Emotional Intelligence in the Philippine Public Sector: Integrating Filipino Constructs and Implications for HR Practice
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Dec 27, 2024
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Abstract
The study aimed to propose a localized model of emotional intelligence (EI) in the Philippine public sector workplace. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, an online survey was conducted consisting of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) and a listing of Filipino values and traits sourced from literature. Respondents (N = 274) were from National Government Agencies (NGAs), State Universities and Colleges (SUCs), Local Government Units (LGUs), Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs), and Constitutional Commissions in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). An exploratory factor analysis yielded three factors, Madamdaming Loob (MLb; Emotional Identity), Madamdaming Pamamaraan (MPr; Emotional Facilitation), and Madamdaming Pakikiangkop (MPa; Emotional Adaptability), with a multiple regression analysis on the underlying constructs indicating each significantly predicting at least one WLEIS factor. MLb and MPr resemble the internal-external mechanisms purported in the Kapwa Theory with MPa serving as an intermediary. The proposed model is recommended for the development of a local EI measure and for adoption in government agencies seeking the customization of their HR systems in compliance with PRIME-HRM maturity level indicators.
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References
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Bar-On, R. (2002). Bar-On emotional quotient inventory: short (Bar-On EQ-i:S) technical manual. Multi-Health System
Bar-On, R. (2005). The impact of emotional intelligence on subjective well-being. Perspectives in Education, 23, 41-61.
Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotionalsocial intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18(Suppl), 13-25.
Boyatzis, R.E., Goleman, D., & Rhee, K. (1999). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights form the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI). In Bar-On, R. & Parker, J.D. (Ed’s.), Handbook of Emotional Intelligence. Jossey-Bass.
Brackett, M.A. & Salovey, P. (2006). Measuring emotional intelligence with the Mayer-SaloveyCaruso emotional intelligence test (MSCEIT). Psichotema, 18, 34-41.
Bulatao, J.C. (1998). Phenomena and their interpretation (2nd ed.). Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Buñao, M.A.F., & Dura, A.P. (2023). Emotional Intelligence as Mediator of Quality of Work Life and Commitment: Context of Public Sector Employees. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 42(2): 21-32. https://www.doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2023/v42i2911
Chin, S.T.S. (2021). Influence of emotional intelligence on the workforce for industry 5.0. Journal of Human Resource Management Research. https://www.doi.org/10.5171/2021.882278
Chin, S.T.S., Ananantharaman, R.N., & Tong, D.Y.K. (2011). The roles of emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence at the workplace. Journal of Human Resource Management Research. https://www.doi.org/10.5171/2011.582992
Choudhury, J. (2021). Emotional intelligence, socioemotional competence, and human capital. Research & Analysis Journal of Applied Research, 7(4): 2932-2938. https://doi.org/10.47191/rajar/v7i4.08
Chouhan, V.S., & Srivastava, S. (2014). Understanding competencies and competency modeling – A literature survey. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(1): 14-22. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-16111422
Ciarrochi, J., Chan, A.Y.C., & Bajgar, J. (2001). Measuring emotional intelligence in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(7): 1105–1119.
Clemente, J.A., Belleza, D., Yu, A., Catibog, E.V.D., Solis, G., & Laguerta, J. (2008). Revisiting the kapwa theory: Applying alternative methodologies and gaining new insights. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 41(2), 1-32.
Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees. (1989). Republic Act No. 6713. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1989/02/20/republic-act-no-06713
Colfax, R.S., Rivera, J.J., & Perez, K. (2010). Applying emotional intelligence (EQ-I) in the workplace: Vital to global business success. Journal of International Business Research, 9, 989-998.
Côté, S., Lopes, P.N., Salovey, P., & Miners, C.T.H. (2010). Emotional intelligence and leadership emergence in small groups. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(3): 496–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.03.012
Côté, S., & Miners, C.T.H. (2006). Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51, 1-28.
Cuellar-Molina, D., Garcia-Cabrera, A.M., & DenizDeniz, M. (2017). Emotional intelligence of the HR decision-maker and high performance HR practices in SMEs. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 28(1): 52-89.
Del Pilar, G.E.H. (2017). The development of the Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob (Mapa ng Loob). Philippine Journal of Psychology, 50(1): 103-141.
Enriquez, V.G. (1977). Filipino psychology in the third world. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 10(1): 3-18.
Enriquez, V.G. (1978). Kapwa: A core concept in Filipino social psychology. Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, 42, 100–108.
Enriquez , V.G. (1990). Indigenous personality theory. In V. G. Enriquez (Ed.), Indigenous psychology: A book of reading, 285-310.
Enriquez , V.G. (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology: The Philippine experience. University of the Philippines Press.
Enriquez, V.G. (1994). Pagbabangong-dangal: Indigenous psychology and cultural empowerment. Akademya ng Kultura at Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
Enriquez, V.G. (2007). Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Perspektibo at direksyon. In A.M. Navarro & F. Lagbao-Bolante (Eds.), Mga babasahin sa agham panlipunang Pilipino: Sikolohiyang Pilipino, pilipinolohiya, at pantayong pananaw. Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino & C&E Publishing, Inc.
Goleman, D. (1997). Working with Emotional Intelligence. Bantam Books.
Goleman, D. (2000). Leadership that gets results. Harvard Business Review, 78, 78-93.
Gurjat, H.K., Gupta, A., & Aneja, M. (2012). Emotional intelligence – an important determinant of well-being and employee behavior: A study on young professionals. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 2(8).
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed). Pearson.
Jocano, F.L. (1997). Filipino value system: A cultural definition. Punlad Research House.
Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
Law, K.S., Wong, C.S., & Song, L.J. (2004). The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3): 483-496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.483
Mataragnon, R. (1987). Pakikiramdam in Filipino social interaction. In Foundations of Behavioral Sciences: A Book of Readings. University of the Philippines.
Mayer, J.D., Caruso, D.R., & Salovey, P. (2016). The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emotion Review, 8(4): 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916639667
Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D.R. (2002). The Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence a Test (MSCEIT): Users’ manual. Multi-Health Systems.
Meneses, K. (2018). Pakikipagkapwa: A Filipino value in attempt to counter biodiversity and cultural diversity loss. Solidarity: The Journal of Catholic Social Thought and Secular Ethics, 8(1).
O’Boyle, E.H., Humphrey, R.H., Pollack, J.M., Hawver, T.H., & Story, P.A. (2010). The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.714
Pacheco, N.E., Rey, L., & Sanchez-Alvarez, N. (2019). Validation of the Spanish version of the Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS-S). Psicothema, 31(1): 94-100. https://doi.org/10.73 34/psicothema2018.147
Pe-Pua, R. (2006). From decolonizing psychology to the development of a cross-indigenous perspective in methodology: The Philippine experience. In U. Kim, K. Yang, & K. Hwang (Eds.). Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context, 109–140. Springer.
Pe-Pua, R., & Protacio-Marcelino, E. (2000). Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology): A legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 49-71.
Pérez, J.C., Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2005). Measuring Trait Emotional Intelligence. In R. Schulze & R. D. Roberts (Eds.), Emotional intelligence: An international handbook (pp. 181201). Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
Philippine Civil Service Commission. (2020). Mental health program in the public sector (Memorandum Circular No. 4). http://www.csc.gov.ph/phocadownload/MC2020/MC%20No.% 2004,%20s.%202020.pdf
Philippine Civil Service Commission. (2020). Emotional Intelligence is a leadership competency – CSC. https://www.csc.gov.ph/emotional-intelligence-is-a-leadership-competency-csc
Philippines-Australia Human Resource and Organisational Development Facility. (2017). General Competency Dictionary. https://archive.australiaawardsphilippines.org/partners/pahrodf-1/2014-2015/HROD%20Plan/Prioritised%20HROD%20Interventions/hrodf-a-1413-development-of-competency-dictionary/Miscellaneous%20Files/misc_2/pahrodf-generic-competency-dictionary-for-the.pdf
Rebustillo, R. (2017). A new look at intersubjectivity and theology: A retrieval of Filipino loob-kapwa relationality in dialogue with Gabriel Marcel and Ludwig Binswanger. Melintas, 33(3): 240-278. https://doi.org/10.26593/mel.v33i3.3072.240-278
Relojo, D., Pilao, J.S., & Rosa, R.D. (2015). From passion to emotion: Emotional quotient as predictor of work attitude behavior among faculty members. I-manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology, 8(4): 1-10.
Reyes, J. (2015). Loob and kapwa: An introduction to a Filipino virtue ethics. Asian Philosophy, 25(2): 148-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09552367.2015.1043173
Rezvani, A., Chang, A., Wiewiora, A., Ashkansy, N.M., Jordan, P.J., & Zolin, R. (2016). Manager emotional intelligence and project success: The mediating role of job satisfaction and trust. International Journal of Project Management, 34(7): 1112-1122.
Salazar, Z. (1981). Wika at diwa: Isang panglinggwistikang analisis sa halimbawa ng konsepto ng “hiya” (Language and consciousness: An illustrative psycholinguistic analysis of the concept of “hiya”). In S. Cipres-Ortega (Ed.), Ulay ng Ikalabindalawang Seminar sa Sikolohiya ng Wika (Proceedings of the 12th Seminar on the Psychology of Language) (pp. 38-43). Unibersidad ng Pilipinas.
Salazar, Z. (1985). Hiya: Panlapi at salita (Hiya: Affixations and word). In A. Aganon and M. David (Eds.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, Pananaw at Kaalaman (New Directions in Indigenous Psychology) (pp. 288-296). National Book Store).
Salovey, P., & Mayer J.D. (1990). Emotional intelligence, Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3): 185-211.
Schutte, N.S., Malouff, J.M., Hall, L.E., Haggerty, D.J., Cooper, J.T., Golden, C., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2): 167-177).
Stephens, A.R., & Huaibing, Y. (2018). Emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and turnover: Evidence from service employees in China. Journal of China Studies, 21(2): 79-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20288/JCS.2018.21.2.79
Stevens, J.P. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (4th ed.). Erlbaum.
Ugoani, J.N.N., Amu, C.U., & Kalu, E.O. (2015). Dimensions of emotional intelligence and transformational leadership: A correlation analysis. Independent Journal of Management and Production, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v6i2.278
US Government Accounting Office. (1998). Military recruiting: The Department of Defence could improve its recruiter selection and incentive systems.
Van der Merwe, P.R., Coetzee, S., & De Beer, M. (2005). Measuring emotional intelligence (EQ): a construct comparison between the Bar-On EQ-i and the OPQ32i EI report. Southern African Business Review, 9(2): 34-50.
Wong, C.S., & Law, K.S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3): 243-274.
Yabut, H.J., & Fernando-Resurreccion, K. (2017). Pagpapakahulugan at manipestasyon ng pakikiramdam sa konteksto ng paggabaypagpapayo at sikoterapiya. DIWA E-Journal, 5, 2238.
Yacat, J.A. (2013a). Filipino psychology (Sikolohiyang Pilipino). In K.D. Keith (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Cross‐Cultural Psychology, 2, 551-556. WileyBlackwell.
Yacat, J.A. (2013b). Tungo sa isang mas mapagbuong sikolohiya: Hamon sa makabagong sikolohiyang Pilipino. Daluyan, 19(2).
Bar-On, R. (1997). Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory. Multi-Health Systems.
Bar-On, R. (2002). Bar-On emotional quotient inventory: short (Bar-On EQ-i:S) technical manual. Multi-Health System
Bar-On, R. (2005). The impact of emotional intelligence on subjective well-being. Perspectives in Education, 23, 41-61.
Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotionalsocial intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18(Suppl), 13-25.
Boyatzis, R.E., Goleman, D., & Rhee, K. (1999). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights form the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI). In Bar-On, R. & Parker, J.D. (Ed’s.), Handbook of Emotional Intelligence. Jossey-Bass.
Brackett, M.A. & Salovey, P. (2006). Measuring emotional intelligence with the Mayer-SaloveyCaruso emotional intelligence test (MSCEIT). Psichotema, 18, 34-41.
Bulatao, J.C. (1998). Phenomena and their interpretation (2nd ed.). Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Buñao, M.A.F., & Dura, A.P. (2023). Emotional Intelligence as Mediator of Quality of Work Life and Commitment: Context of Public Sector Employees. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 42(2): 21-32. https://www.doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2023/v42i2911
Chin, S.T.S. (2021). Influence of emotional intelligence on the workforce for industry 5.0. Journal of Human Resource Management Research. https://www.doi.org/10.5171/2021.882278
Chin, S.T.S., Ananantharaman, R.N., & Tong, D.Y.K. (2011). The roles of emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence at the workplace. Journal of Human Resource Management Research. https://www.doi.org/10.5171/2011.582992
Choudhury, J. (2021). Emotional intelligence, socioemotional competence, and human capital. Research & Analysis Journal of Applied Research, 7(4): 2932-2938. https://doi.org/10.47191/rajar/v7i4.08
Chouhan, V.S., & Srivastava, S. (2014). Understanding competencies and competency modeling – A literature survey. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(1): 14-22. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-16111422
Ciarrochi, J., Chan, A.Y.C., & Bajgar, J. (2001). Measuring emotional intelligence in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(7): 1105–1119.
Clemente, J.A., Belleza, D., Yu, A., Catibog, E.V.D., Solis, G., & Laguerta, J. (2008). Revisiting the kapwa theory: Applying alternative methodologies and gaining new insights. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 41(2), 1-32.
Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees. (1989). Republic Act No. 6713. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1989/02/20/republic-act-no-06713
Colfax, R.S., Rivera, J.J., & Perez, K. (2010). Applying emotional intelligence (EQ-I) in the workplace: Vital to global business success. Journal of International Business Research, 9, 989-998.
Côté, S., Lopes, P.N., Salovey, P., & Miners, C.T.H. (2010). Emotional intelligence and leadership emergence in small groups. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(3): 496–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.03.012
Côté, S., & Miners, C.T.H. (2006). Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51, 1-28.
Cuellar-Molina, D., Garcia-Cabrera, A.M., & DenizDeniz, M. (2017). Emotional intelligence of the HR decision-maker and high performance HR practices in SMEs. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 28(1): 52-89.
Del Pilar, G.E.H. (2017). The development of the Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob (Mapa ng Loob). Philippine Journal of Psychology, 50(1): 103-141.
Enriquez, V.G. (1977). Filipino psychology in the third world. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 10(1): 3-18.
Enriquez, V.G. (1978). Kapwa: A core concept in Filipino social psychology. Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, 42, 100–108.
Enriquez , V.G. (1990). Indigenous personality theory. In V. G. Enriquez (Ed.), Indigenous psychology: A book of reading, 285-310.
Enriquez , V.G. (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology: The Philippine experience. University of the Philippines Press.
Enriquez, V.G. (1994). Pagbabangong-dangal: Indigenous psychology and cultural empowerment. Akademya ng Kultura at Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
Enriquez, V.G. (2007). Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Perspektibo at direksyon. In A.M. Navarro & F. Lagbao-Bolante (Eds.), Mga babasahin sa agham panlipunang Pilipino: Sikolohiyang Pilipino, pilipinolohiya, at pantayong pananaw. Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino & C&E Publishing, Inc.
Goleman, D. (1997). Working with Emotional Intelligence. Bantam Books.
Goleman, D. (2000). Leadership that gets results. Harvard Business Review, 78, 78-93.
Gurjat, H.K., Gupta, A., & Aneja, M. (2012). Emotional intelligence – an important determinant of well-being and employee behavior: A study on young professionals. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 2(8).
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed). Pearson.
Jocano, F.L. (1997). Filipino value system: A cultural definition. Punlad Research House.
Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
Law, K.S., Wong, C.S., & Song, L.J. (2004). The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3): 483-496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.483
Mataragnon, R. (1987). Pakikiramdam in Filipino social interaction. In Foundations of Behavioral Sciences: A Book of Readings. University of the Philippines.
Mayer, J.D., Caruso, D.R., & Salovey, P. (2016). The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emotion Review, 8(4): 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916639667
Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D.R. (2002). The Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence a Test (MSCEIT): Users’ manual. Multi-Health Systems.
Meneses, K. (2018). Pakikipagkapwa: A Filipino value in attempt to counter biodiversity and cultural diversity loss. Solidarity: The Journal of Catholic Social Thought and Secular Ethics, 8(1).
O’Boyle, E.H., Humphrey, R.H., Pollack, J.M., Hawver, T.H., & Story, P.A. (2010). The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.714
Pacheco, N.E., Rey, L., & Sanchez-Alvarez, N. (2019). Validation of the Spanish version of the Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS-S). Psicothema, 31(1): 94-100. https://doi.org/10.73 34/psicothema2018.147
Pe-Pua, R. (2006). From decolonizing psychology to the development of a cross-indigenous perspective in methodology: The Philippine experience. In U. Kim, K. Yang, & K. Hwang (Eds.). Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context, 109–140. Springer.
Pe-Pua, R., & Protacio-Marcelino, E. (2000). Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology): A legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 49-71.
Pérez, J.C., Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2005). Measuring Trait Emotional Intelligence. In R. Schulze & R. D. Roberts (Eds.), Emotional intelligence: An international handbook (pp. 181201). Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
Philippine Civil Service Commission. (2020). Mental health program in the public sector (Memorandum Circular No. 4). http://www.csc.gov.ph/phocadownload/MC2020/MC%20No.% 2004,%20s.%202020.pdf
Philippine Civil Service Commission. (2020). Emotional Intelligence is a leadership competency – CSC. https://www.csc.gov.ph/emotional-intelligence-is-a-leadership-competency-csc
Philippines-Australia Human Resource and Organisational Development Facility. (2017). General Competency Dictionary. https://archive.australiaawardsphilippines.org/partners/pahrodf-1/2014-2015/HROD%20Plan/Prioritised%20HROD%20Interventions/hrodf-a-1413-development-of-competency-dictionary/Miscellaneous%20Files/misc_2/pahrodf-generic-competency-dictionary-for-the.pdf
Rebustillo, R. (2017). A new look at intersubjectivity and theology: A retrieval of Filipino loob-kapwa relationality in dialogue with Gabriel Marcel and Ludwig Binswanger. Melintas, 33(3): 240-278. https://doi.org/10.26593/mel.v33i3.3072.240-278
Relojo, D., Pilao, J.S., & Rosa, R.D. (2015). From passion to emotion: Emotional quotient as predictor of work attitude behavior among faculty members. I-manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology, 8(4): 1-10.
Reyes, J. (2015). Loob and kapwa: An introduction to a Filipino virtue ethics. Asian Philosophy, 25(2): 148-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09552367.2015.1043173
Rezvani, A., Chang, A., Wiewiora, A., Ashkansy, N.M., Jordan, P.J., & Zolin, R. (2016). Manager emotional intelligence and project success: The mediating role of job satisfaction and trust. International Journal of Project Management, 34(7): 1112-1122.
Salazar, Z. (1981). Wika at diwa: Isang panglinggwistikang analisis sa halimbawa ng konsepto ng “hiya” (Language and consciousness: An illustrative psycholinguistic analysis of the concept of “hiya”). In S. Cipres-Ortega (Ed.), Ulay ng Ikalabindalawang Seminar sa Sikolohiya ng Wika (Proceedings of the 12th Seminar on the Psychology of Language) (pp. 38-43). Unibersidad ng Pilipinas.
Salazar, Z. (1985). Hiya: Panlapi at salita (Hiya: Affixations and word). In A. Aganon and M. David (Eds.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, Pananaw at Kaalaman (New Directions in Indigenous Psychology) (pp. 288-296). National Book Store).
Salovey, P., & Mayer J.D. (1990). Emotional intelligence, Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3): 185-211.
Schutte, N.S., Malouff, J.M., Hall, L.E., Haggerty, D.J., Cooper, J.T., Golden, C., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2): 167-177).
Stephens, A.R., & Huaibing, Y. (2018). Emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and turnover: Evidence from service employees in China. Journal of China Studies, 21(2): 79-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20288/JCS.2018.21.2.79
Stevens, J.P. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (4th ed.). Erlbaum.
Ugoani, J.N.N., Amu, C.U., & Kalu, E.O. (2015). Dimensions of emotional intelligence and transformational leadership: A correlation analysis. Independent Journal of Management and Production, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v6i2.278
US Government Accounting Office. (1998). Military recruiting: The Department of Defence could improve its recruiter selection and incentive systems.
Van der Merwe, P.R., Coetzee, S., & De Beer, M. (2005). Measuring emotional intelligence (EQ): a construct comparison between the Bar-On EQ-i and the OPQ32i EI report. Southern African Business Review, 9(2): 34-50.
Wong, C.S., & Law, K.S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3): 243-274.
Yabut, H.J., & Fernando-Resurreccion, K. (2017). Pagpapakahulugan at manipestasyon ng pakikiramdam sa konteksto ng paggabaypagpapayo at sikoterapiya. DIWA E-Journal, 5, 2238.
Yacat, J.A. (2013a). Filipino psychology (Sikolohiyang Pilipino). In K.D. Keith (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Cross‐Cultural Psychology, 2, 551-556. WileyBlackwell.
Yacat, J.A. (2013b). Tungo sa isang mas mapagbuong sikolohiya: Hamon sa makabagong sikolohiyang Pilipino. Daluyan, 19(2).