Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Selected Tributaries of Didipio River, Eastern Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
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Jul 5, 2019
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Abstract
Didipio, known for its gold and copper resources, has developed into a mining-agricultural area. Conflicting interests over its resources, i.e., water and soil, necessitate information based management to inspire participation among stakeholders. This study aimed to assess the condition of water, soil and sediments of four major streams in Didipio and surrounding areas namely Alimit, Boulevard, Camgat-Surong and Dinauyan using 26 physical and chemical parameters. The research is part of a multi-pronged study and served as baseline for management purposes. For each stream, the up and downstream sections were sampled. Water, soil and sediment samples were brought to laboratory, and results were compared to water quality standards. Multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA), Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test and t-test were employed to compare whether or not physico-chemical characteristics of the sites differ from one another. Results were also discussed in connection to most imminent anthropogenic factors present in the streams. Stream sections with highest level of contaminants are those adjacent to streambank slushing (smallscale mining) and those devoid of riparian cover and subject to soil disturbance. Least impaired channels are those away from such land-uses. As majority of contaminants fall within acceptable levels, the four studied streams can return to more pristine state, provided that proper management mechanisms would be implemented.
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References
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Allan, J.D. (2004). Landscapes and Riverscapes: The Influence of Land Use on Stream Ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 35(1), 257–284. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35. 120202.110122
Beder, S. (2006). Environmental Principles and Policies: an Interdisciplinary Introduction. University of New South Wales Press Ltd.
Bestre, E.C., Lumiquio, A.M., & Napaldet, J.T. (2018). Water Quality Assessment of Major River Systems in Benguet Province, Philippines. Journal of Wetland Biodiversity 8: 19-38.
Brosse, S., Grenouillet, G., Gevrey, M., Khazraie, K., & Tudesque, L. (2011). Small-scale gold mining erodes fish assemblage structure in small neotropical streams. Biodiversity and Conservation, 20(5), 1013–1026. doi:10.1007/ s10531-011-0011-6
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Connolly, N. M., Crossland, M. R., & Pearson, R.G. (2004). Effect of low dissolved oxygen on survival, emergence, and drift of tropical stream macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 23(2), 251–270.
Dedieu, N., Rhone, M., Vigouroux, R., & Céréghino, R. (2015). Assessing the impact of gold mining in headwater streams of Eastern Amazonia using Ephemeroptera assemblages and biological traits. Ecological Indicators, 52, 332–340. https://doi. org/10.1016
/j.ecolind.2014.12.012
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Dumingyay Jr. A.D. (2012). Assessment of Mercury and Lead Contamination at Didipio River, Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya. Unpublished undergraduate thesis.
Fajardo, D.R.M., Seronay, R.A., & Jumawan, J.C. (2015). Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity and physicochemical characteristics of freshwater bodies in Tubay, Agusan Del Norte, Philippines. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2015; 3(5): 440-446.
FAO. (2003). Standards for Effluent Discharge Regulations. Effluent Discharge Standards. General Notice No.44.of 2003. Accessed in: http://faolex.fao.org/docs/texts/mat52519.doc
Flores, M.J.L. & Zafaralla, M. T. (2012). Macroinvertebrate Composition, Diversity and Richness in Relation to the Water Quality Status of Mananga River, Cebu, Philippines. Philippine Science Letters. Vol. 5 No. 2
GREENPEACE. (2007). The State of Water Resources in The Philippines.
Guinumtad, R.L. (2011). Assessment of the Stewardship Agreement Between the Provincial Government of Nueva Vizcaya and Land Managers of the Barobbob Watershed. Meristem Volume X, Issue 1 , Nueva Vizcaya State University College of Forestry. 22-32
Heartsill-Scalley, T. & Aide, T.M. (2003). Riparian vegetation and stream condition in a tropical agriculture-secondary forest mosaic.Ecological Applications, 13(1), 225–234.doi:10.1890/10510761(2003)013[0225:RVASCI]2.0.CO;2
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Iwata, T., Nakano, S. & Inoue, M. (2003). Impacts of past riparian deforestation on stream communities in a tropical rain forest in Borneo. Ecological Applications, 13(2), 461–473. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0461:IOPRD O]2.0.CO;2
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/FireForestEcology/ ThreatenedHabitats/Aquatic/AquaticRiparianKondolf96.pdf
Luke, S.H., Luckai, N.J., Burke, J.M., & Prepas, E.E. (2007). Riparian areas in the Canadian boreal forest and linkages with water quality in streams. Environmental Reviews, 15(NA), 79–97. https:// doi.org/10.1139/A07-001
Maglangit, F.F., Galapate, R.P., & Bensig, E.O. (2014). Physicochemical-assessment of the water quality of Bulacao River, Cebu, Philippines. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 5, No. 2, p.
518-525.
Maglangit, F.F., Galapate, R.P., & Bensig, E.O. (2014). Physicochemical-assessment of the Water Quality of Buhisan River, Cebu, Philippines. International Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Technology. Universal Research Publications. Available
online at http://www. urpjournals.com
Mance, G. (1987). Pollution Threat of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environments. London: Elsevier.
Manuel, R.P. (2010). Aquatic Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Pollution in Barobbob and Nagsabaran Streams of Nueva Vizcaya Using Hilsenhoff Family-Level Biotic Index. NVSU Research Journal.Volume XVII, Nos. 1&2.
Manuel, R.P., Bansuan, A.M., Pascua, R.L., Labatos Jr, B.V., Pasion, G.L., Managuelod, J., Cuidno, F.C., & Equiz, M.M. (2016). Biophysical Resources Assessment of the Addalam River System (Cagayan Valley Region), Philippines. International River Foundation
(Philippines). Terminal Report.
McClain, M.E., & Cossío, R.E. (2003). The use of riparian environments in the rural Peruvian Amazon. Environmental Conservation, 30(3), 242– 248. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892903000 237
Milner, A.M., & Piorkowski, R.J. (2004). Macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams of interior Alaska following alluvial gold mining. River Research and Applications, 20(6), 719–731. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.786
Mudd, G.M. (2007). Global trends in gold mining: Towards quantifying environmental and resource sustainability. Resources Policy, 32(1-2), 42–56. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2007.05.002
National Economic Development Authority. (2010). Chapter 10 – Conservation, Protection and Rehabilitation of the Environment and Natural Resources. Philippine Development Plan 20112016.
National Economic Development Authority. (2016). Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022
Ometo, J.P.H.B., Martinelli, L.A., Ballester, M.V., Gessner, A., Krusche, A.V., Victoria, R.L., & Williams, M. (2000). Zimmerman et al 2000.pdf. Freshwater Biology.
Robillard, P.D., Sharpe, W.E., & Swistock, B.R. (2017). Water Tests: What Do the Numbers Mean? Extension Material. Pennsylvania State University Extension Service.
Sabater, S., Elosegi, A., Acuña, V., Basaguren, A., Muñoz, I. & Pozo, J. (2008). Effect of climate on the trophic structure of temperate forested streams. A comparison of Mediterranean and Atlantic streams. The Science of the total environment. 390. 475-84.
10.1016/j.scitotenv. 2007.10.030.
Shimabukuro, E. & Henry, R. (2018). Benthic distribution in small tropical lakes: The presence of macrophytes matters. Tropical Ecology. 59.
Sitzia, T., Picco, L., Ravazzolo, D., Comiti, F., Mao, L. & Lenzi, M. (2015). Relationships between woody vegetation and geomorphological patterns in three gravel-bed rivers with different intensities of anthropogenic disturbance. Advances in Water Resources. 93.
10.1016/j. advwatres.2015.11.016.
Svobodová, Z.; Lloyd, R.; Máchová, J.; Vykusová, B. (1993). Water quality and fish health. EIFAC Technical Paper. No. 54. Rome, FAO. 59 p.
Swistock, B., Sharpe, W.E. & Clark, J. (2003). Water Tests: What Do the Numbers Mean? University Park, Pa.: The Pennsylvania State University.
Tabaquero, A.L., Del Rosario, F.Y.G., Addauan Jr, J.P.A., Villanueva, H.T., Balonquita, M.C., Saludarez, M.U. (2017). Physico-Chemical, Biological and Anthropogenic Related Attributes of Cagayan River Sub-tributaries in Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. International
Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research (IJSER). ISSN (Online): 2347-3878, Impact Factor (2015): 3.791
Thompson, L.C. & Larsen, R. (2004). Fish Habitat in Freshwater Streams. Reference Sheet (Publication 8112). University of California - Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (1989). Overview of selected EPA regulations and guidance affecting POTW management. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. EPA 440/69-89/008.
UPLBFI. (2015). Ecological Assessment and Monitoring of Biodiversity in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems in Didipio Gold-Copper Project, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Vannote, R.L., Minshall, G.W. Cummins, K.W., Sedell, J.,& Cushing, C.E. (1980). The River Continuum Concept.(N.R. Andersen & B. J. Zahuranec, Eds.) Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37(1), 130-137. NRC Resaerch Press.
Doi:101139/f80-917
Williamson, J.E., & Carter, J.M. (2001). Water quality characteristics in the Black Hills area, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 01-4194, 196 p. accessed in: https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri0141 94/pdf/wri014194.pdf
World Health Organization (WHO). (2006). Guidelines for drinking-water quality [electronic resource] : incorporating first addendum. Vol. 1, Recommendations. – 3rd ed.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2008). Guidelines for drinking-water quality [electronic resource]: incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, Vol.1, Recommendations. – 3rd. ed. Geneva. Accessed in: http://www.who.int/water_ sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq0506.pdf
and http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/ dwq/fulltext.pdf
Zimmerman, M.C. (1993). Chapter 6 The Use of the Biotic Index as an Indication of Water Quality. Education, 85-98.
Allan, J.D. (2004). Landscapes and Riverscapes: The Influence of Land Use on Stream Ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 35(1), 257–284. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35. 120202.110122
Beder, S. (2006). Environmental Principles and Policies: an Interdisciplinary Introduction. University of New South Wales Press Ltd.
Bestre, E.C., Lumiquio, A.M., & Napaldet, J.T. (2018). Water Quality Assessment of Major River Systems in Benguet Province, Philippines. Journal of Wetland Biodiversity 8: 19-38.
Brosse, S., Grenouillet, G., Gevrey, M., Khazraie, K., & Tudesque, L. (2011). Small-scale gold mining erodes fish assemblage structure in small neotropical streams. Biodiversity and Conservation, 20(5), 1013–1026. doi:10.1007/ s10531-011-0011-6
Chadde, J.S. (undated). Macroinvertebrates as Bioindicators of Stream Health. Lecture material for Michigan Technological University. Accessed at https://www.researchgate.net/file. PostFileLoader.html?id=55261832ef971370628b
4581&assetKey=AS%3A273753366302735%401442279297014
Chakrabarty, D., & Das, S.K. (2006). Alteration of macroinvertebrate community in tropical aquatic systems in relation to sediment redox potential and overlaying water quality. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2, 327–334 (2006) doi:10.1007/ BF03325893.
Connolly, N. M., Crossland, M. R., & Pearson, R.G. (2004). Effect of low dissolved oxygen on survival, emergence, and drift of tropical stream macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 23(2), 251–270.
Dedieu, N., Rhone, M., Vigouroux, R., & Céréghino, R. (2015). Assessing the impact of gold mining in headwater streams of Eastern Amazonia using Ephemeroptera assemblages and biological traits. Ecological Indicators, 52, 332–340. https://doi. org/10.1016
/j.ecolind.2014.12.012
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (1990). 34. Water Quality Standards. Administrative Order
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2016). Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016. Administrative Order 08
Dumingyay Jr. A.D. (2012). Assessment of Mercury and Lead Contamination at Didipio River, Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya. Unpublished undergraduate thesis.
Fajardo, D.R.M., Seronay, R.A., & Jumawan, J.C. (2015). Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity and physicochemical characteristics of freshwater bodies in Tubay, Agusan Del Norte, Philippines. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2015; 3(5): 440-446.
FAO. (2003). Standards for Effluent Discharge Regulations. Effluent Discharge Standards. General Notice No.44.of 2003. Accessed in: http://faolex.fao.org/docs/texts/mat52519.doc
Flores, M.J.L. & Zafaralla, M. T. (2012). Macroinvertebrate Composition, Diversity and Richness in Relation to the Water Quality Status of Mananga River, Cebu, Philippines. Philippine Science Letters. Vol. 5 No. 2
GREENPEACE. (2007). The State of Water Resources in The Philippines.
Guinumtad, R.L. (2011). Assessment of the Stewardship Agreement Between the Provincial Government of Nueva Vizcaya and Land Managers of the Barobbob Watershed. Meristem Volume X, Issue 1 , Nueva Vizcaya State University College of Forestry. 22-32
Heartsill-Scalley, T. & Aide, T.M. (2003). Riparian vegetation and stream condition in a tropical agriculture-secondary forest mosaic.Ecological Applications, 13(1), 225–234.doi:10.1890/10510761(2003)013[0225:RVASCI]2.0.CO;2
Hilsenhoff, W.L. (1988). Rapid field assessment of organic pollution with a family-level biotic index. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 7(1), 65-68. JSTOR.doi:10.2307/146 7832
Iwata, T., Nakano, S. & Inoue, M. (2003). Impacts of past riparian deforestation on stream communities in a tropical rain forest in Borneo. Ecological Applications, 13(2), 461–473. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0461:IOPRD O]2.0.CO;2
Jaagumagi, R. (1988). The in-place pollutants program. Volume V, Part B. Benthic invertebrates studies results. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Water Resources Branch, Aquatic Biology Section, Toronto.
Jaagumagi, R., Persaud, D. & Lomas, T. (1989). The in-place pollutants program. Volume V, Part A. A synthesis of benthic invertebrate studies. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Water Resources Branch, Aquatic Biology Section. Toronto.
Kentuky Water Watch. (undated). Important Water Quality Measurements–Water Quality Parameters. Accessed in: http://www.state.ky.us/nrepc/water /wcparint.htm
Kondolf, G.M., Kattelmann, R., Embury, M., & Erman, D.C. (1996). Status of riparian habitat. In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project Final report to Congress: Vol. II, Assess (pp. 1009–1030). Retrieved from http://www.sierraforestlegacy. org/Resources/Conservation
/FireForestEcology/ ThreatenedHabitats/Aquatic/AquaticRiparianKondolf96.pdf
Luke, S.H., Luckai, N.J., Burke, J.M., & Prepas, E.E. (2007). Riparian areas in the Canadian boreal forest and linkages with water quality in streams. Environmental Reviews, 15(NA), 79–97. https:// doi.org/10.1139/A07-001
Maglangit, F.F., Galapate, R.P., & Bensig, E.O. (2014). Physicochemical-assessment of the water quality of Bulacao River, Cebu, Philippines. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 5, No. 2, p.
518-525.
Maglangit, F.F., Galapate, R.P., & Bensig, E.O. (2014). Physicochemical-assessment of the Water Quality of Buhisan River, Cebu, Philippines. International Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Technology. Universal Research Publications. Available
online at http://www. urpjournals.com
Mance, G. (1987). Pollution Threat of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environments. London: Elsevier.
Manuel, R.P. (2010). Aquatic Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Pollution in Barobbob and Nagsabaran Streams of Nueva Vizcaya Using Hilsenhoff Family-Level Biotic Index. NVSU Research Journal.Volume XVII, Nos. 1&2.
Manuel, R.P., Bansuan, A.M., Pascua, R.L., Labatos Jr, B.V., Pasion, G.L., Managuelod, J., Cuidno, F.C., & Equiz, M.M. (2016). Biophysical Resources Assessment of the Addalam River System (Cagayan Valley Region), Philippines. International River Foundation
(Philippines). Terminal Report.
McClain, M.E., & Cossío, R.E. (2003). The use of riparian environments in the rural Peruvian Amazon. Environmental Conservation, 30(3), 242– 248. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892903000 237
Milner, A.M., & Piorkowski, R.J. (2004). Macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams of interior Alaska following alluvial gold mining. River Research and Applications, 20(6), 719–731. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.786
Mudd, G.M. (2007). Global trends in gold mining: Towards quantifying environmental and resource sustainability. Resources Policy, 32(1-2), 42–56. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2007.05.002
National Economic Development Authority. (2010). Chapter 10 – Conservation, Protection and Rehabilitation of the Environment and Natural Resources. Philippine Development Plan 20112016.
National Economic Development Authority. (2016). Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022
Ometo, J.P.H.B., Martinelli, L.A., Ballester, M.V., Gessner, A., Krusche, A.V., Victoria, R.L., & Williams, M. (2000). Zimmerman et al 2000.pdf. Freshwater Biology.
Robillard, P.D., Sharpe, W.E., & Swistock, B.R. (2017). Water Tests: What Do the Numbers Mean? Extension Material. Pennsylvania State University Extension Service.
Sabater, S., Elosegi, A., Acuña, V., Basaguren, A., Muñoz, I. & Pozo, J. (2008). Effect of climate on the trophic structure of temperate forested streams. A comparison of Mediterranean and Atlantic streams. The Science of the total environment. 390. 475-84.
10.1016/j.scitotenv. 2007.10.030.
Shimabukuro, E. & Henry, R. (2018). Benthic distribution in small tropical lakes: The presence of macrophytes matters. Tropical Ecology. 59.
Sitzia, T., Picco, L., Ravazzolo, D., Comiti, F., Mao, L. & Lenzi, M. (2015). Relationships between woody vegetation and geomorphological patterns in three gravel-bed rivers with different intensities of anthropogenic disturbance. Advances in Water Resources. 93.
10.1016/j. advwatres.2015.11.016.
Svobodová, Z.; Lloyd, R.; Máchová, J.; Vykusová, B. (1993). Water quality and fish health. EIFAC Technical Paper. No. 54. Rome, FAO. 59 p.
Swistock, B., Sharpe, W.E. & Clark, J. (2003). Water Tests: What Do the Numbers Mean? University Park, Pa.: The Pennsylvania State University.
Tabaquero, A.L., Del Rosario, F.Y.G., Addauan Jr, J.P.A., Villanueva, H.T., Balonquita, M.C., Saludarez, M.U. (2017). Physico-Chemical, Biological and Anthropogenic Related Attributes of Cagayan River Sub-tributaries in Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. International
Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research (IJSER). ISSN (Online): 2347-3878, Impact Factor (2015): 3.791
Thompson, L.C. & Larsen, R. (2004). Fish Habitat in Freshwater Streams. Reference Sheet (Publication 8112). University of California - Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (1989). Overview of selected EPA regulations and guidance affecting POTW management. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. EPA 440/69-89/008.
UPLBFI. (2015). Ecological Assessment and Monitoring of Biodiversity in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems in Didipio Gold-Copper Project, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Vannote, R.L., Minshall, G.W. Cummins, K.W., Sedell, J.,& Cushing, C.E. (1980). The River Continuum Concept.(N.R. Andersen & B. J. Zahuranec, Eds.) Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37(1), 130-137. NRC Resaerch Press.
Doi:101139/f80-917
Williamson, J.E., & Carter, J.M. (2001). Water quality characteristics in the Black Hills area, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 01-4194, 196 p. accessed in: https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri0141 94/pdf/wri014194.pdf
World Health Organization (WHO). (2006). Guidelines for drinking-water quality [electronic resource] : incorporating first addendum. Vol. 1, Recommendations. – 3rd ed.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2008). Guidelines for drinking-water quality [electronic resource]: incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, Vol.1, Recommendations. – 3rd. ed. Geneva. Accessed in: http://www.who.int/water_ sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq0506.pdf
and http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/ dwq/fulltext.pdf
Zimmerman, M.C. (1993). Chapter 6 The Use of the Biotic Index as an Indication of Water Quality. Education, 85-98.