BIBLIOGRAPHY DAO-ANES, ANABELLE L. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DAO-ANES, ANABELLE L. APRIL 2012. Efficacy of Selected Bio-Insecticides for the
Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea.Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Eulogio V. Cardona, Jr, Ph.D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Research Station, Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet from October 2011 to February 2012. The objectives of the research were to determine
should the bio-insecticides chili, garlic, yellow ginger, onion, sunflower and piper betley are
phytotoxic in garden pea crop and assess its insecticidal activity for the control of aphids and leaf
miner. Secondly, to determine the rates of the bio-insecticides effective for the control of insect
pests of garden pea and to determine should they have a repellent activity against adult
whiteflies.
The efficacy of the bio-insecticides was conducted under field condition using a small
plot of 1 square m2 per treatment while the repellent activity was conducted under greenhouse
condition. Prior the extraction, the bio-insecticides were soaked on wine captioned as (A) and
vinegar captioned as (B) for at least 10 days to enhance extraction. The ordinary juicer was used
for the extraction of the bio-insecticides. The 1.0 liter capacity hand sprayer was used during
treatment application. The effects of the bio-insecticides were observed in terms of phytotoxicity
on the garden pea crop, its effect on the population of aphids and the degree of leaf miner
damage. The repellent activity of the bio-insecticides was likewise determined under greenhouse
condition.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
This was carried out by treating the potted plants with the bio-insecticides and after
which were enclosed with cube shaped mesh cloth and released with cultured adult white fly
numbering to 200.
The bio-insecticides chili, garlic, onion and yellow ginger were phytotoxic at the dilution
ratio of 1:2 and 1:4 but were none phytotoxic at the dilution ratio of 1:6 and 1:8. Piper betley and
sunflower were none-phytotoxic at the dilution ratio of 1:2 until 1:8. None of the bio-insecticide
treatments offered excellent control of aphids and the suppression of leaf miner damage.
However, among the treatments, the treatment of chili has shown the least count of aphids and
leaf miner damage comparable with the standard Selecron.
Bio-insecticides chili and garlic offered excellent repellent activity against adult
whiteflies. Both bio-insecticides soaked on wine and vinegar is as equally effective against
whiteflies with the dilution ratio of 1:6 and 1:8.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...……………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… ii
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………… iii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………… 3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY……………………………………….. 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………… 13
Field Efficacy of Bio-Insecticides
against Insect Pests of Garden Pea………………………………………. 13
Efficacy of Wine Soaked Bio-Insecticides……………………………… 13
Efficacy against Aphids…………………………………………………. 13
Efficacy against Leaf Miner…………………………………………….. 14
Phytotoxicityof Garlic, Chili, Onion,
Yellow Ginger, Piper Betle and Sunflower……………………………… 16
Vinegar Soaked Bio-Insecticides……………………………………….. 17
Efficacy of Bio-insecticides against Aphids……………………………. 17
Efficacy against Leaf Miner…………………………………………….. 18
Phytotoxicityof Garlic, Chili, Onion,
Yellow Ginger, piper betle and sunflower……………………………… 19
Repellant Activity of Bio-Insecticides
Against Whiteflies……………………………………………………… 20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....…………...... 22
Summary……………………………………………………………….. 22
Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 23
Recommendation………………………………………………………. 24
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………… 25
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………. 26
1
INTRODUCTION
Garden pea (Pisumsativum L.) belongs to the leguminaceae family. It is a semi-
temperate crop that requires a cool climate for growth and development. Garden pea is a
hardy, annual, and tendril-climbing plant grown mainly for its whole edible pods. The
mature seeds contain a high percentage of carbohydrates and important minerals like
vitamin A, starch and protein, particularly in developing countries where there is a
shortage of livestock and fish products. Garden pea is likewise use in maintaining,
conserving the fertility and productivity of the soil. Nodules which contain nitrifying
bacteria are produced on the root. These nodules fixes nitrogen abundant and available
for vigorous growth of plants, decomposing and releasing fixed phosphate and potassium
compounds and increasing the activity of rhizosphere in plants facilitating the absorption
of elements required for plant nutrition.
Aphids, whiteflies and leaf miners are some of the damaging insects of garden
pea. The common practices of farmers in controlling these insect pests are by the use of
insecticides because the effect is quick and readily available in the market. Insecticides
are an integral part of the production system. Moreover, the continuous and excessive use
of insecticides had led to the development of resistance of the insect pests, rendering the
insecticides in effective. Likewise human health is affected due to frequent exposure to
high toxicity and residual persistence on consumable crop parts. Improper or
indiscriminate use of insecticides had also resulted to environmental hazards such as soil
and water pollution.
In response to this alarming problems associated with the excessive use of
insecticides in controlling insect pests, a better control must be sought.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
2
The study aims to discover an alternative control that are environment friendly
and are non-toxic. One possible alternative is the use of botanical insecticides. Botanical
insecticides are safe and do not result in the accumulation of hazardous residues in food
commodities.
The objectives of the study were to determine the bio-insecticidal activity of chili,
garlic, yellow ginger, onion, sunflower and piper betleyagainst insect pests of garden pea,
to identify the rates of the bio-insecticides effective for the control of insect pests of
garden pea, to determine should the bio-insecticides are phytotoxic and to determine
should they have a repellant activity against adult whiteflies.
The study was conducted at the ResearchStation, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet from October 2011 to February 2012.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Insect Pests of Garden Pea
There are some common pests that affect pea leaves and pea pods and these
insects include aphids, whiteflies, cutworms, pod borers, snails and slugs. The major
insect pests of garden pea in the Midwest are loppers, alfalfa caterpillars, stink bugs,
ground beetles, aphids and whiteflies (Deshpande and Adsulen, 1998).
Insect Pests Nature of Damage
Whitefly
(BemesiatabacciGenn.). It is a tiny, snow-white insect pest that
resembles a moth. Both adult and nymphs stages feed by sucking plant juices. Heavy
feeding by these pests can give plants a mottled dew excreted by these insect glazes both
upper and lower leaf surfaces, permitting the development of black sooty mold fungus.
Besides being unattractive, sooty mold interferes with photosynthesis, which retards plant
growth and often causes leaf drop (Hunter et al., 1998).
They suck phloem sap. Large populations can cause leaves to turn yellow, appear
dry, or fall off plants. Like aphids, whiteflies excrete honeydew, so leaves maybe sticky
or covered with black sooty mold. Feeding by the immature whitefly, can cause plant
distortion, discoloration, or silvering of leaves and may cause serious losses in some
vegetable crops. Some whiteflies transmit viruses to certain vegetable crops (Bellows et
al., 2002).
Aphids
(Aphis gosypii Glover). Aphids have piercing-sucking mouthparts and
cause damage by sucking the plant juices. They are commonly found on stems,
undersides of leaves and on flower buds in colonies of individuals. However, their ability
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
4
to transmit plant virus diseases may be more harmful than any direct feeding damage.
Aphids seem to be especially troublesome on plants that are in shaded areas. Their
feeding causes the leaves to curl or crinkle and flower buds may become hardened
causing the flowers to be distorted. Aphids excrete large amount of honeydew which is a
sugary liquid composed of unused plant sap and waste products. This provides an
excellent medium for the growth of a black fungus called “sooty mold”. Besides being
unattractive, sooty mold interferes with photosynthesis and somewhat retards the growth
of the plant. Sooty mold usually weathers away following control of the insect infestation
(Maurice, 2010).
Description of the Insect Pests
Whitefly
(BemesiatabacciGenn.).Borror in 1976 stated that whiteflies are minute
insects, rarely over 2 to 3 mm in length, which resemble tiny moths. The adults of both
sexes are winged, and the wings are covered with a white dust or a waxy powder. The
adults are usually active whitish insects that feed on leaves. The first instars are sessile
and look like scales; the scale like covering is a waxy secretion of the insect and has a
rather characteristic appearance.
Aphids
(Aphis gosypii Glover). Aphids are tiny true bugs with piercing-sucking
mouthparts designed to suck juices from plants. They are usually wingless and pear-
shaped. Aphids vary in color according to species and host plants. They are also known
as plant lice in Britain and the Commonwealth as greenflies, black flies or whiteflies.
They are small sap sucking insects, and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Aphids
are among the most destructive insect pests on cultivated plants in temperate regions
(Blackman and Eastrop, 1994).
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
5
Bio-insecticides
Garlic (Allium cepaLinn). Locally known as “bawang”, is the white gold of Ilocos
Region. It is one of the most important cash crops in the Philippines especially in the
province of Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. Garlic is used for relish in salads and for
enhancing the flavor of soups, stews and to some extent, for pickles. The leaves are used
for food as vegetables. Edible bulb is composed of several segments called cloves that are
rich in sugar and pungent oil from strong flavor and odor come. These are also used for
medicinal preparations and sold in powdered or juice forms. It has been used medicinally
as a stimulant (Hernandez, 1971).
Onion
(Allium cepa Linnaeus). Also known as bulb onion, and common onion, is
the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. It is a bulbous plant cultivated
worldwide as a vegetable. The rounded edible of this plant, composed of fleshy, tight,
concentric leaf bases having a pungent odor and taste. Onions are pungent because they
contain a sulfur-rich volatile oil, peeling or slicing them can bring tears to person’s eyes,
they vary in size, shape, color and pungency. Though low standard nutrients, they are
valued for their flavor. Onions have claimed to cure colds, earaches, and laryngitis and
have been used to treat animal bites, powder burns, and warts; like their close relative
garlic (Brewster, 1994).
Yellow Ginger (Hedychiumgardneranum Roscoe). It is also called as wild ginger
or kopi, is a flowering plant native to India, which is now commonly found in warm
environment throughout the world. It is a tropical plant and prefers warm and moist
environments, growing best in its rainforests or similar climates. It can grow in full
sunlight, but prefers partial to full shade created by a dense foliage canopy. It is a
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
6
perennial flower, which blooms during late fall and early winter. Flowers vary from
cream to yellow in color, and are very fragrant. The plant has long and waxy, blade-shape
leaves of green. At maturity yellow ginger can reach a height of between 6 to 7 feet
(Barton, 1999).
Chili
(Capsicum annum L.). Chili is the fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum,
members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Chili originated in the Americas. After
the Columbian exchange, many cultivars of chili spread across the world, used in both
food and medicine (Wikipedia, 2011).
Sunflower
(Helianthus annus L.).Sunflower is an annual plant native to the
Americas that possesses a large inflorescence (flowering head). The sunflower got its
name from its huge, fiery blooms, whose shape and image is often used to depict the sun.
It has a rough, hairy stem, broad, coarsely toothed, rough leaves and circular heads of
flowers. The head consists of 1,000-2,000 individual bases. Sunflower leaves can be used
as cattle feed, while the stems contain a fiber which may be used in paper production.
They most commonly grow to heights between 1.5 and 3.5 m (5-12) ft (Wood, 2002).
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
7
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
The materials used in the study were garden pea seeds, grab hoe, chicken manure,
sticks, sacks, knife, juicer, onion, garlic, yellow ginger, chili, sunflower, piper betel and
digital camera.
Methodology
A. Field Efficacy of Bio-Insecticides
against Insect Pests of Garden Pea
The host garden pea was raised in the open field at the BSU Research Station.
Because of limited space at the research area coupled by the large number of treatments
as required by the research, the area allotted per treatment was generally reduced
equivalent to 1 square meter with the dimension of 1 meter in width and 1 meter in
length. The distances between plants were maintained at 30 cm between rows and 30 cm
between hills with a total of 8 plants per plot (Figure 1). Except the application of
insecticides, all other agronomic cultural requirements of the plants were provided.
Application of the treatments started 3 weeks after seeding when plants were 6 inches in
height. The treatments include the extract of several bio-insecticides namely: garlic, chili,
onion, yellow ginger, piper betley, sunflower and the standard Selecron (Figure 2). Prior
the extraction using a juicer (Figure 3), the bio-insecticides were grouped into 2 with one
group soaked in a wine (fermented strawberry)or captioned as (A) while the other on
vinegar (fermented sugar) or captioned as (B).
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
8
Figure 1.Garden pea plants in the field for the efficacy of the extracts on aphids and leaf-
miner
a
b
c
d
e
Figure 2. Bio-insecticides a. onion,b. garlic, c. chili, d. sunflower
ande. yellow ginger
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
9
Figure 3. Juicer used for the extraction of bio-insecticides
Figure 4. Spraying of the treatments on garden pea plants in the field
The dilution ratio for the two sets of bio-insecticides was 1:2, 1:4, 1: 6 and 1:8
(Table 1). The phytotoxicity of the treatments was determined using the 1-9 FPA rating
scale index at 2 days after the scheduled application of treatments (Figure 5). The details
of the phytotoxicity rating scale index were as follows: 1-no crop injury; 3-1 to 10% crop
injury; 5-11 to 20% crop injury; 7-21 to 30% crop injury; 9->30% crop injury.
Table 1.Plant extract and dilution ratio
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
10
PLANT EXTRACTS
DILUTION
Garlic Chili Onion Sunflower Yellow
Piper
RATIO
Ginger
Betley
1:2 /
/
/
/ / /
1:4 /
/
/
/ / /
1:6 /
/
/
/ / /
1:8 /
/
/
/ / /
The efficacy of the treatments against aphids was determined through population
count by counting them individually using all the 8 plants per replication as the samples.
Due to the difficulty of assessing the population of leaf miners since they mine the leaves,
as an alternative, the insect damaged was assessed using the 1-9 FPA damage rating scale
index. The details of leaf miner feeding damage are as follows: 1- no damage, 3-1-to
25% leaf damage, 5-26 to 50 damage, 7-51 to 70% damage and 9-71 to 100% damage.
B. A Study on the Repellent Activity
of Bio-Insecticides against
Whitefly of Garden Pea
under Greenhouse Condition
The host garden pea plants of the test whitefly were propagated on a 6 inches
diameter clay pots inside the open sided greenhouse (Figure 5) at the BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. In order to come up with vigorous plants ideal for the development of
whiteflies, the soil medium used was enriched with nutrient elements by the
incorporation of 1/3 compost chicken dung for every 2/3 unit of clay soils. The growing
plants were protected from diseases by the weekly application of fungicide Dithane M-
50. Insecticides were not applied but in order to prevent plants from possible early
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
11
infestation by whiteflies, the potted garden pea plants were enclosed with cube shaped
mesh cloth (Figure 5).
Figure 5.Potted garden pea plants enclosed with cube shape mesh cloth
A cube shaped cage made of fine mesh cloth was established and used to enclose
the 2 weeks old potted garden pea plants for the trial. The size dimension of the cage was
2 x 2 x 1.5 meters. One potted garden pea plants representeed one treatment. Since there
were 8 treatments and each is replicated 3 times, the number of garden pea plants
enclosed within the cage was 24. There were 2 cages made each to represent the
treatments of different extraction procedures captioned as A for the extraction using the
wine and captioned B for the extraction using the vinegar.
As the cages were used to enclose the potted garden pea, the said potted garden
peas were first treated with the treatments before they were placed inside the cages. The
dilution ratio of 1:8 was used being the rate screened effective and non phytotoxicunder
field condition. The 1.0 liter capacity atomizer was used in applying the treatments. An
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
12
hour after treatment, cultured adult whitefly on potted cabbages was gently placed inside
the cages. The garden pea plants stem near the root was cut after placing within the cage.
This is to enhance the wilting of the host plants for the whiteflies to leave the plants and
have their choices among the treated potted garden pea plants.
One day after treatment of the potted garden pea plants, the number of adult
whitefly present on the plants were examined and record their number. The counts of the
adult whitefly were done 3 times for 3 successive days after treatment. In addition,
phytotoxicity of the treatments by following the 1 to 9 FPA rating scale index was
likewise taken, a rating scale index similar with the rating scale done under field
condition. This was done 2 days after treatment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
13
A. Field Efficacy of Bio-Insecticides against Insect Pests of Garden Pea
A.1 Efficacy of Wine Soaked Bio-Insecticides
Efficacy against aphids.The efficacy of bio-insecticides against aphids is
presented in data Table 2. None of the treatments of bio-insecticides have offered
exceptional control of aphids (Figure 6) even from the dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1:4 which
were proven to be phytotoxic. Among the treatments, so far only the treatment of chili in
all the dilution ratio of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6 and 1:8 were obvious to have a population of aphids
that are numerically lower comparable with the standard Selecron.
Table 2. Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of bio-
insecticides
TREATMENT
DILUTION RATIO
WINE SOAKED BIO-
1:2 1:4
1:6 1:8
INSECTICIDES
T1-Garlic 34.08ab 38:00ab 37.58a 38.08ab
T2-Chili 32.58b 36.67ab 37.00 a 36.83ab
T3-Onion 36.17ab 39.17ab 38.17 a 41.58ab
T4-Yellow Ginger
42.25a 36.95ab 37.25 a 41.50ab
T5-Piper Betle
35.33ab 42.50a 40.17 a 40.42ab
T6-Sunflower 39.08ab 40.00ab 42.83 a 42.00a
T7-Selecron 30.50b 31.67b 35.17 a 36.08ab
T8-Untreated 37.50ab 39.25ab 40.83 a 39.25ab
Means within each vertical column followed by same letter are not significantly different
at 0.05 DMRT
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
14
Figure 6. Nymphs and Adult aphids feeding by sucking on the leaves
Efficacy against leaf miner.The efficacy of bio-insecticides against leaf miner is
presented in data Table 3. Like the efficacy of the bio-insecticides presented above, none
have offered exceptional control of leaf miners(Figure 7)where all the treatments were
significantly damaged together with the untreated in all the dilution ratio of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6
and 1:8. On the other hand so far, only the treatment of chili was obvious to be
numerically least damaged (1:6 and 1:8 dilution ratio) comparable with the standard
Selecron.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
15
Table 3. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected by
the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENT
DILUTION RATIO
WINE SOAKED
1:2
1:4
1:6
1:8
BIO-INSECTICIDES
T
ab
1-Garlic
5.00ab
5.00 a
4.83bc
5.00a
T
ab
2-Chili
5.00ab
5.00 a
4.83bc
4.83a
T
ab
3-Onion
4.83ab
5.33 a
5.17ab
5.00a
T
ab
4-Yellow Ginger
5.17ab
5.50 a
5.67a
5.17a
T
ab
5-Piper Betle
4.83ab
4.83 a
4.50c
4.83a
T
a
6-Sunflower
5.00ab
5.50 a
5.33ab
5.67
T
b
7-Selecron
4.50b
4.67 a
4.33c
4.67
T
a
8-Untreated
5.50a
5.33 a
5.50a
5.67a
Means within each vertical column followed by same letter are not significantly different
at 0.05 DMRT. Leaf miner feeding damage: 1- no damage, 3-1-to 25% leaf damage, 5-26
to 50 damage, 7-51 to 70% damage and 9-71 to 100%
Figure 7. Leafminer damage on the garden pea leaves
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
16
Phytotoxicity of garlic, chili, onion, yellow ginger, piper betle and sunflower.The
data on the phytotoxicity of the bio-insecticides is presented in Table 4. All the bio-
insecticides with the dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1:4 namely: garlic, chili, onion, and yellow
ginger are phytotoxic. However, the phytotoxicity of the bio-insecticides is gone with the
dilution ratio of 1:6 and 1:8. For unknown reason, the bio-insecticides piper betley and
sunflower are not phytotoxic. (Figure 8).
Table 4. Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected by the
application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENT
DILUTION RATIO
WINE SOAKED BIO-
1:2 1:4
1:6 1:8
INSECTICIDES
T1-Garlic 3.00ab 2.33ab 1.0a
1.0a
T2-Chili 4.33a 3.00a 1.0a 1.0a
T3-Onion 1.67b 1.67ab 1.0a 1.0a
T4-Yellow Ginger
2.33ab 1.67ab 1.0a 1.0a
T5-Piper Betle
1.00b 1.00b 1.0a 1.0a
T6-Sunflower 1.00b 1.00b 1.0a 1.0a
T7-Selecron 1.00b 1.00b 1.0a 1.0a
T8-Untreated 1.00b 1.00b 1.0a 1.0a
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at a 5% level by
DMRT
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
17
Figure 8.Phytotoxicity effect of the test bio insecticides on garden pea
A.2 Vinegar Soaked Bio-Insecticides
Efficacy of bio-insecticides against aphids.The efficacy of the bio-insecticides
against aphids is presented in data Table 5. None of the treatments of bio-insecticides
showed exceptional control of aphids. This claim was evidenced by the counts on the
treatments that are comparable with the untreated. Among the treatments, so far only the
treatment of bio-insecticide onion was obvious to have a numerically lower population of
aphids comparable with the standard Selecron.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
18
Table 5. Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of bio-
insecticides
TREATMENT
DILUTION RATIO
VINEGAR SOAKED
1:2 1:4
1:6 1:8
BIO-INSECTICIDES
T1-Garlic
37.08a
38.50 a
36.42 a
41.00 a
T2-Chili
36.33a
37.92 a
38.08 a
40.58 a
T3-Onion 38.00a
38.83 a 36.00 a 37.67 a
T4-Yellow Ginger
36.50a 36.00 a 36.25 a 38.83 a
T5-Piper Betle
38.33a 47.17 a 39.97 a 39.75 a
T6-Sunflower 42.67a 41.67 a 38.50 a 40.25 a
T7-Selecron 35.83a 36.00 a 35.00 a 34.91 a
T8-Untreated 42.33a 41.08 a 39.92 a 41.67 a
Means within each vertical column followed by same letter are not significantly different
at 0.05 DMRT.
Efficacy against leaf miner.The data on the efficacy of bio-insecticides against
leaf miner is presented in Table 6. None of the treatments have shown exceptional control
of the insect since the feeding damage was generally comparable with the untreated.
Among the treatments, so far the treatment of bio-insecticide chili in all the dilution ratio
of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6 and 1:8 was obvious to have a lower feeding damage relatively
comparable with the standard Selecron.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
19
Table 6. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected by
the application of bio-insecticides
TREATMENT
VINEGAR
DILUTION RATIO
SOAKED BIO-
1:2 1:4
1:6 1:8
INSECTICIDES
T1-Garlic
5.00ab
4.83abc
4.50b
4.50c
T2-Chili
4.67b
4.67bc
4.83ab
4.67bc
T3-Onion
5.17ab
5.33abc
5.33a
5.00abc
T4-Yellow Ginger
5.33ab
5.00abc
4.83ab
4.83abc
T5-Piper Betle
5.50a
5.00abc
5.50a
5.00abc
T6-Sunflower
5.17ab
5.50ab
5.50a
5.67a
T7-Selecron
4.67b
4.50c
4.83ab
5.00abc
T8-Untreated
5.33ab
5.67a
5.70ab
4.67abc
Means within each vertical column followed by same letter are not significantly different
at 0.05 DMRT. Leaf miner feeding damage: 1- no damage, 3-1-to 25% leaf damage, 5-26
to 50 damage, 7-51 to 70% damage and 9-71 to 100% damage
Phytotoxicitygarlic, chili, onion, yellow ginger, piper betle and sunflower. The
phytotoxicity effect of bio-insecticides is presented in data Table 7. Like in the above
trial, the bio-insecticides namely: garlic, chili, onion, yellow ginger and piper betleyare
phytotoxic from the dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1:4. The bio-insecticides are less phytotoxic
on the dilution ratio of 1:6 for garlic and chili and all are non phytotoxic on the dilution
ratio of 1:8. From the dilution ratio of 1:2 until 1:8, only the bio-insecticide sunflower
was non phytotoxic like the standard Selecron.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
20
Table 7. Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected by the
application of bio-insecticides
TREATMENT
DILUTION RATIO
VINEGAR SOAKED
1:2 1:4
1:6 1:8
BIO-INSECTICIDES
T1-Garlic
3.00ab
3.00a
1.67a
1.00a
T2-Chili
3.67a
3.00a
2.33a
1.00a
T3-Onion
2.33abc
2.33cb
1.00a
1.00a
T4-Yellow Ginger
1.67bc
1.67abc
1.00a
1.00a
T5-Piper Betle
1.67c
1.00c
1.00a
1.00a
T6-Sunflower
1.00c
1.00c
1.00a
1.00a
T7-Selecron
1.00c
1.00c
1.00a
1.00a
T8-Untreated
1.00c
1.00c
1.00a
1.00a
Means within each vertical column followed by same letter are not significantly different
at 0.05 DMRT. The details of the phytotoxicity rating scale index are as follows: 1-no
crop injury; 3-1 to 10% crop injury; 5-11 to 20% crop injury; 7-21 to 30% crop injury; 9-
>30% crop injury
B. Repellant Activity of Bio-Insecticides
against Whiteflies
The counts of adult whiteflies are presented in data Table 8. It is clear presented
the significant difference of the treatments base on the results of the ANOVA. There
were 7 bio-insecticides tested but among the treatments it was clearly shown that the
treatments of chili and garlic have the lowest counts of adult whiteflies significantly
lower than the untreated. These two bio-insecticides were tested with the dilution ration
of 1:6 and 1:8 but both of them appear to show excellent repellent activity against adult
whiteflies. In between chili and garlic there was no significant repellent activity
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
21
difference against adult whiteflies. Synthetic Selecron was used as the basis for
comparison yet the treatments of chili and garlic appeared to show a better repellent
activity against the insect. The rests of the treatments like onion, yellow ginger,
sunflower and piper betley have not shown any sign for a repellent activity against adult
whiteflies. This was because the counts of adult whiteflies on the said treatments were
extremely high comparable with the untreated. For unknown reason the standard Selecron
had not shown any degree of repellent activity against whiteflies.
Table 8. Population of whiteflies/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of bio-
insecticides
WINE (1:8) WINE (1:6)
VINEGAR (1:8)
VINEGAR (1:6)
TREATMENT
T1-Chili
7.33a
7.00a
10.33a
8.67a
T2- Garlic
11.33ab
12.67ab
9.67a
9.67a
T3-Sunflower
26.00bc
38.67bc
33.00bc
23.00ab
T4- Piper Betle
32.00c
29.67ab
25.33abc
8.67b
T5- Onion
27.00bc
32.33ab
36.33bc
31.00bc
T6 Yellow Ginger
27.67bc
37.33bc
37.33bc
34.67bc
T7- Selecron
15.33abc
20.33ab
15.33ab
21.33ab
T8- Untreated
52.00d
61.67c
45.33c
47.00c
Fc
7.287**
4.144**
3.888*
5.105**
Sig.
.001
.009
.012
.003
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Research Station, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet from October 2011 to February 2012 purposely to gather information
which may serve as guide in determining the efficacy of bio-insecticides like chili, garlic,
yellow ginger, onion, and sunflower against aphids and leaf miners and its repellent
activity against adult whiteflies.
The efficacy of the bio-insecticides against the insect pests of garden pea plants
was conducted under field condition using a small plot of 1 square m2 per treatment while
the repellent activity was conducted under greenhouse condition. The treatments were
replicated 3 times and laid out in the field by following the randomized complete block
with 3 replications. Prior the extraction, the bio-insecticides chili, garlic, yellow ginger,
onion, sunflower and piper betley were first soaked on wine captioned as (A) and vinegar
captioned as (B) for at least 10 days. This is to enhance extraction. Each of the bio-
insecticides extract was applied with the dilution ratio of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6 and 1:8. The
ordinary juicer was used for the extraction of the bio-insecticides. The 1.0 liter capacity
hand sprayer was used during treatment application. An important information gathered
after treatment was the bio-insecticide phytotoxicity effect, their effect on the population
of aphids and the degree of leaf miner damage. The repellent activity of the bio-
insecticides was likewise determined under greenhouse condition. This was carried out
by treating the potted plants with the bio-insecticides. The treated potted garden pea
plants were enclosed with cube shaped mesh cloth and released with cultured adult white
fly numbering approximately 200.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
23
The bio-insecticides chili, garlic, onion and yellow ginger were phytotoxic at the
dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1:4 but were none phytotoxic at the dilution ratio of 1:6 and 1:8.
Piper betley and sunflower were none-phytotoxic at the dilution ratio of 1:2 until 1:8.
None of the bio-insecticide treatments offered excellent control of aphids and the
suppression of leaf miner damage. However, among the treatments, the treatment of chili
has shown the least count of aphids and leaf miner damage comparable with the standard
Selecron.
Bio-insecticides chili and garlic offered excellent repellent activity against adult
whiteflies. Both bio-insecticides soaked either on wine and vinegar at the dilution ratio of
1:6 and 1:8 are as equally effective against whiteflies.
Conclusions
Sunflower and piper betleysoaked on either wine and vinegar are none phytotoxic
on the most concentrated dilution ratio of 1:2.
Chili, garlic, onion and yellow ginger soaked either on wine and vinegar are
phytotoxic at the dilution ratio of 1:2, 1:4. The bio-insecticides are not phytotoxic on the
dilution ratio of 1:6 and 1:8
None of the bio-insecticides either soaked on wine and vinegar offered excellent
control of aphids and in suppressing leaf miners although the bio-insecticide chili offered
a control relatively better than any of the bio-insecticides tested.
Chili and garlic soaked either on wine and on vinegar at both dilution ratio of 1:6
and 1:8 offered an excellent repellent activity against adult whitefly better than the
standard Selecron.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
24
Recommendation
Garlic and chili are recommended for the control of whiteflies. The rate
recommended is the dilution ratio of 1 part extract and 6 parts water and 1 part extract
and 8 parts water.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
25
LITERATURE CITED
BARTON, M. 1999. What is Yellow Ginger Plant? Retrieved July24, 2011 from http:
//www.ehow.com/about_6515327-yellow-ginger-plant.html.
BELLOWS, T. S., J. N. KABASHIMA andK. ROBB.2002. Pest Notes:Giant
Whitefly. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7400. Pests in Gardens and
Landscapes
–
Whiteflies–
Retrieved September 2,2011 fromhttp://www.
ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn740.html.
BLACKMAN, R. L.and V. F. EASTROP. 1994. Aphids onthe World’s Trees. An
Introduction and Information Guide.Willingford: CAB International. Retrieved
August 30, 2011 from http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphid#References.
BORROR, D. J. 1976. An Introduction to the Study of Insects. BlackwellPublishing
Company. Pp. 309-312.
BREWSTER, J. L. 1994. Onions andOther Vegetable Alliums (1st Ed.). Wallingford
UKCAB
International.
Retrieved
September 13, 2011 fromhttp://www.en.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion.
DESHPANDE, S. S. and R. N. ADSULEN. 1998. Garden Pea. “Handbook of Vegetable
Science andTechnology: Production, Composition, Storage, and Processing”.
New York. Marcel Dekker, Inc. Pp. 433-456.
HERNANDEZ, D. F. 1971. Plant of the Philippines.(2nd Ed). U.P. Diliman, Quezon City
Pp.
131-134.
HUNTER, W. B., HIEBERT, E., WEBB, S. E., J. H. TSAI and J. E. POLSTON. 1998.
Location of Gemini Virus in Whitefly(Bemesiatabaci)-Homoptera:Aleyroidae).
Plant Diseases. Vol.82. Pp. 141-151.
MAURICE, N. 2010. Aphis gosypii. Retrieved August29, 2011 from http://www.
Ezinearticles.com/?Aphis-Gosypii-The-Cotton-Aphid&id=5204114.
WIKIPEDIA, 2011.Chilli Pepper “Hottest Chilli”. Guinness World Records. Retrieved
July 26, 2011 from http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chillipepper.
WOOD, M. 2002. “Sunflower” Agricultural Research. USDA.Retrieved August 21,
2011.
from
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
26
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected
by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:2)
I II III
T1-Garlic 3
3
3
9
3.00
T2-Chili 3
1
5
13
4.33
T3-Onion 3
1
5
9
3.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
3
3
1
7
2.33
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
3
5
1.67
T6-Sunflower 1
1
1
3
1.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
5
20.4444 4.089 3.067ns .052
3.11
5.06
Error
12
16.000 1.333
TOTAL
17
36.444
ns-Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
27
Appendix Table 2.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected
by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:4)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
1
3
3
7
2.33
T2-Chili
3
3
3
9
3.00
T3-Onion
1
3
1
5
1.67
T4-Yellow Ginger
3
1
1
5
1.67
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
1
5
1.00
T6-Sunflower
1
1
1
3
1.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 5 9.111
1.822
2.733 ns .071
3.11 5.06
Error 12
8.000
.667
TOTAL 17
17.111
ns-Notsignificant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
28
Appendix Table 3.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected
by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I II III
T1-Garlic
1
1
1
3
1.00
T2-Chili
1
1
1
3
1.00
T3-Onion
1
1
1
3
1.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
1
1
1
3
1.00
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
1
3
1.00
T6-Sunflower
1
1
1
3
1.00
Appendix Table 4.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected
by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
1
1
1
3
1.00
T2-Chili
1
1
1
3
1.00
T3-Onion
1
1
1
3
1.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
1
1
1
3
1.00
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
1
3
1.00
T6-Sunflower
1
1
1
3
1.00
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
29
Appendix Table 5.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of
bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:2)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
32
38.5
31.75
102.5
34.08
T2-Chili
30.5
33
34.25
97.75
32.58
T3-Onion
39.75
36.25
32.5
108.5
36.17
T4-Yellow Ginger
40.75
51.75
34.5
126.75
42.25
T5-Piper Betley
33
38.5
34.5
106
35.33
T6-Sunflower
39.75
35.75
41.75
117.25
39.08
T7-Selecron
29.75
31
30.75
91.5
30.5
Untreated
32.25
43.75
36.5
112.5
37.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
290.573 41.510 20.169 ns
.110 2.66 4.03
Error
16
322.708 20.169
TOTAL
23
613.281
ns-Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
30
Appendix Table 6.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of
bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:4)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
45.5 35.25
33.25
114
38.00
T2-Chili
34.25
38.25
37.5
110
36.57
T3-Onion
34.75 42.75
40
117.5
39.17
T4-Yellow Ginger
29.11
44
37.75
110.86
36.95
T5-Piper Betley
41.75
45
40.75
127.5
42.5
T6-Sunflower
47.75
34.25
38
120
40.00
T7-Selecron
34.75
32.25
28
95
31.67
Untreated
41.25 39.25
37.25
117.75
39.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
210.459 30.066 1.271ns
.324 2.66 4.03
Error
16
378.558 23.660
TOTAL
23
589.017
ns-Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
31
Appendix Table 7.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of
bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
34
38.75
40
112.75
37.58
T2-Chili
36.5
39.25
35.25
111
37.00
T3-Onion
33.75
42.25
38.5
114.5
38.17
T4-Yellow Ginger
37.75
38.75
35.25
117.75
37.25
T5-Piper Betley
38.5
42.75
39.25
120.5
40.17
T6-Sunflower
52.25
36.75
39.5
28.5
142.83
T7-Selecron
34.25
37.25
34
105.5
35.17
Untreated
45.5
38.75
38.25
122.5
40.83
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
128.250 18.321 1.138ns
.389 2.66 4.03
Error
16
257.625 16.102
TOTAL
23
385.875
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
32
Appendix Table 8.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of
bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
40
36.75
37.5
114.25
38.08
T2-Chili
38
37.5
35
110.5
36.83
T3-Onion
44.25
41.75
38.75
124.75
41.58
T4-Yellow Ginger
41.5
42
41
124.5
41.5
T5-Piper Betley
43.25
41.25
36.75
121.25
40.42
T6-Sunflower 40
48
30
126
42.00
T7-Selecron
37
36.75
33.75
107.5
35.83
Untreated
41.5
40.25
44
125.5
41.83
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
9
166.033 18.448 1.990ns
.096 2.39 3.46
Error
20
185.417 9.271
TOTAL 29
351.450
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
33
Appendix Table 9. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:2)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
5
5
5
15
5.00
T2-Chili
5
5
5
15
5.00
T3-Onion 5
5
4.5
14.5
4.83
T4-Yellow Ginger
5.5
5.5
4.5
15.5
5.17
T5-Piper Betley
6
4
4.5
14.5
4.83
T6-Sunflower 4.5
5
5.5
15
5.00
T7-Selecron
4.5
4.5
4.5
13.5
4.5
Untreated 5.5
5.5
5.5
13.5
5.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
1.740
.249
1.136ns
.389 2.66 4.03
Error 16
3.500
.219
TOTAL 23
5.240
ns-Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
34
Appendix Table 10. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:4)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
4.5
5
5.5
15
5.00
T2-Chili
4.5
5.5
5
15
5.00
T3-Onion
5.5
5.5
5
16
5.33
T4-Yellow Ginger
4.5
6.5
5.5
16.5
5.5
T5-Piper Betley
4.5
5
5
14.5
4.83
T6-Sunflower
5
6
5.5
16.5
5.5
T7-Selecron
5
4.5
4.5
14
4.67
Untreated
5
5
6
16
5.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
2.073
.296
1.015ns
.457 2.66 4.03
Error
16
4.667
.292
TOTAL 23
6.740
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
35
Appendix Table 11. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
5
4.5
5
14
4.83
T2-Chili
4.5
5.5
4.5
14.5
4.83
T3-Onion
5
5
5.5
15.5
5.17
T4-Yellow Ginger
5.5
6
5.5
17
5.67
T5-Piper Betley
4.5
4.5
4.5
13.5
4.5
T6-Sunflower
5.5
5.5
5
16
5.33
T7-Selecron
4.5
4.5
4
13
4.33
Untreated
5.5
5.5
5.5
16.5
5.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
4.740
.677
7.222**
.001 .66 4.03
Error
16
1.500
TOTAL 23
6.240
**-highly significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
36
Appendix Table 12. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
5
5.5
4.5
15
5.00
T2-Chili
4.5
5.5
4.5
14.5 4.83
T3-Onion
6
4.5
4.5
15
5.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
5.5
5
5
15.5
5.17
T5-Piper Betley
5
4
5.5
14.5
4.83
T6-Sunflower
6
5.5
5.5
17
5.67
T7-Selecron
5
4.5
4.5
14
4.67
Untreated
5.5
6
5.5
17
5.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
9
3.133
.348
1.441ns
.237 2.39 3.46
Error 20
4.833
.242
TOTAL 29
7.967
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
37
Appendix Table 13.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:2)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
3
3
3
9
3.00
T2-Chili 3
5
3
11
3.67
T3-Onion 1
3
3
7
2.33
T4-Yellow Ginger
1
3
1
5
1.67
T5-Piper Betley
3
1
1
5
1.67
T6-Sunflower 1
1
1
3
1.00
T7-Selecron 3
1
1
3
1.00
Untreated 1
1
1
3
1.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
1.167
3.024
4.536**
006 2.66 4.03
Error 12
10.667
.667
TOTAL 23
31.833
**-highly significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
38
Appendix Table 14.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:4)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
3
3
3
9
3.00
T2-Chili 3
3
3
9
3.00
T3-Onion 3
1
3
7
2.33
T4-Yellow Ginger
1
1
3
5
1.67
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
1
3
1.00
T6-Sunflower 1
1
1
3
1.00
T7-Selecron 1
1
1
3
1.00
Untreated 1
1
1
3
1.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
17.167
2.453
7.357**
.000 2.66 4.03
Error 16
5.333
.333
TOTAL 23
22.500
**-highly significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
39
Appendix Table 15.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
1
3
1
5
1.67
T2-Chili 5
1
1
7
2.33
T3-Onion 1
1
1
3
1.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
1
1
1
3
1.00
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
1
3
1.00
T6-Sunflower 1
1
1
3
1.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
5.167
.738
.886ns
.539 2.66 4.03
Error 16
13.333
.833
TOTAL 23
18.500
ns-notsignificant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
40
Appendix Table 16.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
1
1
1
3
1.00
T2-Chili 1
1
1
3
1.00
T3-Onion 1
1
1
3
1.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
1
1
1
3
1.00
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
1
3
1.00
T6-Sunflower 1
1
1
3
1.00
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
41
Appendix Table 17.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application
of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:2)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
40.75
37.25
33.25
111.25
37.08
T2-Chili 39.25
33.5
36.25
109
36.33
T3-Onion 38
43.5
34
115.5
38.5
T4-Yellow Ginger
34.5
42.75
32.25
109.5
36.5
T5-Piper Betley
35.75
38.75
40.5
115
38.33
T6-Sunflower 45.25
47.25
35.5
128
42.67
T7-Selecron 36
40
31.5
107.5
35.83
Untreated 40
42.5
44.5
127
42.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
149.622
21.375
1.186ns
.000 2.51 3.71
Error 16
288.250
18.016
TOTAL 23
437.872
ns-Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
42
Appendix Table 18.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application
of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:4)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
38
42.5
35
115.5
38.5
T2-Chili 43.75
32.5
37.5
113.75
37.92
T3-Onion 35.25
39
42.25
116.5
38.83
T4-Yellow Ginger
33.25
38.5
36
108
36.00
T5-Piper Betley
37.75
43.5
42.25
123.5
41.17
T6-Sunflower 44.25
39.25
41.5
125
41.67
T7-Selecron 35.75
39.25
33
108
36.00
Untreated 42
37
44.25
123.25
41.08
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
107.997
15.428
1.185ns
.365 2.66 4.03
Error 16
208.375
13.023
TOTAL 23
316.372
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
43
Appendix Table 17.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application
of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
35.75
40.5
33
109.25
36.42
T2-Chili 33.25
38
43
114.25
38.08
T3-Onion 30.5
35
42.5
108
36.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
44.25
31.5
33
108.75
36.25
T5-Piper Betley
40.75
47
31.25
119
39.67
T6-Sunflower 42.5
31.5
41.50
115.5
38.5
T7-Selecron 31.5
40
33.5
105
35.00
Untreated 43.25
37.25
39.25
119.75
39.92
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
7
69.323
9.903
.314ns
.937 2.66 4.03
Error 16
504.917
31.557
TOTAL 23
574.240
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
44
Appendix Table 18.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application
of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
43.5
39
40.5
123
41.00
T2-Chili
37.75
40
44
121.75
40.58
T3-Onion
36.5
45.75 30.75
113
37.67
T4-Yellow Ginger
37.25
43.5
35.75
116.5
38.83
T5-Piper Betley
40
40.75
38.5
119.25
39.75
T6-Sunflower
39.25
44.25
37.25
120.75
40.25
T7-Selecron
38.25
2.5
34
104.75
34.91
Untreated
40.75
45 39.25
125
41.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
9
121.008
13.445
.969ns
.493 2.39 3.46
Error 20
277.542
13.877
TOTAL 29
398.550
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
45
Appendix Table 19. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:2)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
5
5
5
15
5.00
T2-Chili 4.5
4.5
5
14
4.67
T3-Onion 4.5
5.5
5.5
15.5
5.17
T4-Yellow Ginger
5.5
5.5
5
16
5.33
T5-Piper Betley
5.5
6
5
16.5
5.5
T6-Sunflower 5
5.5
5
15.5
5.17
T7-Selecron 4.5
5
4.5
14
4.67
Untreated 5.5
5.5
5
16
5.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
7
1.990
.284
2.274ns
.082 2.66 4.03
Error 16
2.000
.125
TOTAL 23
3.990
ns-Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
46
Appendix Table 19. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:4)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
4
5
5.5
14.5
4.83
T2-Chili 4.5
5
4.5
14
4.67
T3-Onion 5
5.5
5.5
16
5.33
T4-Yellow Ginger
5
5
5
15
5.00
T5-Piper Betley
6
4.5
4.5
15
5.00
T6-Sunflower 5.5
5.5
5.5
16.5
5.5
T7-Selecron 5.5
6
5.5
17
5.67
Untreated 4.5
4.5
4.5
13.5
4.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
7
3.490
.499
2.519ns
.060 2.66 4.03
Error 16
3.167
.198
TOTAL 23
6.656
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
47
Appendix Table 21. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
4.5
4.5
4.5
13.5
4.5
T2-Chili
4.5
5.0
5.0
14.5
4.83
T3-Onion
5.5
5.5
5.0 16
5.33
T4-Yellow Ginger
5
4.5
5
14.5
4.83
T5-Piper Betley
5.5
5.5
5.5
16.5
5.5
T6-Sunflower 5
6
5
16.5
5.5
T7-Selecron 5.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.83
Untreated
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
7
2.458
.351
2.810*
.041 2.66 4.03
Error 16
2.000
.125
TOTAL 23
4.458
*- significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
48
Appendix Table 22. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
4.5
4.5
4.5
13.5
4.5
T2-Chili
4.5
5
5
14.5
4.83
T3-Onion
5.5
4.5
5
16
5.33
T4-Yellow Ginger
5
4.5
5
14.5
4.83
T5-Piper Betley
5.5
5.5
5.5
16.5
5.5
T6-Sunflower 5
6
5
16.5
5.5
T7-Selecron 5.5
4.5
4.5
14.5
4.83
Untreated 5
5
5.5
15.5
5.17
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
9
4.200
.467
2.000ns
.094 2.39 3.46
Error 20
4.667
.233
TOTAL 29
8.867
ns- Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
49
Appendix Table 23.Population of whiteflies/ garden pea plant as affected by the
application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
21
8
9
38
12.67a
T2-Chili
4
13
21
7.00a
T3-Onion 58
27
12
97
32.33ab
T4-Yellow Ginger
44
40
28
112
37.33bc
T5-Piper Betley
46
22
21
89
29.67ab
T6-Sunflower
52
31
33
116
38.67bc
T7-Selecron
18
25
18
61 20.33b
Untreated
91
44
50
185
61.67c
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
7 6180.292 882.899
4.144**
.009 .213 .042
Error
16
3408.667
TOTAL 23
9588.958
**highly significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
50
Appendix Table 24.Population of whiteflies/ garden pea plant as affected by the
application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
14
5
15
34
11.33ab
T2-Chili
5
9
8
22
7.33a
T3-Onion 8
35
38
81
27.00bc
T4-Yellow Ginger
27
27
29
83
27.67bc
T5-Piper Betley
43
27
26
96
32.00c
T6-Sunflower 27
13
38
78
26.00bc
T7-Selecron
15
14
17
46
15.33abc
Untreated 62
43
51
156
52.00 d
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
Sig.
VARIANCE
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
Treatment
7
4146.667
592.381
7.287**
.001
Error 16
1300.667
81.292
TOTAL 23
5447.333
**highly significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
51
Appendix Table 25.Population of whiteflies/ garden pea plant as affected by the
application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Vinegar 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
7
12
10
29
9.67a
T2-Chili 12
8
6
26
8.67a
T3-Onion 31
41
21
93
31.00bc
T4-Yellow Ginger
56
18
30
104
34.67bc
T5-Piper Betley
36
22
28
86
28.67b
T6-Sunflower 30
15
24
69
23.00ab
T7-Selecron 12
29
23
64
21.33ab
Untreated 80
42
41
141
47.00c
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
Sig.
VARIANCE
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
Treatment
7
3519.833
502.833
5.105**
.003
Error
16
1576.000
98.500
TOTAL 23
5095.833
**highly significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
52
Appendix Table 26.Population of whiteflies/ garden pea plant as affected by the
application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Vinegar 1:8)
I II III
T1-Garlic 9
11
9
29
9.67a
T2-Chili 6
19
6
31
10.33a
T3-Onion 59
36
14
109
36.33bc
T4-Yellow Ginger
48
21
43
112
37.33bc
T5-Piper Betley
24
34
18
76
25.33abc
T6-Sunflower 35
18
46
99
33.00bc
T7-Selecron 16
8
22
46
15.33c
Untreated 53
40
43
136
45.33c
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
Sig.
VARIANCE
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
Treatment
7
3845.167
549.310
3.888*
.012
Error
16
2260.667
141.292
TOTAL 23
6105.833
*-significant Sig. <0.05
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
DAO-ANES, ANABELLE L. APRIL 2012. Efficacy of Selected Bio-Insecticides for the
Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea.Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Eulogio V. Cardona, Jr, Ph.D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Research Station, Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet from October 2011 to February 2012. The objectives of the research were to determine
should the bio-insecticides chili, garlic, yellow ginger, onion, sunflower and piper betley are
phytotoxic in garden pea crop and assess its insecticidal activity for the control of aphids and leaf
miner. Secondly, to determine the rates of the bio-insecticides effective for the control of insect
pests of garden pea and to determine should they have a repellent activity against adult
whiteflies.
The efficacy of the bio-insecticides was conducted under field condition using a small
plot of 1 square m2 per treatment while the repellent activity was conducted under greenhouse
condition. Prior the extraction, the bio-insecticides were soaked on wine captioned as (A) and
vinegar captioned as (B) for at least 10 days to enhance extraction. The ordinary juicer was used
for the extraction of the bio-insecticides. The 1.0 liter capacity hand sprayer was used during
treatment application. The effects of the bio-insecticides were observed in terms of phytotoxicity
on the garden pea crop, its effect on the population of aphids and the degree of leaf miner
damage. The repellent activity of the bio-insecticides was likewise determined under greenhouse
condition.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
This was carried out by treating the potted plants with the bio-insecticides and after
which were enclosed with cube shaped mesh cloth and released with cultured adult white fly
numbering to 200.
The bio-insecticides chili, garlic, onion and yellow ginger were phytotoxic at the dilution
ratio of 1:2 and 1:4 but were none phytotoxic at the dilution ratio of 1:6 and 1:8. Piper betley and
sunflower were none-phytotoxic at the dilution ratio of 1:2 until 1:8. None of the bio-insecticide
treatments offered excellent control of aphids and the suppression of leaf miner damage.
However, among the treatments, the treatment of chili has shown the least count of aphids and
leaf miner damage comparable with the standard Selecron.
Bio-insecticides chili and garlic offered excellent repellent activity against adult
whiteflies. Both bio-insecticides soaked on wine and vinegar is as equally effective against
whiteflies with the dilution ratio of 1:6 and 1:8.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...……………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… ii
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………… iii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………… 3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY……………………………………….. 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………… 13
Field Efficacy of Bio-Insecticides
against Insect Pests of Garden Pea………………………………………. 13
Efficacy of Wine Soaked Bio-Insecticides……………………………… 13
Efficacy against Aphids…………………………………………………. 13
Efficacy against Leaf Miner…………………………………………….. 14
Phytotoxicityof Garlic, Chili, Onion,
Yellow Ginger, Piper Betle and Sunflower……………………………… 16
Vinegar Soaked Bio-Insecticides……………………………………….. 17
Efficacy of Bio-insecticides against Aphids……………………………. 17
Efficacy against Leaf Miner…………………………………………….. 18
Phytotoxicityof Garlic, Chili, Onion,
Yellow Ginger, piper betle and sunflower……………………………… 19
Repellant Activity of Bio-Insecticides
Against Whiteflies……………………………………………………… 20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....…………...... 22
Summary……………………………………………………………….. 22
Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 23
Recommendation………………………………………………………. 24
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………… 25
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………. 26
1
INTRODUCTION
Garden pea (Pisumsativum L.) belongs to the leguminaceae family. It is a semi-
temperate crop that requires a cool climate for growth and development. Garden pea is a
hardy, annual, and tendril-climbing plant grown mainly for its whole edible pods. The
mature seeds contain a high percentage of carbohydrates and important minerals like
vitamin A, starch and protein, particularly in developing countries where there is a
shortage of livestock and fish products. Garden pea is likewise use in maintaining,
conserving the fertility and productivity of the soil. Nodules which contain nitrifying
bacteria are produced on the root. These nodules fixes nitrogen abundant and available
for vigorous growth of plants, decomposing and releasing fixed phosphate and potassium
compounds and increasing the activity of rhizosphere in plants facilitating the absorption
of elements required for plant nutrition.
Aphids, whiteflies and leaf miners are some of the damaging insects of garden
pea. The common practices of farmers in controlling these insect pests are by the use of
insecticides because the effect is quick and readily available in the market. Insecticides
are an integral part of the production system. Moreover, the continuous and excessive use
of insecticides had led to the development of resistance of the insect pests, rendering the
insecticides in effective. Likewise human health is affected due to frequent exposure to
high toxicity and residual persistence on consumable crop parts. Improper or
indiscriminate use of insecticides had also resulted to environmental hazards such as soil
and water pollution.
In response to this alarming problems associated with the excessive use of
insecticides in controlling insect pests, a better control must be sought.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
2
The study aims to discover an alternative control that are environment friendly
and are non-toxic. One possible alternative is the use of botanical insecticides. Botanical
insecticides are safe and do not result in the accumulation of hazardous residues in food
commodities.
The objectives of the study were to determine the bio-insecticidal activity of chili,
garlic, yellow ginger, onion, sunflower and piper betleyagainst insect pests of garden pea,
to identify the rates of the bio-insecticides effective for the control of insect pests of
garden pea, to determine should the bio-insecticides are phytotoxic and to determine
should they have a repellant activity against adult whiteflies.
The study was conducted at the ResearchStation, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet from October 2011 to February 2012.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Insect Pests of Garden Pea
There are some common pests that affect pea leaves and pea pods and these
insects include aphids, whiteflies, cutworms, pod borers, snails and slugs. The major
insect pests of garden pea in the Midwest are loppers, alfalfa caterpillars, stink bugs,
ground beetles, aphids and whiteflies (Deshpande and Adsulen, 1998).
Insect Pests Nature of Damage
Whitefly
(BemesiatabacciGenn.). It is a tiny, snow-white insect pest that
resembles a moth. Both adult and nymphs stages feed by sucking plant juices. Heavy
feeding by these pests can give plants a mottled dew excreted by these insect glazes both
upper and lower leaf surfaces, permitting the development of black sooty mold fungus.
Besides being unattractive, sooty mold interferes with photosynthesis, which retards plant
growth and often causes leaf drop (Hunter et al., 1998).
They suck phloem sap. Large populations can cause leaves to turn yellow, appear
dry, or fall off plants. Like aphids, whiteflies excrete honeydew, so leaves maybe sticky
or covered with black sooty mold. Feeding by the immature whitefly, can cause plant
distortion, discoloration, or silvering of leaves and may cause serious losses in some
vegetable crops. Some whiteflies transmit viruses to certain vegetable crops (Bellows et
al., 2002).
Aphids
(Aphis gosypii Glover). Aphids have piercing-sucking mouthparts and
cause damage by sucking the plant juices. They are commonly found on stems,
undersides of leaves and on flower buds in colonies of individuals. However, their ability
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
4
to transmit plant virus diseases may be more harmful than any direct feeding damage.
Aphids seem to be especially troublesome on plants that are in shaded areas. Their
feeding causes the leaves to curl or crinkle and flower buds may become hardened
causing the flowers to be distorted. Aphids excrete large amount of honeydew which is a
sugary liquid composed of unused plant sap and waste products. This provides an
excellent medium for the growth of a black fungus called “sooty mold”. Besides being
unattractive, sooty mold interferes with photosynthesis and somewhat retards the growth
of the plant. Sooty mold usually weathers away following control of the insect infestation
(Maurice, 2010).
Description of the Insect Pests
Whitefly
(BemesiatabacciGenn.).Borror in 1976 stated that whiteflies are minute
insects, rarely over 2 to 3 mm in length, which resemble tiny moths. The adults of both
sexes are winged, and the wings are covered with a white dust or a waxy powder. The
adults are usually active whitish insects that feed on leaves. The first instars are sessile
and look like scales; the scale like covering is a waxy secretion of the insect and has a
rather characteristic appearance.
Aphids
(Aphis gosypii Glover). Aphids are tiny true bugs with piercing-sucking
mouthparts designed to suck juices from plants. They are usually wingless and pear-
shaped. Aphids vary in color according to species and host plants. They are also known
as plant lice in Britain and the Commonwealth as greenflies, black flies or whiteflies.
They are small sap sucking insects, and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Aphids
are among the most destructive insect pests on cultivated plants in temperate regions
(Blackman and Eastrop, 1994).
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
5
Bio-insecticides
Garlic (Allium cepaLinn). Locally known as “bawang”, is the white gold of Ilocos
Region. It is one of the most important cash crops in the Philippines especially in the
province of Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. Garlic is used for relish in salads and for
enhancing the flavor of soups, stews and to some extent, for pickles. The leaves are used
for food as vegetables. Edible bulb is composed of several segments called cloves that are
rich in sugar and pungent oil from strong flavor and odor come. These are also used for
medicinal preparations and sold in powdered or juice forms. It has been used medicinally
as a stimulant (Hernandez, 1971).
Onion
(Allium cepa Linnaeus). Also known as bulb onion, and common onion, is
the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. It is a bulbous plant cultivated
worldwide as a vegetable. The rounded edible of this plant, composed of fleshy, tight,
concentric leaf bases having a pungent odor and taste. Onions are pungent because they
contain a sulfur-rich volatile oil, peeling or slicing them can bring tears to person’s eyes,
they vary in size, shape, color and pungency. Though low standard nutrients, they are
valued for their flavor. Onions have claimed to cure colds, earaches, and laryngitis and
have been used to treat animal bites, powder burns, and warts; like their close relative
garlic (Brewster, 1994).
Yellow Ginger (Hedychiumgardneranum Roscoe). It is also called as wild ginger
or kopi, is a flowering plant native to India, which is now commonly found in warm
environment throughout the world. It is a tropical plant and prefers warm and moist
environments, growing best in its rainforests or similar climates. It can grow in full
sunlight, but prefers partial to full shade created by a dense foliage canopy. It is a
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
6
perennial flower, which blooms during late fall and early winter. Flowers vary from
cream to yellow in color, and are very fragrant. The plant has long and waxy, blade-shape
leaves of green. At maturity yellow ginger can reach a height of between 6 to 7 feet
(Barton, 1999).
Chili
(Capsicum annum L.). Chili is the fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum,
members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Chili originated in the Americas. After
the Columbian exchange, many cultivars of chili spread across the world, used in both
food and medicine (Wikipedia, 2011).
Sunflower
(Helianthus annus L.).Sunflower is an annual plant native to the
Americas that possesses a large inflorescence (flowering head). The sunflower got its
name from its huge, fiery blooms, whose shape and image is often used to depict the sun.
It has a rough, hairy stem, broad, coarsely toothed, rough leaves and circular heads of
flowers. The head consists of 1,000-2,000 individual bases. Sunflower leaves can be used
as cattle feed, while the stems contain a fiber which may be used in paper production.
They most commonly grow to heights between 1.5 and 3.5 m (5-12) ft (Wood, 2002).
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
7
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
The materials used in the study were garden pea seeds, grab hoe, chicken manure,
sticks, sacks, knife, juicer, onion, garlic, yellow ginger, chili, sunflower, piper betel and
digital camera.
Methodology
A. Field Efficacy of Bio-Insecticides
against Insect Pests of Garden Pea
The host garden pea was raised in the open field at the BSU Research Station.
Because of limited space at the research area coupled by the large number of treatments
as required by the research, the area allotted per treatment was generally reduced
equivalent to 1 square meter with the dimension of 1 meter in width and 1 meter in
length. The distances between plants were maintained at 30 cm between rows and 30 cm
between hills with a total of 8 plants per plot (Figure 1). Except the application of
insecticides, all other agronomic cultural requirements of the plants were provided.
Application of the treatments started 3 weeks after seeding when plants were 6 inches in
height. The treatments include the extract of several bio-insecticides namely: garlic, chili,
onion, yellow ginger, piper betley, sunflower and the standard Selecron (Figure 2). Prior
the extraction using a juicer (Figure 3), the bio-insecticides were grouped into 2 with one
group soaked in a wine (fermented strawberry)or captioned as (A) while the other on
vinegar (fermented sugar) or captioned as (B).
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
8
Figure 1.Garden pea plants in the field for the efficacy of the extracts on aphids and leaf-
miner
a
b
c
d
e
Figure 2. Bio-insecticides a. onion,b. garlic, c. chili, d. sunflower
ande. yellow ginger
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
9
Figure 3. Juicer used for the extraction of bio-insecticides
Figure 4. Spraying of the treatments on garden pea plants in the field
The dilution ratio for the two sets of bio-insecticides was 1:2, 1:4, 1: 6 and 1:8
(Table 1). The phytotoxicity of the treatments was determined using the 1-9 FPA rating
scale index at 2 days after the scheduled application of treatments (Figure 5). The details
of the phytotoxicity rating scale index were as follows: 1-no crop injury; 3-1 to 10% crop
injury; 5-11 to 20% crop injury; 7-21 to 30% crop injury; 9->30% crop injury.
Table 1.Plant extract and dilution ratio
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
10
PLANT EXTRACTS
DILUTION
Garlic Chili Onion Sunflower Yellow
Piper
RATIO
Ginger
Betley
1:2 /
/
/
/ / /
1:4 /
/
/
/ / /
1:6 /
/
/
/ / /
1:8 /
/
/
/ / /
The efficacy of the treatments against aphids was determined through population
count by counting them individually using all the 8 plants per replication as the samples.
Due to the difficulty of assessing the population of leaf miners since they mine the leaves,
as an alternative, the insect damaged was assessed using the 1-9 FPA damage rating scale
index. The details of leaf miner feeding damage are as follows: 1- no damage, 3-1-to
25% leaf damage, 5-26 to 50 damage, 7-51 to 70% damage and 9-71 to 100% damage.
B. A Study on the Repellent Activity
of Bio-Insecticides against
Whitefly of Garden Pea
under Greenhouse Condition
The host garden pea plants of the test whitefly were propagated on a 6 inches
diameter clay pots inside the open sided greenhouse (Figure 5) at the BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. In order to come up with vigorous plants ideal for the development of
whiteflies, the soil medium used was enriched with nutrient elements by the
incorporation of 1/3 compost chicken dung for every 2/3 unit of clay soils. The growing
plants were protected from diseases by the weekly application of fungicide Dithane M-
50. Insecticides were not applied but in order to prevent plants from possible early
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
11
infestation by whiteflies, the potted garden pea plants were enclosed with cube shaped
mesh cloth (Figure 5).
Figure 5.Potted garden pea plants enclosed with cube shape mesh cloth
A cube shaped cage made of fine mesh cloth was established and used to enclose
the 2 weeks old potted garden pea plants for the trial. The size dimension of the cage was
2 x 2 x 1.5 meters. One potted garden pea plants representeed one treatment. Since there
were 8 treatments and each is replicated 3 times, the number of garden pea plants
enclosed within the cage was 24. There were 2 cages made each to represent the
treatments of different extraction procedures captioned as A for the extraction using the
wine and captioned B for the extraction using the vinegar.
As the cages were used to enclose the potted garden pea, the said potted garden
peas were first treated with the treatments before they were placed inside the cages. The
dilution ratio of 1:8 was used being the rate screened effective and non phytotoxicunder
field condition. The 1.0 liter capacity atomizer was used in applying the treatments. An
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
12
hour after treatment, cultured adult whitefly on potted cabbages was gently placed inside
the cages. The garden pea plants stem near the root was cut after placing within the cage.
This is to enhance the wilting of the host plants for the whiteflies to leave the plants and
have their choices among the treated potted garden pea plants.
One day after treatment of the potted garden pea plants, the number of adult
whitefly present on the plants were examined and record their number. The counts of the
adult whitefly were done 3 times for 3 successive days after treatment. In addition,
phytotoxicity of the treatments by following the 1 to 9 FPA rating scale index was
likewise taken, a rating scale index similar with the rating scale done under field
condition. This was done 2 days after treatment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
13
A. Field Efficacy of Bio-Insecticides against Insect Pests of Garden Pea
A.1 Efficacy of Wine Soaked Bio-Insecticides
Efficacy against aphids.The efficacy of bio-insecticides against aphids is
presented in data Table 2. None of the treatments of bio-insecticides have offered
exceptional control of aphids (Figure 6) even from the dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1:4 which
were proven to be phytotoxic. Among the treatments, so far only the treatment of chili in
all the dilution ratio of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6 and 1:8 were obvious to have a population of aphids
that are numerically lower comparable with the standard Selecron.
Table 2. Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of bio-
insecticides
TREATMENT
DILUTION RATIO
WINE SOAKED BIO-
1:2 1:4
1:6 1:8
INSECTICIDES
T1-Garlic 34.08ab 38:00ab 37.58a 38.08ab
T2-Chili 32.58b 36.67ab 37.00 a 36.83ab
T3-Onion 36.17ab 39.17ab 38.17 a 41.58ab
T4-Yellow Ginger
42.25a 36.95ab 37.25 a 41.50ab
T5-Piper Betle
35.33ab 42.50a 40.17 a 40.42ab
T6-Sunflower 39.08ab 40.00ab 42.83 a 42.00a
T7-Selecron 30.50b 31.67b 35.17 a 36.08ab
T8-Untreated 37.50ab 39.25ab 40.83 a 39.25ab
Means within each vertical column followed by same letter are not significantly different
at 0.05 DMRT
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
14
Figure 6. Nymphs and Adult aphids feeding by sucking on the leaves
Efficacy against leaf miner.The efficacy of bio-insecticides against leaf miner is
presented in data Table 3. Like the efficacy of the bio-insecticides presented above, none
have offered exceptional control of leaf miners(Figure 7)where all the treatments were
significantly damaged together with the untreated in all the dilution ratio of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6
and 1:8. On the other hand so far, only the treatment of chili was obvious to be
numerically least damaged (1:6 and 1:8 dilution ratio) comparable with the standard
Selecron.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
15
Table 3. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected by
the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENT
DILUTION RATIO
WINE SOAKED
1:2
1:4
1:6
1:8
BIO-INSECTICIDES
T
ab
1-Garlic
5.00ab
5.00 a
4.83bc
5.00a
T
ab
2-Chili
5.00ab
5.00 a
4.83bc
4.83a
T
ab
3-Onion
4.83ab
5.33 a
5.17ab
5.00a
T
ab
4-Yellow Ginger
5.17ab
5.50 a
5.67a
5.17a
T
ab
5-Piper Betle
4.83ab
4.83 a
4.50c
4.83a
T
a
6-Sunflower
5.00ab
5.50 a
5.33ab
5.67
T
b
7-Selecron
4.50b
4.67 a
4.33c
4.67
T
a
8-Untreated
5.50a
5.33 a
5.50a
5.67a
Means within each vertical column followed by same letter are not significantly different
at 0.05 DMRT. Leaf miner feeding damage: 1- no damage, 3-1-to 25% leaf damage, 5-26
to 50 damage, 7-51 to 70% damage and 9-71 to 100%
Figure 7. Leafminer damage on the garden pea leaves
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
16
Phytotoxicity of garlic, chili, onion, yellow ginger, piper betle and sunflower.The
data on the phytotoxicity of the bio-insecticides is presented in Table 4. All the bio-
insecticides with the dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1:4 namely: garlic, chili, onion, and yellow
ginger are phytotoxic. However, the phytotoxicity of the bio-insecticides is gone with the
dilution ratio of 1:6 and 1:8. For unknown reason, the bio-insecticides piper betley and
sunflower are not phytotoxic. (Figure 8).
Table 4. Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected by the
application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENT
DILUTION RATIO
WINE SOAKED BIO-
1:2 1:4
1:6 1:8
INSECTICIDES
T1-Garlic 3.00ab 2.33ab 1.0a
1.0a
T2-Chili 4.33a 3.00a 1.0a 1.0a
T3-Onion 1.67b 1.67ab 1.0a 1.0a
T4-Yellow Ginger
2.33ab 1.67ab 1.0a 1.0a
T5-Piper Betle
1.00b 1.00b 1.0a 1.0a
T6-Sunflower 1.00b 1.00b 1.0a 1.0a
T7-Selecron 1.00b 1.00b 1.0a 1.0a
T8-Untreated 1.00b 1.00b 1.0a 1.0a
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at a 5% level by
DMRT
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
17
Figure 8.Phytotoxicity effect of the test bio insecticides on garden pea
A.2 Vinegar Soaked Bio-Insecticides
Efficacy of bio-insecticides against aphids.The efficacy of the bio-insecticides
against aphids is presented in data Table 5. None of the treatments of bio-insecticides
showed exceptional control of aphids. This claim was evidenced by the counts on the
treatments that are comparable with the untreated. Among the treatments, so far only the
treatment of bio-insecticide onion was obvious to have a numerically lower population of
aphids comparable with the standard Selecron.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
18
Table 5. Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of bio-
insecticides
TREATMENT
DILUTION RATIO
VINEGAR SOAKED
1:2 1:4
1:6 1:8
BIO-INSECTICIDES
T1-Garlic
37.08a
38.50 a
36.42 a
41.00 a
T2-Chili
36.33a
37.92 a
38.08 a
40.58 a
T3-Onion 38.00a
38.83 a 36.00 a 37.67 a
T4-Yellow Ginger
36.50a 36.00 a 36.25 a 38.83 a
T5-Piper Betle
38.33a 47.17 a 39.97 a 39.75 a
T6-Sunflower 42.67a 41.67 a 38.50 a 40.25 a
T7-Selecron 35.83a 36.00 a 35.00 a 34.91 a
T8-Untreated 42.33a 41.08 a 39.92 a 41.67 a
Means within each vertical column followed by same letter are not significantly different
at 0.05 DMRT.
Efficacy against leaf miner.The data on the efficacy of bio-insecticides against
leaf miner is presented in Table 6. None of the treatments have shown exceptional control
of the insect since the feeding damage was generally comparable with the untreated.
Among the treatments, so far the treatment of bio-insecticide chili in all the dilution ratio
of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6 and 1:8 was obvious to have a lower feeding damage relatively
comparable with the standard Selecron.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
19
Table 6. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected by
the application of bio-insecticides
TREATMENT
VINEGAR
DILUTION RATIO
SOAKED BIO-
1:2 1:4
1:6 1:8
INSECTICIDES
T1-Garlic
5.00ab
4.83abc
4.50b
4.50c
T2-Chili
4.67b
4.67bc
4.83ab
4.67bc
T3-Onion
5.17ab
5.33abc
5.33a
5.00abc
T4-Yellow Ginger
5.33ab
5.00abc
4.83ab
4.83abc
T5-Piper Betle
5.50a
5.00abc
5.50a
5.00abc
T6-Sunflower
5.17ab
5.50ab
5.50a
5.67a
T7-Selecron
4.67b
4.50c
4.83ab
5.00abc
T8-Untreated
5.33ab
5.67a
5.70ab
4.67abc
Means within each vertical column followed by same letter are not significantly different
at 0.05 DMRT. Leaf miner feeding damage: 1- no damage, 3-1-to 25% leaf damage, 5-26
to 50 damage, 7-51 to 70% damage and 9-71 to 100% damage
Phytotoxicitygarlic, chili, onion, yellow ginger, piper betle and sunflower. The
phytotoxicity effect of bio-insecticides is presented in data Table 7. Like in the above
trial, the bio-insecticides namely: garlic, chili, onion, yellow ginger and piper betleyare
phytotoxic from the dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1:4. The bio-insecticides are less phytotoxic
on the dilution ratio of 1:6 for garlic and chili and all are non phytotoxic on the dilution
ratio of 1:8. From the dilution ratio of 1:2 until 1:8, only the bio-insecticide sunflower
was non phytotoxic like the standard Selecron.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
20
Table 7. Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected by the
application of bio-insecticides
TREATMENT
DILUTION RATIO
VINEGAR SOAKED
1:2 1:4
1:6 1:8
BIO-INSECTICIDES
T1-Garlic
3.00ab
3.00a
1.67a
1.00a
T2-Chili
3.67a
3.00a
2.33a
1.00a
T3-Onion
2.33abc
2.33cb
1.00a
1.00a
T4-Yellow Ginger
1.67bc
1.67abc
1.00a
1.00a
T5-Piper Betle
1.67c
1.00c
1.00a
1.00a
T6-Sunflower
1.00c
1.00c
1.00a
1.00a
T7-Selecron
1.00c
1.00c
1.00a
1.00a
T8-Untreated
1.00c
1.00c
1.00a
1.00a
Means within each vertical column followed by same letter are not significantly different
at 0.05 DMRT. The details of the phytotoxicity rating scale index are as follows: 1-no
crop injury; 3-1 to 10% crop injury; 5-11 to 20% crop injury; 7-21 to 30% crop injury; 9-
>30% crop injury
B. Repellant Activity of Bio-Insecticides
against Whiteflies
The counts of adult whiteflies are presented in data Table 8. It is clear presented
the significant difference of the treatments base on the results of the ANOVA. There
were 7 bio-insecticides tested but among the treatments it was clearly shown that the
treatments of chili and garlic have the lowest counts of adult whiteflies significantly
lower than the untreated. These two bio-insecticides were tested with the dilution ration
of 1:6 and 1:8 but both of them appear to show excellent repellent activity against adult
whiteflies. In between chili and garlic there was no significant repellent activity
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
21
difference against adult whiteflies. Synthetic Selecron was used as the basis for
comparison yet the treatments of chili and garlic appeared to show a better repellent
activity against the insect. The rests of the treatments like onion, yellow ginger,
sunflower and piper betley have not shown any sign for a repellent activity against adult
whiteflies. This was because the counts of adult whiteflies on the said treatments were
extremely high comparable with the untreated. For unknown reason the standard Selecron
had not shown any degree of repellent activity against whiteflies.
Table 8. Population of whiteflies/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of bio-
insecticides
WINE (1:8) WINE (1:6)
VINEGAR (1:8)
VINEGAR (1:6)
TREATMENT
T1-Chili
7.33a
7.00a
10.33a
8.67a
T2- Garlic
11.33ab
12.67ab
9.67a
9.67a
T3-Sunflower
26.00bc
38.67bc
33.00bc
23.00ab
T4- Piper Betle
32.00c
29.67ab
25.33abc
8.67b
T5- Onion
27.00bc
32.33ab
36.33bc
31.00bc
T6 Yellow Ginger
27.67bc
37.33bc
37.33bc
34.67bc
T7- Selecron
15.33abc
20.33ab
15.33ab
21.33ab
T8- Untreated
52.00d
61.67c
45.33c
47.00c
Fc
7.287**
4.144**
3.888*
5.105**
Sig.
.001
.009
.012
.003
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Research Station, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet from October 2011 to February 2012 purposely to gather information
which may serve as guide in determining the efficacy of bio-insecticides like chili, garlic,
yellow ginger, onion, and sunflower against aphids and leaf miners and its repellent
activity against adult whiteflies.
The efficacy of the bio-insecticides against the insect pests of garden pea plants
was conducted under field condition using a small plot of 1 square m2 per treatment while
the repellent activity was conducted under greenhouse condition. The treatments were
replicated 3 times and laid out in the field by following the randomized complete block
with 3 replications. Prior the extraction, the bio-insecticides chili, garlic, yellow ginger,
onion, sunflower and piper betley were first soaked on wine captioned as (A) and vinegar
captioned as (B) for at least 10 days. This is to enhance extraction. Each of the bio-
insecticides extract was applied with the dilution ratio of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6 and 1:8. The
ordinary juicer was used for the extraction of the bio-insecticides. The 1.0 liter capacity
hand sprayer was used during treatment application. An important information gathered
after treatment was the bio-insecticide phytotoxicity effect, their effect on the population
of aphids and the degree of leaf miner damage. The repellent activity of the bio-
insecticides was likewise determined under greenhouse condition. This was carried out
by treating the potted plants with the bio-insecticides. The treated potted garden pea
plants were enclosed with cube shaped mesh cloth and released with cultured adult white
fly numbering approximately 200.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
23
The bio-insecticides chili, garlic, onion and yellow ginger were phytotoxic at the
dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1:4 but were none phytotoxic at the dilution ratio of 1:6 and 1:8.
Piper betley and sunflower were none-phytotoxic at the dilution ratio of 1:2 until 1:8.
None of the bio-insecticide treatments offered excellent control of aphids and the
suppression of leaf miner damage. However, among the treatments, the treatment of chili
has shown the least count of aphids and leaf miner damage comparable with the standard
Selecron.
Bio-insecticides chili and garlic offered excellent repellent activity against adult
whiteflies. Both bio-insecticides soaked either on wine and vinegar at the dilution ratio of
1:6 and 1:8 are as equally effective against whiteflies.
Conclusions
Sunflower and piper betleysoaked on either wine and vinegar are none phytotoxic
on the most concentrated dilution ratio of 1:2.
Chili, garlic, onion and yellow ginger soaked either on wine and vinegar are
phytotoxic at the dilution ratio of 1:2, 1:4. The bio-insecticides are not phytotoxic on the
dilution ratio of 1:6 and 1:8
None of the bio-insecticides either soaked on wine and vinegar offered excellent
control of aphids and in suppressing leaf miners although the bio-insecticide chili offered
a control relatively better than any of the bio-insecticides tested.
Chili and garlic soaked either on wine and on vinegar at both dilution ratio of 1:6
and 1:8 offered an excellent repellent activity against adult whitefly better than the
standard Selecron.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
24
Recommendation
Garlic and chili are recommended for the control of whiteflies. The rate
recommended is the dilution ratio of 1 part extract and 6 parts water and 1 part extract
and 8 parts water.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
25
LITERATURE CITED
BARTON, M. 1999. What is Yellow Ginger Plant? Retrieved July24, 2011 from http:
//www.ehow.com/about_6515327-yellow-ginger-plant.html.
BELLOWS, T. S., J. N. KABASHIMA andK. ROBB.2002. Pest Notes:Giant
Whitefly. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7400. Pests in Gardens and
Landscapes
–
Whiteflies–
Retrieved September 2,2011 fromhttp://www.
ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn740.html.
BLACKMAN, R. L.and V. F. EASTROP. 1994. Aphids onthe World’s Trees. An
Introduction and Information Guide.Willingford: CAB International. Retrieved
August 30, 2011 from http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphid#References.
BORROR, D. J. 1976. An Introduction to the Study of Insects. BlackwellPublishing
Company. Pp. 309-312.
BREWSTER, J. L. 1994. Onions andOther Vegetable Alliums (1st Ed.). Wallingford
UKCAB
International.
Retrieved
September 13, 2011 fromhttp://www.en.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion.
DESHPANDE, S. S. and R. N. ADSULEN. 1998. Garden Pea. “Handbook of Vegetable
Science andTechnology: Production, Composition, Storage, and Processing”.
New York. Marcel Dekker, Inc. Pp. 433-456.
HERNANDEZ, D. F. 1971. Plant of the Philippines.(2nd Ed). U.P. Diliman, Quezon City
Pp.
131-134.
HUNTER, W. B., HIEBERT, E., WEBB, S. E., J. H. TSAI and J. E. POLSTON. 1998.
Location of Gemini Virus in Whitefly(Bemesiatabaci)-Homoptera:Aleyroidae).
Plant Diseases. Vol.82. Pp. 141-151.
MAURICE, N. 2010. Aphis gosypii. Retrieved August29, 2011 from http://www.
Ezinearticles.com/?Aphis-Gosypii-The-Cotton-Aphid&id=5204114.
WIKIPEDIA, 2011.Chilli Pepper “Hottest Chilli”. Guinness World Records. Retrieved
July 26, 2011 from http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chillipepper.
WOOD, M. 2002. “Sunflower” Agricultural Research. USDA.Retrieved August 21,
2011.
from
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower.
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
26
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected
by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:2)
I II III
T1-Garlic 3
3
3
9
3.00
T2-Chili 3
1
5
13
4.33
T3-Onion 3
1
5
9
3.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
3
3
1
7
2.33
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
3
5
1.67
T6-Sunflower 1
1
1
3
1.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
5
20.4444 4.089 3.067ns .052
3.11
5.06
Error
12
16.000 1.333
TOTAL
17
36.444
ns-Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
27
Appendix Table 2.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected
by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:4)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
1
3
3
7
2.33
T2-Chili
3
3
3
9
3.00
T3-Onion
1
3
1
5
1.67
T4-Yellow Ginger
3
1
1
5
1.67
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
1
5
1.00
T6-Sunflower
1
1
1
3
1.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 5 9.111
1.822
2.733 ns .071
3.11 5.06
Error 12
8.000
.667
TOTAL 17
17.111
ns-Notsignificant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
28
Appendix Table 3.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected
by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I II III
T1-Garlic
1
1
1
3
1.00
T2-Chili
1
1
1
3
1.00
T3-Onion
1
1
1
3
1.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
1
1
1
3
1.00
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
1
3
1.00
T6-Sunflower
1
1
1
3
1.00
Appendix Table 4.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as affected
by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
1
1
1
3
1.00
T2-Chili
1
1
1
3
1.00
T3-Onion
1
1
1
3
1.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
1
1
1
3
1.00
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
1
3
1.00
T6-Sunflower
1
1
1
3
1.00
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
29
Appendix Table 5.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of
bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:2)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
32
38.5
31.75
102.5
34.08
T2-Chili
30.5
33
34.25
97.75
32.58
T3-Onion
39.75
36.25
32.5
108.5
36.17
T4-Yellow Ginger
40.75
51.75
34.5
126.75
42.25
T5-Piper Betley
33
38.5
34.5
106
35.33
T6-Sunflower
39.75
35.75
41.75
117.25
39.08
T7-Selecron
29.75
31
30.75
91.5
30.5
Untreated
32.25
43.75
36.5
112.5
37.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
290.573 41.510 20.169 ns
.110 2.66 4.03
Error
16
322.708 20.169
TOTAL
23
613.281
ns-Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
30
Appendix Table 6.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of
bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:4)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
45.5 35.25
33.25
114
38.00
T2-Chili
34.25
38.25
37.5
110
36.57
T3-Onion
34.75 42.75
40
117.5
39.17
T4-Yellow Ginger
29.11
44
37.75
110.86
36.95
T5-Piper Betley
41.75
45
40.75
127.5
42.5
T6-Sunflower
47.75
34.25
38
120
40.00
T7-Selecron
34.75
32.25
28
95
31.67
Untreated
41.25 39.25
37.25
117.75
39.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
210.459 30.066 1.271ns
.324 2.66 4.03
Error
16
378.558 23.660
TOTAL
23
589.017
ns-Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
31
Appendix Table 7.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of
bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
34
38.75
40
112.75
37.58
T2-Chili
36.5
39.25
35.25
111
37.00
T3-Onion
33.75
42.25
38.5
114.5
38.17
T4-Yellow Ginger
37.75
38.75
35.25
117.75
37.25
T5-Piper Betley
38.5
42.75
39.25
120.5
40.17
T6-Sunflower
52.25
36.75
39.5
28.5
142.83
T7-Selecron
34.25
37.25
34
105.5
35.17
Untreated
45.5
38.75
38.25
122.5
40.83
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
128.250 18.321 1.138ns
.389 2.66 4.03
Error
16
257.625 16.102
TOTAL
23
385.875
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
32
Appendix Table 8.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application of
bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
40
36.75
37.5
114.25
38.08
T2-Chili
38
37.5
35
110.5
36.83
T3-Onion
44.25
41.75
38.75
124.75
41.58
T4-Yellow Ginger
41.5
42
41
124.5
41.5
T5-Piper Betley
43.25
41.25
36.75
121.25
40.42
T6-Sunflower 40
48
30
126
42.00
T7-Selecron
37
36.75
33.75
107.5
35.83
Untreated
41.5
40.25
44
125.5
41.83
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
9
166.033 18.448 1.990ns
.096 2.39 3.46
Error
20
185.417 9.271
TOTAL 29
351.450
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
33
Appendix Table 9. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:2)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
5
5
5
15
5.00
T2-Chili
5
5
5
15
5.00
T3-Onion 5
5
4.5
14.5
4.83
T4-Yellow Ginger
5.5
5.5
4.5
15.5
5.17
T5-Piper Betley
6
4
4.5
14.5
4.83
T6-Sunflower 4.5
5
5.5
15
5.00
T7-Selecron
4.5
4.5
4.5
13.5
4.5
Untreated 5.5
5.5
5.5
13.5
5.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
1.740
.249
1.136ns
.389 2.66 4.03
Error 16
3.500
.219
TOTAL 23
5.240
ns-Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
34
Appendix Table 10. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:4)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
4.5
5
5.5
15
5.00
T2-Chili
4.5
5.5
5
15
5.00
T3-Onion
5.5
5.5
5
16
5.33
T4-Yellow Ginger
4.5
6.5
5.5
16.5
5.5
T5-Piper Betley
4.5
5
5
14.5
4.83
T6-Sunflower
5
6
5.5
16.5
5.5
T7-Selecron
5
4.5
4.5
14
4.67
Untreated
5
5
6
16
5.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
2.073
.296
1.015ns
.457 2.66 4.03
Error
16
4.667
.292
TOTAL 23
6.740
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
35
Appendix Table 11. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
5
4.5
5
14
4.83
T2-Chili
4.5
5.5
4.5
14.5
4.83
T3-Onion
5
5
5.5
15.5
5.17
T4-Yellow Ginger
5.5
6
5.5
17
5.67
T5-Piper Betley
4.5
4.5
4.5
13.5
4.5
T6-Sunflower
5.5
5.5
5
16
5.33
T7-Selecron
4.5
4.5
4
13
4.33
Untreated
5.5
5.5
5.5
16.5
5.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
4.740
.677
7.222**
.001 .66 4.03
Error
16
1.500
TOTAL 23
6.240
**-highly significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
36
Appendix Table 12. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
5
5.5
4.5
15
5.00
T2-Chili
4.5
5.5
4.5
14.5 4.83
T3-Onion
6
4.5
4.5
15
5.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
5.5
5
5
15.5
5.17
T5-Piper Betley
5
4
5.5
14.5
4.83
T6-Sunflower
6
5.5
5.5
17
5.67
T7-Selecron
5
4.5
4.5
14
4.67
Untreated
5.5
6
5.5
17
5.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
9
3.133
.348
1.441ns
.237 2.39 3.46
Error 20
4.833
.242
TOTAL 29
7.967
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
37
Appendix Table 13.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:2)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
3
3
3
9
3.00
T2-Chili 3
5
3
11
3.67
T3-Onion 1
3
3
7
2.33
T4-Yellow Ginger
1
3
1
5
1.67
T5-Piper Betley
3
1
1
5
1.67
T6-Sunflower 1
1
1
3
1.00
T7-Selecron 3
1
1
3
1.00
Untreated 1
1
1
3
1.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
1.167
3.024
4.536**
006 2.66 4.03
Error 12
10.667
.667
TOTAL 23
31.833
**-highly significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
38
Appendix Table 14.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:4)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
3
3
3
9
3.00
T2-Chili 3
3
3
9
3.00
T3-Onion 3
1
3
7
2.33
T4-Yellow Ginger
1
1
3
5
1.67
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
1
3
1.00
T6-Sunflower 1
1
1
3
1.00
T7-Selecron 1
1
1
3
1.00
Untreated 1
1
1
3
1.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
17.167
2.453
7.357**
.000 2.66 4.03
Error 16
5.333
.333
TOTAL 23
22.500
**-highly significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
39
Appendix Table 15.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
1
3
1
5
1.67
T2-Chili 5
1
1
7
2.33
T3-Onion 1
1
1
3
1.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
1
1
1
3
1.00
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
1
3
1.00
T6-Sunflower 1
1
1
3
1.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
5.167
.738
.886ns
.539 2.66 4.03
Error 16
13.333
.833
TOTAL 23
18.500
ns-notsignificant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
40
Appendix Table 16.Degree of phytotoxicity (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
1
1
1
3
1.00
T2-Chili 1
1
1
3
1.00
T3-Onion 1
1
1
3
1.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
1
1
1
3
1.00
T5-Piper Betley
1
1
1
3
1.00
T6-Sunflower 1
1
1
3
1.00
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
41
Appendix Table 17.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application
of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:2)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
40.75
37.25
33.25
111.25
37.08
T2-Chili 39.25
33.5
36.25
109
36.33
T3-Onion 38
43.5
34
115.5
38.5
T4-Yellow Ginger
34.5
42.75
32.25
109.5
36.5
T5-Piper Betley
35.75
38.75
40.5
115
38.33
T6-Sunflower 45.25
47.25
35.5
128
42.67
T7-Selecron 36
40
31.5
107.5
35.83
Untreated 40
42.5
44.5
127
42.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
149.622
21.375
1.186ns
.000 2.51 3.71
Error 16
288.250
18.016
TOTAL 23
437.872
ns-Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
42
Appendix Table 18.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application
of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:4)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
38
42.5
35
115.5
38.5
T2-Chili 43.75
32.5
37.5
113.75
37.92
T3-Onion 35.25
39
42.25
116.5
38.83
T4-Yellow Ginger
33.25
38.5
36
108
36.00
T5-Piper Betley
37.75
43.5
42.25
123.5
41.17
T6-Sunflower 44.25
39.25
41.5
125
41.67
T7-Selecron 35.75
39.25
33
108
36.00
Untreated 42
37
44.25
123.25
41.08
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTED Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUAREs SQUARES
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
7
107.997
15.428
1.185ns
.365 2.66 4.03
Error 16
208.375
13.023
TOTAL 23
316.372
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
43
Appendix Table 17.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application
of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
35.75
40.5
33
109.25
36.42
T2-Chili 33.25
38
43
114.25
38.08
T3-Onion 30.5
35
42.5
108
36.00
T4-Yellow Ginger
44.25
31.5
33
108.75
36.25
T5-Piper Betley
40.75
47
31.25
119
39.67
T6-Sunflower 42.5
31.5
41.50
115.5
38.5
T7-Selecron 31.5
40
33.5
105
35.00
Untreated 43.25
37.25
39.25
119.75
39.92
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
7
69.323
9.903
.314ns
.937 2.66 4.03
Error 16
504.917
31.557
TOTAL 23
574.240
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
44
Appendix Table 18.Population of aphids/ garden pea plant as affected by the application
of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
43.5
39
40.5
123
41.00
T2-Chili
37.75
40
44
121.75
40.58
T3-Onion
36.5
45.75 30.75
113
37.67
T4-Yellow Ginger
37.25
43.5
35.75
116.5
38.83
T5-Piper Betley
40
40.75
38.5
119.25
39.75
T6-Sunflower
39.25
44.25
37.25
120.75
40.25
T7-Selecron
38.25
2.5
34
104.75
34.91
Untreated
40.75
45 39.25
125
41.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
9
121.008
13.445
.969ns
.493 2.39 3.46
Error 20
277.542
13.877
TOTAL 29
398.550
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
45
Appendix Table 19. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:2)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
5
5
5
15
5.00
T2-Chili 4.5
4.5
5
14
4.67
T3-Onion 4.5
5.5
5.5
15.5
5.17
T4-Yellow Ginger
5.5
5.5
5
16
5.33
T5-Piper Betley
5.5
6
5
16.5
5.5
T6-Sunflower 5
5.5
5
15.5
5.17
T7-Selecron 4.5
5
4.5
14
4.67
Untreated 5.5
5.5
5
16
5.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
7
1.990
.284
2.274ns
.082 2.66 4.03
Error 16
2.000
.125
TOTAL 23
3.990
ns-Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
46
Appendix Table 19. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:4)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
4
5
5.5
14.5
4.83
T2-Chili 4.5
5
4.5
14
4.67
T3-Onion 5
5.5
5.5
16
5.33
T4-Yellow Ginger
5
5
5
15
5.00
T5-Piper Betley
6
4.5
4.5
15
5.00
T6-Sunflower 5.5
5.5
5.5
16.5
5.5
T7-Selecron 5.5
6
5.5
17
5.67
Untreated 4.5
4.5
4.5
13.5
4.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
7
3.490
.499
2.519ns
.060 2.66 4.03
Error 16
3.167
.198
TOTAL 23
6.656
ns-not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
47
Appendix Table 21. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
4.5
4.5
4.5
13.5
4.5
T2-Chili
4.5
5.0
5.0
14.5
4.83
T3-Onion
5.5
5.5
5.0 16
5.33
T4-Yellow Ginger
5
4.5
5
14.5
4.83
T5-Piper Betley
5.5
5.5
5.5
16.5
5.5
T6-Sunflower 5
6
5
16.5
5.5
T7-Selecron 5.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.83
Untreated
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
7
2.458
.351
2.810*
.041 2.66 4.03
Error 16
2.000
.125
TOTAL 23
4.458
*- significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
48
Appendix Table 22. Degree of leaf miner damage (1-9 rating scale)/ garden pea plant as
affected by the application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
4.5
4.5
4.5
13.5
4.5
T2-Chili
4.5
5
5
14.5
4.83
T3-Onion
5.5
4.5
5
16
5.33
T4-Yellow Ginger
5
4.5
5
14.5
4.83
T5-Piper Betley
5.5
5.5
5.5
16.5
5.5
T6-Sunflower 5
6
5
16.5
5.5
T7-Selecron 5.5
4.5
4.5
14.5
4.83
Untreated 5
5
5.5
15.5
5.17
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
9
4.200
.467
2.000ns
.094 2.39 3.46
Error 20
4.667
.233
TOTAL 29
8.867
ns- Not significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
49
Appendix Table 23.Population of whiteflies/ garden pea plant as affected by the
application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
21
8
9
38
12.67a
T2-Chili
4
13
21
7.00a
T3-Onion 58
27
12
97
32.33ab
T4-Yellow Ginger
44
40
28
112
37.33bc
T5-Piper Betley
46
22
21
89
29.67ab
T6-Sunflower
52
31
33
116
38.67bc
T7-Selecron
18
25
18
61 20.33b
Untreated
91
44
50
185
61.67c
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF MEAN
COMPUTE
Sig. t.05
t.01
OF
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
D
VARIANCE FREEDOM
F
Treatment
7 6180.292 882.899
4.144**
.009 .213 .042
Error
16
3408.667
TOTAL 23
9588.958
**highly significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
50
Appendix Table 24.Population of whiteflies/ garden pea plant as affected by the
application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Wine 1:8)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
14
5
15
34
11.33ab
T2-Chili
5
9
8
22
7.33a
T3-Onion 8
35
38
81
27.00bc
T4-Yellow Ginger
27
27
29
83
27.67bc
T5-Piper Betley
43
27
26
96
32.00c
T6-Sunflower 27
13
38
78
26.00bc
T7-Selecron
15
14
17
46
15.33abc
Untreated 62
43
51
156
52.00 d
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
Sig.
VARIANCE
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
Treatment
7
4146.667
592.381
7.287**
.001
Error 16
1300.667
81.292
TOTAL 23
5447.333
**highly significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
51
Appendix Table 25.Population of whiteflies/ garden pea plant as affected by the
application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Vinegar 1:6)
I
II
III
T1-Garlic
7
12
10
29
9.67a
T2-Chili 12
8
6
26
8.67a
T3-Onion 31
41
21
93
31.00bc
T4-Yellow Ginger
56
18
30
104
34.67bc
T5-Piper Betley
36
22
28
86
28.67b
T6-Sunflower 30
15
24
69
23.00ab
T7-Selecron 12
29
23
64
21.33ab
Untreated 80
42
41
141
47.00c
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
Sig.
VARIANCE
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
Treatment
7
3519.833
502.833
5.105**
.003
Error
16
1576.000
98.500
TOTAL 23
5095.833
**highly significant
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
52
Appendix Table 26.Population of whiteflies/ garden pea plant as affected by the
application of bio- insecticides
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION TOTAL
MEAN
(Vinegar 1:8)
I II III
T1-Garlic 9
11
9
29
9.67a
T2-Chili 6
19
6
31
10.33a
T3-Onion 59
36
14
109
36.33bc
T4-Yellow Ginger
48
21
43
112
37.33bc
T5-Piper Betley
24
34
18
76
25.33abc
T6-Sunflower 35
18
46
99
33.00bc
T7-Selecron 16
8
22
46
15.33c
Untreated 53
40
43
136
45.33c
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
Sig.
VARIANCE
OF
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
Treatment
7
3845.167
549.310
3.888*
.012
Error
16
2260.667
141.292
TOTAL 23
6105.833
*-significant Sig. <0.05
Efficacy of Selected Bio‐Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests of Garden Pea)/
Anabelle L. Dao‐Anes. 2012
Document Outline
- Efficacy of Selected Bio-Insecticides for theControl of Insect Pests of Garden Pea
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES