dorsalis are shown in Table 1.
Egg. The incubation period of the egg ranges from 2-4 days with a mean of 3.2 ±
1.03 days. Eggs laid by the female (Figure 4) are white in color and elongated which
collaborates to the statement of Mariau in 1999 that eggs laid by the female are white,
elongated, and slightly curved deposited in small batches. The eggs were laid in clusters
in horizontal manner. It measurement ranges from 0.8 to 1.1 mm in length and a width of
0.1 mm.
Larvae. The newly hatched larvae (Figure 5) developed in 3 days with a mean of
3± 0 days.The larvae were transparent but it was changed into a yellowish color when the
larva reaches the third instar of larval stage. The body length of the 1st instar
larvameasures from 0.8- 2.8 mmand a width of 0.1 to 0.7 mm.
The second instar larvae developed in 3 days with a mean of 3± 0 (Figure 6).The
body length measures from 2.3- 9.1mm in length and a width of 0.7-1.5 mm. On this
larval stage, the larvae were become voracious on feeding.
The third instar larvae developed from 3-4 days with a mean of 3.4 ± 0.52 days
(Figure 7). The larvae were yellowish in color and keeps on jumping when they come out
from the fruit which indicates that they were finding a suitable place to pupate. The body
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Table 1.Duration (Days) of the different developmental stages of B. dorsalis
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES DURATION (Days)
________________________________________
Range Mean
Egg
2-4
3.2±
1.03
Larvae
1st
instar 3 3±
0
2nd
instar
3 3
±
0
3rd
instar 3-4
3.4
±
0.52
Pupa
19-20
19.5
±
0.5
Adult
Female
40-45
42.5±
2.5
Pre- reproductive period
5-12
8.5± 3.5
Reproductive
period
22-25
23.5
±
3.54
Post-
reproductive
period
8-13
10.5±
2.5
Male
34-
37
35.5
±
2.12
Total life span
Female
71-77
72.5
±
2.12
Male
57-
71
64
±
9.89
Figure 4. The newly laid eggs (4x) Figure 5. The newly hatched
larvae (1st instar) (4x)
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Figure 6. The 2nd instar larva (4x) Figure 7. The 3rd instar larva (4x)
length of the 3rd instar larvae measures from 7.1- 9.9 mm and a width of 1.5 mm. Their
body was soft and flexible.Before the larvae accomplish their jumps, the anterior and
posterior part of larvae meet together wherein the mouth hooks grabbed the end of the
body tensing the muscles then quickly released the mouth hooks from the rears of
f their
body that results to jumping.Development and increased of body size of the larvae
depends on the amount of food they intake.
Pupa. The pupa developed from 19- 20 days with a mean 9.5± 0.5days. When
newly pupateed, the pupa was yellowish in color (Figure 8) but turned tobrownish after a
minute then turned to dark brown when the adult was nearly to emerge from the
puparium (Figure 9). It measures from 4.0-5.5 mm in length and a width of 1.5- 2.3 mm.
Adult. The ratio of female versus male that emerged from batch of pupa is
4:3.Adult has short and aristate antennae. The thorax of newly emerge adult was light
brrown in color and with yellow stripes that becomes darker after a few hour.The
abdomen (ventral) of the adult had a combination of dark and brown marking while the
abdomen (dorsal) was brown in color with two horizontal black stripes annd vertical stripe.
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The marking on the abdomen of the adult formed a T-shaped pattern. Wings of fruitfly
was transparent and folded at the back when newly emerge.
Adult (Female).The longevity of the female adult ranged from40-45days with a
mean of42.5± 2.5days. The pre-reproductive period of the female ranged from 5-12
dayswith a mean of 8.5± 3.5days. The reproductive period was 22-25 days with a mean
of 23.5± 3.54days and the post reproductive was 8-13 days with a mean of 10.5± 2.5
days. The total life span of the female ranged from 71-77 days with a mean of 72.5± 2.12
days.The female adult has long, slender and pointed ovipositor (Figure 10-11).The body
length of the female measures from 6.3- 7.9 mmand a width of 1.9- 2.3 mm. The
wingspan measures 11.9- 12.7 mm.
Adult (Male). The longevity of the male adult ranged from 34- 37 days with a
mean of 35.5± 2.12 days.The body lengthmeasuresfrom 5.5-6.3 mm in length and a width
of 1.5-1.9 mm (Table 2). The wingspan measures from 11.1 to 11.9 mm. The male total
life span was 57- 71 days with a mean of 64 ± 9.89 days.
The adult female has longer life span with a total of 71-77 days while the adult
male has shorter life span with a total of 57-71 days. The morphological characteristics of
the different stages of the B.dorsalis from egg to adult collaborate to the biology of the
B.dorsalis on bell pepper that was studied by Dagdag in 2008.
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Figure 8. The pupa (Newly pupated) (4x) Figure 9. The nearly to emerge pupa (4x)
Figure 10. The adult female Figure 11. The adult female
(ventral view)(4x)(dorsal view) (4x)
Figure 12.
The adult male Figure 13. Adult male
(ventral view) (4x)(dorsal view) (4x)
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Table 2. Range size (mm) of the developmental stages of B.dorsalisreared in room
temperature
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGESLENGTH (mm)WIDTH (mm)
Egg 0.8-1.1 0.1
Larvae
1st instar 0.8-2.8 0.1-0.7
2nd instar 2.3-9.1 0.7-1.5
3rd instar 7.1-9.9 1.5
Pupa 4.0-5.5 1.5-2.3
Adult
Male 5.5-6.3 1.5-1.9
Female 6.3-7.9 1.9-2.3
Longevity
The Table 3 shows the longevity of adult female and male B. dorsalis with food
and without food. The female adult that was provided with food lived for about 40- 45
days while the male lived for 34- 37 days. The male and female that was not provided
with food just lived for 3- 5 days.The result implies that cultural management of the Cape
gooseberry is necessary to control B.dorsalisby way of cleaning up rotten Cape
gooseberry fruit wherein B.dorsalisdevelop andlive longer.
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Table 3. Longevity (Days) of the adult B. dorsalis reared in room temperature
ADULTS WITH FOOD WITHOUT FOOD
_____________________________________________
RANGE MEAN RANGE MEAN
FEMALE 40- 45 42.5±3.54 3- 5 3.67±1.15
MALE 34- 37 35.5±2.12 3- 5 3.67±1.15
Behavioral Patterns of B. dorsalis
Feeding
Behavior. The newly hatched larvae bore the fruit and start to feed just
upon hatching up to the last instar larva.The larvae bores a tunnel inside its host, the
tunneling process was done by waving its mouthparts towards the tissue of the Cape
gooseberry fruit. During the second instar larvae, they become voracious in feeding up to
the third instars.
Mating Behavior.It was observed that before mating, the male keep on following
the female. The male move closer to the female while the wings were spread laterally.
Male faces the female and walk back in forth. When the female accept the male, the male
approach the female and waves its wings backward and forward then jumps on the female
and curls its abdomenand attempt copulation. Copulation took place 3-11 days after
emergence from puparium. The mating was observed from10:30 in the morning and 1:00
in the afternoon as when the temperature is about 27-28 °C. Mating duration is about 15-
50 seconds.
Oviposition
Behavior. The female laid eggs daily, one to two days after mating.
The female was observed on the surface of the fruit while it keeps on searching a site for
oviposition. When the female finally found a suitable site on where to lay the eggs, it
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brings out its 6 mm long and pointed ovipositorand injected on the fruit and deposits the
eggs just after the peelings of fruit. The female were also observed depositing its eggs on
the surface or peeling of the fruit. The small pin hole on the surface of the fruit was the
sign and site where the female laid its eggs. The site of the oviposition was also
recognized through the juice that comes out from the fruit just after the female deposited
the eggs.
Fecundity
The Table 4 shows the number of eggs laid by the female B. dorsalis. Theeggs
laid everyday by the female B.dorsaliswas about 2 to 10 in number with a total of 162
eggs with a mean of 81±2 eggs. The femalecan deposit 2 to 10 eggs in one Cape
gooseberry fruit daily.
Table 4. Number of eggs laid by the female B. dorsalis
SAMPLE NO. TOTAL NO. OF EGGS
183
279
Total 162
Mean 81± 2
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Mites Predatory Rearing House and Balili
Experimental Area, Benguet State University from September 2011 to March 2012
toidentify the fruit fly species attacking the Cape gooseberry, to determine the duration
and morphological characteristics of the different growth stages of Bactrocera species
attacking Cape gooseberry and to observe its behavior in terms of areas in larval feeding,
mating, oviposition and fecundity.
The fruit fly (B. dorsalis) underwent four developmental stages namely, egg,
larvae, pupa and adult. The incubation of the egg ranges from 2-4 days with a mean of
3.2 ± 1.03 days. The larvae underwent threelarval instars. The 1st instar and 2nd instar
developed in 3 days while the 3rd instar developed from 3- 4 days. The pupa developed
from 19- 20 days. The longevity of the female adult ranged from 40-45 days while the
male ranged from 34-37 days. The eggs are white and elongated. The length of the egg
measures from 0.8 to 1.1 mm in length and a width of 0.1 mm. The body length of the 1st
instar larva measures from 0.8- 2.8 mm and a width of 0.1 to 0.7 mm. The body length of
the 2nd instar larva measures from 2.3- 9.1 mm in length and a width of 0.7-1.5 mm. The
body length of the 3rd instar larva measures from 7.1- 9.9 mm and a width of 1.5 mm. The
body length of the female measures from 6.3- 7.9 mm and a width of 1.9- 2.3 mm.
The newly hatched larvae bore the fruit and start to feed just upon hatching up to
the last instar larva. Copulation took place 3- 11 days after emergence at around 10:30 in
the morning and 1: 00 in the afternoon. Mating duration is about 15-50 seconds. The
female laid eggs daily, one to two days after mating. The eggs laid everyday by the
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female B.dorsaliswas about 2-10 in number with a total of 162 eggs with a mean of 81±2
eggs.
Conclusion
The species of fruit fly attacking Cape gooseberry fruit was Bactrocera dorsalis
Hendel. The total life span of the female ranged from 71-77days while 57- 71 days for
male. A female lay 2 to 10 eggs in one Cape gooseberry fruit daily.
Recommendation
Further study on the biology of B. dorsalison other host plants is recommended.
Since Cape gooseberry belongs to Solanaceae family it harbored the insect pest which is
fruit fly from its distant relative like tomato. Harvesting of ripe Cape gooseberry fruit is
recommended to deprive the fruit fly with their source of food since Cape gooseberry
serves as one of their host.
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Science Publishers, Inc. Pp. 21- 22.
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Graw - Hill Book Company, Inc. Pp. 760- 761.
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24
MORTON, J. F. 1987. Fruit of Warm Climates, Winterville, USA: Creative Resources
System Inc. P. 431.
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from http://www.stuartxchange.org/Lobo-lobohan.html.
PRASAD, D. E. 2007. Sustainable Pests Management. Delhi: Daya Publishing House.
P.139.
REICHCIGL, J. E. and N.A. RECHCIGL. 2000. Insect Pest Management. London:Lewis
Publishers. P. 47.
STEINER, L. F. 1957. Field Evaluation of Oriental Fruit flies Insecticides in Hawaii.
Journal. Econ.Ent.50:124.
VERHEIJ, E. W and R. E. CORONEL. 1991. Plant resources of South East Asia: Nether-
lands: Pudoc Wageningen. P. 446.
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
25
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. No. of eggs laid daily
Days of laying Eggs No. of eggs laid
_______________________________
S1 S2
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3 Pre-reproductive
Day 4
period
Day 5
Day 6
Pre-reproductive 5
Day 7
period
10
Day
8
3
Day
9
4
Day
10
4
Day
11
5
Day
12
3
Day
13
6 5
Day
14
3 2 Day
15
3
4
Reproductive Day 16
2 6 period
Day
17
2 2 Day
18
2
3
Day
19
5
4 Day
20
4
2
Day
21
2
3
Day
22
10
Reproductive
4
Day
23
4 period
2
Day 24
4
2
Day
25
2
2
Day
26
4
2
Day
27
2
2
Day
28
4
Day
29
3
Day 30
3
Day 31
3
Day 32
5
Post reproductive
Day 33
2
period
Day 34
2
Day 35
2
Day 36
2
Day 37 2
Appendix table 1 continued…
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
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Day
38
Day 39
Day 40
Day 41 Post
Day 42 reproductive
Day 43 period
Day 44
Day 45
TOTAL 83
79
MEAN
41.5
39.5
Appendix Table 2. The length and width (mm) of the egg of B. dorsalis
SAMPLE LENGTH
WIDTH
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(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
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1 1.1
0.1
2
1.1
0.1
3
1.1
0.1
4
0.8
0.1
5
1.1
0.1
6
0.8
0.1
7
0.8
0.1
8
1.1
0.1
9
1.1
0.1
10
1.1
0.1
TOTAL 10.1
1
MEAN
1.0
0.1
Appendix Table 3.The length and width (mm) of the 1st instar larvae of B.dorsalis from
day 1 to day 3
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28
SAMPLE LENGTH
WIDTH
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
1.1 1.5 2.3 0.1 0.1 0.7
2
0.8
1.5
1.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
3
1.5
1.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.7
4
1.1
1.5
3.2
0.1
0.1
0.7
5
1.5
1.9
3.2
0.1
0.1
0.7
6
1.5
1.9
2.8
0.1
0.1
0.7
7
1.5
1.9
2.8
0.1
0.1
0.7
8
1.1
1.5
1.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
9
1.1
1.9
2.8
0.1
0.1
0.7
10
1.5
1.5
2.8
0.1
0.1
0.7
TOTAL 12.7 17 26.8 1 1 5.8
MEAN
1.27
1.7
2.68
1
1
0.58
Appendix Table 4. The length and width (mm) of the 2nd instar larvae of B.dorsalisfrom
day 4 to day 6
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
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29
SAMPLE LENGTH
WIDTH
4
5
6
4
5
6
1
4.0 5.1 7.1 0.7 0.7 1.1
2
4.4
4.7
7.5
0.3
0.7
1.1
3
4.0
4.7
7.1
0.7
0.7
1.1
4
2.3
4.7
8.3
0.7
0.7
0.7
5
4.7
6.3
8.3
0.7
1.1
1.5
6
4.0
6.3
8.7
0.7
1.1
1.1
7
4.0
5.1
8.3
0.7
0.7
1.1
8
4.0
5.5
8.7
0.7
0.7
1.5
9
4.4
5.1
7.1
0.7
0.7
1.1
10
4.4
6.7
9.1
0.7
1.1
1.5
TOTAL 40.5 54.2 80.2 6.6 8.2
12.2
MEAN
4.05
5.42
8.02
0.66
0.82
1.22
Appendix Table 5. The length and width (mm) of the 3rd instar larvaeof B.dorsalisfrom
day 7 to 8
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
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SAMPLE LENGTH
WIDTH
7
8
9
10
7
8
9
10
1
8.7 9.1 9.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
2
8.7
9.1
9.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
3
8.3
8.7
9.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
4
8.3
9.1
9.1
9.5
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.5
5
8.3
9.5
9.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
6
8.7
9.5
9.5
1.1
1.1
1.5
7
8.3
8.7
9.1
9.5
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.5
8
8.7
8.7
9.1
9.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
9
7.1
8.7
9.5
1.1
1.5
1.5
10
9.1
7.1
9.5
9.9
1.5
1.1
1.5
1.5
TOTAL 84.2 88.2 93.8 38.4 13.4 14.2 15 6
MEAN
8.42
8.82
3.84
3.84
1.34
1.42
1.5
0.6
Appendix Table 6. The length and width (mm) of the pupa of B.dorsalis
SAMPLE LENGTH WIDTH
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1 4.7 1.9
2 4.7 1.9
3 4.7 1.9
4 4.7 1.9
5 5.5 2.3
6 4.7 1.9
7 5.5 2.3
8 4.3 1.9
9 4.0 1.5
10 5.1 2.3
TOTAL 47.5 19.8
MEAN 4.75 1.98
Appendix Table 7. The length, width and wingspan (mm) of adult male B.dorsalis
SAMPLE LENGTH WIDTH WINGSPAN
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1
5.9 1.9 11.9
2
5.9 1.9 11.9
3
5.9 1.9 11.9
4
5.5 1.5 11.1
5
5.9 1.5 11.9
6
5.9 1.5 11.9
7
5.5 1.9 11.1
8
5.5 1.5 11.1
9
5.5 1.9 11.1
10
6.3 1.9 12.7
RANGE 5.5- 6.3 1.5- 1.9 11.1-
12.7TOTAL57.817.4 116.6
MEAN 5.781.74 11.66
Appendix Table 8. The length, width and wingspan (mm) of adult female B.dorsalis
SAMPLE LENGTH WIDTH WINGSPAN
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1 7.9 1.9
15.8
2
6.3
1.9
12.7
3
6.7
2.3
13.4
4
7.9
1.9
15.8
5
7.9
2.3
15.8
6
7.1
2.3
14.2
7
7.5
1.9
15.0
8
6.7
1.9
13.4
9
6.7
2.3
13.4
10
7.9
1.9
13.4
RANGE 6.3-7.9 1.9-2.3 12.7-15.8
TOTAL
72.6
20.6
142.9
MEAN
7.6
2.06
14.29
BIOLOGY OF FRUITFLY (BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY
(Physalisperuviana Linnaeus)/ Emelia, A. Damocay. 2012
Document Outline
- BIOLOGY OFFRUITFLY(BactroceradorsalisHendel) ON CAPE GOOSEBERRY (PhysalisperuvianaLinnaeus)
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES