BIBLIOGRAPHY BANDO, PRECY A. April 2012. The...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BANDO, PRECY A. April 2012. The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
growth performance of sunshine broilers. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Poultry Experimentl Building, Benguet State University,
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2011 to December 2011 to determine the effect of
ground pigeon pea seed in terms of growth performance, feed consumption, feed efficiency,
profitability of raising sunshine broilers supplemented with ground pigeon pea seed, and to
determine the best level of ground pigeon pea seed to be utilized as feed supplement for sunshine
broilers.
A total of 160 sunshine broilers were randomly distributed into four treatments which
were replicated four times with ten birds per replication to make a total of 40 birds per
treatments. The treatments are the following: pure commercial feeds, 10g of ground pigeon pea
seed, 20g ground pigeon pea seed and 30g ground pigeon pea seed.
The result of the study revealed that there were no significant differences in initial weight
and total feed intake. The initial weight obtained was o.53 kg and total feed intake was 5.33 kg.
birds given ground pigeon pea seed had lower feed conversion ratio, had higher in the total gain
in weight but also had feed cost per kilogram gain in weight. Regardless, these birds also
produced the highest ROI value.
Based on the result of the study, ground pigeon pea seed may be incorporated in the feeds
of the broilers to enhance feed efficiency and consequently the return on investment.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers/Precy A. Bando. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography.…………………………………………………………………..... i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………. ii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………… 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………… 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………………… 6
RESULTA AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………… 10
Initial weight………………………………………………………… 10
Final weight…………………………………………………………. 10
Total gain in weight…………………………………………………. 11
Average daily gain in weight……………………………………….. 11
Total feed intake……………………………………………………. 12
Feed conversion ratio……………………………………………….. 13
Feed
cost
to
per
kilogram
gain in weight………………………………………………………... 14
Return on investment………………………………………………… 16
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION……………………………………………………….. 17
Summary……………………………………………………………… 17
Conclusion………………………………………………………… 18
Recommendation………………………………………………….. 18
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………. 19
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………….. 21
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
INTRODUCTION
The high cost of feed is approximately the major constrains of the poultry
industry. Although it has attained storage of sophistication, it must resolve the problem
on the cost of feeds in order to sustain the already thriving poultry industry.
Feed cost constitutes 75-80% of the total cost production. This however could be
partially solved by continuously looking in the processing and utilization of the locally
available non-conventional feedstock, not directly utilized for human food, which can be
used as poultry feeds (Ene-Obong, 1995).
One of the non-conventional feedstuff which could be utilized as a substitute to
soybean oil meal is pigeon pea known to grow easily on a wide variety of soil, even on
marginal grassland in the upland (Girmand, 1998: and NRC, 1994). The chemical
composition of pigeon pea was found to contain 22-27% crude protein, 7.3-10 crude
fiber, 1.7-2, 1 EE, 3.1-4.2 ash, 61.2 NFE and lysine about 7.59%. The perennial legume
is kwon to be a good source of dietary minerals such as calcium, phosphorous,
magnesium, iron, sulfur and potassium.
Chicken needs protein and the other nutrients for the maintenance, development
and
growth. Protein is needed for these functions and to prevent deficiency.
This study was conducted to find out the effect of pigeon pea seed (ground) as a
feed supplement to sunshine broilers. The result of this study can serve as a guide in
using ground pigeon pea as a feed supplement in sunshine broilers.
Lastly, the research can be a good start to enhance the performance of sunshine
broilers that can result to high income and profit.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Specifically, this study aimed to determine the effect of pigeon pea seed (ground)
in terms of growth performance, feed consumption, feed efficiency, morbidity, mortality
and the profitability of raising sunshine broilers supplemented with ground pigeon pea
seed. Determine the best level of ground pigeon pea to be utilized as feed supplement for
sunshine broilers.
This study was conducted at Benguet State University (BSU) Experimental House
Balili, La Trinidad Benguet from October 2011 to December 2011.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cullison (1987) pointed out that every living animal need protein. It is the basic
structural material from wich all body tissue is formed. This includes not only the
muscle and vital organs but also the blood cells as well as animal hairs, hoof and horn.
Schaible (1970) mentioned that beans and peas furnish palatable and nutritious feeds to
livestock. Mung beans are good as green feed. They are good for fattening and lactating
animals.
Kipps (1970) legumes are higher in feeding value than non legumes. They are higher in
protein, higher quality and are superior as a protein source for poultry feeding. Legumes
are relatively high in calcium; contain fair amounts of phosphorous and excellent source
of vitamin A and D.
Pigeon pea significantly contributes to meet the dietary requirements of crude
fiber, ash, fat, magnesium, manganese, and copper (Faris and Singh, 1970). Pigeon
contains high amounts of vitamin B, carotene and ascorbic acid (Miller et al., 1956).
These are deficient in cereals: therefore pigeon pea has a good supplement value of cereal
based diet. Pigeon pea is a rich in source of lysine but deficient in sulfur-containing
amino acids-metionine and cystein. It improves the amino acid score for lysine in rice-
and wheat-based diets, and for threonine, leucine, and isoleucie in wheat-based diet when
used in a 70:30 cereal: pigeon pea ratio.
The toxic factors that interact with glycoprotein on the surface of red blood cells,
causing then to agglutinate are called phytolectins. These factors are present in pigeon
pea, but being highly sensitive to heat treatment, these are little significance. Legumes
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
cause flatulence when consumed in large amounts. This is due to high level of
oligosaccharides; stachyose, raffinose,andverbascose. These sugars constitute about 53%
of the total soluble sugars in pigeon (Singh, 1988).
The dry leaves and left-over pods at threshing of a crop are used as feed for
animals.
The by-products of seed coats, broken bits, and powder from the dhal mill are called ‘c
hunl. It is a valuable food for milch cattle (CSIR 1950; Pathank, 1970).
Faris and Singh (1990) pointed out that pigeon pea has several uses as medicine that
heals wounds and sores, as an astringent, a medicine that stops bleeding by constricting
the tissues, and as a medicine that cures diseases of the lungs and chest. It also works as
antihelminthic to destroy internal worms.
Pigeon pea also contains considerable amounts of several anti-nutritional factors,
namely, protein inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, and flab causing sugar and phytic acid.
Pigeon pea contains some amounts of polyphenoli compounds (tannins) that inhibit the
digestive enzymes-trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase. These are especially present in
the dark seed coated pigeon pea. These compounds create problems when pigeon pea is
consumed in large quantities. However, the anti-nutritional factors in pigeon pea are less
that they are in soybean, pea, and common bean. Pigeon pea also contains some
unavailable carbohydrates that reduce the bioavailability of other nutrients (Kamath and
Belavady, 1980).
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
According to Faris et al. (1987). The dietary nutrients of pigeon pea
ConstitutesGreen SeedMature Seed
Protein (%) 21.0 18.8
Protein indigestibility (%) 66.85 8.5
Trypsin inhibitor 2.8 9.9
Starch (%) 48.4 53.0
Starch digestibility (%) 53.0 36.2
Amylase inhibitor 17u.3 26.9
Soluble sugars (%) 5.1 3.1
Flatulence factors 10.3 53.5
Crude fiber (%) 8.2 6.6
Fat (%) 2.3 1.9
Minerals and trace elements
Calcium (%) 94.6 120.8
Magnesium (%) 113.7 122.0
Copper (%) 1.4 1.3
Iron (%) 4.6 3.9
Zinc (%) 2.5 2.3
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used in this study were as follows: 160 heads of sunshine chicken,
brooding-rearing cages, feeders, waterers, feeds, sacks, incandescent bulb (100 watts),
old news paper sheets, weighing scales, pails, ground pigeon pea, record book and
disinfectant.
Methodology
Pre-experimental. Before the arrival of the chicks, the brooding pens together with the
feeding through and waterers were thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. The floor was
covered with old news paper sheets and the lights were switched on a few hours before
the arrival of the chicks.
Upon arrival of the chicks, these were placed inside the brooder house where
they will feed with broiler starter feeds. Water was made available to them at all times.
During this pre-experimental period which was lasted for three weeks, the birds were
given the same care and management. They were fed twice a day, once in a morning and
once in the afternoon.
Experimental design and treatment. After the three weeks, the experimental birds were
weighed to obtain their initial weight, and were distributed at random into four treatments
following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) each treatment was replicated four
times with 10 birds per replication, making a total of 40 birds per treatment.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
The four treatments were the following:
T0= Commercial Feeds (CF)
T1= 10g ground pigeon pea/ kg of Commercial Feeds
T2= 20g ground pigeon pea/ kg of Commercial Feeds
T3= 30g ground pigeon pea/ kg of Commercial Feeds
Care and management of birds. The experimental birds in all the treatment was given the
same care and management except the condition of different levels of ground pigeon pea
as partial feed replacement for the commercial feeds in treatments 1, 2, 3. The birds was
feed with broiler starter rations from the first to the 4th week and broiler finisher ration
from the fifth to the end of the study at 60 days.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the following:
1. The initial weight of the birds (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds at the
start of the study. This was taken after brooding period.
2. Final weight (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds at the end of the
experiment.
3. Feed Offered (kg). This refers to the total amount of feeds consumed by the
birds from the start of the study until the end of the experiment. This was taken by adding
all the feeds offered top the birds after the left-over’s had been subtracted.
4. Feed left-over (kg). The weight of the feeds left in the feeding through taken
every morning before feeding.
5. Mortality. This refers to the number of dead birds during the experiment.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
6. Morbidity. This refers to the number of birds that got sick during the duration
of the study.
7. Commercial Feed Cost. This refers to the cost of commercial feeds.
8. Cost of Pigeon Pea Ground. This refers to the cost of ground pigeon pea.
9. Total Feed cost. This refers to the cost of commercial feeds and the pigeon pea
seed.
From the data above, the following were computed:
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was computed by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight.
2. Average daily gain (kg). This was obtained by the following formula:
Average daily gain = Total Gain in Weight
Experimental Period
3. Total feed intake. This was obtained by adding the amount of feed offered
after the feed left-over’s had been subtracted.
4. Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed intake by
the total gain in weight.
5. Feed cost required to produce a kilogram gain in weight. This was obtained by
multiplying the cost of one kilogram feed mixture.
6. Percent mortality. This was obtained by dividing the total number of dead
birds in each treatment and multiplied by 100%.
7. Net returns. This was obtained by subtracting the total cost of production from
the total sales.
8. Return on investment (ROI). This was computed using the following formula:
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
ROI = Total Sales - Total Cost of Production x 100
Total
Cost
of
Production
9. Morbidity rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of sick birds
by their initial number multiplied by 100.
10. Cost of production (php). This includes the cost of stocks, feeds, labor and
other materials that will be used in the study.
11. Gross income. This was obtained by multiplying the final weight of the birds
by their price per kilogram live weights.
Data Analysis
The data was subjected to analysis of variance for Completely Randomized
Design (CRD). Comparison of treatment means was done using Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test (DMRT).
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial and Final Weights
Table 1 presents the initial weight (21 days) of the birds in all treatments.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatment means. This implies that the bird were homogenous at the start of the study.
The final weight (60 days) of the sunshine broilers in all treatments is also shown
in Table 1. The results indicate that the final weights of the birds proportionally increases
as the level of ground pigeon pea seed added to the feeds, the weight of the birds is
increased. The increase in weight could be attributed to the high protein, magnesium, and
calcium content of pigeon pea seed which may have enhanced muscle deposition in the
birds fed 10 to 30 grams of pigeon pea seed (Faris et al., 1987).
Table 1. Initial weight at 21 days and final weight of the birds at 60 days
WEIGHT
TREATMENT INITIAL (kg) FINAL (kg)
Pure
commercial
feeds 0.540
1.894c
10g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
0.499
2.121b
20g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
0.559
2.190ab
30g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
0.533
2.346a
Means with different letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Total Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the total gain in weight of the birds in different treatments.
Statistical analysis shows significant differences among the treatment means. The gains
in weight of the birds given pigeon pea supplement were higher than that of the control
group. This implies that adding pigeon pea seed to the feeds of the birds positively affects
the growth performance of the birds. The result revealed that supplementing 10g to 30g
pigeon pea seed on broilers ration does not detrimentally affect the growth rate of the
birds.
The average daily gain in weight of the birds in different treatment is shown also
in this table. Differences between the average daily gain in weight of birds among
treatments were highly significant, where in the experimental birds treated with 10g to
30g of ground pigeon pea seed were found more capable to gain weight daily than those
given commercial feeds.
Table 2. Total gain in weight and average daily gain in weight of the birds
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TOTAL DAILY
Pure commercial feeds
1.357b
0.034c
10g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
1.622a
0.041ab
20g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
1.631a
0.041b
30g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
1.808a
0.045a
Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Total Feed Intake
Table 3 presents the total feed intake of the birds in the different treatments in 40
days of trial feeding. Among treatments, bird given 20g of ground pigeon pea seed
consumed an average of 5.748 compared to those given 10g and control group which
means of 5.457 and 5.132, respectively. Numerically, the birds given 30g of pigeon pea
seed registered a lower mean of 4.989 kg. this may imply that with this ration, the birds
easily get full.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences. It was
observed that birds that given 0 ground pigeon pea seed had lesser left-over as compared
to those given different levels of ground pigeon pea. Furthermore was observed that birds
given 0 ground pigeon pea were more active during feeding time than the birds given
different levels of pigeon pea seed.
Table 3. Total feed intake
TREATMENT
TOTAL FEED INTAKE (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
5.132
10g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
5.457
20g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
5.748
30g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
4.989
Means with no letter superscripts are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Feed Conversion Ratio
Table 4 presents the mean of feed conversion ratio of treatments. Statistical
analysis showed significant differences between treatments. Birds given thirty grams of
ground pigeon pea seed had better FCR than any of the birds given twenty grams and ten
grams which did not significantly different from each other and the control groups. Result
revealed that the amount of ground pigeon pea seed incorporated into the ration of the
experimental is decreased the FCR also decreases numerically. This indicates that the
ability of the birds to convert feed to gain is increased. The overall mean feed conversion
ratio of the birds was 3.35. This may also show that birds fed with ground pigeon pea
seed makes them more efficient in converting feeds to flesh.
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio
TREATMENT
FEED CONVERSION RATIO (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
3.765a
10g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
3.370a
20g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
3.513a
30g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
2. 754b
Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Feed Cost to Produce
a Kilogram Gain in Weight
Presented in Table 5 are the feed costs to produce a kilogram gain in weight.
Statistical analysis showed the significant difference among the treatment means. The
birds given 20g of ground pigeon pea seed has the higher feed cost to produce a kilogram
gain in weight. There was a direct relationship between the level of ground pigeon pea
seed and the cost of feed to produce a kilogram gain due to the additional cost incurred in
the procurement of ground pigeon pea seed.
Return on Investment
Table 6 showed the return on investment in the different treatments. Although this
was not subjected to statistical analysis, it is shown that higher profits were obtained from
the birds treated with different levels of ground pigeon pea seed. Birds given 30g of
ground pigeon pea seed had the highest ROI of 37.68% followed by the birds given 20g
with an ROI of 20.50% and those given 10g of ground pigeon pea seed have an ROI of
24.35% and 19.86% pure commercial feeds, respectively. Birds given 30 grams of
Table 5. Feed cost per kilogram gain in weight
TREATMENT
FEED COST (Php)
Pure
commercial
feeds 98.83d
10g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
114.13c
20g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
148.77a
30g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
129.98b
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Means with different letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
ground pigeon pea seed consumed the lowest amount of feeds but they had the highest
ROI. This indicates that the birds treated with 30g of ground pigeon pea seed easily get
full. This implies that supplementing ground pigeon pea seed on birds ration resulted to a
higher income than feeding commercial feeds solely.
Table 6. Net return and return on investment
ITEM
T0
T1
T2
T3
A. SALES
1. Sunshine chickens 10,226.08 11,454.75 11,826 12,669.75
TOTAL SALES
10,226.08 11,454.75 11,826 12,669.75
B. Expenses
1. Cost of stock
1600
1600
1600 1600
2. Cost of feeds
5446.08 5790.97 6099.78 5292.33
3. Pigeon pea (ground) 0.00 305.59 643.73 838.19
4. Cost of labor
600
600
600
600
5. Disinfectant
50 50 50
50
6. Transportation
50 50 50
50
7. Bulb, receptacles
450
430
407
403
8. Electricity
100
100
100 100
9. Waterers and box
269
285
263
267
TOTAL EXPENSES
8565.08
9211.56
9813.51 9202.52
C. Net Income
1661.17
2243.19
2012.49 3467.23
ROI
19.86%
24.35%
20.50%
37.68%
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conduct to determine the effect of different levels of ground pigeon
pea seed on the growth performance of sunshine broilers. One hundred sixty day-old
sunshine broiler chicks were distributed at random following the completely randomized
design (CRD) into four treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with ten
birds per replication, making a total of forty per treatment. The treatment were T0-pure
commercial feeds, T1- 10g ground pigeon pea seed/kg of commercial feeds, T2- 20g
ground pigeon pea seed/kg of commercial feeds and T3- 30g ground pigeon pea seed/kg
commercial feeds.
The result of statistical analysis showed no significant differences in terms of
initial weight and the total feed intake. Significant differences were observed in the final
weight, total gain in weight, and average daily gain in weight, feed consumption ratio and
feed cost to produce a kilogram of broilers.
Although the Return on Investment (ROI) values were not subjected to statistical
analysis, higher ROI’s was obtained from the birds supplemented with pigeon pea seed
compared to the control group. The highest ROI was observed in the birds given 30
grams of ground pigeon pea seed was 37.68% followed by these fed 10 grams and 20
grams ROI values of 24.35% and 20.50% respectively. Lowest ROI of 19.86% was
observed in the control group.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Conclusion
Based on the result of the study, the addition of ground pigeon pea seed on the
birds ration gives an advantage in terms of final weight, feed consumption and feed
conversion ratio. Therefore, it is concluded that ground pigeon pea seed can be
incorporated in the feed growing-finishing broilers to enhance growth and feed
efficiency.
Recommendation
Since supplementing ground pigeon pea seed on sunshine broilers ration to higher
profit, it is recommended that adding 30 grams of ground pigeon pea seed should be
added in broiler diets during the growing-finishing period.
However, a similar study may be conducted to evaluate the effect if the level of
ground pigeon pea seed is increased beyond 30 grams.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
LITERATURE CITED
AMAEFULE, K. U. AND ONWUDIKE, O. C. 2000.Comparative evaluation of the
processing methods of pigeon pea seeds (Cajanuscajan) as protein source for
broilers. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment. 1: 134 - 136.
CSIR. 1950. The Wealth of India, Ra materials. Volume 2. New Delhi, India: Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research.
CULLISON, A.E AND S.LAWREY. 1987. Feeds and feeding. 4th Ed.New Jersey,
Printing
Company, Metro Manila, Philippines. P392.
D'MELLO, J. P. F. 1995.Antinutritional substances in legume seeds In.D'Mello J P F and
Devendra C (Editors) Tropical Legumes in Animal Nutrition. CAB International
Wallingford,
UK.
EKEKE, G. I., AND SHODE, F. O. 1985. A reversion of sickled cells by Cajanuscajan.
Planta Medica. December 1985: pp 504-507.
ENE-OBONG, H. N. 1995. Effect of various processing on Cajanuscajan. Plant food for
human nutrition, 48 (3): pp 225-233
FARIS, D. G., AND SINGH, U. 1990. Pigeon pea: Nutrition and products. Pp401-432 in
the
pigeon pea.
GIRMAND, P., 1998. The pigeon pea a possible alternative for traditional pig and
poultry
Farming in new Calenia, Medicine, veterinary d-e nouvelle Caledonia, 11:29-36.
ICRISAT. 1984. Annual report 1983. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India
KAMATH, M., AND BELAVADY, B. 1980. Unavailable carbohydrate of commonly
consumed Indian foods, Journal of the science of food in agriculture 31: pp 194-
202
KIPPS, M.S. 1970. Production of Field Crops: A Textbook of Agronomy. 6thed. New
York:
McGraw-hill Inc.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
MILLER, C.D., Branthoover, B., Seklguchi, N., Deming, H., and Bauer, A., 1956.
Vitamin
value of foods used in Hawaii. Hawaii Agriculture Experiment Station
Technical
Bulletin 30:pp 303-310
NATIONAL REASEARCH COUNCIL (NRC) 1994.Nutrient Requirements of Poultry
8th ed.
Nath.Acad
Washington-DC.
NWOKOLO, E. 1987.Nutritional evaluation of pigeon pea meal.Plants Food for Human
Nutrition. 37: 283 - 290.
OLOGOHOBO, A.D,. 1992. Nuritive value of some tropics (West Africa) legumes for
poultry. J. Appl.Anim.Rees,. 22:93-104
Pathank, G.N. 1970. Redgram.Pages 14-53 in Pulse Crops of India. New Delhi, India:
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Schiable, P. J. 1970. Anatomy and Physiology. Pages: 71-90. In Poultry: Feed and
Nutrition.
P.J. Schiable, ed. The Avi Publishing Company, Inc., Westport,
Connecticut.
Singh, U. 1988. Antinutritional factors of chickpea and pigeonpea and their removal by
processing. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 38:251-261.
UDEDIBIE, A., AND IGWE, F. 1989. Dry matter yield and chemical composition of
pigeon
pea (Cajanuscajan) leaf meal and the nutritive value of pigeon pea leaf meal and
grain meal for laying hens. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 24: 111-119.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Initial weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
T0
0.572 0.544
0.542 0.503
2.161
0.540
T1
0.508 0.506 0.471 0.511
1.996
0.499
T2
0.580 0.599
0.499 0.558
2.235
0.559
T3
0.541 0.520
0.542 0.532
2.134
0.533
GRAND TOTAL
8.52
GRAND
MEAN
0.53
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
TRT
3 0.0075
0.00250587 3.1824ns3.4903 5.9525
ERROR
12 0.0094
0.00078742
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.0170
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Varaition=5.21%
Appendix Table 2. Final weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II III
IV
T0
1.895 1.840 1.845 1.995
7.575 1.894c
T1
1.930 2.280 2.145 2.130
8.485 2.121b
T2
2.020 2.210 2.210 2.320
8.760 2.190ab
T3
2.330 2.230 2.440 2.385 9.385 2.346a
GRAND
TOTAL
34.21
GRAND
MEAN
2.14
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TRT 3 0.4240 0.1413474 11.4138** 3.4903 5.9525
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
ERROR
12 0.1486 0.01238385
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.5726
**Highly Significant
Coefficient of Varaition=5.21%
Appendix Table 3. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III
IV
T0
1.335
1.296 1.303 1.492 5.426
1.357b
T1
1.422
1.774 1.675
1.619 6.490
1.622a
T2
1.441
1.611 1.712
1.762 6.525
1.631a
T3
1.790
1.710 1.899
1.835 7.233
1.808a
GRAND TOTAL
25.67
GRAND
MEAN
1.60
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TRT
3 0.4152
0.13873747 9.7697** 3.4903 5.9525
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
ERROR
12 0.1704 0.01420085
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.5866
**Highly Significant
Coefficient of Varaition=7.43%
Appendix Table 4. Average daily gain of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
T0
0.033
0.032
0.033
0.037 0.135 0.034c
T1
0.036 0.044
0.042
0.040 0.162 0.041ab
T2
0.036
0.040
0.043
0.044 0.163 0.041b
T3
0.045
0.043
0.047
0.046 0.181 0.045a
GRAND
TOTAL
0.64
GRAND
MEAN
0.04
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TRT
3 0.000
0.0000892 10.2346** 3.4903 5.9525
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
ERROR
12 0.000
0.0000087
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.000
**Highly Significant
Coefficient of Varaition=7.36%
Appendix Table 5. Total feed intake of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
T0
4.903
4.188
5.031 6.406 20.528 5.132
T1
4.974
5.874
5.511
5.469 21.828 5.457
T2
4.943
5.118
6.396
6.534 22.991 5.738
T3
5.042
4.731
5.073
5.112 19.957 4.989
GRAND TOTAL
85.30
GRAND
MEAN
5.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TRT
3 1.3833 0.461085262 1.0718ns 3.4903 5.9525
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
ERROR
12 5.1622
0.43018492
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 6.5455
ns=No Significant
Coefficient of Varaition=12.30%
Appendix Table 6. Feed conversion ratio
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II III IV
T0
3.673 3.231 3.862 4.293 15.059 3.765a
T1
3.498 3.311 3.291 3.378 13.478 3.370a
T2
3.431 3.177 3.737 3.708 14.053 3.513a
T3
2.817 2.767 2.672 2.758 11.014 2.754b
GRAND TOTAL
53.60
GRAND
MEAN
3.35
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
TRT
3 2.2194 0.73981383 10.7391** 3.4903 5.9525
ERROR
12 0.8267 0.06888996
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 3.0461
**=Highly Significant
Coefficient of Varaition=7.83%
Appendix Table 7. Feed cost to produce a kg gain nin weight
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III IV
T0
96.41 84.83 101.38 112.70 395.52 98.83d
T1
118.48 112.15 111.48 114.42 456.53 114.13c
T2
145.28 134.51 158.24 157.03 595.06 148.77a
T3
132.99 130.59 126.14 130.18 519.90 129.98b
GRAND TOTAL
1966.81
GRAND MEAN
122.93
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
TRT
3 5501.1407 1833.71357 26.5647** 3.4903 5.9525
ERROR
12 828.3391 69.0282562
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 6329.4798
**=Highly Significant
Coefficient of Varaition=6.76%
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
BANDO, PRECY A. April 2012. The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
growth performance of sunshine broilers. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Poultry Experimentl Building, Benguet State University,
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2011 to December 2011 to determine the effect of
ground pigeon pea seed in terms of growth performance, feed consumption, feed efficiency,
profitability of raising sunshine broilers supplemented with ground pigeon pea seed, and to
determine the best level of ground pigeon pea seed to be utilized as feed supplement for sunshine
broilers.
A total of 160 sunshine broilers were randomly distributed into four treatments which
were replicated four times with ten birds per replication to make a total of 40 birds per
treatments. The treatments are the following: pure commercial feeds, 10g of ground pigeon pea
seed, 20g ground pigeon pea seed and 30g ground pigeon pea seed.
The result of the study revealed that there were no significant differences in initial weight
and total feed intake. The initial weight obtained was o.53 kg and total feed intake was 5.33 kg.
birds given ground pigeon pea seed had lower feed conversion ratio, had higher in the total gain
in weight but also had feed cost per kilogram gain in weight. Regardless, these birds also
produced the highest ROI value.
Based on the result of the study, ground pigeon pea seed may be incorporated in the feeds
of the broilers to enhance feed efficiency and consequently the return on investment.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers/Precy A. Bando. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography.…………………………………………………………………..... i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………. ii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………… 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………… 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………………… 6
RESULTA AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………… 10
Initial weight………………………………………………………… 10
Final weight…………………………………………………………. 10
Total gain in weight…………………………………………………. 11
Average daily gain in weight……………………………………….. 11
Total feed intake……………………………………………………. 12
Feed conversion ratio……………………………………………….. 13
Feed
cost
to
per
kilogram
gain in weight………………………………………………………... 14
Return on investment………………………………………………… 16
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION……………………………………………………….. 17
Summary……………………………………………………………… 17
Conclusion………………………………………………………… 18
Recommendation………………………………………………….. 18
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………. 19
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………….. 21
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
INTRODUCTION
The high cost of feed is approximately the major constrains of the poultry
industry. Although it has attained storage of sophistication, it must resolve the problem
on the cost of feeds in order to sustain the already thriving poultry industry.
Feed cost constitutes 75-80% of the total cost production. This however could be
partially solved by continuously looking in the processing and utilization of the locally
available non-conventional feedstock, not directly utilized for human food, which can be
used as poultry feeds (Ene-Obong, 1995).
One of the non-conventional feedstuff which could be utilized as a substitute to
soybean oil meal is pigeon pea known to grow easily on a wide variety of soil, even on
marginal grassland in the upland (Girmand, 1998: and NRC, 1994). The chemical
composition of pigeon pea was found to contain 22-27% crude protein, 7.3-10 crude
fiber, 1.7-2, 1 EE, 3.1-4.2 ash, 61.2 NFE and lysine about 7.59%. The perennial legume
is kwon to be a good source of dietary minerals such as calcium, phosphorous,
magnesium, iron, sulfur and potassium.
Chicken needs protein and the other nutrients for the maintenance, development
and
growth. Protein is needed for these functions and to prevent deficiency.
This study was conducted to find out the effect of pigeon pea seed (ground) as a
feed supplement to sunshine broilers. The result of this study can serve as a guide in
using ground pigeon pea as a feed supplement in sunshine broilers.
Lastly, the research can be a good start to enhance the performance of sunshine
broilers that can result to high income and profit.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Specifically, this study aimed to determine the effect of pigeon pea seed (ground)
in terms of growth performance, feed consumption, feed efficiency, morbidity, mortality
and the profitability of raising sunshine broilers supplemented with ground pigeon pea
seed. Determine the best level of ground pigeon pea to be utilized as feed supplement for
sunshine broilers.
This study was conducted at Benguet State University (BSU) Experimental House
Balili, La Trinidad Benguet from October 2011 to December 2011.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cullison (1987) pointed out that every living animal need protein. It is the basic
structural material from wich all body tissue is formed. This includes not only the
muscle and vital organs but also the blood cells as well as animal hairs, hoof and horn.
Schaible (1970) mentioned that beans and peas furnish palatable and nutritious feeds to
livestock. Mung beans are good as green feed. They are good for fattening and lactating
animals.
Kipps (1970) legumes are higher in feeding value than non legumes. They are higher in
protein, higher quality and are superior as a protein source for poultry feeding. Legumes
are relatively high in calcium; contain fair amounts of phosphorous and excellent source
of vitamin A and D.
Pigeon pea significantly contributes to meet the dietary requirements of crude
fiber, ash, fat, magnesium, manganese, and copper (Faris and Singh, 1970). Pigeon
contains high amounts of vitamin B, carotene and ascorbic acid (Miller et al., 1956).
These are deficient in cereals: therefore pigeon pea has a good supplement value of cereal
based diet. Pigeon pea is a rich in source of lysine but deficient in sulfur-containing
amino acids-metionine and cystein. It improves the amino acid score for lysine in rice-
and wheat-based diets, and for threonine, leucine, and isoleucie in wheat-based diet when
used in a 70:30 cereal: pigeon pea ratio.
The toxic factors that interact with glycoprotein on the surface of red blood cells,
causing then to agglutinate are called phytolectins. These factors are present in pigeon
pea, but being highly sensitive to heat treatment, these are little significance. Legumes
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
cause flatulence when consumed in large amounts. This is due to high level of
oligosaccharides; stachyose, raffinose,andverbascose. These sugars constitute about 53%
of the total soluble sugars in pigeon (Singh, 1988).
The dry leaves and left-over pods at threshing of a crop are used as feed for
animals.
The by-products of seed coats, broken bits, and powder from the dhal mill are called ‘c
hunl. It is a valuable food for milch cattle (CSIR 1950; Pathank, 1970).
Faris and Singh (1990) pointed out that pigeon pea has several uses as medicine that
heals wounds and sores, as an astringent, a medicine that stops bleeding by constricting
the tissues, and as a medicine that cures diseases of the lungs and chest. It also works as
antihelminthic to destroy internal worms.
Pigeon pea also contains considerable amounts of several anti-nutritional factors,
namely, protein inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, and flab causing sugar and phytic acid.
Pigeon pea contains some amounts of polyphenoli compounds (tannins) that inhibit the
digestive enzymes-trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase. These are especially present in
the dark seed coated pigeon pea. These compounds create problems when pigeon pea is
consumed in large quantities. However, the anti-nutritional factors in pigeon pea are less
that they are in soybean, pea, and common bean. Pigeon pea also contains some
unavailable carbohydrates that reduce the bioavailability of other nutrients (Kamath and
Belavady, 1980).
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
According to Faris et al. (1987). The dietary nutrients of pigeon pea
ConstitutesGreen SeedMature Seed
Protein (%) 21.0 18.8
Protein indigestibility (%) 66.85 8.5
Trypsin inhibitor 2.8 9.9
Starch (%) 48.4 53.0
Starch digestibility (%) 53.0 36.2
Amylase inhibitor 17u.3 26.9
Soluble sugars (%) 5.1 3.1
Flatulence factors 10.3 53.5
Crude fiber (%) 8.2 6.6
Fat (%) 2.3 1.9
Minerals and trace elements
Calcium (%) 94.6 120.8
Magnesium (%) 113.7 122.0
Copper (%) 1.4 1.3
Iron (%) 4.6 3.9
Zinc (%) 2.5 2.3
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used in this study were as follows: 160 heads of sunshine chicken,
brooding-rearing cages, feeders, waterers, feeds, sacks, incandescent bulb (100 watts),
old news paper sheets, weighing scales, pails, ground pigeon pea, record book and
disinfectant.
Methodology
Pre-experimental. Before the arrival of the chicks, the brooding pens together with the
feeding through and waterers were thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. The floor was
covered with old news paper sheets and the lights were switched on a few hours before
the arrival of the chicks.
Upon arrival of the chicks, these were placed inside the brooder house where
they will feed with broiler starter feeds. Water was made available to them at all times.
During this pre-experimental period which was lasted for three weeks, the birds were
given the same care and management. They were fed twice a day, once in a morning and
once in the afternoon.
Experimental design and treatment. After the three weeks, the experimental birds were
weighed to obtain their initial weight, and were distributed at random into four treatments
following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) each treatment was replicated four
times with 10 birds per replication, making a total of 40 birds per treatment.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
The four treatments were the following:
T0= Commercial Feeds (CF)
T1= 10g ground pigeon pea/ kg of Commercial Feeds
T2= 20g ground pigeon pea/ kg of Commercial Feeds
T3= 30g ground pigeon pea/ kg of Commercial Feeds
Care and management of birds. The experimental birds in all the treatment was given the
same care and management except the condition of different levels of ground pigeon pea
as partial feed replacement for the commercial feeds in treatments 1, 2, 3. The birds was
feed with broiler starter rations from the first to the 4th week and broiler finisher ration
from the fifth to the end of the study at 60 days.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the following:
1. The initial weight of the birds (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds at the
start of the study. This was taken after brooding period.
2. Final weight (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds at the end of the
experiment.
3. Feed Offered (kg). This refers to the total amount of feeds consumed by the
birds from the start of the study until the end of the experiment. This was taken by adding
all the feeds offered top the birds after the left-over’s had been subtracted.
4. Feed left-over (kg). The weight of the feeds left in the feeding through taken
every morning before feeding.
5. Mortality. This refers to the number of dead birds during the experiment.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
6. Morbidity. This refers to the number of birds that got sick during the duration
of the study.
7. Commercial Feed Cost. This refers to the cost of commercial feeds.
8. Cost of Pigeon Pea Ground. This refers to the cost of ground pigeon pea.
9. Total Feed cost. This refers to the cost of commercial feeds and the pigeon pea
seed.
From the data above, the following were computed:
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was computed by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight.
2. Average daily gain (kg). This was obtained by the following formula:
Average daily gain = Total Gain in Weight
Experimental Period
3. Total feed intake. This was obtained by adding the amount of feed offered
after the feed left-over’s had been subtracted.
4. Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed intake by
the total gain in weight.
5. Feed cost required to produce a kilogram gain in weight. This was obtained by
multiplying the cost of one kilogram feed mixture.
6. Percent mortality. This was obtained by dividing the total number of dead
birds in each treatment and multiplied by 100%.
7. Net returns. This was obtained by subtracting the total cost of production from
the total sales.
8. Return on investment (ROI). This was computed using the following formula:
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
ROI = Total Sales - Total Cost of Production x 100
Total
Cost
of
Production
9. Morbidity rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of sick birds
by their initial number multiplied by 100.
10. Cost of production (php). This includes the cost of stocks, feeds, labor and
other materials that will be used in the study.
11. Gross income. This was obtained by multiplying the final weight of the birds
by their price per kilogram live weights.
Data Analysis
The data was subjected to analysis of variance for Completely Randomized
Design (CRD). Comparison of treatment means was done using Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test (DMRT).
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial and Final Weights
Table 1 presents the initial weight (21 days) of the birds in all treatments.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatment means. This implies that the bird were homogenous at the start of the study.
The final weight (60 days) of the sunshine broilers in all treatments is also shown
in Table 1. The results indicate that the final weights of the birds proportionally increases
as the level of ground pigeon pea seed added to the feeds, the weight of the birds is
increased. The increase in weight could be attributed to the high protein, magnesium, and
calcium content of pigeon pea seed which may have enhanced muscle deposition in the
birds fed 10 to 30 grams of pigeon pea seed (Faris et al., 1987).
Table 1. Initial weight at 21 days and final weight of the birds at 60 days
WEIGHT
TREATMENT INITIAL (kg) FINAL (kg)
Pure
commercial
feeds 0.540
1.894c
10g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
0.499
2.121b
20g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
0.559
2.190ab
30g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
0.533
2.346a
Means with different letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Total Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the total gain in weight of the birds in different treatments.
Statistical analysis shows significant differences among the treatment means. The gains
in weight of the birds given pigeon pea supplement were higher than that of the control
group. This implies that adding pigeon pea seed to the feeds of the birds positively affects
the growth performance of the birds. The result revealed that supplementing 10g to 30g
pigeon pea seed on broilers ration does not detrimentally affect the growth rate of the
birds.
The average daily gain in weight of the birds in different treatment is shown also
in this table. Differences between the average daily gain in weight of birds among
treatments were highly significant, where in the experimental birds treated with 10g to
30g of ground pigeon pea seed were found more capable to gain weight daily than those
given commercial feeds.
Table 2. Total gain in weight and average daily gain in weight of the birds
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TOTAL DAILY
Pure commercial feeds
1.357b
0.034c
10g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
1.622a
0.041ab
20g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
1.631a
0.041b
30g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
1.808a
0.045a
Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Total Feed Intake
Table 3 presents the total feed intake of the birds in the different treatments in 40
days of trial feeding. Among treatments, bird given 20g of ground pigeon pea seed
consumed an average of 5.748 compared to those given 10g and control group which
means of 5.457 and 5.132, respectively. Numerically, the birds given 30g of pigeon pea
seed registered a lower mean of 4.989 kg. this may imply that with this ration, the birds
easily get full.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences. It was
observed that birds that given 0 ground pigeon pea seed had lesser left-over as compared
to those given different levels of ground pigeon pea. Furthermore was observed that birds
given 0 ground pigeon pea were more active during feeding time than the birds given
different levels of pigeon pea seed.
Table 3. Total feed intake
TREATMENT
TOTAL FEED INTAKE (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
5.132
10g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
5.457
20g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
5.748
30g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
4.989
Means with no letter superscripts are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Feed Conversion Ratio
Table 4 presents the mean of feed conversion ratio of treatments. Statistical
analysis showed significant differences between treatments. Birds given thirty grams of
ground pigeon pea seed had better FCR than any of the birds given twenty grams and ten
grams which did not significantly different from each other and the control groups. Result
revealed that the amount of ground pigeon pea seed incorporated into the ration of the
experimental is decreased the FCR also decreases numerically. This indicates that the
ability of the birds to convert feed to gain is increased. The overall mean feed conversion
ratio of the birds was 3.35. This may also show that birds fed with ground pigeon pea
seed makes them more efficient in converting feeds to flesh.
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio
TREATMENT
FEED CONVERSION RATIO (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
3.765a
10g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
3.370a
20g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
3.513a
30g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
2. 754b
Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Feed Cost to Produce
a Kilogram Gain in Weight
Presented in Table 5 are the feed costs to produce a kilogram gain in weight.
Statistical analysis showed the significant difference among the treatment means. The
birds given 20g of ground pigeon pea seed has the higher feed cost to produce a kilogram
gain in weight. There was a direct relationship between the level of ground pigeon pea
seed and the cost of feed to produce a kilogram gain due to the additional cost incurred in
the procurement of ground pigeon pea seed.
Return on Investment
Table 6 showed the return on investment in the different treatments. Although this
was not subjected to statistical analysis, it is shown that higher profits were obtained from
the birds treated with different levels of ground pigeon pea seed. Birds given 30g of
ground pigeon pea seed had the highest ROI of 37.68% followed by the birds given 20g
with an ROI of 20.50% and those given 10g of ground pigeon pea seed have an ROI of
24.35% and 19.86% pure commercial feeds, respectively. Birds given 30 grams of
Table 5. Feed cost per kilogram gain in weight
TREATMENT
FEED COST (Php)
Pure
commercial
feeds 98.83d
10g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
114.13c
20g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
148.77a
30g ground pigeon pea seed/ kg CF
129.98b
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Means with different letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
ground pigeon pea seed consumed the lowest amount of feeds but they had the highest
ROI. This indicates that the birds treated with 30g of ground pigeon pea seed easily get
full. This implies that supplementing ground pigeon pea seed on birds ration resulted to a
higher income than feeding commercial feeds solely.
Table 6. Net return and return on investment
ITEM
T0
T1
T2
T3
A. SALES
1. Sunshine chickens 10,226.08 11,454.75 11,826 12,669.75
TOTAL SALES
10,226.08 11,454.75 11,826 12,669.75
B. Expenses
1. Cost of stock
1600
1600
1600 1600
2. Cost of feeds
5446.08 5790.97 6099.78 5292.33
3. Pigeon pea (ground) 0.00 305.59 643.73 838.19
4. Cost of labor
600
600
600
600
5. Disinfectant
50 50 50
50
6. Transportation
50 50 50
50
7. Bulb, receptacles
450
430
407
403
8. Electricity
100
100
100 100
9. Waterers and box
269
285
263
267
TOTAL EXPENSES
8565.08
9211.56
9813.51 9202.52
C. Net Income
1661.17
2243.19
2012.49 3467.23
ROI
19.86%
24.35%
20.50%
37.68%
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conduct to determine the effect of different levels of ground pigeon
pea seed on the growth performance of sunshine broilers. One hundred sixty day-old
sunshine broiler chicks were distributed at random following the completely randomized
design (CRD) into four treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with ten
birds per replication, making a total of forty per treatment. The treatment were T0-pure
commercial feeds, T1- 10g ground pigeon pea seed/kg of commercial feeds, T2- 20g
ground pigeon pea seed/kg of commercial feeds and T3- 30g ground pigeon pea seed/kg
commercial feeds.
The result of statistical analysis showed no significant differences in terms of
initial weight and the total feed intake. Significant differences were observed in the final
weight, total gain in weight, and average daily gain in weight, feed consumption ratio and
feed cost to produce a kilogram of broilers.
Although the Return on Investment (ROI) values were not subjected to statistical
analysis, higher ROI’s was obtained from the birds supplemented with pigeon pea seed
compared to the control group. The highest ROI was observed in the birds given 30
grams of ground pigeon pea seed was 37.68% followed by these fed 10 grams and 20
grams ROI values of 24.35% and 20.50% respectively. Lowest ROI of 19.86% was
observed in the control group.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Conclusion
Based on the result of the study, the addition of ground pigeon pea seed on the
birds ration gives an advantage in terms of final weight, feed consumption and feed
conversion ratio. Therefore, it is concluded that ground pigeon pea seed can be
incorporated in the feed growing-finishing broilers to enhance growth and feed
efficiency.
Recommendation
Since supplementing ground pigeon pea seed on sunshine broilers ration to higher
profit, it is recommended that adding 30 grams of ground pigeon pea seed should be
added in broiler diets during the growing-finishing period.
However, a similar study may be conducted to evaluate the effect if the level of
ground pigeon pea seed is increased beyond 30 grams.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
LITERATURE CITED
AMAEFULE, K. U. AND ONWUDIKE, O. C. 2000.Comparative evaluation of the
processing methods of pigeon pea seeds (Cajanuscajan) as protein source for
broilers. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment. 1: 134 - 136.
CSIR. 1950. The Wealth of India, Ra materials. Volume 2. New Delhi, India: Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research.
CULLISON, A.E AND S.LAWREY. 1987. Feeds and feeding. 4th Ed.New Jersey,
Printing
Company, Metro Manila, Philippines. P392.
D'MELLO, J. P. F. 1995.Antinutritional substances in legume seeds In.D'Mello J P F and
Devendra C (Editors) Tropical Legumes in Animal Nutrition. CAB International
Wallingford,
UK.
EKEKE, G. I., AND SHODE, F. O. 1985. A reversion of sickled cells by Cajanuscajan.
Planta Medica. December 1985: pp 504-507.
ENE-OBONG, H. N. 1995. Effect of various processing on Cajanuscajan. Plant food for
human nutrition, 48 (3): pp 225-233
FARIS, D. G., AND SINGH, U. 1990. Pigeon pea: Nutrition and products. Pp401-432 in
the
pigeon pea.
GIRMAND, P., 1998. The pigeon pea a possible alternative for traditional pig and
poultry
Farming in new Calenia, Medicine, veterinary d-e nouvelle Caledonia, 11:29-36.
ICRISAT. 1984. Annual report 1983. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India
KAMATH, M., AND BELAVADY, B. 1980. Unavailable carbohydrate of commonly
consumed Indian foods, Journal of the science of food in agriculture 31: pp 194-
202
KIPPS, M.S. 1970. Production of Field Crops: A Textbook of Agronomy. 6thed. New
York:
McGraw-hill Inc.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
MILLER, C.D., Branthoover, B., Seklguchi, N., Deming, H., and Bauer, A., 1956.
Vitamin
value of foods used in Hawaii. Hawaii Agriculture Experiment Station
Technical
Bulletin 30:pp 303-310
NATIONAL REASEARCH COUNCIL (NRC) 1994.Nutrient Requirements of Poultry
8th ed.
Nath.Acad
Washington-DC.
NWOKOLO, E. 1987.Nutritional evaluation of pigeon pea meal.Plants Food for Human
Nutrition. 37: 283 - 290.
OLOGOHOBO, A.D,. 1992. Nuritive value of some tropics (West Africa) legumes for
poultry. J. Appl.Anim.Rees,. 22:93-104
Pathank, G.N. 1970. Redgram.Pages 14-53 in Pulse Crops of India. New Delhi, India:
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Schiable, P. J. 1970. Anatomy and Physiology. Pages: 71-90. In Poultry: Feed and
Nutrition.
P.J. Schiable, ed. The Avi Publishing Company, Inc., Westport,
Connecticut.
Singh, U. 1988. Antinutritional factors of chickpea and pigeonpea and their removal by
processing. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 38:251-261.
UDEDIBIE, A., AND IGWE, F. 1989. Dry matter yield and chemical composition of
pigeon
pea (Cajanuscajan) leaf meal and the nutritive value of pigeon pea leaf meal and
grain meal for laying hens. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 24: 111-119.
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Initial weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
T0
0.572 0.544
0.542 0.503
2.161
0.540
T1
0.508 0.506 0.471 0.511
1.996
0.499
T2
0.580 0.599
0.499 0.558
2.235
0.559
T3
0.541 0.520
0.542 0.532
2.134
0.533
GRAND TOTAL
8.52
GRAND
MEAN
0.53
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
TRT
3 0.0075
0.00250587 3.1824ns3.4903 5.9525
ERROR
12 0.0094
0.00078742
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.0170
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Varaition=5.21%
Appendix Table 2. Final weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II III
IV
T0
1.895 1.840 1.845 1.995
7.575 1.894c
T1
1.930 2.280 2.145 2.130
8.485 2.121b
T2
2.020 2.210 2.210 2.320
8.760 2.190ab
T3
2.330 2.230 2.440 2.385 9.385 2.346a
GRAND
TOTAL
34.21
GRAND
MEAN
2.14
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TRT 3 0.4240 0.1413474 11.4138** 3.4903 5.9525
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
ERROR
12 0.1486 0.01238385
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.5726
**Highly Significant
Coefficient of Varaition=5.21%
Appendix Table 3. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III
IV
T0
1.335
1.296 1.303 1.492 5.426
1.357b
T1
1.422
1.774 1.675
1.619 6.490
1.622a
T2
1.441
1.611 1.712
1.762 6.525
1.631a
T3
1.790
1.710 1.899
1.835 7.233
1.808a
GRAND TOTAL
25.67
GRAND
MEAN
1.60
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TRT
3 0.4152
0.13873747 9.7697** 3.4903 5.9525
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
ERROR
12 0.1704 0.01420085
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.5866
**Highly Significant
Coefficient of Varaition=7.43%
Appendix Table 4. Average daily gain of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
T0
0.033
0.032
0.033
0.037 0.135 0.034c
T1
0.036 0.044
0.042
0.040 0.162 0.041ab
T2
0.036
0.040
0.043
0.044 0.163 0.041b
T3
0.045
0.043
0.047
0.046 0.181 0.045a
GRAND
TOTAL
0.64
GRAND
MEAN
0.04
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TRT
3 0.000
0.0000892 10.2346** 3.4903 5.9525
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
ERROR
12 0.000
0.0000087
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.000
**Highly Significant
Coefficient of Varaition=7.36%
Appendix Table 5. Total feed intake of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
T0
4.903
4.188
5.031 6.406 20.528 5.132
T1
4.974
5.874
5.511
5.469 21.828 5.457
T2
4.943
5.118
6.396
6.534 22.991 5.738
T3
5.042
4.731
5.073
5.112 19.957 4.989
GRAND TOTAL
85.30
GRAND
MEAN
5.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TRT
3 1.3833 0.461085262 1.0718ns 3.4903 5.9525
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
ERROR
12 5.1622
0.43018492
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 6.5455
ns=No Significant
Coefficient of Varaition=12.30%
Appendix Table 6. Feed conversion ratio
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II III IV
T0
3.673 3.231 3.862 4.293 15.059 3.765a
T1
3.498 3.311 3.291 3.378 13.478 3.370a
T2
3.431 3.177 3.737 3.708 14.053 3.513a
T3
2.817 2.767 2.672 2.758 11.014 2.754b
GRAND TOTAL
53.60
GRAND
MEAN
3.35
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
TRT
3 2.2194 0.73981383 10.7391** 3.4903 5.9525
ERROR
12 0.8267 0.06888996
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 3.0461
**=Highly Significant
Coefficient of Varaition=7.83%
Appendix Table 7. Feed cost to produce a kg gain nin weight
TREATMENT REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III IV
T0
96.41 84.83 101.38 112.70 395.52 98.83d
T1
118.48 112.15 111.48 114.42 456.53 114.13c
T2
145.28 134.51 158.24 157.03 595.06 148.77a
T3
132.99 130.59 126.14 130.18 519.90 129.98b
GRAND TOTAL
1966.81
GRAND MEAN
122.93
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
TRT
3 5501.1407 1833.71357 26.5647** 3.4903 5.9525
ERROR
12 828.3391 69.0282562
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 6329.4798
**=Highly Significant
Coefficient of Varaition=6.76%
The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on the
Growth performance of sunshine broilers /Precy A. Bando. 2012
Document Outline
- The effect of ground pigeon pea seed on thegrowth performance of sunshine broilers
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHOD
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES