BIBLIOGRAPHY MOLTIO, LEMUEL JOHN P. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MOLTIO, LEMUEL JOHN P. APRIL 2012. Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given
Different Levels of Supplemental Chopped Cabbage Leaves. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Myrna B. Walsiyen, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was implemented to determine the effect of chopped cabbage leaves as a feed
supplement to sunshine chickens. Specifically, it aimed to determine the effect of chopped
cabbage leaves in terms of gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, feed cost to
produce a unit gain in weight, return on investment of the production and determine which level
of chopped cabbage leaves will give the best result on the performance of sunshine chickens and
the profitability of raising broilers fed with commercial feeds supplemented with chopped
cabbage leaves.
The result of statistical analysis showed no significant differences in terms of the initial
weight and final weights, gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and feed cost
per unit gain in weight.
Even though the net income and return on investments (ROI) were not subjected to
statistical analysis, results of study showed negative incomes and ROI’s from the birds in all the
treatments. This was mainly due to the fact that during the pre-experimental period, all the birds
in the treatments incurred chronicle respiratory disease (CRD) that affected their growth rate
resulting to a lower final weight of the birds.
It is therefore concluded that chopped cabbage leaves could not be possibly incorporated
to the ration of broilers.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract. …… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Body Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Total Gain in Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Total Feed Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Feed Conversion Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Feed Cost per Unit Gain
in weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Morbidity and Mortality Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Return on Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
INTRODUCTION
Broiler production has a significant contribution to the livestock and poultry
industry in the Philippines. Its production system highly depends on commercially
produced feeds, making it easier to establish as income and food source for amateur
entrepreneurs. Broiler production, which is the common type raised particularly in
provinces, is a leading poultry meat source in the country. Within 35-40 days, the desired
quantity and quality may be achieved, a very short period of time to have a capital
turnover and generate income (Emuslan, 2010).
In fact, chicken broiler is one of the most progressive animal enterprises in the
Philippines today. The poultry industry indeed began as the backyard enterprise but has
shifted to the formation of very large integrated contract farming operations.
Because of the high cost of commercial feeds, some farmers are utilizing some
source of other raw materials that can be added to the feeds of these broilers. Generally,
Scorpio cabbage can be a good supplement in terms of growth production. Cabbage is a
popular cultivar of the species Brassica oleracelinne (Capitata Group) of the family
Brassicaceae (or Crucferae) and is used as a leafy green vegetable. It is a herbaceous,
biennial, dicotyledonous flowering plant distinguished by a short stem upon which is
crowded by a mass of leaves, usually green but in some varieties red or purplish, which
while immature form a characteristic compact, globular cluster (cabbage head). The high
nutrient content and numerous medicinal properties of cabbage make it popular
throughout the world. Cabbage is an excellent source of manganese, calcium, and
potassium. It is a very good source of iron, phosphorous, and magnesium. It is also a very
good source of fiber, folate, and omega-3 fatty acids. Moreover, cabbage is an excellent
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
2
source of vitamin C. it is also a good source of thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin
B2), niacin, and vitamin B6. It is also contain good amounts of vitamin K, vitamin A and
protein. Thus, this cabbage is not just merely for human consumption but also for
animals, such as pigs, rabbits, chickens and other more.
This study gives improvement for broiler production through manipulation of
feeding and techniques of chopped cabbage leaves, considering specifically the feeding
program and to increase poultry meat production. Thus, it can give a significant increase
in income of farmers.
Feeding birds using different kind of feeds research is one of the most important
factors that affect the success of a farm enterprise. It is important to the poultry raisers to
know what the best feed for their bird is. Thus, this study helps the poultry raisers to
know how to manage and care their poultry species in terms of feeding management to
come out with the best result on the growth performance of sunshine chickens given
different levels of chopped cabbage leaves. The study is important to students most
especially those who are conducting studies about poultry production as it will serve as
their reference material. Indeed, this will help researchers to pursue further studies using
this chopped cabbage leaves on the production of broilers. Lastly, this study hopes to help
improve the productivity of broiler here in our locality.
The general objective of this study was to determine the effect of chopped
cabbage leaves as a feed supplement to sunshine chickens. Specifically, it aimed to
determine the effect of chopped cabbage leaves in terms of gain in weight, feed
consumption, feed conversion ratio, feed cost to produce a unit gain in weight and
morbidity and mortality rates.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
3
It also aimed to determine which level of chopped cabbage leaves gives the best
result on the performance of sunshine chickens and the profitability of raising broilers
when fed with commercial feeds supplemented with chopped cabbage leaves.
This study was conducted on January, 2012 to March, 2012 and was conducted at
the Benguet State University (BSU) Experimental Poultry House at Balili, Km 5, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Bautista and Mabesa (1977) stated that green leafy vegetables such as Chinese
cabbage, pechay, mustard, kangkong, cabbage, saluyot, katuray, and young leaves of
sweet potato, ampalaya, sitao, gabi, chayote, malunggay, and squash are rich in vitamin
A and vitamin C. they cited also that green leafy and yellow supply of vegetables has a
large percentage of the allowance for vitamin A.
Bautista and Dela Cruz reported that cabbage contains about 91% water, but it is
quite high in vitamin C or ascorbic acid. However, cooked cabbage contains less ascorbic
acid and thiamin than raw cabbage. Green cabbage is more nutritious than the white ones
because it contains carotenoids or vitamin A. they also mentioned that ascorbic acid or
vitamin A prevents scurvy, while thiamin known as vitamin B is necessary for growth
and reproduction. Vitamin A prevents night blindedness, increase the resistance of the
body from infection, and it is necessary for the normal functioning of the glands.
Heuser (1955) stated that cabbage is a succulent food. The vitamin content is not
so great as in the kind of green food with thin leaves. The outer greener leaves also
contain most of the vitamins. It makes an excellent unmarketable heads which may be
used to advantage in poultry feeding. He mentioned that waste leaves of cabbage,
cauliflower, broccoli, and other plants can be utilized. This was confirmed by Diplat
(1996) who showed that supplementation of cabbage leaf meal had no significant effect
on the growth performance of broilers. However, the cost of feeds per kilogram in weight
was lowered resulting to an additional increase in profit.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
5
The composition analysis of cabbage according to the Food and Nutrition
Research Center (1980) as cited by the Asian Vegetable Research and Development
center, Vegetable Production Training Manual (1990) is as follows:
Nutrient Composition of Cabbage (100g)
Edible Portion (E.P.)
Moisture= 92.8%
Thiamine= 0.04 mg
Calcium= 74 mg
Sodium= 11 mg
B carotene= 20 mg
Riboflavin= 0.07 mg
Food energy= 25.0 cal
Potassium= 212 mg
Phosphorous= 28 mg
Niacin= 0.03 mg
Protein= 1.4%
Ascorbic acid= 42 mg
Iron= 0.08 mg
Edible portion= 81%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials and equipment that was used in the study includes 120 day-old
sunshine chickens, brooding-rearing cages, commercial feeds, disinfectant, feed
containers, drinking and feeding troughs, electric bulbs (100 watts), old news papers,
waterers, feeders, weighing scale, record book and chopped cabbage leaves.
Methodology
Pre-Experimental
period.The stock was procured from reliable distributer of day
ol chicks in Baguio City. The cabbage was purchased and collected from one of the
cabbage growers in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Two weeks before the arrival of the chicks, the brooding and rearing cages
including the drinking and feeding troughs were cleaned thoroughly and disinfected. The
lighting system was checked if functional. Two days before the arrival of the chicks, old
news paper sheets were spread to cover the floor of the brooder. This helped conserve
heat and prevented the entrance of draft inside the brooding cage. It served as receptacles
for the feeds in the first few days. Finally, about two hours before the arrival of the
chicks, the incandescent bulbs inside the brooder cages were switched-on to ensure that
the cages are already warm when the chicks are placed into it.
Upon the arrival of the chicks, they were placed in the brooding cages and were
brooded as a group. They were subjected to the same care and management. They were
fed with commercial chick booster for the first two weeks and these were shifted to
starter crumbles for another two weeks. To ensure good health of the birds, their drinking
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
7
water was medicated with vetracine multi-vitamin soluble particularly in their first two
weeks. The lights were switched-on for 23 hours and switched-off for at least an hour.
Experimental
period. At the start of the fifth week or the 29th day, the chicks were
divided randomly into four treatments following the Completely Randomized Design
(CRD). Each treatment was replicated three times with 10 birds per replication making a
total of 30 birds per treatment. However, before the birds were placed into their
respective cages, their initial weights were taken first.
The following treatments are as follows:
T0- Control (pure commercial feeds)
T1- 100 grams chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feed
T2- 200 grams chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feed
T3- 300 grams chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feed
The birds in all treatments were subjected to the same care and management
except on the level of chopped cabbage leaves added to their ration. The birds on the
control (T0) were given pure commercial feeds, while the birds that were assigned to T1
were given 100 grams chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feed, in T2 birds were given
200 grams of chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feed, and those under T3 were given
300 grams of chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feed. Feeding of the birds was done
three times a day, 6:00 in the morning, 12:00 noontime, and 6:00 in the afternoon. The
birds were fed the above rations for another two weeks or until the birds were 45 days old
which was the end of the study. Fresh water was always available. Feeding and drinking
troughs were cleaned daily to maintain good health of the birds. Lighting was only done
at night time.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
8
Preparation of chopped cabbage leaves. Cabbages were washed thoroughly with
clean water. It was later chopped into small slices. The resulting chopped cabbages were
added manually to the commercial feeds on the specified level of treatment.
Data Gathered
1. Initial weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by weighing the chicks
individually at the start of the study (29 days of age).
2. Final weight of the birds (kg). This was taken by getting the total weight of the
birds at the end of the study.
3. Feeds offered. This refers to the amount of feeds given to the birds at the start
of the study.
4. Feeds left-over. This refers to the amount of feeds not consumed by the birds
which was obtained every morning before feeding time.
5. Number of morbidity and mortality. These refer to the number of birds that
suffers from sickness and the number of birds that died during the conduct of the study.
6. Production cost. This refers to the cost of each of the items used in the study
and other expenditures incurred in the study.
Data Computed
1. Average initial weight. This was taken at the start of the study by adding all the
weights of the birds in each treatment and was divided by the total number of birds per
replicates.
2. Average final weight. This was taken at the end of the study by adding all the
weights of the birds in each treatment and was divided by the total number of birds per
replicates.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
9
3. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg). This was taken by subtracting the initial
weight from the corresponding final weight of the individual birds.
4. Total feed consumption (kg). This was taken by adding the total amount of feed
consumed by the birds from the beginning until the termination of the study.
5. Feed conversion ratio (FCR). This was taken by dividing the total feed
consumption by the total gain in weight of the birds.
6. Feed cost per unit gain in weight (Php). This was taken by multiplying the total
feed conversion ratio by the average price of feeds per kilo.
7. Morbidity rate. This was taken by dividing the number of birds that got sick by
the total number of birds multiplied by 100.
8.
Mortality
rate. This was taken by dividing the number of birds that died by the
total number of birds multiplied by 100.
9. Net profit (Php). This was taken by multiplying the final weight of the birds
(input) by the price per kilogram live weight of birds (output).
10. Returned of investment (ROI). This was taken by using this formula:
ROI= Net Profit________ x 100
Total Cost of Production
Data Analysis
All the data that was gathered were consolidated, tabulated, and subjected to
analysis of variance for completely randomized design (CRD). The Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test (DMRT) was used to determine the significance between the treatment
means.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weights
Table 1 shows the statistical analysis that control treatment (T0), treatment 1 (T1),
treatment 2 (T2), and treatment 3 (T3) have the same mean initial and final weights.
Hence, statistical analysis revealed that there are no significant differences in their mean
initial (29 days old) and final (45 days old) weights.
Total Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the total gain in weight of the birds in the different treatments.
Statistical analysis shows no significant differences in all the treatments. This implies that
all the treatments had more or less the same value in terms of their gain in weight.
Table 1. Mean Initial (29 days old) and final (45 days old) weights of the birds (kg)
MEAN*
TREATMENT ___________________________
INITIAL FINAL
________________________________________________________________________
T0- Commercial feeds (CF), control
0.277 0.83
T1-CF + 100g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds 0.291 0.84
T2- CF + 200g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
0.295 0.86
T3- CF +300g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
0.302 0.83
*Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05) DMRT
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
11
Total Feed Consumption
Table 3 presents no statistical difference in all the treatments. This implies that
control treatment (T0) and all the treatments that were supplemented with chopped
cabbage leaves (T1, T2, and T3) have more or less the same total feed consumption value.
Table 2. Total gain in weight of the birds from 29 to 45 days old by treatment (kg)
TREATMENT
MEAN*
________________________________________________________________________
T0- Commercial feeds (CF), control
0.558
T1-CF + 100g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
0.553
T2- CF + 200g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
0.551
T3- CF +300g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
0.525
*Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05) DMRT
Table 3. Total feed consumption of the birds from 29 to 45 days old by treatment (kg)
TREATMENT
MEAN*
________________________________________________________________________
T0- Commercial feeds (CF), control
1.605
T1-CF + 100g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
1.592
T2- CF + 200g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
1.595
T3- CF +300g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
1.593
*Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05) DMRT
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
12
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
Table 4 presents the mean of feed conversion ratio of all treatments. Statistical
analysis revealed that there are no significant differences in all the treatments. It implies
that the birds had more or less the same amount of feeds to produce a kilogram increase
in body weights.
Feed Cost per Unit Gain in Weight
Presented in Table 5 is the feed cost per unit gain in weight. Result showed that
there are no significant differences in all the treatments. This implies that the birds had
more or less the same value in terms of feed cost per unit gain in weight.
Morbidity and Mortality Rate
There were chicks that got sick and died but this was incurred during the pre-
experimental period or brooding stage. But the good health of the birds was maintained
all throughout the study period.
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of the birds from 29 to 45 days old by treatment
TREATMENT
MEAN*
________________________________________________________________________
_
T0- Commercial feeds (CF), control
2.890
T1-CF + 100g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
2.886
T2- CF + 200g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
2.896
T3- CF +300g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
3.038
*Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05) DMRT
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
13
Table 5. Feed cost per unit gain in weight by treatment (kg)
TREATMENT
MEAN*
________________________________________________________________________
_
T0- Commercial feeds (CF), control
83.800
T1-CF + 100g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
83.703
T2- CF + 200g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
82.949
T3- CF +300g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
88.121
*Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05) DMRT
Table 6. Net income and Returns on Investment (ROI) observed from the birds
TOTAL
TOTAL
NET
TREATMENT
SALES
COST
INCOME ROI
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(%)
Control (commercial feeds
3630.08
7218.45
-3588.37
-49.71
100 grams chopped cabbage
3669.95
7267.65
-3597.7
-49.50
leaves per kilogram feeds
200 grams chopped cabbage
3746.08
7310.08
-3564.00
-48.75
leaves per kilogram feeds
300 grams chopped cabbage
3614.85
7349.00
-3734.15
-50.81
leaves per kilogram feeds
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
14
Return on Investment
Table 6 showed the return on investment in the different treatments. Although this
was not subjected to statistical analysis, as presented in the table, it is shown that negative
profits were obtained from the birds in all the treatments. This was due to the fact that
during the pre-experimental period, all the birds in the treatments incurred chronicle
respiratory disease (CRD) that affected their growth rate resulting to a lower final weight
of the birds.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
15
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the response of sunshine chickens given
different levels of supplemental chopped cabbage leaves. The birds used on the study
were 120- 29- day old sunshine chicken. This was conducted at the Benguet State
University (BSU) Experimental Poultry House, La Trinidad, Benguet from January 20 to
March 05, 2012.
Specifically, the study aimed to determine the effect of chopped cabbage leaves in
terms of gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, feed cost to produce a
unit gain in weight, morbidity and mortality rates. Following the completely randomized
design (CRD), the birds were randomly distributed into four treatments. Each treatment
was replicated three times with 10 birds per replication. The different treatments were as
follows: T0 (pure commercial feeds); T1 100 grams chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram
feeds; T2 200 grams chopped cabbage leaves per kilograms feeds; T3 300 grams chopped
cabbage leaves per kilograms feeds.
The result of statistical analysis showed no significant differences in terms of the
average initial and final weight, gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio
and feed cost per unit gain in weight.
The computed net income is negative due to the fact that the birds incurred
chronic respiratory disease (CRD) during the pre-experimental period that affected their
growth rate. However, results of the study showed that better ROI’s were obtained from
the birds given 200 grams of chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feeds.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
16
Conclusion
There are no significant differences in the performance of sunshine chickens
given supplemental chopped cabbage leaves.
Recommendation
Since birds from control treatment and birds from experimental treatments did not
vary significantly, it is recommended that supplementation of chopped cabbage leaves to
the diet ration of broiler is not applicable.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
17
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, OK. and R.C. MABESA. 1977. Vegetable production. Revise edition.
University of the Philippines, College of Agriculture. Pp. 10-14
BAUTISTA, OK. and A.M. DELA CRUZ (nd).Cabbage production in the Philippines.
University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College of Agriculture, Laguna. Pp.1-
2
DIPLAT, M.S.1996. Growth performance of broilers given cabbage leaf meal as feed
supplement. Unpublished B.S. Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 27
EMUSLAN, RH. 2010. Effect of palm kernel meal on the growth performance of
broilers. B.S. thesis.Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1
HEUSER, C.F. 1995. Feeding poultry. Second edition.New York: John Wiley and
Son’s Inc. Pp. 243
VEGETABLE PRODUCTION TRAINING MANUAL. 1990. Asian vegetable
research and development center. PO BOX 205, Taipei 10099.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
18
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Mean initial weights (29 days old) of the birds by treatment (kg)
_________REPLICATION________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0 0.285 0.251 0.295 0.831
0.277
T1 0.310 0.295 0.268 0.873
0.291
T2
0.240 0.332 0.314 0.886
0.295
T3 0.350 0.289 0.268 0.90
0.302
GRAND TOTAL
3 .50
GRAND
MEAN
0.29
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULARF
OF OFOF
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
3
0.0010 0.000343
0.2647ns 4.0662 7.5910
ERROR
8
0.0104 0.001294
TOTAL
11
0.0114
ns= Not Significant
CV= 3.42%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
19
Appendix Table 2. Means final weights (29 days old) of the birds by treatment (kg)
_________REPLICATION________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0 0.85 0.84
0.81 2.50
0.83
T1 0.89 0.81
0.83
2.53
0.84
T2
0.84 0.89
0.86
2.58
0.86
T3 0.81 0.82
0.86 2.49
0.83
GRAND TOTAL
10.11
GRAND
MEAN
0.84
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULARF
OF OFOF
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
3
0.0016 0.00055
0.6625ns 4.0662 7.5910
ERROR
8
0.0066 0.000829
TOTAL
11
0.082
ns= Not Significant
CV= 3.42%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
20
Appendix Table 3. Total gains in weight of the birds by treatment (kg)
_________REPLICATION________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0 0.568 0.590 0.515 1.673
0.558
T1 0.580 0.517 0.561 1.658
0.553
T2
0.579 0.532 0.543 1.654
0.551
T3 0.499 0.532 0.545 1.576
0.525
GRAND TOTAL
6.56
GRAND
MEAN
0.55
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULARF
OF OFOF
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
3
0.0019 0.000634
0.6857ns 4.0662 7.5910
ERROR
8
0.0074 0.000924
TOTAL
11
0.0093
ns= Not Significant
CV= 5.56%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
21
Appendix Table 4. Total feed consumption of the birds by treatment (kg)
_________REPLICATION________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0 1.604 1.593 1.618 4.815
1.605
T1 1.584 1.597 1.594 4.775
1.592
T2
1.590 1.593 1.601 4.784
1.595
T3 1.591 1.599 1.590 4.780
1.593
GRAND TOTAL
19.15
GRAND
MEAN
1.60
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULARF
OF OFOF
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
3
0.0003 0.000109
0.2647ns 4.0662 7.5910
ERROR
8
0.0005 0.00065
TOTAL
11
0.0008
ns=
Not
Significant
CV=
0.51%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
22
Appendix Table 5. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the birds by treatment (kg)
_________REPLICATION________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0 2.828 0.27
3.141 8.669
2.880
T1 2.731 3.088 2.841 8.66
2.886
T2
2.746 2.994 2.948 8.688
2.896
T3 3.188 3.011 2.917 9.116
3.038
GRAND TOTAL
35.133
GRAND
MEAN
2.927
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULARF
OF OFOF
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
3
0.049387 0.016462333 0.54ns 4.0662 7.5910
ERROR
8
0.242474 0.03030925
TOTAL
11
0.291861
ns= Not Significant
CV= 5.95%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
23
Appendix Table 6. Feed cost per unit gain in weight by treatment (Php)
_________REPLICATION________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0 82.012 78.3
91.089 251.401
83.800
T1 79.17 89.552 82.389 251.111
83.703
T2
79.634 86.826 85.492 248.849
82.949
T3 92.452 87.319 84.593 264.364
88.121
GRAND TOTAL
1015.725
GRAND
MEAN
84.643
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULARF
OF OFOF
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
3
49.6758363 16.5586121 0.18ns 4.0662 7.5910
ERROR
8
722.1781937 90.27227421
TOTAL
11
771.85403
ns= Not Significant
CV= 11.22%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
24
Appendix Table 7. Total cost of production and returns on investment (ROI) by treatment
PARTICULARS T0
T1
T2
T3
(Php) (Php) (Php) (Php)
Feeds:
Chick booster
2326.8 2326.8 2326.8 2326.8
Chick starter
2301.6 2301.6 2301.6
2301.6
Broiler finidher
1300.05 1289.25 1291.68 1290.6
Chopped cabbage
- 60.00 100.00 140.00
Stocks
1200.00 1200.00 1200.00 1200.00
Multivitamins
60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00
Disinfectant 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
7218.45 7267.65 7310.08 7349.00
________________________________________________________________________
GROSS
3630.08 3669.95 3746.08 7349.00
INCOME
________________________________________________________________________
NET INCOME
-3588.37 -3597.7 -3564.00 -3614.85
________________________________________________________________________
ROI%
-49.71 -49.50 -48.75 -50.81
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
MOLTIO, LEMUEL JOHN P. APRIL 2012. Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given
Different Levels of Supplemental Chopped Cabbage Leaves. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Myrna B. Walsiyen, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was implemented to determine the effect of chopped cabbage leaves as a feed
supplement to sunshine chickens. Specifically, it aimed to determine the effect of chopped
cabbage leaves in terms of gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, feed cost to
produce a unit gain in weight, return on investment of the production and determine which level
of chopped cabbage leaves will give the best result on the performance of sunshine chickens and
the profitability of raising broilers fed with commercial feeds supplemented with chopped
cabbage leaves.
The result of statistical analysis showed no significant differences in terms of the initial
weight and final weights, gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and feed cost
per unit gain in weight.
Even though the net income and return on investments (ROI) were not subjected to
statistical analysis, results of study showed negative incomes and ROI’s from the birds in all the
treatments. This was mainly due to the fact that during the pre-experimental period, all the birds
in the treatments incurred chronicle respiratory disease (CRD) that affected their growth rate
resulting to a lower final weight of the birds.
It is therefore concluded that chopped cabbage leaves could not be possibly incorporated
to the ration of broilers.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract. …… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Body Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Total Gain in Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Total Feed Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Feed Conversion Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Feed Cost per Unit Gain
in weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Morbidity and Mortality Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Return on Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
INTRODUCTION
Broiler production has a significant contribution to the livestock and poultry
industry in the Philippines. Its production system highly depends on commercially
produced feeds, making it easier to establish as income and food source for amateur
entrepreneurs. Broiler production, which is the common type raised particularly in
provinces, is a leading poultry meat source in the country. Within 35-40 days, the desired
quantity and quality may be achieved, a very short period of time to have a capital
turnover and generate income (Emuslan, 2010).
In fact, chicken broiler is one of the most progressive animal enterprises in the
Philippines today. The poultry industry indeed began as the backyard enterprise but has
shifted to the formation of very large integrated contract farming operations.
Because of the high cost of commercial feeds, some farmers are utilizing some
source of other raw materials that can be added to the feeds of these broilers. Generally,
Scorpio cabbage can be a good supplement in terms of growth production. Cabbage is a
popular cultivar of the species Brassica oleracelinne (Capitata Group) of the family
Brassicaceae (or Crucferae) and is used as a leafy green vegetable. It is a herbaceous,
biennial, dicotyledonous flowering plant distinguished by a short stem upon which is
crowded by a mass of leaves, usually green but in some varieties red or purplish, which
while immature form a characteristic compact, globular cluster (cabbage head). The high
nutrient content and numerous medicinal properties of cabbage make it popular
throughout the world. Cabbage is an excellent source of manganese, calcium, and
potassium. It is a very good source of iron, phosphorous, and magnesium. It is also a very
good source of fiber, folate, and omega-3 fatty acids. Moreover, cabbage is an excellent
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
2
source of vitamin C. it is also a good source of thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin
B2), niacin, and vitamin B6. It is also contain good amounts of vitamin K, vitamin A and
protein. Thus, this cabbage is not just merely for human consumption but also for
animals, such as pigs, rabbits, chickens and other more.
This study gives improvement for broiler production through manipulation of
feeding and techniques of chopped cabbage leaves, considering specifically the feeding
program and to increase poultry meat production. Thus, it can give a significant increase
in income of farmers.
Feeding birds using different kind of feeds research is one of the most important
factors that affect the success of a farm enterprise. It is important to the poultry raisers to
know what the best feed for their bird is. Thus, this study helps the poultry raisers to
know how to manage and care their poultry species in terms of feeding management to
come out with the best result on the growth performance of sunshine chickens given
different levels of chopped cabbage leaves. The study is important to students most
especially those who are conducting studies about poultry production as it will serve as
their reference material. Indeed, this will help researchers to pursue further studies using
this chopped cabbage leaves on the production of broilers. Lastly, this study hopes to help
improve the productivity of broiler here in our locality.
The general objective of this study was to determine the effect of chopped
cabbage leaves as a feed supplement to sunshine chickens. Specifically, it aimed to
determine the effect of chopped cabbage leaves in terms of gain in weight, feed
consumption, feed conversion ratio, feed cost to produce a unit gain in weight and
morbidity and mortality rates.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
3
It also aimed to determine which level of chopped cabbage leaves gives the best
result on the performance of sunshine chickens and the profitability of raising broilers
when fed with commercial feeds supplemented with chopped cabbage leaves.
This study was conducted on January, 2012 to March, 2012 and was conducted at
the Benguet State University (BSU) Experimental Poultry House at Balili, Km 5, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Bautista and Mabesa (1977) stated that green leafy vegetables such as Chinese
cabbage, pechay, mustard, kangkong, cabbage, saluyot, katuray, and young leaves of
sweet potato, ampalaya, sitao, gabi, chayote, malunggay, and squash are rich in vitamin
A and vitamin C. they cited also that green leafy and yellow supply of vegetables has a
large percentage of the allowance for vitamin A.
Bautista and Dela Cruz reported that cabbage contains about 91% water, but it is
quite high in vitamin C or ascorbic acid. However, cooked cabbage contains less ascorbic
acid and thiamin than raw cabbage. Green cabbage is more nutritious than the white ones
because it contains carotenoids or vitamin A. they also mentioned that ascorbic acid or
vitamin A prevents scurvy, while thiamin known as vitamin B is necessary for growth
and reproduction. Vitamin A prevents night blindedness, increase the resistance of the
body from infection, and it is necessary for the normal functioning of the glands.
Heuser (1955) stated that cabbage is a succulent food. The vitamin content is not
so great as in the kind of green food with thin leaves. The outer greener leaves also
contain most of the vitamins. It makes an excellent unmarketable heads which may be
used to advantage in poultry feeding. He mentioned that waste leaves of cabbage,
cauliflower, broccoli, and other plants can be utilized. This was confirmed by Diplat
(1996) who showed that supplementation of cabbage leaf meal had no significant effect
on the growth performance of broilers. However, the cost of feeds per kilogram in weight
was lowered resulting to an additional increase in profit.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
5
The composition analysis of cabbage according to the Food and Nutrition
Research Center (1980) as cited by the Asian Vegetable Research and Development
center, Vegetable Production Training Manual (1990) is as follows:
Nutrient Composition of Cabbage (100g)
Edible Portion (E.P.)
Moisture= 92.8%
Thiamine= 0.04 mg
Calcium= 74 mg
Sodium= 11 mg
B carotene= 20 mg
Riboflavin= 0.07 mg
Food energy= 25.0 cal
Potassium= 212 mg
Phosphorous= 28 mg
Niacin= 0.03 mg
Protein= 1.4%
Ascorbic acid= 42 mg
Iron= 0.08 mg
Edible portion= 81%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials and equipment that was used in the study includes 120 day-old
sunshine chickens, brooding-rearing cages, commercial feeds, disinfectant, feed
containers, drinking and feeding troughs, electric bulbs (100 watts), old news papers,
waterers, feeders, weighing scale, record book and chopped cabbage leaves.
Methodology
Pre-Experimental
period.The stock was procured from reliable distributer of day
ol chicks in Baguio City. The cabbage was purchased and collected from one of the
cabbage growers in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Two weeks before the arrival of the chicks, the brooding and rearing cages
including the drinking and feeding troughs were cleaned thoroughly and disinfected. The
lighting system was checked if functional. Two days before the arrival of the chicks, old
news paper sheets were spread to cover the floor of the brooder. This helped conserve
heat and prevented the entrance of draft inside the brooding cage. It served as receptacles
for the feeds in the first few days. Finally, about two hours before the arrival of the
chicks, the incandescent bulbs inside the brooder cages were switched-on to ensure that
the cages are already warm when the chicks are placed into it.
Upon the arrival of the chicks, they were placed in the brooding cages and were
brooded as a group. They were subjected to the same care and management. They were
fed with commercial chick booster for the first two weeks and these were shifted to
starter crumbles for another two weeks. To ensure good health of the birds, their drinking
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
7
water was medicated with vetracine multi-vitamin soluble particularly in their first two
weeks. The lights were switched-on for 23 hours and switched-off for at least an hour.
Experimental
period. At the start of the fifth week or the 29th day, the chicks were
divided randomly into four treatments following the Completely Randomized Design
(CRD). Each treatment was replicated three times with 10 birds per replication making a
total of 30 birds per treatment. However, before the birds were placed into their
respective cages, their initial weights were taken first.
The following treatments are as follows:
T0- Control (pure commercial feeds)
T1- 100 grams chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feed
T2- 200 grams chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feed
T3- 300 grams chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feed
The birds in all treatments were subjected to the same care and management
except on the level of chopped cabbage leaves added to their ration. The birds on the
control (T0) were given pure commercial feeds, while the birds that were assigned to T1
were given 100 grams chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feed, in T2 birds were given
200 grams of chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feed, and those under T3 were given
300 grams of chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feed. Feeding of the birds was done
three times a day, 6:00 in the morning, 12:00 noontime, and 6:00 in the afternoon. The
birds were fed the above rations for another two weeks or until the birds were 45 days old
which was the end of the study. Fresh water was always available. Feeding and drinking
troughs were cleaned daily to maintain good health of the birds. Lighting was only done
at night time.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
8
Preparation of chopped cabbage leaves. Cabbages were washed thoroughly with
clean water. It was later chopped into small slices. The resulting chopped cabbages were
added manually to the commercial feeds on the specified level of treatment.
Data Gathered
1. Initial weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by weighing the chicks
individually at the start of the study (29 days of age).
2. Final weight of the birds (kg). This was taken by getting the total weight of the
birds at the end of the study.
3. Feeds offered. This refers to the amount of feeds given to the birds at the start
of the study.
4. Feeds left-over. This refers to the amount of feeds not consumed by the birds
which was obtained every morning before feeding time.
5. Number of morbidity and mortality. These refer to the number of birds that
suffers from sickness and the number of birds that died during the conduct of the study.
6. Production cost. This refers to the cost of each of the items used in the study
and other expenditures incurred in the study.
Data Computed
1. Average initial weight. This was taken at the start of the study by adding all the
weights of the birds in each treatment and was divided by the total number of birds per
replicates.
2. Average final weight. This was taken at the end of the study by adding all the
weights of the birds in each treatment and was divided by the total number of birds per
replicates.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
9
3. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg). This was taken by subtracting the initial
weight from the corresponding final weight of the individual birds.
4. Total feed consumption (kg). This was taken by adding the total amount of feed
consumed by the birds from the beginning until the termination of the study.
5. Feed conversion ratio (FCR). This was taken by dividing the total feed
consumption by the total gain in weight of the birds.
6. Feed cost per unit gain in weight (Php). This was taken by multiplying the total
feed conversion ratio by the average price of feeds per kilo.
7. Morbidity rate. This was taken by dividing the number of birds that got sick by
the total number of birds multiplied by 100.
8.
Mortality
rate. This was taken by dividing the number of birds that died by the
total number of birds multiplied by 100.
9. Net profit (Php). This was taken by multiplying the final weight of the birds
(input) by the price per kilogram live weight of birds (output).
10. Returned of investment (ROI). This was taken by using this formula:
ROI= Net Profit________ x 100
Total Cost of Production
Data Analysis
All the data that was gathered were consolidated, tabulated, and subjected to
analysis of variance for completely randomized design (CRD). The Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test (DMRT) was used to determine the significance between the treatment
means.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weights
Table 1 shows the statistical analysis that control treatment (T0), treatment 1 (T1),
treatment 2 (T2), and treatment 3 (T3) have the same mean initial and final weights.
Hence, statistical analysis revealed that there are no significant differences in their mean
initial (29 days old) and final (45 days old) weights.
Total Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the total gain in weight of the birds in the different treatments.
Statistical analysis shows no significant differences in all the treatments. This implies that
all the treatments had more or less the same value in terms of their gain in weight.
Table 1. Mean Initial (29 days old) and final (45 days old) weights of the birds (kg)
MEAN*
TREATMENT ___________________________
INITIAL FINAL
________________________________________________________________________
T0- Commercial feeds (CF), control
0.277 0.83
T1-CF + 100g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds 0.291 0.84
T2- CF + 200g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
0.295 0.86
T3- CF +300g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
0.302 0.83
*Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05) DMRT
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
11
Total Feed Consumption
Table 3 presents no statistical difference in all the treatments. This implies that
control treatment (T0) and all the treatments that were supplemented with chopped
cabbage leaves (T1, T2, and T3) have more or less the same total feed consumption value.
Table 2. Total gain in weight of the birds from 29 to 45 days old by treatment (kg)
TREATMENT
MEAN*
________________________________________________________________________
T0- Commercial feeds (CF), control
0.558
T1-CF + 100g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
0.553
T2- CF + 200g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
0.551
T3- CF +300g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
0.525
*Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05) DMRT
Table 3. Total feed consumption of the birds from 29 to 45 days old by treatment (kg)
TREATMENT
MEAN*
________________________________________________________________________
T0- Commercial feeds (CF), control
1.605
T1-CF + 100g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
1.592
T2- CF + 200g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
1.595
T3- CF +300g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
1.593
*Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05) DMRT
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
12
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
Table 4 presents the mean of feed conversion ratio of all treatments. Statistical
analysis revealed that there are no significant differences in all the treatments. It implies
that the birds had more or less the same amount of feeds to produce a kilogram increase
in body weights.
Feed Cost per Unit Gain in Weight
Presented in Table 5 is the feed cost per unit gain in weight. Result showed that
there are no significant differences in all the treatments. This implies that the birds had
more or less the same value in terms of feed cost per unit gain in weight.
Morbidity and Mortality Rate
There were chicks that got sick and died but this was incurred during the pre-
experimental period or brooding stage. But the good health of the birds was maintained
all throughout the study period.
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of the birds from 29 to 45 days old by treatment
TREATMENT
MEAN*
________________________________________________________________________
_
T0- Commercial feeds (CF), control
2.890
T1-CF + 100g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
2.886
T2- CF + 200g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
2.896
T3- CF +300g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
3.038
*Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05) DMRT
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
13
Table 5. Feed cost per unit gain in weight by treatment (kg)
TREATMENT
MEAN*
________________________________________________________________________
_
T0- Commercial feeds (CF), control
83.800
T1-CF + 100g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
83.703
T2- CF + 200g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
82.949
T3- CF +300g chopped cabbage leaves per kg feeds
88.121
*Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05) DMRT
Table 6. Net income and Returns on Investment (ROI) observed from the birds
TOTAL
TOTAL
NET
TREATMENT
SALES
COST
INCOME ROI
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(%)
Control (commercial feeds
3630.08
7218.45
-3588.37
-49.71
100 grams chopped cabbage
3669.95
7267.65
-3597.7
-49.50
leaves per kilogram feeds
200 grams chopped cabbage
3746.08
7310.08
-3564.00
-48.75
leaves per kilogram feeds
300 grams chopped cabbage
3614.85
7349.00
-3734.15
-50.81
leaves per kilogram feeds
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
14
Return on Investment
Table 6 showed the return on investment in the different treatments. Although this
was not subjected to statistical analysis, as presented in the table, it is shown that negative
profits were obtained from the birds in all the treatments. This was due to the fact that
during the pre-experimental period, all the birds in the treatments incurred chronicle
respiratory disease (CRD) that affected their growth rate resulting to a lower final weight
of the birds.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
15
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the response of sunshine chickens given
different levels of supplemental chopped cabbage leaves. The birds used on the study
were 120- 29- day old sunshine chicken. This was conducted at the Benguet State
University (BSU) Experimental Poultry House, La Trinidad, Benguet from January 20 to
March 05, 2012.
Specifically, the study aimed to determine the effect of chopped cabbage leaves in
terms of gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, feed cost to produce a
unit gain in weight, morbidity and mortality rates. Following the completely randomized
design (CRD), the birds were randomly distributed into four treatments. Each treatment
was replicated three times with 10 birds per replication. The different treatments were as
follows: T0 (pure commercial feeds); T1 100 grams chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram
feeds; T2 200 grams chopped cabbage leaves per kilograms feeds; T3 300 grams chopped
cabbage leaves per kilograms feeds.
The result of statistical analysis showed no significant differences in terms of the
average initial and final weight, gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio
and feed cost per unit gain in weight.
The computed net income is negative due to the fact that the birds incurred
chronic respiratory disease (CRD) during the pre-experimental period that affected their
growth rate. However, results of the study showed that better ROI’s were obtained from
the birds given 200 grams of chopped cabbage leaves per kilogram feeds.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
16
Conclusion
There are no significant differences in the performance of sunshine chickens
given supplemental chopped cabbage leaves.
Recommendation
Since birds from control treatment and birds from experimental treatments did not
vary significantly, it is recommended that supplementation of chopped cabbage leaves to
the diet ration of broiler is not applicable.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
17
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, OK. and R.C. MABESA. 1977. Vegetable production. Revise edition.
University of the Philippines, College of Agriculture. Pp. 10-14
BAUTISTA, OK. and A.M. DELA CRUZ (nd).Cabbage production in the Philippines.
University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College of Agriculture, Laguna. Pp.1-
2
DIPLAT, M.S.1996. Growth performance of broilers given cabbage leaf meal as feed
supplement. Unpublished B.S. Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 27
EMUSLAN, RH. 2010. Effect of palm kernel meal on the growth performance of
broilers. B.S. thesis.Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1
HEUSER, C.F. 1995. Feeding poultry. Second edition.New York: John Wiley and
Son’s Inc. Pp. 243
VEGETABLE PRODUCTION TRAINING MANUAL. 1990. Asian vegetable
research and development center. PO BOX 205, Taipei 10099.
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
18
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Mean initial weights (29 days old) of the birds by treatment (kg)
_________REPLICATION________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0 0.285 0.251 0.295 0.831
0.277
T1 0.310 0.295 0.268 0.873
0.291
T2
0.240 0.332 0.314 0.886
0.295
T3 0.350 0.289 0.268 0.90
0.302
GRAND TOTAL
3 .50
GRAND
MEAN
0.29
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULARF
OF OFOF
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
3
0.0010 0.000343
0.2647ns 4.0662 7.5910
ERROR
8
0.0104 0.001294
TOTAL
11
0.0114
ns= Not Significant
CV= 3.42%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
19
Appendix Table 2. Means final weights (29 days old) of the birds by treatment (kg)
_________REPLICATION________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0 0.85 0.84
0.81 2.50
0.83
T1 0.89 0.81
0.83
2.53
0.84
T2
0.84 0.89
0.86
2.58
0.86
T3 0.81 0.82
0.86 2.49
0.83
GRAND TOTAL
10.11
GRAND
MEAN
0.84
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULARF
OF OFOF
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
3
0.0016 0.00055
0.6625ns 4.0662 7.5910
ERROR
8
0.0066 0.000829
TOTAL
11
0.082
ns= Not Significant
CV= 3.42%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
20
Appendix Table 3. Total gains in weight of the birds by treatment (kg)
_________REPLICATION________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0 0.568 0.590 0.515 1.673
0.558
T1 0.580 0.517 0.561 1.658
0.553
T2
0.579 0.532 0.543 1.654
0.551
T3 0.499 0.532 0.545 1.576
0.525
GRAND TOTAL
6.56
GRAND
MEAN
0.55
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULARF
OF OFOF
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
3
0.0019 0.000634
0.6857ns 4.0662 7.5910
ERROR
8
0.0074 0.000924
TOTAL
11
0.0093
ns= Not Significant
CV= 5.56%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
21
Appendix Table 4. Total feed consumption of the birds by treatment (kg)
_________REPLICATION________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0 1.604 1.593 1.618 4.815
1.605
T1 1.584 1.597 1.594 4.775
1.592
T2
1.590 1.593 1.601 4.784
1.595
T3 1.591 1.599 1.590 4.780
1.593
GRAND TOTAL
19.15
GRAND
MEAN
1.60
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULARF
OF OFOF
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
3
0.0003 0.000109
0.2647ns 4.0662 7.5910
ERROR
8
0.0005 0.00065
TOTAL
11
0.0008
ns=
Not
Significant
CV=
0.51%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
22
Appendix Table 5. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the birds by treatment (kg)
_________REPLICATION________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0 2.828 0.27
3.141 8.669
2.880
T1 2.731 3.088 2.841 8.66
2.886
T2
2.746 2.994 2.948 8.688
2.896
T3 3.188 3.011 2.917 9.116
3.038
GRAND TOTAL
35.133
GRAND
MEAN
2.927
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULARF
OF OFOF
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
3
0.049387 0.016462333 0.54ns 4.0662 7.5910
ERROR
8
0.242474 0.03030925
TOTAL
11
0.291861
ns= Not Significant
CV= 5.95%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
23
Appendix Table 6. Feed cost per unit gain in weight by treatment (Php)
_________REPLICATION________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0 82.012 78.3
91.089 251.401
83.800
T1 79.17 89.552 82.389 251.111
83.703
T2
79.634 86.826 85.492 248.849
82.949
T3 92.452 87.319 84.593 264.364
88.121
GRAND TOTAL
1015.725
GRAND
MEAN
84.643
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULARF
OF OFOF
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
3
49.6758363 16.5586121 0.18ns 4.0662 7.5910
ERROR
8
722.1781937 90.27227421
TOTAL
11
771.85403
ns= Not Significant
CV= 11.22%
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
24
Appendix Table 7. Total cost of production and returns on investment (ROI) by treatment
PARTICULARS T0
T1
T2
T3
(Php) (Php) (Php) (Php)
Feeds:
Chick booster
2326.8 2326.8 2326.8 2326.8
Chick starter
2301.6 2301.6 2301.6
2301.6
Broiler finidher
1300.05 1289.25 1291.68 1290.6
Chopped cabbage
- 60.00 100.00 140.00
Stocks
1200.00 1200.00 1200.00 1200.00
Multivitamins
60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00
Disinfectant 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
7218.45 7267.65 7310.08 7349.00
________________________________________________________________________
GROSS
3630.08 3669.95 3746.08 7349.00
INCOME
________________________________________________________________________
NET INCOME
-3588.37 -3597.7 -3564.00 -3614.85
________________________________________________________________________
ROI%
-49.71 -49.50 -48.75 -50.81
Performance of Sunshine Chickens Given Different Levels of Supplemental
Chopped Cabbage Leaves /Lemuel John P. Moltio. 2012
Document Outline
- Performance of Sunshine Chickens GivenDifferent Levels of Supplemental Chopped Cabbage Leaves
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES