BIBLIOGRAPHY FRANCIS, SATURNINO M. March...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FRANCIS, SATURNINO M. March 2012. Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth
Performance of Broilers.Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to know the effect of aloe vera extract on the growth
performance of broilers. Specifically, the study aimed to determine the level of aloe vera extract
that will give the best result in terms of gain in weight, feed and water consumption, feed
conversion ratio and mortality rate of broilers and to determine the profitability of raising
broilers given aloe vera extract.
Following the completely randomized design, the 160 day old cob broilers were divided
into four treatments. Each treatment has four replications with ten birds per replication making a
total of forty birds per treatment. The four treatments were T0 (plain water without antibiotic),
T1 (water with commercial antibiotic), T2 (15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of clean water) and
T3 (25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of clean water).
Results of the study revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatments in terms of initial weight, final weight, gain in weight and water consumption of the
birds. However, significant differences were observed on the feed consumption, feed conversion
ratio and mortality of the birds. The significant difference observed is due to the number of birds
died during the study.
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore not recommended to use aloe vera extract
as water supplement for broilers. However, it is still recommended that further study should be
made perhaps with higher level of aloe vera.
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………... i
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………….. i
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………. ii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………… 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………………………………………... 4
MATERIALS AND METHODS …………………………………………….. 10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………… 14
Initial Weight …………………………………………………… 14
Final Weight ……………………………………………………. 14
Gain in Weight …………………………………………………... 15
Feed Consumption ………………………………………………. 16
Feed Conversion Ratio …………………………………………... 17
Water Consumption …………………………………………….... 17
Mortality …………………………………………………………. 18
Net Returns and Return on Investments…………….. …………... 19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION ………………………………………………. 20
AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………….... 20
Conclusion ……………………………………………………….. 20
Recommendation ………………………………………………… 21
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………… 22
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………….......... 23
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
INTRODUCTION
Poultry farming is one of the fastest growing segments in animal industry. In
recent years, study showed that poultry industry increase throughout the world and
increasing as years passed. Poultry farming has become one of the rapid contributors to
the nutrient sufficiency of the economy. Poultry meats become a good source of animal
protein needed by the human body. It is also generally accepted in most cultures as
wholesome meat for human consumption. For this reason, consumption of poultry is
increasing throughout the world.
However, consumption of poultry is much higher than the production. Poultry
raisers cannot provide the adequate supply of poultry meat for the daily human
consumption. One reason on low of supply of poultry is due to high amount of capital
needed in the operation.
Though poultry products are of high demand, it is undeniable that poultry farming
has a high cost of production due to high prices of commercially and imported feeds. It is
in need therefore to explore alternative source of feed which is readily available,
inexpensive, and especially organic to lessen the cost of production. It aims not only to
lessen the cost of production but also to improve or enhance the growth of the chicks.
Among the many products which could be use to improve the growth performance of the
chicks is the aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis).
Aloe vera is a succulent plant member of the lily family. The leaves are thick and
fleshy which contains the aloe vera gel. It is a short stemmed plant growing 60 cm to 100
cm. Aloe vera plants has been popular because of its medical properties. It was been used
for the treatment of skin wound, burn, scalds also as anti-inflammatory and others in
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many centuries.
Bejar and Colapo (2005) in their 42-day experiment showed that the final weight
and gain in weight of the broilers were significantly affected by the aloe vera extract
supplementation. Broilers given aloe extracts as drink supplement (5-20 ml) had
significantly improved growth rates compared to those broilers given plain water, as
shown in the final weight and gain in weight. In terms of feed consumption, broilers
given the 15ml and 20ml of aloe vera extracts in their drinks rated the highest while those
given the plain water rated the least. This result, according to the researchers, implied that
the final weight and gain in weight were strongly influenced by the feed intake of the
chicken. Meanwhile, no significant results were found in the conversion ratio (FCR) of
broilers although numerically, those chicken given the aloe vera extracts showed slightly
better FCR than those given plain water. Likewise, aloe vera supplementation did not
significantly affect the carcass and sensory characteristics of the broiler meat, retaining
the acceptability and saleability of the product. For the dressing percentage, again, those
given the aloe extract supplementation command the highest dressing percentage while
the unsupplemented ranked the least. This means that the heavier the final weight, the
better is the dressing percentage in chickens. For the economic competency, analysis
showed that chicken whose drink was supplemented with aloe extracts showed the best
return of investment (ROI) among the treatments with 30% ROI compared to the 7.5% of
the unsupplemented.
This research was conducted to confirm such effects of aloe vera on the growth
performance of broilers. The result of this study can serve as a guide in using aloe vera as
a supplement in broiler raising. This research also can provide data on how to enhance
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the performance of broilers to achieve high net profit and income through the use of aloe
vera.
Specifically, this study aimed to:
1. determine the level of aloe vera extract that will give the best result in terms
of gain in weight, feed and water consumption, feed conversion ratio and morbidity rate
of broilers; and
2. determine the profitability of raising broilers given aloe vera extract.
This study was conducted from January 15 to February 25, 2012 at the Poultry
Experimental Project of Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Aloe Vera
Aloe vera, native to the Africa continent, is also known as “lily of the desert”, the
“plant of immortality”, and the “medicine plant”. The name was originated from the
Arabic word alloeh, meaning “bitter”, because of the bitter liquid found in the leaves
(Herbal Information Center, 2011). It is a stem less or very short-stemmed succulent
plant growing to 60-100 cm (24-39 in) tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and
fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on the upper and
lower stem surfaces. The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth. The
flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall, each flower
pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla 2-3 cm (0.8-1.2 in) long. Like other Aloe
species, Aloe vera forms arbuscularmycorrhiza, a symbiosis that allows the plant better
access to mineral nutrients in soil (Wikipedia, 2011).
Calvin (2008) stated that aloe vera has a long been a popular houseplant. Often
called the 'miracle plant' or the 'natural healer', aloe vera is a plant of many surprises. It
flourishes in warm and dry climates, and to many people it looks like a cactus with fleshy
thorny leaves. In fact it is a member of lily family, staying moist where other plants
wither and die by closing its pores to prevent moisture loss.
Aloe vera is commonly cultivated as a pot plant and has two distinct types of
medicinal use. The clear gel contained in the leaf is remarkably effective healer of
wounds and burns, speeding up the rate of healing and reducing the risk of infection. The
yellow sap from the base of the leaf when dried is known as “bitter aloes”. It is a strong
laxative, useful for short-term constipation (Chevallier, 1996). It is one of the few plants
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that have stood the test of time. It has been in use for thousand years maintaining and
regaining health. This storehouse, full of powerful nutrients, has proven to be true to the
many claims that history has made on its behalf (Chupp, 2011).
Herbal Information Center (2011) stated that aloe vera is about 95% water. The
rest contains active ingredients including essential oil, amino acids, minerals, vitamins,
enzymes and glycoproteins. Herbalists have used it since the 1930's as a staple treatment.
Many liquid solutions are made, some adding the juice with other plants and herbs. The
juice is comforting to digestive tract irritations such as colitis and peptic ulcers.
Claims of Medical Properties
Dill (2010) said that aloe vera has been described as a portable first aid kit that
you can use to treat cuts, burns, bruises, scrapes, sunburn, bites and stings. When aloe
vera gel is applied topically onto or into the wound, it serves as a natural band aid or
wound dressing that seals it against outside infections accelerating the body's own
healing process. It is an effective, inexpensive first aid solution for all minor burns and
scalds. Gardens Ablaze (2010) added that aloe has been well known for centuries for its
healing properties, and booth oral intake and topical dressings have been documented to
facilitate healing of any kind of skin wound, burn, or scald-even speeding recovery time
after surgery.
Adams (2007) stated that aloe vera gel is extremely effective in wound care.
Large chunks of aloe vera gel can literally be packed inside wounds such as gunshot
wounds or tissue tears (Herbal Information Center, 2011) and it can help in keeping the
skin flexible, and has been used in the control of acne and eczema. It can relieve itching
from insect bites and allergies. The healing power is due to increasing the availability of
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oxygen to the skin, and by increasing the strength of skin tissue.
Aloe vera has been especially helpful of patients with severe and various skin
diseases. It acts as moisturizer and hydrates the skin. After being absorbed into the skin, it
stimulates the fibroblasts cells and causes them to regenerate themselves faster. It's the
cells that produce the collagen and elastin so the skin will get smoother and look younger
(Calvin, 2008). The clear gel of aloe vera has a dramatic ability to heal wounds, ulcers
and burns, putting a protective coat on the affected area and speeding up the rate of
healing. The action is in part due to presence of aloectin B, which stimulates the immune
system (Chevallier, 1996).
According to the Herbal Information Center (2011), aloe vera contains three anti-
inflammatory fatty acids that are helpful to the stomach, small intestine and colon. It
naturally alkalizes digestive juices to prevent over acidity-a common cause of
indigestion. It also helps clean the digestive tract by exerting a soothing, balancing effect
(Calvin, 2008) and it works gently within the intestinal tract to help breakdown food
residues that have become impacted. When the bowel is cleaned out, it greatly reduces
bloating, discomfort, and helps ease stress, which only leads to more attacks of irritable
bowel syndrome. Adams (2007) added that aloe vera is the best internal medicine for the
treatment of colon polyps. It soothes the intestinal tracts and helps heal pre-cancerous
lesions or growths.
Internally, aloe is showing real promise in the fight against AIDS, and the virus
has become undetectable in some patients who used it on a regular basis, due to its
immune system stimulant properties. It also seems to help prevent opportunistic
infections in cases of HIV and AIDS. It appears to be of help in cancer patients
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(including lung cancer) by activating the white blood cells and promoting growth of non-
cancerous cells (Gardens Ablaze, 2010). It turns out that special polymers found in aloe
vera gel have the ability to potentiate the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. What it
means is that the aloe vera made the remaining blood work better. Aloe vera gel turns
normal blood into super-oxygenated blood (Adams, 2007).
Natural Herbs Guide (2010) stated that aloe contains a component that acts
against viruses such as flu, chickenpox, and herpes and can also kill bacteria. Adams
(2007) said that aloe vera gel helps boost immune system function while destroying
cancer tumors.
Using aloe vera topically is well known to ease inflammation of joints, reducing
arthritis pain. But aloe can be also used internally, reducing inflammation throughout the
body from the inside out. People who drink aloe vera for two weeks typically begin to
experience a significant reduction of inflammation symp (Adams, 2007). Prednosolone
and Indomethacin (common anti-inflammatory drugs) were utilized in a comparative
study with the aloe vera gel to observe the effects on the tissue culture cells. The gel was
found to be just as effective as Prednosolone and Indomethacin, without having the long
term toxicity of either drug (Wolfe, 2011).
Gardens Ablaze (2010) said, taken orally, aloe also appears to work on heartburn,
arthritis and rheumatism pain and asthma, and studies shown that it has an effect on
lowering blood sugar levels in diabetics. Other situations in which it appears to work
when taken internally include congestion, intestinal worms, indigestion, stomach ulcers,
colitis, hemorrhoids, liver problems such us cirrhosis and hepatitis, kidney infections,
urinary tract infections, prostate problems, and as a general detoxifier. Herbal
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Information Center (2011) stated that a newly discovered compound in the plant called
acemannan, is being studied for its ability to help the bodies natural resistance. Studies
have shown that acemannan helps improve the number of T-lymphocyte cells that assist
the immune system.
Virucidal Studies
The Aloe Vera gel formula was found to be virucidal against Herpes simplex and
Herpes zoster viruses (Wolfe, 2011).
Commodity Uses
Aloe vera is now widely used on facial tissues, where it is promoted as a
moisturizer and or anti-irritant to reduce chafing of the nose of users suffering hay-fever
or cold. It has also been suggested that biofuels can be obtained from aloe vera seeds. It
can also be used to retwist dreadlocked hair, a favorite agent for vegans and those
preferring natural products. Aloe vera is also used for soothing the skin, and keeping the
skin moist to help avoid flaky scalp and skin in harsh and dry weather. Aloe vera may
also be used as a moisturizer for oily skin (Wikipedia, 2011). The gel is useful for almost
any skin condition that needs soothing and astringing, and will help varicose veins to
some degree (Chevallier, 1996). Commercially, aloe can be found in pills, sprays,
ointments, lotions, liquids, drinks, jellies, and creams (Gardens Ablaze, 2010).
Biologically Active Compounds
Aloe vera (inner gel) contains the 8 essential Amino Acids that the human body
needs but cannot manufacture (Calvin, 2008). It is rich in nourishing phytonutrients that
play a key role in the healing process. These include vitamins, especially the antioxidant
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vitamins A, B complex, C, and E, minerals including calcium, magnesium and zinc as
well as amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine. Other beneficial compounds include:
prostaglandins, polysaccharides, saponins, enzymes, glycoproteins, anthraquinones, plant
sterols and lignin (Dill, 2010).
According to Chupp (2011), Aloe Vera contains 18 of the 22 amino acids and 7 of
essential one in its purest form. This is another elongated reason that makes aloe vera
such an important nutritional element.
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study were 160 day-old cobb broiler chicks,
commercial feeds, antibiotics, brooding-rearing cages, weighing scale, old newspapers,
feeding and drinking troughs, record book, ball pen, disinfectants, incandescent bulbs,
blender, measuring cup, measuring bottles and aloe vera plants.
Methodology
Pre-experimental phase. A week before the arrival of the chicks, all equipment
was cleaned and disinfected. The floor of the brooders were covered with old newspapers
to help in conserving heat during brooding period and serve as a feed receptacle during
the first days of brooding. The 100-watt bulbs were installed and lighted 5 hours before
the arrival of the chicks for the reason of providing heat and light to the chicks.
Experimental design and treatments. Following the completely randomized
design (CRD), upon arrival the 160 day old broiler chicks were divided into four
treatments. Each treatment has four replications with 10 birds per replication making a
total of 40 birds per treatment. However, initial weights of the chicks were recorded
before they were placed in their assigned cages. Brooding was done upon arrival of the
chicks up to 21 days and they were placed on their assigned cages after the brooding.
The four treatments were:
T0= water (control) without antibiotic
T1= water with commercial antibiotic
T2=15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of clean water
T3=25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of clean water
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Procurement of the stocks. The experimental birds were obtained from a reliable
supplier. Cobb broilers were used in the study.
Preparation of aloe vera extract. Fresh aloe vera plants were gathered from
Buguias, Benguet. The aloe vera leaves were broken off and split open to collect the gel
inside the leaf for the making of aloe vera extract. The aloe vera gel was extracted using
blender to make the gel liquid. The aloe vera extract were added to the water on the
specified amount per treatment.
Care and management. All the experimental birds were subjected to the same
feeding management except the water that was provided. They were given same feeds for
each treatment. In T0, water without commercial antibiotics was offered to the birds.
Water with commercial antibiotics was offered to the birds in T1 while in T2, 15 ml of
aloe vera extract was added per liter of clean water.The birds in T3were offered water
with 25 ml of aloe vera extract per liter. The different treatments were administered from
the first day of brooding until the end of the study for a total of 42 days.
Starter crumble was given to the birds for the first two weeks of age. This was
shifted to grower crumble for the next two weeks (15th – 30th days) of the birds and then
finisher pellet was offered to the birds until the end of the study (31st- 42nd days old).
Feed and water offered to the birds were recorded before they were given to determine
the food and water consumption of the birds. Any feed left over and water left over were
measured and recorded early in the morning before they were given feed and water for
their daily consumption. Waterers were washed from clean water before filling again.
Same through with the feeding troughs, they were cleaned before putting feeds for the
birds.
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The brooding and rearing cages were cleaned daily to ensure good health of the
birds. Old newspapers used in the brooding days were changed every 1day to 2 days to
insure cleanliness.
Data Gathered
The data gathered are the following:
1. Initial weight (kg). This is the weight of the birds at day old.
2. Final weight (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds at 42 days old.
3. Feed consumption of the birds (kg). This is the amount of feeds that the birds
consumed throughout the study.
4. Water consumption of the birds (l). This is the amount of water that the birds
consumed throughout the study.
5.
Morbidity. This is the number of birds that got sick throughout the duration of
the study.
6.
Mortality. This is the number of birds that died throughout the study.
7. Feed left-over. This was obtained by taking the measurement of the feed left-
over of the birds.
8.
Water
left-over. This was obtained by taking the measurement of the water left-
over of the birds.
9. Cost of feed (Php).This is the cost of feed that the birds consumed throughout
the study.
10. Production cost (Php). This includes the cost of feeds, medication, and other
expenses that was incurred in the study.
From the data above, the following were computed:
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1. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the
initial weight from final weight of the birds.
2. Feed conversion ratio. This was computed by dividing the feed intake by the
gain in weight of the birds.
3. Feed consumption (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the total feed leftover
from the total feed offered to the birds.
4. Water consumption (l). This was obtained by subtracting the total water left
over from the total water offered to the birds.
5. Mortality rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of birds died by
their initial number divided by 100.
6.Feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight (Php). This was obtained by
multiplying the feed cost per kilogram by the feed conversion ratio.
7. Total cost per kilogram of broiler produced (Php). This was computed by
dividing the total cost of production by the total kilogram of the birds per treatment.
8. Net profit (Php). This was obtained by subtracting the total cost of production
from the total sales.
9. Return of investment (ROI). This was obtained by dividing the net profit by the
cost of production multiplied by 100.
Data Analysis
All the data gathered were tabulated and analyzed using the analysis for
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The significance between means was compared
using the Ducan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight
In Table 1 it presents the initial weight of the experimental birds in the different
treatments. The average initial weights of the birds were taken when the experimental
birds are at day old. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences
among the initial weight of birds in different treatments. The body weights of birds were
more or less identical and numerical differences were too small to cause significant
variation. The result implies that initial weights of birds are of the same sizes at the start
of the study.
Final Weight
The final weights of the experimental birds in different treatments are presented in
Table 2. Final weights were taken during the 42nd day of the birds at the end of the
experimental period. The final weight presented in the table showed that birds offered
water with 25 ml aloe veraextract together with the water mixed without
commercialantibiotic have the same value of final weight. In the same manner, the birds
given 15 ml
Table 1. Average initial weight of the birds
TREATMENT MEAN INITIAL WEIGHT (kg)
Water (control) without intibiotic 0.047875a
Water with commercial intibiotic 0.047375a
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 0.047225a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 0.049725a
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
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Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
aloevera extract and those which drank water with antibiotic premix had similar final
weight values. Nonetheless, all final weights were found to be homologous. This suggest
that aloe vera extract supplementation did not affect the final weight of the broilers
contradictory to the recent study of Bejar and Colapo (2005) which showed that final
weight and gain in weight of the birds were significantly affected by the aloe vera extract
supplementation.
Gain in Weight
Table 3shows the average gain in weight of the experimental birds in
differenttreatments. Following the trend in final weight, there were no significant
differences in the gain in weight of the birds on the different treatments. This implies that
aloe vera extract did not affect the growth rate of the birds. As presented in the table, it
means that the experimental birds given aloe vera extract and commercial antibiotic had
the same ability to gain weight together those offered water (control) without antibiotic.
Table 2. Average final weight of the birds
TREATMENT MEAN FINAL WEIGHT (kg)
Water (control) without antibiotic 1.86225a
Water with commercial antibiotic 1.79875a
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.79875a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.86200a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
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Feed Consumption
The average feed consumption of the birds in different treatments is presented
inTable 4. Birds treated with 15 ml aloe vera extract have the highest feed consumption
as revealed by statistical analysis. The birds treated with 25 ml aloe vera have the second
highest feed consumption but not as far from either treatment with or without commercial
antibiotic. This means that birds treated with 15 ml aloe vera extract consume high
amount of feeds than the other birds on the other treatments which causes the significant
difference on the treatments.
Table 3. Average gain in weight of the birds
TREATMENT MEAN GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
Water (control) without antibiotic 1.8145a
Water with commercial antibiotic 1.7515a
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.7518a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.8150a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Table 4. Average feed consumption of the birds
TREATMENT MEAN FEED CONSUMPTION (kg)
Water (control) without antibiotic 4.1743b
Water with commercial antibiotic 4.2228b
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 4.6775a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 4.4858ab
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Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
Feed conversion ratio of the birds in different treatments is shown in Table 5.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences among the different
treatments. Birds given water incorporated with 15 ml aloe vera extract are significantly
less efficient in terms of feed conversion ratio of the birds from the other treatments. One
cause of the significant difference is due to high feed consumption of the birds but lesser
gain in weight. Meanwhile the treatments of water (control) without antibiotic, water with
commercial antibiotic and 25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water have the same feed
conversion ratio. Although there are slight differences on their feed conversion ratio, it is
very minimal.
Water Consumption
Table 6 presents the water consumption of the experimental birds in
differenttreatments. Statistical analysis shows that water consumption of the experimental
birds inthe differenttreatments have no significant difference. This means that the birds
have
Table 5. Average feed conversion ratio of the birds (FCR)
TREATMENT FCR
Water (control) without antibiotic 2.3020b
Water with commercial antibiotic 2.4125b
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 2.7075a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 2.4718b
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
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Table 6. Average water consumption of the birds
TREATMENT MEAN WATER CONSUMPTION (l)
Water (control) without antibiotic 97.6880a
Water with commercial antibiotic 97.6913a
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 97.6025a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 97.5800a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
more or less the same water consumption. It may also mean that the addition of aloe vera
extract in the water was well tolerated by the birds since no critical observations were
noted.
Mortality
Out of the 160 birds, there were 20 birds that died during the study. Necropsy
findings revealed wet vent, beak with mucous discharge, apparently enlarged lymph
nodes, ischemic visceral pleura with mucous discharge, ischemic pericardium and
epicardium, enlarged edematous heart, which are suggestive of Chronic Respiratory
Disease (CRD). Three birds died from the water (control) without antibiotic treatment
and four birds died from the treatment of water with commercial antibiotic. Seven birds
have died in treatment of water with 15 ml aloe vera extract and 6 birds died from the
treatment of water with 25 ml aloe vera extract. Significant differences among the
treatmens were shown by the statistical analysis. Birds treated with 15 ml aloe vera
extract have the highest mortality rate while birds treated with water (control) without
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
antibiotic havethelowest mortality rate. This shows that aloe vera supplementation didnot
19
stimulate the immune system of the birds as cited by Chevallier (1996) and Gardens
Ablaze (2010) but this does notmean that aloe vera has some contents that cause the
death of the birds as revealed by the necropsy findings.
Net Returns
Table 8 presents the net returns of investment on the study. Those birds given
with water (control) without antibiotic had the highest return of investment (ROI)
followed by those birds given water with commercial antibiotic and those birds given
waterincorporated with 25 ml aloe vera extract and lastly those birds given water
incorporated with 15 ml aloe vera extract.
Table 7. Mortality rate(%)
TREATMENT MORTALITY RATE (%)
Water (control) without antibiotic 7.500c
Water with commercial antibiotic 10.000bc
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 17.500a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 15.000ab
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Table 8. Return of investment and net returns
TREATMENT GROSS TOTAL COST OF NET ROI
RETURN PRODUCTION INCOME (%)
Water (control) without antibiotic 8,258.00 7,140.00 1,118.00 15.66
Water with commercial antibiotic 7,772.00 7,479.00 293.00 3.92
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
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15 ml aloe veraextract per liter of water 7,174.00 7,172.00 2.00 0.03
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 7,597.00 7,345.00 252.00 3.43
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The results of the study on the effect of aloe vera extract on the growth
performance of broilers shows that that there were no significant differences among the
different treatments on the following parameters gathered during the experiment; the
initial weight, final weight, gain in weight and water consumption of the experimental
birds. The results implies that supplementation of aloe vera has no effect on the growth
performance of broilers.
Meanwhile, significant differences among the different treatments were revealed
in the feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and mortality of the birds. It is due to the
number of mortality of birds in the different treatments that cause significant differences
among the treatments. The cause of mortality is caused by Chronic Respiratory Disease
(CRD) revealed by necropsy findings.
In terms of their returns of investments (ROI), birds given with water (control)
without antibiotic had the highest return of investments which has an ROI of 18.95
followed by those birds treated with 25 ml aloe vera per liter of water and those birds
given with water incorporated with commercial antibiotic which has an ROI of 5.66 and
5.24 respectively. Those birds given with water incorporated with 15 ml aloe vera per
liter of water had the lowest return of investment which has an ROI of 1.97.
Conclusion
As shown from the results and observations on the experiment, it is therefore
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
21
concluded that using aloe vera extract as water supplement for broilers did not show
anyeffect on the growth performance of broilers in this study.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study it is not therefore recommended to use aloe vera
extract as water supplement for broilers. However, it is still recommended that further
study should be made using aloe vera extract in higher amount because there is
possibility that the amount used in the study are too small to cause effect on the birds.
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
LITERATURE CITED
ADAMS, M. 2007. The aloeveramiracle: A natural medicine for cancer, cholesterol
diabetes, inflammations, IBS, and other health conditions. Retrieved August 2011
from http://www.naturalnews.com/021858.html
BEJAR, F. R. and COLAPO, R. P. 2005. “Growth performanceand Sensory Evaluation
of Broilers Supplemented with aloe vera (aloe barbadensis) extract in Drinking
Water”.
Samar State College of Agriculture and Forestry; San Jorge, Samar
and University of
Eastern Philippines, Northern Samar. Retrieved July 2011
fromhttp://www.pinoybisnes.com/agri-business/aloe-vera-as-poultry-growth-
enhancer-part1/
CALVIN, J. 2008. Aloe Vera Plant History Uses and Benefits. Retrieved August 2011
from http://www.disabled-world.com/artman/publish/aloe-vera.shtml
CHEVALLIER, A.1996. The Encyclopedia of MedicinalPlants. DorlingKindersly
Limited, London.Pp 43, 57.
CHUPP, D. 2011. Aloe Vera. Retrieved August 2011 from http;//www.aloe-vera-
advice.com/index.html
DAGHIR, N. J. 2008. Poultry production in hot climates.Second Edition.Pp 2-3.
DILL, D. 2010. Aloe Vera Gel: Heal withthe Band Aid of Mother Nature. Retrieved
August 2011 from http://www.naturalnews.com/030139_aloe_vera_first_aid.htm
GARDENS ABLAZE. 2010. Aloe Vera. Copyright 1999. Retrieved August 2011 from
http://www.gardensablaze.com/HerbAloeMed.htm
HERBAL INFORMATION CENTER. 2011. Aloe Vera. Retrieved August 2011 from
http://www.kcweb.com/herb/aloevera.htm
HERREN, R. 2000.The Science of Animal Agriculture.Second Edition.Pp 65.
NATURAL HERBSGUIDE. 2010.Natural Herbal Remedies, Medicine, and
Supplements. Retrieved August 2011 from
http://www.naturalherbsguide.com/aloe-vera.html
WIKIPEDIA. 2011. Aloe vera. Retrieved July 2011 from
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What is aloe vera#ixzz1R9bEYGZY
WOLFE, B. 2011.Aloe Vera Overview. Retrieved August 2011 from
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
http;//www.drwolfe.com/aloe_vera
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Average initial weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 0.050 0.048 0.047 0.047 0.192 0.048
Water with commercial antibiotic 0.047 0.048 0.046 0.048 0.189 0.047
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 0.048 0.046 0.047 0.048 0.189 0.047
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 0.047 0.048 0.047 0.057 0.199 0.050
GRAND TOTAL 0.769
GRAND MEAN 0.192
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 0.00001589 0.00000530 0.81ns 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.00007871 0.00000656
TOTAL 15 0.00009460
ns=not significant Coefficient of variation= 5.330046
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
24
Appendix Table 2. Average final weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 1.843 1.820 1.865 1.921 7.449 1.862
Water with commercial antibiotic 1.777 1.746 1.868 1.804 7.195 1.799
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.769 1.856 1.824 1.746 7.195 1.799
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.916 1.940 1.830 1.762 7.448 1.862
GRAND TOTAL 29.287
GRAND MEAN 7.322
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 0.01606569 0.00535523 0.56ns 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.04130025 0.00344169
TOTAL 15 0.00009460
ns=not significant Coefficient of variation= 3.205021
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
25
Appendix Table 3. Average gain in weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 1.794 1.772 1.818 1.874 7.258 1.815
Water with commercial antibiotic 1.730 1.698 1.822 1.756 7.006 1.752
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.721 1.810 1.778 1.698 7.007 1.752
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.869 1.892 1.783 1.716 7.260 1.815
GRAND TOTAL 28.531
GRAND MEAN 7.134
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 0.01593969 0.00531323 1.53ns 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.04168075 0.00347340
TOTAL 15 0.05762044
ns=not significant Coefficient of variation= 3.305066
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
26
Appendix Table 4. Average feed consumption of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 4.278 4.277 3.857 4.285 16.697 4.174
Water with commercial antibiotic 4.189 4.220 4.228 4.254 16.891 4.223
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 4.810 4.810 4.280 4.810 18.710 4.678
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 4.776 4.780 4.200 4.187 17.943 4.486
GRAND TOTAL 70.241
GRAND MEAN 17.561
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 0.66537969 0.22179323 3.86* 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.68879325 0.05739944
TOTAL 15 1.35417294
*=significant Coefficient of variation= 5.457366
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
27
Appendix Table 5. Average feed conversion ratio of the birds (FCR)
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 2.385 2.414 2.122 2.287 9.208 2.302
Water with commercial antibiotic 2.421 2.485 2.321 2.423 9.650 2.413
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 2.795 2.795 2.407 2.833 10.830 2.708
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 2.555 2.526 2.356 2.440 9.877 2.469
GRAND TOTAL 39.565
GRAND MEAN 9.892
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 0.35156919 0.11718973 6.61* 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.21269675 0.01772473
TOTAL 15 0.56426594
*=significant Coefficient of variation= 5.382560
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
28
Appendix Table 6. Average water consumption of the birds (l)
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 97.66 97.66 97.70 97.73 390.75 97.69
Water with commercial antibiotic 97.65 97.68 97.70 97.73 390.76 97.69
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 97.54 97.73 97.63 97.51 390.41 97.60
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 97.59 97.73 97.52 97.48 390.32 97.58
GRAND TOTAL 1,562.24
GRAND MEAN 390.56
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 0.03974419 0.01324806 2.17ns 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.07313775 0.00609481
TOTAL 15 0.00009460
ns=not significant Coefficient of variation= 0.079956
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
29
Appendix Table 7. Mortality
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 10 10 0 10 30 7.5
Water with commercial antibiotic 10 10 10 10 40 10.0
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 20 20 10 20 70 17.5
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 20 20 10 10 60 15.0
GRAND TOTAL 200
GRAND MEAN 12.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 250.0000000 83.3333333 4.00** 3.49 5.95
Error 12 250.0000000 20.8333333
TOTAL 15 500.0000000
**=highly significant Coefficient of variation= 36.51484
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
30
Appendix Table 8. Return On Investment
ITEM T0 T1 T2 T3
A. Sales*
1. Cubb Broilers 8,258.00 7,772.00 7,174.00 7,597.00
TOTAL SALES 8,258.00 7,772.00 7,174.00 7,597.00
B. Expenses
1. Cost of stock 1,320.00 1,320.00 1,320.00 1,320.00
2. Cost of feeds 4,470.00 4,409.00 4,375.00 4,405.00
3. Cost of aloe vera 0.00 0.00 127.00 270.00
4. Cost of antibiotics 0.00 400.00 0.00 0.00
5. Bulbs 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00
6. Disinfectant 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
7. Newspapers 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00
C. Labor Cost** 985.00 985.00 985.00 985.00
TOTAL EXPENSES 7,140.00 7,479.00 7,172.00 7,345.00
C. Net Income 1,118.00 293.00 2.00 252.00
ROI(%) 15.66 3.92 0.03 3.43
ASSUMPTIONS:
*- total sales of the birdsafter 42 days of experiment at a price of 120 Php per kilo.
**- labor cost 3 hours per day within 42 days at wage rate of 250 Php per day.
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
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31
Appendix Table 9.
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDECINE
La Trinidad, Benguet
VETERINARY NECROPSY PROTOCOL
Owner: FRANCIS, Saturnino M. Date: February 17, 2012
Address: Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet
IDENTIFICATION
Specie: Avian Breed: Broiler Sex:_________ Age: 34 days old
Patients name: _____________ Color: White Identification mark:________
Tag no.__________ Hours intervening between death and autopsy_________
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS:
RESPIRATORY PROBLEM
NECROPSY DIAGNOSIS:
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE (CRD)
CLINICAL ABSTRACT
One broiler was brought to BSU animal hospital for necropsy due to increased
deaths in the flock. Based on history and clinical signs observed, the initial finding was
respiratory problem. Necropsy findings revealed wet vent, beak with mucous discharge,
apparently enlarged lymph nodes, ischemic visceral pleura with mucous discharge,
ischemic pericardium and epicardium, enlarged edematous heart, which are suggestive of
Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD).
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
Prepared by:
Melly Ann Salic-o
Lic # 6274 /Resident Veterinarian
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
FRANCIS, SATURNINO M. March 2012. Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth
Performance of Broilers.Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to know the effect of aloe vera extract on the growth
performance of broilers. Specifically, the study aimed to determine the level of aloe vera extract
that will give the best result in terms of gain in weight, feed and water consumption, feed
conversion ratio and mortality rate of broilers and to determine the profitability of raising
broilers given aloe vera extract.
Following the completely randomized design, the 160 day old cob broilers were divided
into four treatments. Each treatment has four replications with ten birds per replication making a
total of forty birds per treatment. The four treatments were T0 (plain water without antibiotic),
T1 (water with commercial antibiotic), T2 (15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of clean water) and
T3 (25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of clean water).
Results of the study revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatments in terms of initial weight, final weight, gain in weight and water consumption of the
birds. However, significant differences were observed on the feed consumption, feed conversion
ratio and mortality of the birds. The significant difference observed is due to the number of birds
died during the study.
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore not recommended to use aloe vera extract
as water supplement for broilers. However, it is still recommended that further study should be
made perhaps with higher level of aloe vera.
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………... i
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………….. i
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………. ii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………… 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………………………………………... 4
MATERIALS AND METHODS …………………………………………….. 10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………… 14
Initial Weight …………………………………………………… 14
Final Weight ……………………………………………………. 14
Gain in Weight …………………………………………………... 15
Feed Consumption ………………………………………………. 16
Feed Conversion Ratio …………………………………………... 17
Water Consumption …………………………………………….... 17
Mortality …………………………………………………………. 18
Net Returns and Return on Investments…………….. …………... 19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION ………………………………………………. 20
AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………….... 20
Conclusion ……………………………………………………….. 20
Recommendation ………………………………………………… 21
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………… 22
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………….......... 23
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
INTRODUCTION
Poultry farming is one of the fastest growing segments in animal industry. In
recent years, study showed that poultry industry increase throughout the world and
increasing as years passed. Poultry farming has become one of the rapid contributors to
the nutrient sufficiency of the economy. Poultry meats become a good source of animal
protein needed by the human body. It is also generally accepted in most cultures as
wholesome meat for human consumption. For this reason, consumption of poultry is
increasing throughout the world.
However, consumption of poultry is much higher than the production. Poultry
raisers cannot provide the adequate supply of poultry meat for the daily human
consumption. One reason on low of supply of poultry is due to high amount of capital
needed in the operation.
Though poultry products are of high demand, it is undeniable that poultry farming
has a high cost of production due to high prices of commercially and imported feeds. It is
in need therefore to explore alternative source of feed which is readily available,
inexpensive, and especially organic to lessen the cost of production. It aims not only to
lessen the cost of production but also to improve or enhance the growth of the chicks.
Among the many products which could be use to improve the growth performance of the
chicks is the aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis).
Aloe vera is a succulent plant member of the lily family. The leaves are thick and
fleshy which contains the aloe vera gel. It is a short stemmed plant growing 60 cm to 100
cm. Aloe vera plants has been popular because of its medical properties. It was been used
for the treatment of skin wound, burn, scalds also as anti-inflammatory and others in
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
2
many centuries.
Bejar and Colapo (2005) in their 42-day experiment showed that the final weight
and gain in weight of the broilers were significantly affected by the aloe vera extract
supplementation. Broilers given aloe extracts as drink supplement (5-20 ml) had
significantly improved growth rates compared to those broilers given plain water, as
shown in the final weight and gain in weight. In terms of feed consumption, broilers
given the 15ml and 20ml of aloe vera extracts in their drinks rated the highest while those
given the plain water rated the least. This result, according to the researchers, implied that
the final weight and gain in weight were strongly influenced by the feed intake of the
chicken. Meanwhile, no significant results were found in the conversion ratio (FCR) of
broilers although numerically, those chicken given the aloe vera extracts showed slightly
better FCR than those given plain water. Likewise, aloe vera supplementation did not
significantly affect the carcass and sensory characteristics of the broiler meat, retaining
the acceptability and saleability of the product. For the dressing percentage, again, those
given the aloe extract supplementation command the highest dressing percentage while
the unsupplemented ranked the least. This means that the heavier the final weight, the
better is the dressing percentage in chickens. For the economic competency, analysis
showed that chicken whose drink was supplemented with aloe extracts showed the best
return of investment (ROI) among the treatments with 30% ROI compared to the 7.5% of
the unsupplemented.
This research was conducted to confirm such effects of aloe vera on the growth
performance of broilers. The result of this study can serve as a guide in using aloe vera as
a supplement in broiler raising. This research also can provide data on how to enhance
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
3
the performance of broilers to achieve high net profit and income through the use of aloe
vera.
Specifically, this study aimed to:
1. determine the level of aloe vera extract that will give the best result in terms
of gain in weight, feed and water consumption, feed conversion ratio and morbidity rate
of broilers; and
2. determine the profitability of raising broilers given aloe vera extract.
This study was conducted from January 15 to February 25, 2012 at the Poultry
Experimental Project of Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Aloe Vera
Aloe vera, native to the Africa continent, is also known as “lily of the desert”, the
“plant of immortality”, and the “medicine plant”. The name was originated from the
Arabic word alloeh, meaning “bitter”, because of the bitter liquid found in the leaves
(Herbal Information Center, 2011). It is a stem less or very short-stemmed succulent
plant growing to 60-100 cm (24-39 in) tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and
fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on the upper and
lower stem surfaces. The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth. The
flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall, each flower
pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla 2-3 cm (0.8-1.2 in) long. Like other Aloe
species, Aloe vera forms arbuscularmycorrhiza, a symbiosis that allows the plant better
access to mineral nutrients in soil (Wikipedia, 2011).
Calvin (2008) stated that aloe vera has a long been a popular houseplant. Often
called the 'miracle plant' or the 'natural healer', aloe vera is a plant of many surprises. It
flourishes in warm and dry climates, and to many people it looks like a cactus with fleshy
thorny leaves. In fact it is a member of lily family, staying moist where other plants
wither and die by closing its pores to prevent moisture loss.
Aloe vera is commonly cultivated as a pot plant and has two distinct types of
medicinal use. The clear gel contained in the leaf is remarkably effective healer of
wounds and burns, speeding up the rate of healing and reducing the risk of infection. The
yellow sap from the base of the leaf when dried is known as “bitter aloes”. It is a strong
laxative, useful for short-term constipation (Chevallier, 1996). It is one of the few plants
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
5 5
that have stood the test of time. It has been in use for thousand years maintaining and
regaining health. This storehouse, full of powerful nutrients, has proven to be true to the
many claims that history has made on its behalf (Chupp, 2011).
Herbal Information Center (2011) stated that aloe vera is about 95% water. The
rest contains active ingredients including essential oil, amino acids, minerals, vitamins,
enzymes and glycoproteins. Herbalists have used it since the 1930's as a staple treatment.
Many liquid solutions are made, some adding the juice with other plants and herbs. The
juice is comforting to digestive tract irritations such as colitis and peptic ulcers.
Claims of Medical Properties
Dill (2010) said that aloe vera has been described as a portable first aid kit that
you can use to treat cuts, burns, bruises, scrapes, sunburn, bites and stings. When aloe
vera gel is applied topically onto or into the wound, it serves as a natural band aid or
wound dressing that seals it against outside infections accelerating the body's own
healing process. It is an effective, inexpensive first aid solution for all minor burns and
scalds. Gardens Ablaze (2010) added that aloe has been well known for centuries for its
healing properties, and booth oral intake and topical dressings have been documented to
facilitate healing of any kind of skin wound, burn, or scald-even speeding recovery time
after surgery.
Adams (2007) stated that aloe vera gel is extremely effective in wound care.
Large chunks of aloe vera gel can literally be packed inside wounds such as gunshot
wounds or tissue tears (Herbal Information Center, 2011) and it can help in keeping the
skin flexible, and has been used in the control of acne and eczema. It can relieve itching
from insect bites and allergies. The healing power is due to increasing the availability of
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
6
oxygen to the skin, and by increasing the strength of skin tissue.
Aloe vera has been especially helpful of patients with severe and various skin
diseases. It acts as moisturizer and hydrates the skin. After being absorbed into the skin, it
stimulates the fibroblasts cells and causes them to regenerate themselves faster. It's the
cells that produce the collagen and elastin so the skin will get smoother and look younger
(Calvin, 2008). The clear gel of aloe vera has a dramatic ability to heal wounds, ulcers
and burns, putting a protective coat on the affected area and speeding up the rate of
healing. The action is in part due to presence of aloectin B, which stimulates the immune
system (Chevallier, 1996).
According to the Herbal Information Center (2011), aloe vera contains three anti-
inflammatory fatty acids that are helpful to the stomach, small intestine and colon. It
naturally alkalizes digestive juices to prevent over acidity-a common cause of
indigestion. It also helps clean the digestive tract by exerting a soothing, balancing effect
(Calvin, 2008) and it works gently within the intestinal tract to help breakdown food
residues that have become impacted. When the bowel is cleaned out, it greatly reduces
bloating, discomfort, and helps ease stress, which only leads to more attacks of irritable
bowel syndrome. Adams (2007) added that aloe vera is the best internal medicine for the
treatment of colon polyps. It soothes the intestinal tracts and helps heal pre-cancerous
lesions or growths.
Internally, aloe is showing real promise in the fight against AIDS, and the virus
has become undetectable in some patients who used it on a regular basis, due to its
immune system stimulant properties. It also seems to help prevent opportunistic
infections in cases of HIV and AIDS. It appears to be of help in cancer patients
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
7
(including lung cancer) by activating the white blood cells and promoting growth of non-
cancerous cells (Gardens Ablaze, 2010). It turns out that special polymers found in aloe
vera gel have the ability to potentiate the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. What it
means is that the aloe vera made the remaining blood work better. Aloe vera gel turns
normal blood into super-oxygenated blood (Adams, 2007).
Natural Herbs Guide (2010) stated that aloe contains a component that acts
against viruses such as flu, chickenpox, and herpes and can also kill bacteria. Adams
(2007) said that aloe vera gel helps boost immune system function while destroying
cancer tumors.
Using aloe vera topically is well known to ease inflammation of joints, reducing
arthritis pain. But aloe can be also used internally, reducing inflammation throughout the
body from the inside out. People who drink aloe vera for two weeks typically begin to
experience a significant reduction of inflammation symp (Adams, 2007). Prednosolone
and Indomethacin (common anti-inflammatory drugs) were utilized in a comparative
study with the aloe vera gel to observe the effects on the tissue culture cells. The gel was
found to be just as effective as Prednosolone and Indomethacin, without having the long
term toxicity of either drug (Wolfe, 2011).
Gardens Ablaze (2010) said, taken orally, aloe also appears to work on heartburn,
arthritis and rheumatism pain and asthma, and studies shown that it has an effect on
lowering blood sugar levels in diabetics. Other situations in which it appears to work
when taken internally include congestion, intestinal worms, indigestion, stomach ulcers,
colitis, hemorrhoids, liver problems such us cirrhosis and hepatitis, kidney infections,
urinary tract infections, prostate problems, and as a general detoxifier. Herbal
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
8
Information Center (2011) stated that a newly discovered compound in the plant called
acemannan, is being studied for its ability to help the bodies natural resistance. Studies
have shown that acemannan helps improve the number of T-lymphocyte cells that assist
the immune system.
Virucidal Studies
The Aloe Vera gel formula was found to be virucidal against Herpes simplex and
Herpes zoster viruses (Wolfe, 2011).
Commodity Uses
Aloe vera is now widely used on facial tissues, where it is promoted as a
moisturizer and or anti-irritant to reduce chafing of the nose of users suffering hay-fever
or cold. It has also been suggested that biofuels can be obtained from aloe vera seeds. It
can also be used to retwist dreadlocked hair, a favorite agent for vegans and those
preferring natural products. Aloe vera is also used for soothing the skin, and keeping the
skin moist to help avoid flaky scalp and skin in harsh and dry weather. Aloe vera may
also be used as a moisturizer for oily skin (Wikipedia, 2011). The gel is useful for almost
any skin condition that needs soothing and astringing, and will help varicose veins to
some degree (Chevallier, 1996). Commercially, aloe can be found in pills, sprays,
ointments, lotions, liquids, drinks, jellies, and creams (Gardens Ablaze, 2010).
Biologically Active Compounds
Aloe vera (inner gel) contains the 8 essential Amino Acids that the human body
needs but cannot manufacture (Calvin, 2008). It is rich in nourishing phytonutrients that
play a key role in the healing process. These include vitamins, especially the antioxidant
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
9
vitamins A, B complex, C, and E, minerals including calcium, magnesium and zinc as
well as amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine. Other beneficial compounds include:
prostaglandins, polysaccharides, saponins, enzymes, glycoproteins, anthraquinones, plant
sterols and lignin (Dill, 2010).
According to Chupp (2011), Aloe Vera contains 18 of the 22 amino acids and 7 of
essential one in its purest form. This is another elongated reason that makes aloe vera
such an important nutritional element.
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study were 160 day-old cobb broiler chicks,
commercial feeds, antibiotics, brooding-rearing cages, weighing scale, old newspapers,
feeding and drinking troughs, record book, ball pen, disinfectants, incandescent bulbs,
blender, measuring cup, measuring bottles and aloe vera plants.
Methodology
Pre-experimental phase. A week before the arrival of the chicks, all equipment
was cleaned and disinfected. The floor of the brooders were covered with old newspapers
to help in conserving heat during brooding period and serve as a feed receptacle during
the first days of brooding. The 100-watt bulbs were installed and lighted 5 hours before
the arrival of the chicks for the reason of providing heat and light to the chicks.
Experimental design and treatments. Following the completely randomized
design (CRD), upon arrival the 160 day old broiler chicks were divided into four
treatments. Each treatment has four replications with 10 birds per replication making a
total of 40 birds per treatment. However, initial weights of the chicks were recorded
before they were placed in their assigned cages. Brooding was done upon arrival of the
chicks up to 21 days and they were placed on their assigned cages after the brooding.
The four treatments were:
T0= water (control) without antibiotic
T1= water with commercial antibiotic
T2=15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of clean water
T3=25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of clean water
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
11
Procurement of the stocks. The experimental birds were obtained from a reliable
supplier. Cobb broilers were used in the study.
Preparation of aloe vera extract. Fresh aloe vera plants were gathered from
Buguias, Benguet. The aloe vera leaves were broken off and split open to collect the gel
inside the leaf for the making of aloe vera extract. The aloe vera gel was extracted using
blender to make the gel liquid. The aloe vera extract were added to the water on the
specified amount per treatment.
Care and management. All the experimental birds were subjected to the same
feeding management except the water that was provided. They were given same feeds for
each treatment. In T0, water without commercial antibiotics was offered to the birds.
Water with commercial antibiotics was offered to the birds in T1 while in T2, 15 ml of
aloe vera extract was added per liter of clean water.The birds in T3were offered water
with 25 ml of aloe vera extract per liter. The different treatments were administered from
the first day of brooding until the end of the study for a total of 42 days.
Starter crumble was given to the birds for the first two weeks of age. This was
shifted to grower crumble for the next two weeks (15th – 30th days) of the birds and then
finisher pellet was offered to the birds until the end of the study (31st- 42nd days old).
Feed and water offered to the birds were recorded before they were given to determine
the food and water consumption of the birds. Any feed left over and water left over were
measured and recorded early in the morning before they were given feed and water for
their daily consumption. Waterers were washed from clean water before filling again.
Same through with the feeding troughs, they were cleaned before putting feeds for the
birds.
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
12
The brooding and rearing cages were cleaned daily to ensure good health of the
birds. Old newspapers used in the brooding days were changed every 1day to 2 days to
insure cleanliness.
Data Gathered
The data gathered are the following:
1. Initial weight (kg). This is the weight of the birds at day old.
2. Final weight (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds at 42 days old.
3. Feed consumption of the birds (kg). This is the amount of feeds that the birds
consumed throughout the study.
4. Water consumption of the birds (l). This is the amount of water that the birds
consumed throughout the study.
5.
Morbidity. This is the number of birds that got sick throughout the duration of
the study.
6.
Mortality. This is the number of birds that died throughout the study.
7. Feed left-over. This was obtained by taking the measurement of the feed left-
over of the birds.
8.
Water
left-over. This was obtained by taking the measurement of the water left-
over of the birds.
9. Cost of feed (Php).This is the cost of feed that the birds consumed throughout
the study.
10. Production cost (Php). This includes the cost of feeds, medication, and other
expenses that was incurred in the study.
From the data above, the following were computed:
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
13
1. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the
initial weight from final weight of the birds.
2. Feed conversion ratio. This was computed by dividing the feed intake by the
gain in weight of the birds.
3. Feed consumption (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the total feed leftover
from the total feed offered to the birds.
4. Water consumption (l). This was obtained by subtracting the total water left
over from the total water offered to the birds.
5. Mortality rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of birds died by
their initial number divided by 100.
6.Feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight (Php). This was obtained by
multiplying the feed cost per kilogram by the feed conversion ratio.
7. Total cost per kilogram of broiler produced (Php). This was computed by
dividing the total cost of production by the total kilogram of the birds per treatment.
8. Net profit (Php). This was obtained by subtracting the total cost of production
from the total sales.
9. Return of investment (ROI). This was obtained by dividing the net profit by the
cost of production multiplied by 100.
Data Analysis
All the data gathered were tabulated and analyzed using the analysis for
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The significance between means was compared
using the Ducan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight
In Table 1 it presents the initial weight of the experimental birds in the different
treatments. The average initial weights of the birds were taken when the experimental
birds are at day old. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences
among the initial weight of birds in different treatments. The body weights of birds were
more or less identical and numerical differences were too small to cause significant
variation. The result implies that initial weights of birds are of the same sizes at the start
of the study.
Final Weight
The final weights of the experimental birds in different treatments are presented in
Table 2. Final weights were taken during the 42nd day of the birds at the end of the
experimental period. The final weight presented in the table showed that birds offered
water with 25 ml aloe veraextract together with the water mixed without
commercialantibiotic have the same value of final weight. In the same manner, the birds
given 15 ml
Table 1. Average initial weight of the birds
TREATMENT MEAN INITIAL WEIGHT (kg)
Water (control) without intibiotic 0.047875a
Water with commercial intibiotic 0.047375a
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 0.047225a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 0.049725a
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
15
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
aloevera extract and those which drank water with antibiotic premix had similar final
weight values. Nonetheless, all final weights were found to be homologous. This suggest
that aloe vera extract supplementation did not affect the final weight of the broilers
contradictory to the recent study of Bejar and Colapo (2005) which showed that final
weight and gain in weight of the birds were significantly affected by the aloe vera extract
supplementation.
Gain in Weight
Table 3shows the average gain in weight of the experimental birds in
differenttreatments. Following the trend in final weight, there were no significant
differences in the gain in weight of the birds on the different treatments. This implies that
aloe vera extract did not affect the growth rate of the birds. As presented in the table, it
means that the experimental birds given aloe vera extract and commercial antibiotic had
the same ability to gain weight together those offered water (control) without antibiotic.
Table 2. Average final weight of the birds
TREATMENT MEAN FINAL WEIGHT (kg)
Water (control) without antibiotic 1.86225a
Water with commercial antibiotic 1.79875a
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.79875a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.86200a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
16
Feed Consumption
The average feed consumption of the birds in different treatments is presented
inTable 4. Birds treated with 15 ml aloe vera extract have the highest feed consumption
as revealed by statistical analysis. The birds treated with 25 ml aloe vera have the second
highest feed consumption but not as far from either treatment with or without commercial
antibiotic. This means that birds treated with 15 ml aloe vera extract consume high
amount of feeds than the other birds on the other treatments which causes the significant
difference on the treatments.
Table 3. Average gain in weight of the birds
TREATMENT MEAN GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
Water (control) without antibiotic 1.8145a
Water with commercial antibiotic 1.7515a
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.7518a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.8150a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Table 4. Average feed consumption of the birds
TREATMENT MEAN FEED CONSUMPTION (kg)
Water (control) without antibiotic 4.1743b
Water with commercial antibiotic 4.2228b
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 4.6775a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 4.4858ab
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
17
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
Feed conversion ratio of the birds in different treatments is shown in Table 5.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences among the different
treatments. Birds given water incorporated with 15 ml aloe vera extract are significantly
less efficient in terms of feed conversion ratio of the birds from the other treatments. One
cause of the significant difference is due to high feed consumption of the birds but lesser
gain in weight. Meanwhile the treatments of water (control) without antibiotic, water with
commercial antibiotic and 25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water have the same feed
conversion ratio. Although there are slight differences on their feed conversion ratio, it is
very minimal.
Water Consumption
Table 6 presents the water consumption of the experimental birds in
differenttreatments. Statistical analysis shows that water consumption of the experimental
birds inthe differenttreatments have no significant difference. This means that the birds
have
Table 5. Average feed conversion ratio of the birds (FCR)
TREATMENT FCR
Water (control) without antibiotic 2.3020b
Water with commercial antibiotic 2.4125b
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 2.7075a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 2.4718b
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
18
Table 6. Average water consumption of the birds
TREATMENT MEAN WATER CONSUMPTION (l)
Water (control) without antibiotic 97.6880a
Water with commercial antibiotic 97.6913a
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 97.6025a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 97.5800a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
more or less the same water consumption. It may also mean that the addition of aloe vera
extract in the water was well tolerated by the birds since no critical observations were
noted.
Mortality
Out of the 160 birds, there were 20 birds that died during the study. Necropsy
findings revealed wet vent, beak with mucous discharge, apparently enlarged lymph
nodes, ischemic visceral pleura with mucous discharge, ischemic pericardium and
epicardium, enlarged edematous heart, which are suggestive of Chronic Respiratory
Disease (CRD). Three birds died from the water (control) without antibiotic treatment
and four birds died from the treatment of water with commercial antibiotic. Seven birds
have died in treatment of water with 15 ml aloe vera extract and 6 birds died from the
treatment of water with 25 ml aloe vera extract. Significant differences among the
treatmens were shown by the statistical analysis. Birds treated with 15 ml aloe vera
extract have the highest mortality rate while birds treated with water (control) without
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
antibiotic havethelowest mortality rate. This shows that aloe vera supplementation didnot
19
stimulate the immune system of the birds as cited by Chevallier (1996) and Gardens
Ablaze (2010) but this does notmean that aloe vera has some contents that cause the
death of the birds as revealed by the necropsy findings.
Net Returns
Table 8 presents the net returns of investment on the study. Those birds given
with water (control) without antibiotic had the highest return of investment (ROI)
followed by those birds given water with commercial antibiotic and those birds given
waterincorporated with 25 ml aloe vera extract and lastly those birds given water
incorporated with 15 ml aloe vera extract.
Table 7. Mortality rate(%)
TREATMENT MORTALITY RATE (%)
Water (control) without antibiotic 7.500c
Water with commercial antibiotic 10.000bc
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 17.500a
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 15.000ab
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different at P<0.05 DMRT
Table 8. Return of investment and net returns
TREATMENT GROSS TOTAL COST OF NET ROI
RETURN PRODUCTION INCOME (%)
Water (control) without antibiotic 8,258.00 7,140.00 1,118.00 15.66
Water with commercial antibiotic 7,772.00 7,479.00 293.00 3.92
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
15 ml aloe veraextract per liter of water 7,174.00 7,172.00 2.00 0.03
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 7,597.00 7,345.00 252.00 3.43
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The results of the study on the effect of aloe vera extract on the growth
performance of broilers shows that that there were no significant differences among the
different treatments on the following parameters gathered during the experiment; the
initial weight, final weight, gain in weight and water consumption of the experimental
birds. The results implies that supplementation of aloe vera has no effect on the growth
performance of broilers.
Meanwhile, significant differences among the different treatments were revealed
in the feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and mortality of the birds. It is due to the
number of mortality of birds in the different treatments that cause significant differences
among the treatments. The cause of mortality is caused by Chronic Respiratory Disease
(CRD) revealed by necropsy findings.
In terms of their returns of investments (ROI), birds given with water (control)
without antibiotic had the highest return of investments which has an ROI of 18.95
followed by those birds treated with 25 ml aloe vera per liter of water and those birds
given with water incorporated with commercial antibiotic which has an ROI of 5.66 and
5.24 respectively. Those birds given with water incorporated with 15 ml aloe vera per
liter of water had the lowest return of investment which has an ROI of 1.97.
Conclusion
As shown from the results and observations on the experiment, it is therefore
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
21
concluded that using aloe vera extract as water supplement for broilers did not show
anyeffect on the growth performance of broilers in this study.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study it is not therefore recommended to use aloe vera
extract as water supplement for broilers. However, it is still recommended that further
study should be made using aloe vera extract in higher amount because there is
possibility that the amount used in the study are too small to cause effect on the birds.
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
LITERATURE CITED
ADAMS, M. 2007. The aloeveramiracle: A natural medicine for cancer, cholesterol
diabetes, inflammations, IBS, and other health conditions. Retrieved August 2011
from http://www.naturalnews.com/021858.html
BEJAR, F. R. and COLAPO, R. P. 2005. “Growth performanceand Sensory Evaluation
of Broilers Supplemented with aloe vera (aloe barbadensis) extract in Drinking
Water”.
Samar State College of Agriculture and Forestry; San Jorge, Samar
and University of
Eastern Philippines, Northern Samar. Retrieved July 2011
fromhttp://www.pinoybisnes.com/agri-business/aloe-vera-as-poultry-growth-
enhancer-part1/
CALVIN, J. 2008. Aloe Vera Plant History Uses and Benefits. Retrieved August 2011
from http://www.disabled-world.com/artman/publish/aloe-vera.shtml
CHEVALLIER, A.1996. The Encyclopedia of MedicinalPlants. DorlingKindersly
Limited, London.Pp 43, 57.
CHUPP, D. 2011. Aloe Vera. Retrieved August 2011 from http;//www.aloe-vera-
advice.com/index.html
DAGHIR, N. J. 2008. Poultry production in hot climates.Second Edition.Pp 2-3.
DILL, D. 2010. Aloe Vera Gel: Heal withthe Band Aid of Mother Nature. Retrieved
August 2011 from http://www.naturalnews.com/030139_aloe_vera_first_aid.htm
GARDENS ABLAZE. 2010. Aloe Vera. Copyright 1999. Retrieved August 2011 from
http://www.gardensablaze.com/HerbAloeMed.htm
HERBAL INFORMATION CENTER. 2011. Aloe Vera. Retrieved August 2011 from
http://www.kcweb.com/herb/aloevera.htm
HERREN, R. 2000.The Science of Animal Agriculture.Second Edition.Pp 65.
NATURAL HERBSGUIDE. 2010.Natural Herbal Remedies, Medicine, and
Supplements. Retrieved August 2011 from
http://www.naturalherbsguide.com/aloe-vera.html
WIKIPEDIA. 2011. Aloe vera. Retrieved July 2011 from
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What is aloe vera#ixzz1R9bEYGZY
WOLFE, B. 2011.Aloe Vera Overview. Retrieved August 2011 from
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Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
http;//www.drwolfe.com/aloe_vera
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Average initial weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 0.050 0.048 0.047 0.047 0.192 0.048
Water with commercial antibiotic 0.047 0.048 0.046 0.048 0.189 0.047
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 0.048 0.046 0.047 0.048 0.189 0.047
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 0.047 0.048 0.047 0.057 0.199 0.050
GRAND TOTAL 0.769
GRAND MEAN 0.192
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 0.00001589 0.00000530 0.81ns 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.00007871 0.00000656
TOTAL 15 0.00009460
ns=not significant Coefficient of variation= 5.330046
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
24
Appendix Table 2. Average final weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 1.843 1.820 1.865 1.921 7.449 1.862
Water with commercial antibiotic 1.777 1.746 1.868 1.804 7.195 1.799
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.769 1.856 1.824 1.746 7.195 1.799
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.916 1.940 1.830 1.762 7.448 1.862
GRAND TOTAL 29.287
GRAND MEAN 7.322
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 0.01606569 0.00535523 0.56ns 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.04130025 0.00344169
TOTAL 15 0.00009460
ns=not significant Coefficient of variation= 3.205021
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
25
Appendix Table 3. Average gain in weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 1.794 1.772 1.818 1.874 7.258 1.815
Water with commercial antibiotic 1.730 1.698 1.822 1.756 7.006 1.752
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.721 1.810 1.778 1.698 7.007 1.752
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 1.869 1.892 1.783 1.716 7.260 1.815
GRAND TOTAL 28.531
GRAND MEAN 7.134
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 0.01593969 0.00531323 1.53ns 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.04168075 0.00347340
TOTAL 15 0.05762044
ns=not significant Coefficient of variation= 3.305066
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
26
Appendix Table 4. Average feed consumption of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 4.278 4.277 3.857 4.285 16.697 4.174
Water with commercial antibiotic 4.189 4.220 4.228 4.254 16.891 4.223
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 4.810 4.810 4.280 4.810 18.710 4.678
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 4.776 4.780 4.200 4.187 17.943 4.486
GRAND TOTAL 70.241
GRAND MEAN 17.561
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 0.66537969 0.22179323 3.86* 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.68879325 0.05739944
TOTAL 15 1.35417294
*=significant Coefficient of variation= 5.457366
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
27
Appendix Table 5. Average feed conversion ratio of the birds (FCR)
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 2.385 2.414 2.122 2.287 9.208 2.302
Water with commercial antibiotic 2.421 2.485 2.321 2.423 9.650 2.413
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 2.795 2.795 2.407 2.833 10.830 2.708
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 2.555 2.526 2.356 2.440 9.877 2.469
GRAND TOTAL 39.565
GRAND MEAN 9.892
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 0.35156919 0.11718973 6.61* 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.21269675 0.01772473
TOTAL 15 0.56426594
*=significant Coefficient of variation= 5.382560
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
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28
Appendix Table 6. Average water consumption of the birds (l)
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 97.66 97.66 97.70 97.73 390.75 97.69
Water with commercial antibiotic 97.65 97.68 97.70 97.73 390.76 97.69
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 97.54 97.73 97.63 97.51 390.41 97.60
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 97.59 97.73 97.52 97.48 390.32 97.58
GRAND TOTAL 1,562.24
GRAND MEAN 390.56
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 0.03974419 0.01324806 2.17ns 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.07313775 0.00609481
TOTAL 15 0.00009460
ns=not significant Coefficient of variation= 0.079956
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
29
Appendix Table 7. Mortality
TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN
I II III IV
Water (control) without antibiotic 10 10 0 10 30 7.5
Water with commercial antibiotic 10 10 10 10 40 10.0
15 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 20 20 10 20 70 17.5
25 ml aloe vera extract per liter of water 20 20 10 10 60 15.0
GRAND TOTAL 200
GRAND MEAN 12.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F F
0.05 0.01
Treatment 3 250.0000000 83.3333333 4.00** 3.49 5.95
Error 12 250.0000000 20.8333333
TOTAL 15 500.0000000
**=highly significant Coefficient of variation= 36.51484
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
30
Appendix Table 8. Return On Investment
ITEM T0 T1 T2 T3
A. Sales*
1. Cubb Broilers 8,258.00 7,772.00 7,174.00 7,597.00
TOTAL SALES 8,258.00 7,772.00 7,174.00 7,597.00
B. Expenses
1. Cost of stock 1,320.00 1,320.00 1,320.00 1,320.00
2. Cost of feeds 4,470.00 4,409.00 4,375.00 4,405.00
3. Cost of aloe vera 0.00 0.00 127.00 270.00
4. Cost of antibiotics 0.00 400.00 0.00 0.00
5. Bulbs 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00
6. Disinfectant 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
7. Newspapers 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00
C. Labor Cost** 985.00 985.00 985.00 985.00
TOTAL EXPENSES 7,140.00 7,479.00 7,172.00 7,345.00
C. Net Income 1,118.00 293.00 2.00 252.00
ROI(%) 15.66 3.92 0.03 3.43
ASSUMPTIONS:
*- total sales of the birdsafter 42 days of experiment at a price of 120 Php per kilo.
**- labor cost 3 hours per day within 42 days at wage rate of 250 Php per day.
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
31
Appendix Table 9.
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDECINE
La Trinidad, Benguet
VETERINARY NECROPSY PROTOCOL
Owner: FRANCIS, Saturnino M. Date: February 17, 2012
Address: Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet
IDENTIFICATION
Specie: Avian Breed: Broiler Sex:_________ Age: 34 days old
Patients name: _____________ Color: White Identification mark:________
Tag no.__________ Hours intervening between death and autopsy_________
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS:
RESPIRATORY PROBLEM
NECROPSY DIAGNOSIS:
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE (CRD)
CLINICAL ABSTRACT
One broiler was brought to BSU animal hospital for necropsy due to increased
deaths in the flock. Based on history and clinical signs observed, the initial finding was
respiratory problem. Necropsy findings revealed wet vent, beak with mucous discharge,
apparently enlarged lymph nodes, ischemic visceral pleura with mucous discharge,
ischemic pericardium and epicardium, enlarged edematous heart, which are suggestive of
Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD).
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
Prepared by:
Melly Ann Salic-o
Lic # 6274 /Resident Veterinarian
Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the Growth Performance of
Broilers /Saturnino M. Francis. 2012
Document Outline
- Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on the GrowthPerformance of Broilers
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES