BIBLIOGRAPHY VALDEZ, DAISY JANE. APRIL 2012....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
VALDEZ, DAISY JANE. APRIL 2012. Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth
and Yield of Celery (ApiumgraveolensL. var. dulce Pers.).Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Percival B. Alipit, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Horticulture Research Field, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to January 2012 to determine the effect of frequency
and rate of application of wild sunflower extract on the performance of celery.
Results show that plants were significantly taller and had higher marketable yield with
lesser incidence of leaf miner on the crop with the application of wild sunflower extract at 7 days
intervalat 15 ml/l water.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………... i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….. ii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………… 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………….. 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSION……………………………………………………. 10
Plant Vigor…………………………………………………………………. 10
Plant Height …...…………………………………………………………... 11
Average Plant Weight….....………………….…………………………..… 12
Total Yield…………………………………………………..…………..…. 14
Marketable Yield…………………………………………………………... 18
Non-marketable Yield……...………………………………………….…… 22
Computed Marketable Yield………………….……………………………. 24
Incidence of Insect Pest and Diseases……………………………………… 25
Allelophatic Effects………………………………………………………... 28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION,
AND RECOMMENDATION………………………………………………………. 29
Summary…………………………………………………………………….. 29
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………... 29
Recommendation……………………………………………………………. 29
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………… 30
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………. 32
1
INTRODUCTION
Celeryis one of the crops that thrive best in Cordillera Philippines. This is
distinctly a cool season crop which thrives best in the areas with a monthly mean
temperature ranging from 15 to 18 degrees Celsius. It grows best in sandy or loam soil
with sufficient organic matter and soil pH requirement ranging from 6 to 6.8 (Knott and
Deanon, 1967).
It has a high marketable demand and price due to its uses like pre-dinner and
appetizer, salad, flavouring, soap, juices, and dressing as well as an excellent vegetable,
either stewed or creamed (Thompson and Kelly, 1959). Besides its food purposes, it is
used in aroma therapy and other traditional way of healing. Eating celery reduces high
blood pressure and gives the effect of calmness. Celery clears uric acid from painful
joints and may also help the treatment of arthritis and rheumatic problems. It also helps
kidney by acting as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant (Hippocrates, 2006).
Celery has become the most profitable cash crop, but it has been a long time
practice of most growers to use pesticide and inorganic fertilizer. Inorganic fertilizer is
used as a mean of supplementing the recommended nutrient in the soil. It is true that the
chemically made fertilizer is readily available for the plants. However long time use of
this said synthetic fertilizer and pesticide causes depleted nutrients leads to soil acidity
and unfavourable soil condition. Using of organic fertilizer to prevent or save the land
from this said effect.
Using plant resources found in farm surroundings is helpful in making organic
fertilizer. An example is the utilization of wild sunflower extracts for fertigating crops. It
is rich in nitrogen which is the most common nutrient applied in fertigation. Other
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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nutrient elements applied more or less frequently include phosphorus, sulfur, potassium,
zinc, and iron.
Fertigation
(contraction
of
fertilization and irrigation) is a technique of supplying
dissolved fertilizer to crop through on irrigation system. When combined with efficient
irrigation system both nutrients and water can be manipulated and manage to obtained the
maximum possible yield for marketable production from a given quality of this input
(Pile, 2010). With fertigation system over feeding, waste and run-off, and stripes in the
lawn from uneven application of fertilizer will be eliminated.
Wild sunflower has been known to be a good source of nitrogen (N). Besides
being free, it is abundant in farms. Wild sunflower as an organic fertilizer insures
vigorous growth of the plant and influences nutrient absorption due to the rule in
granulation thereby improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil (Pandosen,
1986).
This is therefore necessary to study the use of organic fertilizer like wild
sunflower extract to provide nutrients to have high yielding plants, minimize cost of
fertilizer input to maximize profit.
The study was conducted to determine the effect of frequency of application of wild
sunflower extract on the growth and yield of celery; the effect of rates of application; and
the best frequency and rate of application in the production of celery.
The experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Research Field, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad,Benguet from October 2011 to January 2012.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Fertilizer Application
The kind, amount, and method of applying fertilizer vary considerably from
section to section and within a single producing area. On sandy soil in Florida there was
no marketable celery was produced without fertilizer. Best result were obtain with a
mixture of containing approximately 6% of nitrogen, 2-4% of phosphoric acid, and 8%
potash, used at the rate of 8000 pounds per acre. In some areas in California there has
been no response to applied potassium and phosphorus, but good response to nitrogen.
Muck and peat soil are usually deficient in potash and often low in K. Nitrogen maybe
limiting in this soil when they are cold and wet (McCollum, 1989).
Soil should be rich, high in nitrogen and with a pH of 6.6. Liquid fertilizer is
beneficial from about four weeks after planting celery, or a nitrogenous fertilizer applied
as a top dressing (Phillips and Rix, 1991).
When the plant are about half mature size (about 2 ½ months after planting) begin
forcing them to grow rapidly. Feed and water frequently (Clifford and Wilson, 1998).
Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizer supply some amount of the nutrient requirements of the crops
and promote favourable soil properties, such as granulation, good tilth for efficient
aeration, easy root penetration and improvement of water holding capacity (PCARRD,
1982). Organic fertilizer also improve the soil structure and conserve soil moisture
making it ideal for vegetable production because vegetable requires soil rich in organic
matter ( Doa-ines,1994).
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Kinoshita (1976) stated that organic fertilizer or droppings contains mainly of
nitrogen which tends to improve the physical properties of the soil.
Wild Sunflower
Wild sunflower which is abundant in the highlands can be a perfect substitute
organic nitrogen source and as starter of compost for it hasten further decomposition. It
also increases the nutrient content of compost (Victor, 1974). Through the laboratory
analysis, Paquito (2011) found that fresh wild sunflower extract contains nitrate nitrogen
at 0.5 ppm, potassium at 200ppm, and phosphorus at 37.5ppm, therefore wild sunflower
extract is a good source of organic nitrogen.
Yango (1998) found that incorporation of chopped wild sunflower is effective in
improving the growth and yield of Bontoc rice when applied one week before planting
time. In the case of garden pea, Durante (1983) claimed that application of 8 tons of fresh
wild sunflower per hectare gave highest yield.
In addition application of 20 tons of fresh wild sunflower per hectare 7 days
before transplanting celery is recommended (Bernard, 2009).
Importance of Fertigation
Fertigation allows the landscape to absorb up to 90% of the applied nutrients,
while granular or dry fertilizer application typically result in absorption rates of 10% to
40% (Fertigation System, 2011). Plaster (1997) stated that a third way to fertilize a
growing crop is injecting a fertilizer into irrigation. Liquid application is the most
commonly used of post plant surface applied systems. Benefits include ease in uniformity
of application, low labor requirements and ability to automate the system (Joiner, 1981).
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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According to Gamboa (1977) and Tombaga (1980), liquid fertilizers to be applied
as spray is more advantageous than solid fertilizers because of its security in avoiding
root injury.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were celery seedlings var. Ventura, wild sunflower extract,
watering cans, grub hoe, 1.5 liter plastic container, graduated cylinder, shredder or bolo,
meter stick, recording and documentation materials.
Methods
Celery seedlings were planted in an area of 135 m2 that was thoroughly prepared
and divided into 27 plots measuring 1x5 m (Figure 1). The field layout followed the
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) involving factorial arrangement. The level
of significance was tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). There were
9 treatment combinations with 3 replication. The treatments were as follows:
Factor A. Frequency of Application
Factor B. Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
F1 -7 days interval
R1 - 5ml /l water
F2 -14 days interval
R2 - 10ml /l water
F3 - 21 days interval
R3 - 15ml /l water
Young shoots of wild sunflower measuring one foot long from the tip to the base
at its vegetative stage were gathered and chopped or shredded for faster extraction
(Figure 2). It was weighed and 68 kilograms of chopped wild sunflower was placed in a
200 liter capacity drum. Then it was covered with plastic sheet. After two weeks, the
extract was collected and put into 1.5 liter containers.
Application of the wild sunflower extract was done following the frequency and
rate treatment. The rate of wild sunflower extract was based on the recommended
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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fertigation used that is 10ml/l of water (Paquito, 2011). From this recommended rate,
higher and lower rates were formulated. The extract was measured and mixed with the
corresponding amount in watering cans then applied overhead on the celery plants.
Application started two weeks after transplanting then following the frequency
application treatments thereafter.
Proper cultural management like weeding, hilling-up at 30 days after
transplanting, spraying of fungicide and insecticide at 7 days interval and stopped 15 days
prior to harvest. Practices like removal of leaf miner infested and early blight infected
parts were done to insure proper growth and development.
Figure 1. Transplanted celery seedlings
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Figure 2. Preparation of wild sunflower extract
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Plant vigor. Plant vigor was rated using the following scale:
Scale
Description
1 Very
vigorous
2 Vigorous
3
Slightly vigorous
4
Not vigorous
2. Plant height (cm). This was taken from 10 sample plants selected at random by
measuring from the base of the plant to the longest leaves at harvest.
3. Average plant weight (g). This was obtained by taking the weight of the plants
per plot divided by the number of plants.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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4. Total yield (kg/5m2 plot). The weight of non-marketable and marketable
plants.
5. Marketable yield (kg/5m2plot). This was the total weight of the harvest plants
without defects that can be sold in the market.
6. Non- marketable yield (kg/5m2plot). This was the total weight of the harvest
with defects that cannot be sold in the market.
7. Computed marketable yield (t/ha). It was obtained multiplying the marketable
yield per plot by two thousand which is the number of 1x5m plots per hectare.
8. Incidence of insect pest and disease. This was taken from 10 sample plants
selected at random using the following rating scale(Cho, 1987) as cited by Menes (2010)
at 30 and 60 days after transplanting.
Scale
Description
1
No infestation /infection
2
1-25% of the total plants affected
3
26-50% of the total plants affected
4
51-75% of the total plants affected
5 76-100% of the total plants
affected
9. Allelophatic effects. All abnormalities were observed during the study.
10. Documentation. This was taken through pictures of the study.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Vigor
Effect
of
frequency of application. Result shows that plants applied more
frequently at 7 or 14 days interval were significantly more vigorous (Table 1).
Effect of rate of application.Plant vigor was not significantly affected by the rates
of wild sunflower extract applied (Table 1).
Interaction effects. No significant interaction effects of frequency of application
and rate of wild sunflower extract was observed on plant vigor.
Table 1. Plant vigor as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
1.556b
14 days interval
1.778b
21 days interval
3.111a
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
2.444 a
10 ml/l water
2.222a
15 ml/l water
1.778a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Rating:
1- Very vigorous
3- Slightly vigorous
2- Vigorous
4- Not vigorous
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Figure 3. Plant vigor at 60 days after transplanting
Plant Height
Effect of frequency of application. Table 2 shows that celery plants that were
applied at 7 days interval were significantly taller.
Effect of rate of application. Application of 10 ml/l water and 15 ml/l water
significantly promoted development of taller plants (Table 2).
Interaction effects. There were no significant interaction effectsof frequency and
rate of application of wild sunflower extract on the plant height 60 days after
transplanting.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Table 2. Plant height as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
(cm)
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
42.276a
14 days interval
37.710b
21 days interval
29.458c
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
33.388b
10 ml/l water
37.494a
15 ml/l water
38.561a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Average Plant Weight
Effect of frequency of application. Table 3 shows that frequent application at 7
days interval significantly effected heavier plant weight.
Effect of rate of application.Average plant weight was significantly heavier with
the application of 15ml/l water as shown in Table 3.
Interaction effect. Significantly heavier plants were observed with the application
of 15ml/l water at 7 days interval (Figure 4).
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Table 3. Average plant weight as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
(g)
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
181.812a
14 days interval
164.004b
21 days interval
125.943c
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
140.181c
10 ml/l water
156.911b
15 ml/l water
174.667a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Figure 4.Interaction effect of frequency and rate of application on average plant weight
250
a
200
b
bc
bc
bc
cd
150
de
de
e
7 days interval
100
14 days interval
21 days interval
50
0
5 ml/lwater
10 ml/l water
15 ml/l water
Bars with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Total Yield
Effect of frequency of application. Result revealed that plants applied at 7 days
interval had significantly higher total yield (Table 4).
Effect of rate of application. Plants applied with 15ml/l water significantly had the
highest total yield as shown in Table 4.
Interaction effect.Figure 5 shows that plants applied with 15ml/l water at 7 days
interval had significantly higher total yield.
Table 4. Total yield as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
(kg/5m2 plot)
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
10.063a
14 days interval
9.806b
21 days interval
8.042c
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
8.389c
10 ml/l water
9.417b
15 ml/l water
10.500a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Figure 5.Interaction effect of frequency and rate of application on total yield
16
a
14
12
b
bc
bc
bc
10
cd
de
de
7 days interval
8
e
14 days interval
6
21 days interval
4
2
0
5 ml/lwater
10 ml/l water
15 ml/l water
Bars with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Marketable Yield
Effect of frequency of application. Significantly higher marketable yield was
obtained with more frequent application at 7 days interval as shown in Table 5.
Effect of rate of application. Application of the highest rate of sunflower extract at
15 ml/l water significantly effected higher marketable yield (Table 5). Marketable yield
increased correspondingly with an increase in the rate applied.
Interaction effect.Plants applied with the highest rate at 15 ml/l water more
frequently at 7 days interval significantly had higher marketable yield as shown in Figure
6.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
16
Table 5. Marketable yield as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
(kg/5m2 plot)
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
8.444a
14 days interval
7.111b
21 days interval
5.000c
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
5.539c
10 ml/l water
6.806b
15 ml/l water
8.111a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Figure 6. Interaction effect of frequency and rate of application on marketable yield
12
a
10
b
8
bc
bc
bcd
bcde
cde
7 days interval
6
de
14 days interval
e
4
21 days interval
2
0
5 ml/lwater
10 ml/l water
15 ml/l water
Bars with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Figure 7. Harvesting at 60 days after transplanting
Figure 8. Harvested plants at 60 days after transplanting
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Figure 9.Marketable plants
Figure 9a. Application of wild sunflower extract at 7 days interval at 5ml/l water
Figure9b.Application of wild sunflower extract at 7 days interval at 10 ml/l water
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Figure 9c.Application of wild sunflower extract at 7 days interval at 15ml/l water
Figure 9d. Application of wild sunflower extract at 14 days interval at 5ml/l water
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Figure 9e.Application of wild sunflower extract at 14 days interval at 10 ml/l water
Figure 9f.Application of wild sunflower extract at 14 days interval at 15ml/l water
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Figure 9g.Application of wild sunflower extract at 21 days interval at 5 ml/l water
Figure 9h. Application of wild sunflower extract at 21 days interval at10 ml/l water
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Figure 9i.Application of wild sunflower extract at 21 days interval at 15 ml/l water
Non-marketable Yield
Effect of frequency of application.Non-marketable yield was not significantly
affected by frequency of application as presented in Table 6.
Effect of rate of application. Table 6 shows that non-marketable yield was not
significantly affected by the rates of sunflower extract applied.
Interaction effect.Results show that there were no significant interaction effectsof
frequency and rate of wild sunflower extract on non-marketable yield.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Table 6. Non marketable yield as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
(kg/5m2 plot)
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
2.500a
14 days interval
2.694a
21 days interval
2.528a
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
2.694a
10 ml/l water
2.639a
15 ml/l water
2.389a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Figure 10.Non-marketable plants with abnormalities
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Computed Marketable Yield
Effect of frequency of application. Table 7 shows the computed marketable yield
per hectare. Plants applied more frequently at 7 days interval had significantly higher
computed marketable yield at 16.89 t/ha.
Effect of rate of application. Plants applied with 15 ml/l water significantly had
the highest computed marketable yield at 16.22 t/haas shown in Table 7.
Interaction effect. Application of 15 ml/l water at 7 days interval effected the
highest computed marketable yield (Figure 17). This shows that plants applied more
frequently at a higher rate had higher marketable yield.
Table 7. Computed marketable yield as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
(t/ha)
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
16.888a
14 days interval
14.227b
21 days interval
9.889c
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
11.167c
10 ml/l water
13.667b
15 ml/l water
16.222a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Figure 11. Interaction effect of frequency and rate of application on computed marketable
yield
25
a
20
b
bc
bc
15
bcd bcd
cde
7 days interval
de
10
14 days interval
e
21 days interval
5
0
5 ml/lwater
10 ml/l water
15 ml/l water
Bars with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Incidence of Insect Pest and Disease
Leaf Miner Infestation
Effect of frequency of application. At 30 days after transplanting, incidence of
leaf miner was significantly lower with application at 7 or 14 days interval while at 60
days after transplanting, frequency of application did not affect leaf miner infestation
(Table 8).
Effect of rate of application. Table 8 shows that rate of wild sunflower extract
application did not significantly affect the leaf miner infestation at 30 days after
transplanting but at 60 DAT, leaf miner infestation was significantly lower with the
application of 15ml/l water.
Interaction effect. Application of sunflower extract with 15ml/l water at 7 days
interval had significantly lowered infestation of leaf miner at 60 days after transplanting
as shown in Figure 18
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Table 8.Leaf miner infestationas affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
30 DAT
60 DAT
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
2.556b
2.778a
14 days interval
2.778b
3.111a
21 days interval
3.888a
2.889a
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
3.000a
3.556a
10 ml/l water
3.333a
3.111a
15 ml/l water
2.889a
2.111b
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Figure 12.Interaction effect of frequency and rate of application on leaf miner infestation
60DAT
5
a
4.5
4
ab
ab ab
3.5
b
3
b
b
bc
7 days interval
2.5
2
14 days interval
c
1.5
21 days interval
1
0.5
0
5 ml/lwater
10 ml/l water
15 ml/l water
Bars with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Rating:
1- No infestation
3- 26-50% infestation 5- 76-100% infestation
2- 1-25% infestation
4- 51-75% infestation
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Figure 13. Leaf miner infestation
Early Blight
Effect of frequency of application.Table 9 shows that incidence of early blight
was significantly lower with application at 7 days interval at 30 DAT. At 60 DAT,
frequency of application did not significantly affect the early blight infection.
Effect of rate of application. Result shows that rate of application of wild
sunflower extract had no significant effect on the infection of early blight at 30 and 60
DAT (Table 9).
Interaction effect.There were no significant interaction effectsof frequency and
rate of wild sunflower extract application on early blight infection.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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Table 9.Early blight infectionas affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT
MEAN
30 DAP
60 DAP
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
1.444b
2.667a
14 days interval
2.444a
3.000a
21 days interval
3.111a
3.000a
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
2.667a
3.222a
10 ml/l water
2.222a
2.889a
15 ml/l water
2.111a
2.556a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Rating:
1- No infection
3- 26-50% infection 5- 76-100% infection
2- 1-25% infection
4- 51-75% infection
Allelophatic effects
There were no observed abnormalities on the celery plants during the conduct of
the study.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of frequency of application
of wild sunflower extract on the growth and yield of celery, determine the effect of
different rates of wild sunflower extract, and determine the best frequency and rate of
wild sunflower extract application in the production of celery.
Results show that celery had significantly better growth in heightand higher
marketable yield with lesser leaf miner infestationwith the application of wild sunflower
extract at 7 days intervalat 15 ml/l water.
Conclusion
Based on the results, it is concluded that application of wild sunflower extract at 7
days interval at a rate of 15ml/l water enhances growth and yield of celery.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that celery be applied with wild sunflower extract at
7 days interval at 15ml/l water to attain better growth and higher yield.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
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LITERATURE CITED
BERNARD, R. M. 2009. Performance of celery on soil amended with organic materials
as source of nitrogen. BS Thesis. Benguet State University. Pp. 2-6.
CLIFFORD, P. H. and J. W. WILSON. 1998. Vegetable Gardening. California: Lane
Publishers. P. 45.
DOA-INES, E. S. 1994. Effect of organic fertilizer in the growth and yield of potato. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University.
DURANTE, B. C. 1983. Effect of different rates of wild sunflower on the growth
and yield of inoculated garden pea. BS Thesis. Benguet State Univesity, La
Trinidad Benguet. P. 61.
GAMBOA, F. L. 1977. Effect of two methods of planting and yield of pechay. BS
Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. VIII-2.
HIPPOCRATES, 2006.The Health Benefits of Celery. Retrieved 13 August 2011 from
http://www.thehealthbenefitsofcelery.com.
JOINER, J. N. 1981. Foliage Plant Production. Prentice-hall, Inc., England Cliff.
Pp. 242-243.
KINOSHITA, K. M. 1976. Vegetable Production in East Asia. New York: Willy and
Sons, Inc. Pp. 30-35.
KNOTT, J. E. and J. R. DEANON. 1967. Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia.
Laguna: UP. P. 320.
MC COLLUM, J. P. 1989. Producing Vegetable Crops.3rd Edition. The Interstate
Printers and Publishers, Inc. P. 287.
MENES, A. 2010.Response of pole snap beans to animal manure application under
organic production at La Trinidad Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad Benguet.P. 3.
PANDOSEN, M. D. 1986. Potential of wild sunflower (Thitoniadiversifolia) as an
Organic Fertilizer. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P.
41.
PAQUITO, J. T. 2011. Comparison of fermented and fresh wild sunflower extracts for
fertigation on potato. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet.Pp. 4- 48.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
31
PCARRD. 1982. The Philippine Recommends for Fertilizer Management. Technical Bull
Series No. 36 UPLB, Los Banos, Laguna. P. 39
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Publishers, USA.P. 239.
THOMPSON, H. O. and W. C. KELLY. 1959. Vegetable Crop. New York : McGraw-
Hill Book Co., Inc. Pp. 337-371.
TOMBAGA, G. N. 1980. Response of celery to different rate of lime concentration
of boron. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 27-28.
VICTOR, L. B. 1974. Compost Making. MSAC Farm News Bulletin. Pp. 3-
6.
YANGO, V. P. 1998. Time and rate of wild sunflower application on the growth and
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Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
32
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Plant vigor
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1 2
2 2 6 2.0
F1R2 1
1 2 4 1.33
F1R3 1
1 2 4 1.33
Sub total
4
4
6
14
4.66
F2R1 2
1 2 5 1.66
F2R2 2
1 3 6 2.0
F2R3 1
1 3 5 1.66
Sub total
5
3
8
16
5.32
F3R1 3
4 4 11 3.66
F3R2 3
3 4 10 3.33
F3R3 2
3 2 7 2.33
Sub total
8
10
10
28
9.32
Total
17
17
24
58
19.3
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
33
FxT TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
2.000 1.667 3.667 7.334 2.444
R2
1.333 2.000 3.333 6.666 2.222
R3
1.333 1.667 2.333 5.333 1.778
TOTAL
4.666
5.334
9.333
19.333
MEAN 1.555 1.778 3.111
6.444
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
3.630 1.815 5.7647
TREATMENT 8
16.741
2.093
6.6433**
2.59
3.89
FACTOR A
2
12.741
6.370
20.2353** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B
2
2.074 1.037 3.2941ns
3.63 6.23
AXB
4
1.926 0.481 1.5294ns
3.01 4.77
ERROR
16
5.037 0.315
TOTAL 26 25.407
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 26.12%
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
34
Appendix Table 2. Plant height (cm)
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1 34.27 39.20
42.60
11.07
38.69
F1R2 38.8 43.87
46
128.67
42.89
F1R3 43.67 46.27
45.8
135.74
45.25
Sub total
116.74
129.34
134.4
275.48
30.61
F2R1 34.13 36.63
35.73
106.49
35.50
F2R2 38.6 42.06
39.33
119.99
39.997
F2R3 34
39.33
39.58
112
37.64
Sub total
106.73
118.02
114.64
338.48
37.61
F3R1 26.33 28.13
26.47
80.93
26.98
F3R2 29.4 29.53
26.47
88.79
29.60
F3R3 32.67 33.6
32.13
98.4
32.8
Sub total
88.4
91.26
85.07
268.12
29.79
Total
311.87
338.62
334.11
984.6
36.47
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
35
FxT TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
38.690
35.497 25.977 100.164 33.388
R2
42.890
39.997 29.597 112.489 37.494
R3
45.247
37.637 32.800 115.684 38.561
TOTAL
126.827
113.131
88.374
328.337
MEAN 42.276 37.71
29.458
36.482
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
63.185 31.592 11.0051
TREATMENT
8
926.224 115.778 40.3267**
2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A 2
759.717 379.959 132.3225**
3.63 6.23
FACTOR B
2
134.289
67.149
23.3911**
3.63 6.23
AXB 4 32.209
8.052
2.8050ns
3.01 4.77
ERROR
16
45.931
2.871
TOTAL
26
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 4.64%
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
36
Appendix Table 3. Average plant weight (g)
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1 145 150
141.67
436.67
145.56
F1R2 170.8 183
162.5
516.3
172.1
F1R3 216.67 229.167
237.5
683.44
227.78
Sub total
532.47
562.167
541.67
1636.41
181.82
F2R1 191.62 129.17
154.17
474.96
158.32
F2R2 175 162.5
166.67
504.17
168.06
F2R3 166.67 175
154.67
496.34
165.45
Sub total
533.29
466.67
475.51
1475.47
163.94
F3R1 120.83 112.5
116.67
349.97
116.66
F3R2 141.66 116.67
133.33
391.66
130.55
F3R3 121 133.33
137.5
391.83
130.61
Sub total
383.49
362.5
387.5
1133.46
125.94
Total
1449.25
1391.337
1404.68
4245.34
157.23
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
37
FxT TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
145.557 158.320 116.667 417.544 140.181
R2
172.000 168.080 130.553 470.633 156.911
R3
227.779 165.613 130.610 524.002 174.667
TOTAL
545.336 492.013 377.83 1412.179
MEAN
181.779 164.004 112.61
52.303
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
201.402 100.701 0.5288
TREATMENT 8
25168.007 3221.001 16.9155** 2.59
3.89
FACTOR A
2
14661.146 7330.573
38.4175** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B 2
5353.463 2676.731 14.0572** 3.63 6.23
AXB
4
5753.544 1438.386 190.417** 3.01 4.77
ERROR
16
3046.672
190.417
TOTAL 26 29016.227
**-
highly
significant
Coefficient of variation: 8.78%
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
38
Appendix Table 4. Non- marketable yield (kg/1x5mplot)
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
2.750 2 3 7.75
2.58
F1R2 2.750 2 2.500
7.25
2.42
F1R3 3.250 2 2.250
7.5 2.5
Sub total
8.75
6
7.75
22.5
2.5
F2R1
3 2.750
3
8.750
2.92
F2R2 2.750 3 2.500
8.25
2.75
F2R3 2.750 3 2.500
7.25
2.42
Sub total
8.5
8.75
8
24.25
2.69
F3R1
2.500 3 2.250
7.75
2.58
F3R2 2.250 3.250
2.750
8.25
2.75
F3R3 2.750 2 2 6.75
2.85
Sub total
7.5
8.25
7
22.75
2.53
Total 24.75 23 22.75
69.5
2.57
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
39
FxT TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL MEAN
R1
2.583 2.917 2.583 8.083 2.694
R2
2.417 2.750 2.750 7.917 2.639
R3
2.500 2.417 2.250 7.167 2.389
TOTAL 7.5 8.084 7.583 23.167
MEAN 2.5 2.70 2.53
2.574
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
0.449 0.225 1.2456
TREATMENT
8
1.019 0.127 0.7076ns
2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A
2
0.119 0.100 0.5522ns
3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B
2
0.447 0.238 1.3226ns
3.63 6.23
AXB
4
0.343 0.086 0.4751ns
3.01 4.77
ERROR 16
2.884 0.180
TOTAL 26 4.352
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 16.49%
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
40
Appendix Table 5. Marketable yield (kg/1x5m plot)
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
6 7
5.500
18.5
6.17
F1R2 7.750 9 7.25
24 8
F1R3 9.750 11.750
12
33.5
11.17
Sub total
23.5
27.75
24.75
76
8.44
F2R1
4.250 5 6.250
19.5
6.5
F2R2 7.750 6.750
7.500
22 7.33
F2R3 7.250 8.500
6.750
22.5
7.5
Sub total
19.25
20.25
20.5
64
7.11
F3R1
4.250 3.750
4.750
12.75
4.25
F3R2 6.250 3.750
5.250
15.25
5.08
F3R3 4.750 6 6.250
17 5.67
Sub total
15.25
13.5
16.25
45
5
Total
58
61.5
61.5
185
6.85
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
41
FXT TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL MEAN
R1
6.167 6.500 4.250 16.917 5.039
R2
8.000 7.333 5.083 20.416 6.806
R3
11.167 7.500 5.667 24.334 8.111
TOTAL 25.334 21.333 15
61.667
MEAN 8.44 7.111
5
6.85
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
0.019 0.009 0.0081
TREATMENT
8
97.448 12.181 10.6384** 2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A 2
54.296 27.148 23.7169** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B 2
27.532 13.766 12.0263** 3.63 6.23
AXB 4 15.620
3.905
3.4115*
3.01 4.77
ERROR 16 18.315
1.145
TOTAL 26 115.782
*-
significant
Coefficient of variation: 15.61%
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
42
Appendix Table 6. Total yield (kg/1x5m plot)
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
8.750 9 8.500
26.25
8.75
F1R2 10.250 11
9.750
31 10.33
F1R3 13
13.750
14.250
41 13.67
Sub total
32
33.75
32.5
98.25
10.92
F2R1
11.250 7.750
9.250
28.25
9.42
F2R2 10.500 9.750
10
30.25
10.08
F2R3 10
10.500
9.250
29.75
9.92
Sub total
31.75
28
28.5
88.25
9.81
F3R1
7.250 6.750
7 21 7
F3R2 8.500 7 8 23.5
7.83
F3R3 7.500 8 8.250
23.75
7.92
Sub total
23.25
21.75
23.25
68.25
7.58
Total
87
83.5
84.25
251.75
9.23
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
43
FXT TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL MEAN
R1
8.750 9.417 7.000 25.167 8.389
R2
10.333 10.083 7.833 28.249 9.417
R3
13.667 9.917 7.917 31.501 10.500
TOTAL 32.75 29.417 22.75 84.917
MEAN 10.92 9.81 7.58
9.44
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
0.755 0.337 0.6168
TREATMENT
8
91.907 11.448 18.7719** 2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A 2
51.852 25.926 42.3841** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B 2
20.060 10.030 16.3974** 3.63 6.23
AXB 4 19.995
4.999
8.1722**
3.01 4.77
ERROR 16
9.787 0.612
TOTAL
26
**-
highly
significant
Coefficient of variation: 8.29%
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
44
Appendix Table 7. Computed marketable yield (t/ha)
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
12 14
11
37
12.33
F1R2 15.5 18
14.5
48.5
16.167
F1R3 19.5 23.5
24
67 22.33
Sub total
47
55.5
49.5
152.5
16.94
F2R1
16.5 10
12.5
39
13
F2R2 15.5 13.5
15.5
44.5
14.83
F2R3 14.5 17
13.5
45 15
Sub total
46.5
40.5
41.5
128.5
14.28
F3R1
8.5 7.5
8.5
24.5
8.167
F3R2 12.5 7.5
10.5
30.5
10.167
F3R3 9.5 12
12.5
34 11.33
Sub total
30.5
27
31.5
89
9.89
Total
124
123
122.5
370
13.70
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
45
FXT TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL MEAN
R1
12.333 13.000 8.167 33.500 11.167
R2
16.000 14.833 10.167 41.000 13.667
R3
22.333 15.500 11.333 48.666 16.222
TOTAL 50.666 43.333 29.667 123.166
MEAN 16.89 14.44 9.889
13.685
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION 2
129.630
64.814
0.0143
TREATMENT 8
401574.074 50196.759 9.2560**
2.59
3.89
FACTOR A
2
225240.740 112620.370 24.8987** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR B
2
115018.518 57509.259
12.7144** 3.63 6.23
AXB
4
61314.814 15328.703 3.3889*
3.01 4.77
ERROR 16 72370.370
4523.148
TOTAL 26 474074.074
*-
significant
Coefficient of variation: 15.54%
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
46
Appendix Table 8. Leaf miner infestation at 30 DAT
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1 3
2 3 8 2.67
F1R2 3
3 3 9 3
F1R3 3
2 1 6 2
Sub total
9
7
7
23
2.56
F2R1 2
2 3 7 2.33
F2R2 3
3 3 9 3
F2R3 3
3 3 9 3
Sub total
8
8
9
25
2.78
F3R1 4
4 4 12 4
F3R2 5
4 3 12 4
F3R3 5
3 3 11 3.67
Sub total
14
11
10
35
3.89
Total
31
26
26
83
3.07
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
47
FxT TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
2.667 2.333 4.000 9.000 3.000
R2
3.000 3.000 4.000 10.000 3.333
R3
2.000 3.000 3.667 8.667 2.889
TOTAL
7.667 8.333 11.667 27.667
MEAN 2.56
2.78
3.899
3.07
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
1.852 0.926 2.4096
TREATMENT 8
11.852
1.482
3.8581*
2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A
2
9.185 4.593 11.9518** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B
2
0.963 0.481 1.22530ns 3.63 6.23
AXB
4
1.704 0.426 1.1084ns
3.01 4.77
ERROR
16
6.148 0.384
TOTAL 26 19.852
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 20.16%
*- significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
48
Appendix Table 9. Leaf miner infestation at 60 DAT
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
5 4
4
13
4.33
F1R2 3
3 2 8 2.67
F1R3 2
1 1 5 1.67
Sub total
10
8
7
26
2.89
F2R1
4 3
3
10
3.33
F2R2 4
3 3 10 3.33
F2R3 3
2 3 8 2.67
Sub total
11
8
9
28
3.11
F3R1
2 4
3
9
3
F3R2 3
4 3 10 3.33
F3R3 2
3 2 7 2.33
Sub total
7
11
8
26
2.89
Total
28
27
24
80
2.96
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
49
FxT TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
4.333 3.333 3.000 10.666 3.556
R2
2.667 3.333 3.333 9.333 3.111
R3
1.333 2.667 2.333 6.333 2.111
TOTAL
8.333 9.333 8.666 26.332
MEAN 2.78 3.111 2.889
2.93
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
0.963 0.418 1.2093
TREATMENT 8
16.519
2.065
5.1881**
2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A
2
0.519 0.259 0.6512ns
3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B
2
9.852 4.926 12.3712** 3.63 6.23
AXB
4
6.148 1.537 3.8605*
3.01 4.77
ERROR
16
6.370 0.398
TOTAL 26 23.852
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 21.57%
*- significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
50
Appendix Table 10. Early blight infection at 30 DAT
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
1 2
2
5
1.67
F1R2 1
1 3 5 1.67
F1R3 1
1 1 3 1
Sub total
3
4
6
13
1.44
F2R1
4 2
3
9
3
F2R2 3
2 1 6 2
F2R3 3
2 2 7 2.33
Sub total
10
6
6
22
2.44
F3R1
4 3
3
10
3.33
F3R2 3
3 3 9 3
F3R3 3
3 3 9 3
Sub total
10
9
9
28
3.11
Total
23
19
21
63
2.33
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
51
FxT TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
1.667 3.000 3.333 8.000 2.667
R2
1.667 2.000 3.000 6.667 2.222
R3
1.000 2.333 3.000 6.333 2.111
TOTAL
4.334 7.333 9.333 21
MEAN 1.45 2.44 3.111
2.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
0.889 0.444 0.9143
TREATMENT 8
15.334
1.917
3.9439**
2.59
3.89
FACTOR A
2
12.667
6.333
13.0286** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B
2
1.556 0.778 1.6000ns
3.63 6.23
AXB
4
1.111 0.278 0.5714ns
3.01 4.77
ERROR
16
7.778 0.486
TOTAL 26 24.000
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 29.88%
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
52
Appendix Table 11. Early blight infection at 60 DAT
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
3 3
3
9
3
F1R2 3
2 3 8 2.67
F1R3 2
3 2 7 2.33
Sub total
8
8
8
24
2.67
F2R1
3 4
3
10
3.33
F2R2 4
3 2 9 3
F2R3 2
3 3 8 2.67
Sub total
9
10
8
27
3
F3R1
3 4
3
10
3.33
F3R2 4
2 3 9 3
F3R3 3
3 2 8 2.67
Sub total
10
9
8
27
3
Total
27
27
24
78
2.89
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
53
FxT TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL MEAN
R1
3.000 3.333 3.333 9.666 3.222
R2
2.667 3.000 3.000 8.667 2.888
R3
2.333 2.667 2.667 7.667 2.556
TOTAL
8 9 9 26
MEAN
2.67
3 3 2.89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
0.667 0.333 0.7273
TREATMENT
8
2.667 0.333 0.7279ns
2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A
2
0.667 0.333 0.7273ns
3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B
2
2.000 1.000 0.1818ns
3.63 6.23
AXB
4
0.000 0.000 0.0000ns
3.01 4.77
ERROR 16
7.333 0.458
TOTAL 26 10.667
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 23.43%
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
VALDEZ, DAISY JANE. APRIL 2012. Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth
and Yield of Celery (ApiumgraveolensL. var. dulce Pers.).Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Percival B. Alipit, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Horticulture Research Field, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to January 2012 to determine the effect of frequency
and rate of application of wild sunflower extract on the performance of celery.
Results show that plants were significantly taller and had higher marketable yield with
lesser incidence of leaf miner on the crop with the application of wild sunflower extract at 7 days
intervalat 15 ml/l water.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………... i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….. ii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………… 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………….. 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSION……………………………………………………. 10
Plant Vigor…………………………………………………………………. 10
Plant Height …...…………………………………………………………... 11
Average Plant Weight….....………………….…………………………..… 12
Total Yield…………………………………………………..…………..…. 14
Marketable Yield…………………………………………………………... 18
Non-marketable Yield……...………………………………………….…… 22
Computed Marketable Yield………………….……………………………. 24
Incidence of Insect Pest and Diseases……………………………………… 25
Allelophatic Effects………………………………………………………... 28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION,
AND RECOMMENDATION………………………………………………………. 29
Summary…………………………………………………………………….. 29
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………... 29
Recommendation……………………………………………………………. 29
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………… 30
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………. 32
1
INTRODUCTION
Celeryis one of the crops that thrive best in Cordillera Philippines. This is
distinctly a cool season crop which thrives best in the areas with a monthly mean
temperature ranging from 15 to 18 degrees Celsius. It grows best in sandy or loam soil
with sufficient organic matter and soil pH requirement ranging from 6 to 6.8 (Knott and
Deanon, 1967).
It has a high marketable demand and price due to its uses like pre-dinner and
appetizer, salad, flavouring, soap, juices, and dressing as well as an excellent vegetable,
either stewed or creamed (Thompson and Kelly, 1959). Besides its food purposes, it is
used in aroma therapy and other traditional way of healing. Eating celery reduces high
blood pressure and gives the effect of calmness. Celery clears uric acid from painful
joints and may also help the treatment of arthritis and rheumatic problems. It also helps
kidney by acting as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant (Hippocrates, 2006).
Celery has become the most profitable cash crop, but it has been a long time
practice of most growers to use pesticide and inorganic fertilizer. Inorganic fertilizer is
used as a mean of supplementing the recommended nutrient in the soil. It is true that the
chemically made fertilizer is readily available for the plants. However long time use of
this said synthetic fertilizer and pesticide causes depleted nutrients leads to soil acidity
and unfavourable soil condition. Using of organic fertilizer to prevent or save the land
from this said effect.
Using plant resources found in farm surroundings is helpful in making organic
fertilizer. An example is the utilization of wild sunflower extracts for fertigating crops. It
is rich in nitrogen which is the most common nutrient applied in fertigation. Other
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
2
nutrient elements applied more or less frequently include phosphorus, sulfur, potassium,
zinc, and iron.
Fertigation
(contraction
of
fertilization and irrigation) is a technique of supplying
dissolved fertilizer to crop through on irrigation system. When combined with efficient
irrigation system both nutrients and water can be manipulated and manage to obtained the
maximum possible yield for marketable production from a given quality of this input
(Pile, 2010). With fertigation system over feeding, waste and run-off, and stripes in the
lawn from uneven application of fertilizer will be eliminated.
Wild sunflower has been known to be a good source of nitrogen (N). Besides
being free, it is abundant in farms. Wild sunflower as an organic fertilizer insures
vigorous growth of the plant and influences nutrient absorption due to the rule in
granulation thereby improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil (Pandosen,
1986).
This is therefore necessary to study the use of organic fertilizer like wild
sunflower extract to provide nutrients to have high yielding plants, minimize cost of
fertilizer input to maximize profit.
The study was conducted to determine the effect of frequency of application of wild
sunflower extract on the growth and yield of celery; the effect of rates of application; and
the best frequency and rate of application in the production of celery.
The experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Research Field, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad,Benguet from October 2011 to January 2012.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Fertilizer Application
The kind, amount, and method of applying fertilizer vary considerably from
section to section and within a single producing area. On sandy soil in Florida there was
no marketable celery was produced without fertilizer. Best result were obtain with a
mixture of containing approximately 6% of nitrogen, 2-4% of phosphoric acid, and 8%
potash, used at the rate of 8000 pounds per acre. In some areas in California there has
been no response to applied potassium and phosphorus, but good response to nitrogen.
Muck and peat soil are usually deficient in potash and often low in K. Nitrogen maybe
limiting in this soil when they are cold and wet (McCollum, 1989).
Soil should be rich, high in nitrogen and with a pH of 6.6. Liquid fertilizer is
beneficial from about four weeks after planting celery, or a nitrogenous fertilizer applied
as a top dressing (Phillips and Rix, 1991).
When the plant are about half mature size (about 2 ½ months after planting) begin
forcing them to grow rapidly. Feed and water frequently (Clifford and Wilson, 1998).
Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizer supply some amount of the nutrient requirements of the crops
and promote favourable soil properties, such as granulation, good tilth for efficient
aeration, easy root penetration and improvement of water holding capacity (PCARRD,
1982). Organic fertilizer also improve the soil structure and conserve soil moisture
making it ideal for vegetable production because vegetable requires soil rich in organic
matter ( Doa-ines,1994).
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
4
Kinoshita (1976) stated that organic fertilizer or droppings contains mainly of
nitrogen which tends to improve the physical properties of the soil.
Wild Sunflower
Wild sunflower which is abundant in the highlands can be a perfect substitute
organic nitrogen source and as starter of compost for it hasten further decomposition. It
also increases the nutrient content of compost (Victor, 1974). Through the laboratory
analysis, Paquito (2011) found that fresh wild sunflower extract contains nitrate nitrogen
at 0.5 ppm, potassium at 200ppm, and phosphorus at 37.5ppm, therefore wild sunflower
extract is a good source of organic nitrogen.
Yango (1998) found that incorporation of chopped wild sunflower is effective in
improving the growth and yield of Bontoc rice when applied one week before planting
time. In the case of garden pea, Durante (1983) claimed that application of 8 tons of fresh
wild sunflower per hectare gave highest yield.
In addition application of 20 tons of fresh wild sunflower per hectare 7 days
before transplanting celery is recommended (Bernard, 2009).
Importance of Fertigation
Fertigation allows the landscape to absorb up to 90% of the applied nutrients,
while granular or dry fertilizer application typically result in absorption rates of 10% to
40% (Fertigation System, 2011). Plaster (1997) stated that a third way to fertilize a
growing crop is injecting a fertilizer into irrigation. Liquid application is the most
commonly used of post plant surface applied systems. Benefits include ease in uniformity
of application, low labor requirements and ability to automate the system (Joiner, 1981).
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
5
According to Gamboa (1977) and Tombaga (1980), liquid fertilizers to be applied
as spray is more advantageous than solid fertilizers because of its security in avoiding
root injury.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were celery seedlings var. Ventura, wild sunflower extract,
watering cans, grub hoe, 1.5 liter plastic container, graduated cylinder, shredder or bolo,
meter stick, recording and documentation materials.
Methods
Celery seedlings were planted in an area of 135 m2 that was thoroughly prepared
and divided into 27 plots measuring 1x5 m (Figure 1). The field layout followed the
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) involving factorial arrangement. The level
of significance was tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). There were
9 treatment combinations with 3 replication. The treatments were as follows:
Factor A. Frequency of Application
Factor B. Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
F1 -7 days interval
R1 - 5ml /l water
F2 -14 days interval
R2 - 10ml /l water
F3 - 21 days interval
R3 - 15ml /l water
Young shoots of wild sunflower measuring one foot long from the tip to the base
at its vegetative stage were gathered and chopped or shredded for faster extraction
(Figure 2). It was weighed and 68 kilograms of chopped wild sunflower was placed in a
200 liter capacity drum. Then it was covered with plastic sheet. After two weeks, the
extract was collected and put into 1.5 liter containers.
Application of the wild sunflower extract was done following the frequency and
rate treatment. The rate of wild sunflower extract was based on the recommended
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
7
fertigation used that is 10ml/l of water (Paquito, 2011). From this recommended rate,
higher and lower rates were formulated. The extract was measured and mixed with the
corresponding amount in watering cans then applied overhead on the celery plants.
Application started two weeks after transplanting then following the frequency
application treatments thereafter.
Proper cultural management like weeding, hilling-up at 30 days after
transplanting, spraying of fungicide and insecticide at 7 days interval and stopped 15 days
prior to harvest. Practices like removal of leaf miner infested and early blight infected
parts were done to insure proper growth and development.
Figure 1. Transplanted celery seedlings
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
8
Figure 2. Preparation of wild sunflower extract
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Plant vigor. Plant vigor was rated using the following scale:
Scale
Description
1 Very
vigorous
2 Vigorous
3
Slightly vigorous
4
Not vigorous
2. Plant height (cm). This was taken from 10 sample plants selected at random by
measuring from the base of the plant to the longest leaves at harvest.
3. Average plant weight (g). This was obtained by taking the weight of the plants
per plot divided by the number of plants.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
9
4. Total yield (kg/5m2 plot). The weight of non-marketable and marketable
plants.
5. Marketable yield (kg/5m2plot). This was the total weight of the harvest plants
without defects that can be sold in the market.
6. Non- marketable yield (kg/5m2plot). This was the total weight of the harvest
with defects that cannot be sold in the market.
7. Computed marketable yield (t/ha). It was obtained multiplying the marketable
yield per plot by two thousand which is the number of 1x5m plots per hectare.
8. Incidence of insect pest and disease. This was taken from 10 sample plants
selected at random using the following rating scale(Cho, 1987) as cited by Menes (2010)
at 30 and 60 days after transplanting.
Scale
Description
1
No infestation /infection
2
1-25% of the total plants affected
3
26-50% of the total plants affected
4
51-75% of the total plants affected
5 76-100% of the total plants
affected
9. Allelophatic effects. All abnormalities were observed during the study.
10. Documentation. This was taken through pictures of the study.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Vigor
Effect
of
frequency of application. Result shows that plants applied more
frequently at 7 or 14 days interval were significantly more vigorous (Table 1).
Effect of rate of application.Plant vigor was not significantly affected by the rates
of wild sunflower extract applied (Table 1).
Interaction effects. No significant interaction effects of frequency of application
and rate of wild sunflower extract was observed on plant vigor.
Table 1. Plant vigor as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
1.556b
14 days interval
1.778b
21 days interval
3.111a
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
2.444 a
10 ml/l water
2.222a
15 ml/l water
1.778a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Rating:
1- Very vigorous
3- Slightly vigorous
2- Vigorous
4- Not vigorous
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
11
Figure 3. Plant vigor at 60 days after transplanting
Plant Height
Effect of frequency of application. Table 2 shows that celery plants that were
applied at 7 days interval were significantly taller.
Effect of rate of application. Application of 10 ml/l water and 15 ml/l water
significantly promoted development of taller plants (Table 2).
Interaction effects. There were no significant interaction effectsof frequency and
rate of application of wild sunflower extract on the plant height 60 days after
transplanting.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
12
Table 2. Plant height as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
(cm)
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
42.276a
14 days interval
37.710b
21 days interval
29.458c
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
33.388b
10 ml/l water
37.494a
15 ml/l water
38.561a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Average Plant Weight
Effect of frequency of application. Table 3 shows that frequent application at 7
days interval significantly effected heavier plant weight.
Effect of rate of application.Average plant weight was significantly heavier with
the application of 15ml/l water as shown in Table 3.
Interaction effect. Significantly heavier plants were observed with the application
of 15ml/l water at 7 days interval (Figure 4).
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
13
Table 3. Average plant weight as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
(g)
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
181.812a
14 days interval
164.004b
21 days interval
125.943c
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
140.181c
10 ml/l water
156.911b
15 ml/l water
174.667a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Figure 4.Interaction effect of frequency and rate of application on average plant weight
250
a
200
b
bc
bc
bc
cd
150
de
de
e
7 days interval
100
14 days interval
21 days interval
50
0
5 ml/lwater
10 ml/l water
15 ml/l water
Bars with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
14
Total Yield
Effect of frequency of application. Result revealed that plants applied at 7 days
interval had significantly higher total yield (Table 4).
Effect of rate of application. Plants applied with 15ml/l water significantly had the
highest total yield as shown in Table 4.
Interaction effect.Figure 5 shows that plants applied with 15ml/l water at 7 days
interval had significantly higher total yield.
Table 4. Total yield as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
(kg/5m2 plot)
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
10.063a
14 days interval
9.806b
21 days interval
8.042c
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
8.389c
10 ml/l water
9.417b
15 ml/l water
10.500a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
15
Figure 5.Interaction effect of frequency and rate of application on total yield
16
a
14
12
b
bc
bc
bc
10
cd
de
de
7 days interval
8
e
14 days interval
6
21 days interval
4
2
0
5 ml/lwater
10 ml/l water
15 ml/l water
Bars with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Marketable Yield
Effect of frequency of application. Significantly higher marketable yield was
obtained with more frequent application at 7 days interval as shown in Table 5.
Effect of rate of application. Application of the highest rate of sunflower extract at
15 ml/l water significantly effected higher marketable yield (Table 5). Marketable yield
increased correspondingly with an increase in the rate applied.
Interaction effect.Plants applied with the highest rate at 15 ml/l water more
frequently at 7 days interval significantly had higher marketable yield as shown in Figure
6.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
16
Table 5. Marketable yield as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
(kg/5m2 plot)
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
8.444a
14 days interval
7.111b
21 days interval
5.000c
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
5.539c
10 ml/l water
6.806b
15 ml/l water
8.111a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Figure 6. Interaction effect of frequency and rate of application on marketable yield
12
a
10
b
8
bc
bc
bcd
bcde
cde
7 days interval
6
de
14 days interval
e
4
21 days interval
2
0
5 ml/lwater
10 ml/l water
15 ml/l water
Bars with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
17
Figure 7. Harvesting at 60 days after transplanting
Figure 8. Harvested plants at 60 days after transplanting
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
18
Figure 9.Marketable plants
Figure 9a. Application of wild sunflower extract at 7 days interval at 5ml/l water
Figure9b.Application of wild sunflower extract at 7 days interval at 10 ml/l water
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
19
Figure 9c.Application of wild sunflower extract at 7 days interval at 15ml/l water
Figure 9d. Application of wild sunflower extract at 14 days interval at 5ml/l water
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
20
Figure 9e.Application of wild sunflower extract at 14 days interval at 10 ml/l water
Figure 9f.Application of wild sunflower extract at 14 days interval at 15ml/l water
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
21
Figure 9g.Application of wild sunflower extract at 21 days interval at 5 ml/l water
Figure 9h. Application of wild sunflower extract at 21 days interval at10 ml/l water
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
22
Figure 9i.Application of wild sunflower extract at 21 days interval at 15 ml/l water
Non-marketable Yield
Effect of frequency of application.Non-marketable yield was not significantly
affected by frequency of application as presented in Table 6.
Effect of rate of application. Table 6 shows that non-marketable yield was not
significantly affected by the rates of sunflower extract applied.
Interaction effect.Results show that there were no significant interaction effectsof
frequency and rate of wild sunflower extract on non-marketable yield.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
23
Table 6. Non marketable yield as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
(kg/5m2 plot)
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
2.500a
14 days interval
2.694a
21 days interval
2.528a
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
2.694a
10 ml/l water
2.639a
15 ml/l water
2.389a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Figure 10.Non-marketable plants with abnormalities
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
24
Computed Marketable Yield
Effect of frequency of application. Table 7 shows the computed marketable yield
per hectare. Plants applied more frequently at 7 days interval had significantly higher
computed marketable yield at 16.89 t/ha.
Effect of rate of application. Plants applied with 15 ml/l water significantly had
the highest computed marketable yield at 16.22 t/haas shown in Table 7.
Interaction effect. Application of 15 ml/l water at 7 days interval effected the
highest computed marketable yield (Figure 17). This shows that plants applied more
frequently at a higher rate had higher marketable yield.
Table 7. Computed marketable yield as affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
(t/ha)
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
16.888a
14 days interval
14.227b
21 days interval
9.889c
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
11.167c
10 ml/l water
13.667b
15 ml/l water
16.222a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
25
Figure 11. Interaction effect of frequency and rate of application on computed marketable
yield
25
a
20
b
bc
bc
15
bcd bcd
cde
7 days interval
de
10
14 days interval
e
21 days interval
5
0
5 ml/lwater
10 ml/l water
15 ml/l water
Bars with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Incidence of Insect Pest and Disease
Leaf Miner Infestation
Effect of frequency of application. At 30 days after transplanting, incidence of
leaf miner was significantly lower with application at 7 or 14 days interval while at 60
days after transplanting, frequency of application did not affect leaf miner infestation
(Table 8).
Effect of rate of application. Table 8 shows that rate of wild sunflower extract
application did not significantly affect the leaf miner infestation at 30 days after
transplanting but at 60 DAT, leaf miner infestation was significantly lower with the
application of 15ml/l water.
Interaction effect. Application of sunflower extract with 15ml/l water at 7 days
interval had significantly lowered infestation of leaf miner at 60 days after transplanting
as shown in Figure 18
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
26
Table 8.Leaf miner infestationas affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT MEAN
30 DAT
60 DAT
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
2.556b
2.778a
14 days interval
2.778b
3.111a
21 days interval
3.888a
2.889a
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
3.000a
3.556a
10 ml/l water
3.333a
3.111a
15 ml/l water
2.889a
2.111b
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Figure 12.Interaction effect of frequency and rate of application on leaf miner infestation
60DAT
5
a
4.5
4
ab
ab ab
3.5
b
3
b
b
bc
7 days interval
2.5
2
14 days interval
c
1.5
21 days interval
1
0.5
0
5 ml/lwater
10 ml/l water
15 ml/l water
Bars with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Rating:
1- No infestation
3- 26-50% infestation 5- 76-100% infestation
2- 1-25% infestation
4- 51-75% infestation
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
27
Figure 13. Leaf miner infestation
Early Blight
Effect of frequency of application.Table 9 shows that incidence of early blight
was significantly lower with application at 7 days interval at 30 DAT. At 60 DAT,
frequency of application did not significantly affect the early blight infection.
Effect of rate of application. Result shows that rate of application of wild
sunflower extract had no significant effect on the infection of early blight at 30 and 60
DAT (Table 9).
Interaction effect.There were no significant interaction effectsof frequency and
rate of wild sunflower extract application on early blight infection.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
28
Table 9.Early blight infectionas affected by wild sunflower extract application
TREATMENT
MEAN
30 DAP
60 DAP
Frequency of Application
7 days interval
1.444b
2.667a
14 days interval
2.444a
3.000a
21 days interval
3.111a
3.000a
Rate of Wild Sunflower Extract
5 ml/l water
2.667a
3.222a
10 ml/l water
2.222a
2.889a
15 ml/l water
2.111a
2.556a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Rating:
1- No infection
3- 26-50% infection 5- 76-100% infection
2- 1-25% infection
4- 51-75% infection
Allelophatic effects
There were no observed abnormalities on the celery plants during the conduct of
the study.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of frequency of application
of wild sunflower extract on the growth and yield of celery, determine the effect of
different rates of wild sunflower extract, and determine the best frequency and rate of
wild sunflower extract application in the production of celery.
Results show that celery had significantly better growth in heightand higher
marketable yield with lesser leaf miner infestationwith the application of wild sunflower
extract at 7 days intervalat 15 ml/l water.
Conclusion
Based on the results, it is concluded that application of wild sunflower extract at 7
days interval at a rate of 15ml/l water enhances growth and yield of celery.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that celery be applied with wild sunflower extract at
7 days interval at 15ml/l water to attain better growth and higher yield.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
30
LITERATURE CITED
BERNARD, R. M. 2009. Performance of celery on soil amended with organic materials
as source of nitrogen. BS Thesis. Benguet State University. Pp. 2-6.
CLIFFORD, P. H. and J. W. WILSON. 1998. Vegetable Gardening. California: Lane
Publishers. P. 45.
DOA-INES, E. S. 1994. Effect of organic fertilizer in the growth and yield of potato. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University.
DURANTE, B. C. 1983. Effect of different rates of wild sunflower on the growth
and yield of inoculated garden pea. BS Thesis. Benguet State Univesity, La
Trinidad Benguet. P. 61.
GAMBOA, F. L. 1977. Effect of two methods of planting and yield of pechay. BS
Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. VIII-2.
HIPPOCRATES, 2006.The Health Benefits of Celery. Retrieved 13 August 2011 from
http://www.thehealthbenefitsofcelery.com.
JOINER, J. N. 1981. Foliage Plant Production. Prentice-hall, Inc., England Cliff.
Pp. 242-243.
KINOSHITA, K. M. 1976. Vegetable Production in East Asia. New York: Willy and
Sons, Inc. Pp. 30-35.
KNOTT, J. E. and J. R. DEANON. 1967. Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia.
Laguna: UP. P. 320.
MC COLLUM, J. P. 1989. Producing Vegetable Crops.3rd Edition. The Interstate
Printers and Publishers, Inc. P. 287.
MENES, A. 2010.Response of pole snap beans to animal manure application under
organic production at La Trinidad Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad Benguet.P. 3.
PANDOSEN, M. D. 1986. Potential of wild sunflower (Thitoniadiversifolia) as an
Organic Fertilizer. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P.
41.
PAQUITO, J. T. 2011. Comparison of fermented and fresh wild sunflower extracts for
fertigation on potato. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet.Pp. 4- 48.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
31
PCARRD. 1982. The Philippine Recommends for Fertilizer Management. Technical Bull
Series No. 36 UPLB, Los Banos, Laguna. P. 39
PHILLIPS, R. and M. RIX. 1991. Vegetables. London :Panbooks. Ltd. P. 124.
PILE, G. 2010.Fertigation. Retrieved 30 August 2011fromhttp://www.fertigation.co.nz/
PLASTER, E. J. 1997. Soil Science and Management. 3rd Edition.Delmar
Publishers, USA.P. 239.
THOMPSON, H. O. and W. C. KELLY. 1959. Vegetable Crop. New York : McGraw-
Hill Book Co., Inc. Pp. 337-371.
TOMBAGA, G. N. 1980. Response of celery to different rate of lime concentration
of boron. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 27-28.
VICTOR, L. B. 1974. Compost Making. MSAC Farm News Bulletin. Pp. 3-
6.
YANGO, V. P. 1998. Time and rate of wild sunflower application on the growth and
yield of Bontoc rice. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
32
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Plant vigor
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1 2
2 2 6 2.0
F1R2 1
1 2 4 1.33
F1R3 1
1 2 4 1.33
Sub total
4
4
6
14
4.66
F2R1 2
1 2 5 1.66
F2R2 2
1 3 6 2.0
F2R3 1
1 3 5 1.66
Sub total
5
3
8
16
5.32
F3R1 3
4 4 11 3.66
F3R2 3
3 4 10 3.33
F3R3 2
3 2 7 2.33
Sub total
8
10
10
28
9.32
Total
17
17
24
58
19.3
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
33
FxT TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
2.000 1.667 3.667 7.334 2.444
R2
1.333 2.000 3.333 6.666 2.222
R3
1.333 1.667 2.333 5.333 1.778
TOTAL
4.666
5.334
9.333
19.333
MEAN 1.555 1.778 3.111
6.444
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
3.630 1.815 5.7647
TREATMENT 8
16.741
2.093
6.6433**
2.59
3.89
FACTOR A
2
12.741
6.370
20.2353** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B
2
2.074 1.037 3.2941ns
3.63 6.23
AXB
4
1.926 0.481 1.5294ns
3.01 4.77
ERROR
16
5.037 0.315
TOTAL 26 25.407
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 26.12%
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
34
Appendix Table 2. Plant height (cm)
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1 34.27 39.20
42.60
11.07
38.69
F1R2 38.8 43.87
46
128.67
42.89
F1R3 43.67 46.27
45.8
135.74
45.25
Sub total
116.74
129.34
134.4
275.48
30.61
F2R1 34.13 36.63
35.73
106.49
35.50
F2R2 38.6 42.06
39.33
119.99
39.997
F2R3 34
39.33
39.58
112
37.64
Sub total
106.73
118.02
114.64
338.48
37.61
F3R1 26.33 28.13
26.47
80.93
26.98
F3R2 29.4 29.53
26.47
88.79
29.60
F3R3 32.67 33.6
32.13
98.4
32.8
Sub total
88.4
91.26
85.07
268.12
29.79
Total
311.87
338.62
334.11
984.6
36.47
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
35
FxT TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
38.690
35.497 25.977 100.164 33.388
R2
42.890
39.997 29.597 112.489 37.494
R3
45.247
37.637 32.800 115.684 38.561
TOTAL
126.827
113.131
88.374
328.337
MEAN 42.276 37.71
29.458
36.482
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
63.185 31.592 11.0051
TREATMENT
8
926.224 115.778 40.3267**
2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A 2
759.717 379.959 132.3225**
3.63 6.23
FACTOR B
2
134.289
67.149
23.3911**
3.63 6.23
AXB 4 32.209
8.052
2.8050ns
3.01 4.77
ERROR
16
45.931
2.871
TOTAL
26
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 4.64%
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
36
Appendix Table 3. Average plant weight (g)
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1 145 150
141.67
436.67
145.56
F1R2 170.8 183
162.5
516.3
172.1
F1R3 216.67 229.167
237.5
683.44
227.78
Sub total
532.47
562.167
541.67
1636.41
181.82
F2R1 191.62 129.17
154.17
474.96
158.32
F2R2 175 162.5
166.67
504.17
168.06
F2R3 166.67 175
154.67
496.34
165.45
Sub total
533.29
466.67
475.51
1475.47
163.94
F3R1 120.83 112.5
116.67
349.97
116.66
F3R2 141.66 116.67
133.33
391.66
130.55
F3R3 121 133.33
137.5
391.83
130.61
Sub total
383.49
362.5
387.5
1133.46
125.94
Total
1449.25
1391.337
1404.68
4245.34
157.23
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
37
FxT TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
145.557 158.320 116.667 417.544 140.181
R2
172.000 168.080 130.553 470.633 156.911
R3
227.779 165.613 130.610 524.002 174.667
TOTAL
545.336 492.013 377.83 1412.179
MEAN
181.779 164.004 112.61
52.303
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
201.402 100.701 0.5288
TREATMENT 8
25168.007 3221.001 16.9155** 2.59
3.89
FACTOR A
2
14661.146 7330.573
38.4175** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B 2
5353.463 2676.731 14.0572** 3.63 6.23
AXB
4
5753.544 1438.386 190.417** 3.01 4.77
ERROR
16
3046.672
190.417
TOTAL 26 29016.227
**-
highly
significant
Coefficient of variation: 8.78%
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
38
Appendix Table 4. Non- marketable yield (kg/1x5mplot)
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
2.750 2 3 7.75
2.58
F1R2 2.750 2 2.500
7.25
2.42
F1R3 3.250 2 2.250
7.5 2.5
Sub total
8.75
6
7.75
22.5
2.5
F2R1
3 2.750
3
8.750
2.92
F2R2 2.750 3 2.500
8.25
2.75
F2R3 2.750 3 2.500
7.25
2.42
Sub total
8.5
8.75
8
24.25
2.69
F3R1
2.500 3 2.250
7.75
2.58
F3R2 2.250 3.250
2.750
8.25
2.75
F3R3 2.750 2 2 6.75
2.85
Sub total
7.5
8.25
7
22.75
2.53
Total 24.75 23 22.75
69.5
2.57
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
39
FxT TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL MEAN
R1
2.583 2.917 2.583 8.083 2.694
R2
2.417 2.750 2.750 7.917 2.639
R3
2.500 2.417 2.250 7.167 2.389
TOTAL 7.5 8.084 7.583 23.167
MEAN 2.5 2.70 2.53
2.574
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
0.449 0.225 1.2456
TREATMENT
8
1.019 0.127 0.7076ns
2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A
2
0.119 0.100 0.5522ns
3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B
2
0.447 0.238 1.3226ns
3.63 6.23
AXB
4
0.343 0.086 0.4751ns
3.01 4.77
ERROR 16
2.884 0.180
TOTAL 26 4.352
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 16.49%
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
40
Appendix Table 5. Marketable yield (kg/1x5m plot)
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
6 7
5.500
18.5
6.17
F1R2 7.750 9 7.25
24 8
F1R3 9.750 11.750
12
33.5
11.17
Sub total
23.5
27.75
24.75
76
8.44
F2R1
4.250 5 6.250
19.5
6.5
F2R2 7.750 6.750
7.500
22 7.33
F2R3 7.250 8.500
6.750
22.5
7.5
Sub total
19.25
20.25
20.5
64
7.11
F3R1
4.250 3.750
4.750
12.75
4.25
F3R2 6.250 3.750
5.250
15.25
5.08
F3R3 4.750 6 6.250
17 5.67
Sub total
15.25
13.5
16.25
45
5
Total
58
61.5
61.5
185
6.85
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
41
FXT TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL MEAN
R1
6.167 6.500 4.250 16.917 5.039
R2
8.000 7.333 5.083 20.416 6.806
R3
11.167 7.500 5.667 24.334 8.111
TOTAL 25.334 21.333 15
61.667
MEAN 8.44 7.111
5
6.85
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
0.019 0.009 0.0081
TREATMENT
8
97.448 12.181 10.6384** 2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A 2
54.296 27.148 23.7169** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B 2
27.532 13.766 12.0263** 3.63 6.23
AXB 4 15.620
3.905
3.4115*
3.01 4.77
ERROR 16 18.315
1.145
TOTAL 26 115.782
*-
significant
Coefficient of variation: 15.61%
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
42
Appendix Table 6. Total yield (kg/1x5m plot)
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
8.750 9 8.500
26.25
8.75
F1R2 10.250 11
9.750
31 10.33
F1R3 13
13.750
14.250
41 13.67
Sub total
32
33.75
32.5
98.25
10.92
F2R1
11.250 7.750
9.250
28.25
9.42
F2R2 10.500 9.750
10
30.25
10.08
F2R3 10
10.500
9.250
29.75
9.92
Sub total
31.75
28
28.5
88.25
9.81
F3R1
7.250 6.750
7 21 7
F3R2 8.500 7 8 23.5
7.83
F3R3 7.500 8 8.250
23.75
7.92
Sub total
23.25
21.75
23.25
68.25
7.58
Total
87
83.5
84.25
251.75
9.23
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
43
FXT TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL MEAN
R1
8.750 9.417 7.000 25.167 8.389
R2
10.333 10.083 7.833 28.249 9.417
R3
13.667 9.917 7.917 31.501 10.500
TOTAL 32.75 29.417 22.75 84.917
MEAN 10.92 9.81 7.58
9.44
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
0.755 0.337 0.6168
TREATMENT
8
91.907 11.448 18.7719** 2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A 2
51.852 25.926 42.3841** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B 2
20.060 10.030 16.3974** 3.63 6.23
AXB 4 19.995
4.999
8.1722**
3.01 4.77
ERROR 16
9.787 0.612
TOTAL
26
**-
highly
significant
Coefficient of variation: 8.29%
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
44
Appendix Table 7. Computed marketable yield (t/ha)
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
12 14
11
37
12.33
F1R2 15.5 18
14.5
48.5
16.167
F1R3 19.5 23.5
24
67 22.33
Sub total
47
55.5
49.5
152.5
16.94
F2R1
16.5 10
12.5
39
13
F2R2 15.5 13.5
15.5
44.5
14.83
F2R3 14.5 17
13.5
45 15
Sub total
46.5
40.5
41.5
128.5
14.28
F3R1
8.5 7.5
8.5
24.5
8.167
F3R2 12.5 7.5
10.5
30.5
10.167
F3R3 9.5 12
12.5
34 11.33
Sub total
30.5
27
31.5
89
9.89
Total
124
123
122.5
370
13.70
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
45
FXT TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL MEAN
R1
12.333 13.000 8.167 33.500 11.167
R2
16.000 14.833 10.167 41.000 13.667
R3
22.333 15.500 11.333 48.666 16.222
TOTAL 50.666 43.333 29.667 123.166
MEAN 16.89 14.44 9.889
13.685
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION 2
129.630
64.814
0.0143
TREATMENT 8
401574.074 50196.759 9.2560**
2.59
3.89
FACTOR A
2
225240.740 112620.370 24.8987** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR B
2
115018.518 57509.259
12.7144** 3.63 6.23
AXB
4
61314.814 15328.703 3.3889*
3.01 4.77
ERROR 16 72370.370
4523.148
TOTAL 26 474074.074
*-
significant
Coefficient of variation: 15.54%
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
46
Appendix Table 8. Leaf miner infestation at 30 DAT
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1 3
2 3 8 2.67
F1R2 3
3 3 9 3
F1R3 3
2 1 6 2
Sub total
9
7
7
23
2.56
F2R1 2
2 3 7 2.33
F2R2 3
3 3 9 3
F2R3 3
3 3 9 3
Sub total
8
8
9
25
2.78
F3R1 4
4 4 12 4
F3R2 5
4 3 12 4
F3R3 5
3 3 11 3.67
Sub total
14
11
10
35
3.89
Total
31
26
26
83
3.07
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
47
FxT TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
2.667 2.333 4.000 9.000 3.000
R2
3.000 3.000 4.000 10.000 3.333
R3
2.000 3.000 3.667 8.667 2.889
TOTAL
7.667 8.333 11.667 27.667
MEAN 2.56
2.78
3.899
3.07
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
1.852 0.926 2.4096
TREATMENT 8
11.852
1.482
3.8581*
2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A
2
9.185 4.593 11.9518** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B
2
0.963 0.481 1.22530ns 3.63 6.23
AXB
4
1.704 0.426 1.1084ns
3.01 4.77
ERROR
16
6.148 0.384
TOTAL 26 19.852
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 20.16%
*- significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
48
Appendix Table 9. Leaf miner infestation at 60 DAT
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
5 4
4
13
4.33
F1R2 3
3 2 8 2.67
F1R3 2
1 1 5 1.67
Sub total
10
8
7
26
2.89
F2R1
4 3
3
10
3.33
F2R2 4
3 3 10 3.33
F2R3 3
2 3 8 2.67
Sub total
11
8
9
28
3.11
F3R1
2 4
3
9
3
F3R2 3
4 3 10 3.33
F3R3 2
3 2 7 2.33
Sub total
7
11
8
26
2.89
Total
28
27
24
80
2.96
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
49
FxT TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
4.333 3.333 3.000 10.666 3.556
R2
2.667 3.333 3.333 9.333 3.111
R3
1.333 2.667 2.333 6.333 2.111
TOTAL
8.333 9.333 8.666 26.332
MEAN 2.78 3.111 2.889
2.93
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
0.963 0.418 1.2093
TREATMENT 8
16.519
2.065
5.1881**
2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A
2
0.519 0.259 0.6512ns
3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B
2
9.852 4.926 12.3712** 3.63 6.23
AXB
4
6.148 1.537 3.8605*
3.01 4.77
ERROR
16
6.370 0.398
TOTAL 26 23.852
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 21.57%
*- significant
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
50
Appendix Table 10. Early blight infection at 30 DAT
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
1 2
2
5
1.67
F1R2 1
1 3 5 1.67
F1R3 1
1 1 3 1
Sub total
3
4
6
13
1.44
F2R1
4 2
3
9
3
F2R2 3
2 1 6 2
F2R3 3
2 2 7 2.33
Sub total
10
6
6
22
2.44
F3R1
4 3
3
10
3.33
F3R2 3
3 3 9 3
F3R3 3
3 3 9 3
Sub total
10
9
9
28
3.11
Total
23
19
21
63
2.33
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
51
FxT TWO - WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
1.667 3.000 3.333 8.000 2.667
R2
1.667 2.000 3.000 6.667 2.222
R3
1.000 2.333 3.000 6.333 2.111
TOTAL
4.334 7.333 9.333 21
MEAN 1.45 2.44 3.111
2.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
0.889 0.444 0.9143
TREATMENT 8
15.334
1.917
3.9439**
2.59
3.89
FACTOR A
2
12.667
6.333
13.0286** 3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B
2
1.556 0.778 1.6000ns
3.63 6.23
AXB
4
1.111 0.278 0.5714ns
3.01 4.77
ERROR
16
7.778 0.486
TOTAL 26 24.000
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 29.88%
**- highly significant
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
52
Appendix Table 11. Early blight infection at 60 DAT
TREATMENT REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
F1R1
3 3
3
9
3
F1R2 3
2 3 8 2.67
F1R3 2
3 2 7 2.33
Sub total
8
8
8
24
2.67
F2R1
3 4
3
10
3.33
F2R2 4
3 2 9 3
F2R3 2
3 3 8 2.67
Sub total
9
10
8
27
3
F3R1
3 4
3
10
3.33
F3R2 4
2 3 9 3
F3R3 3
3 2 8 2.67
Sub total
10
9
8
27
3
Total
27
27
24
78
2.89
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
53
FxT TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT F1
F2
F3
TOTAL MEAN
R1
3.000 3.333 3.333 9.666 3.222
R2
2.667 3.000 3.000 8.667 2.888
R3
2.333 2.667 2.667 7.667 2.556
TOTAL
8 9 9 26
MEAN
2.67
3 3 2.89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
F
TABULAR
OF
SQUARES SQUARES VALUE
F
FREEDOM
5% 1%
REPLICATION
2
0.667 0.333 0.7273
TREATMENT
8
2.667 0.333 0.7279ns
2.59
3.89
FACTOR
A
2
0.667 0.333 0.7273ns
3.63 6.23
FACTOR
B
2
2.000 1.000 0.1818ns
3.63 6.23
AXB
4
0.000 0.000 0.0000ns
3.01 4.77
ERROR 16
7.333 0.458
TOTAL 26 10.667
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation: 23.43%
Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growth and Yield of Celery
(Apiumgraveolens L. var. dulce Pers.)/ Daisy Jane. Valdez. 2012
Document Outline
- Effect of Wild Sunflower Extract on the Growthand Yield of Celery (ApiumgraveolensL. var. dulce Pers.)
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENT1
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES