Phenotypic Characterization and Correlation Analysis in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Entries Cultivated in Itogon and La Trinidad, Benguet
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Jun 27, 2025
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Abstract
Quinoa is adapted to a wide range of environments and contains a substantial nutritional value, which makes it the “Golden Grain”. An essential step to facilitate the selection and identification of genotypes with potential for introduction and adaptation is characterization. Thus, this study was conducted from January to May 2022 in Itogon and La Trinidad, Benguet involving seven quinoa entries to determine their phenotypic characters in each location; determine the best quinoa entries in terms of grain yield; and determine the correlation of the phenotypic characters of quinoa entries to seed yield. The quinoa entries varied in terms of stem diameter, stem shape and color, presence of pigmented axil, striae color, number of primary branches, petiole length, maximum leaf length and width, panicle color at flowering, and physiological maturity, panicle length and width, perigonium color, and episperm appearance and color. The characters positively correlated to seed yield per plant are plant height, number of primary branches and teeth on the leaf blade, petiole length, and maximum leaf length and width. Among the entries, G6.1 is the highest-yielding entry recommended for local quinoa production.
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References
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Chapepa, B., Mubvekeri, W., Mare, M., & Kutywayo, D. (2020). Correlation and Path Coefficient Anaysis of Polygenic Traits of Upland Cotton Genotypes Grown in Zimbabwe. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 6. 10.1080/23311932.2020.1823594
Chura, E., Mujica, Á., Haussmann, B., Smith, K., Flores, S., & Flores, A.L. (2019). Agronomic Characterization of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Progeny from Close and Distant Self-Fertilized s5 Simple Crosses. Ciencia e Investigación AGRARIA, 46(2), 154-165. 10.7764/rcia.v46i2.2142
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Dao, A., Alvar-Beltrán, J., Gnanda, A., Guira, A., Nebie, L., & Sanou, J. (2020). Effect of different planting techniques and sowing density rates on the development of quinoa. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 16(9): 1325-1333. 10.5555/20203467958
De Santis, G., Maddaluno, C., D’ambrosio, T., Rascio, A., Rinaldi, M., & Troisi, J. (2016). Characterisation of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Accessions for the Saponin Content in Mediterranean Environment. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 11, 774. 10.4081/ija.2016.774
Ebrahim, M.E.A., Hussin, S.A., Abdel-Ati, A.A., Ali, S.H., & Eisa, S.S. (2018). Evaluation of Some Chenopodium quinoa Cultivars under Saline Soil Conditions in Egypt. Arab Universities Journal Agricultural Sciences, 26, 1. 10.21608/ajs.2018.14020
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Galindo-Luján, R., Pont, L., Minic, Z., Berezovski, M.V., Sanz-Nebot, V., & Benavente, F. (2021). Characterization and Differentiation of Quinoa Seed Proteomes by Label-Free Mass Spectrometry-Based Shotgun Proteomics. Food Chemistry, 363. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130250
Garciá-Parra, M.A., Roa-Acosta, D.F., StehaunerRohringer, R., Garciá-Molano, F., Bazile, D., & Plazas-Leguizamón, N. (2020a). Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Development of Quinoa Plants (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A Review on a Global Scale. SYLWAN, 164(5): 411423. https://agritrop.cirad.fr/595816/
Garciá-Parra, M., Zurita-Silva, A., StechaunerRohringer, R., Roa-Acosta, D., & Jacobsen, S.E. (2020b). Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and its Relationship with Agroclimatic Characteristics: A Colombian Perspective. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 80(2). 10.4067/S0718-58392020000200290
Hayes, B. (2021). Growing Quinoa: A Complete Guide on How to Plant, Grow, & Harvest Quinoa. https://morningchores.com/growing-quinoa/
Hinojosa, L., Matanguihan, J.B., & Murphy, K.M. (2018). Effect of high temperature on pollen morphology, plant growth and seed yield in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 205(1): 33-45. 10.1111/jac.12302
Jacobsen, S.E., & Stølen, O. (1993). Quinoa Morphology, phenology and prospects for its production as a new crop in Europe. European Journal of Agronomy, 2(1): 19-29. 10.1016/S1161-0301(14)80148-2
Jancurová, M., Minarovičoca, L., & Dandár, A. (2009). Quinoa – A Review. Czech J. Food Sci., 29, 71-79. 10.5772/intechopen.101891
Khanalizadegan, A., Madandoust, M., Mohajeri, F., & Bagheri, M. (2020). Effects of Planting Date on Yield Characteristics of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.). International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research, 10(5): 290-298. 10.51847/SZPYBiuuMD
López, L.M., Capparelli, A., & Nielsen, A.E. (2011). Traditional Post-Harvest Processing to Make Quinoa Grains (Chenopodium quinoa var. quinoa) Apt for Consumption in Northern Lipez (Potosí, Bolivia): ethnoarchaeological and archaeobotanical analyses. Archaeol Anthropol Sci, 3, 49-70. 10.1007/s12520-011-0060-5
Maliro, M.F.A., & Njala, A.L. (2019). Agronomic Performance and Strategies of Promoting Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) in Malawi. Cien. Inv. Agr., 46(2): 82-89. 10.7764/rcia.v46i2.2143
Maliro, M.F.A., Guwela, V.F., Nyaika, J., & Murphy, K.M. (2017). Preliminary Studies of the Performance of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Genotypes under Irrigated and Rainfed Conditions of Central Malawi. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 227. 10.3389/fpls.2017.00227/full
Manjarres-Hernández, E.H., Arias-Moreno, D.M., Morillo-Coronado, A.C., Ojeda-Peréz, Z.Z., & Cárdena-Chaparro, A. (2021). Phenotypic Characterization of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) for the Selection of Promising Materials for Breeding Programs. Plants, 10(7), 1339. 10.3390/plants10071339
Martínez-Núnez, M., Ruiz-Rivas, M., VeraHernández, P.F., Bernal-Munoz, R., Luna-Suárez, S., & Rosas-Cárdenas, F.F. (2019). The Phenological Growth Stages of Different Amaranth Species Grown in Restricted Spaces Based in BBCH Code. South African Journal of Botany, 124, 436-443. 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.05.035
Montes-Rojas, C., Muñoz-Certuche, E.F., & Calderón-Yonda, Y. (2018). Description of Phenological Cycle of Four Ecotypes of (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) at Purace – Cauca, Colombia. Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial, 16(2). 10.18684/bsaa.v16n2.1163
Pablo, J.P., Basquial, D.A., Sagalla, E.J.C., Ayban, L.M.A., Belino, P., Rimas, L.C., Busiguit, J.S., Cariño, F.J.D., Focasan, L.C.L., Dumanni, D.T., Goyo, B.P., Togatog, E.B. (2024). Adaptability of Quinoa Genotypes in Different Locations and Planting Time. Benguet State University. In Progress Paper.
Panda, D., Sahu, N., Behera, P.K., & Lenka, K. (2020). Genetic Variability of Panicle Architecture in Indigenous Rice Landraces of Koraput Region of Eastern Ghats of India for Crop Improvements. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 26(10): 1961-1971. 10.1007/s12298-020-00871-6
Porcel, P., & Víctor, M. (2002). Analysis of Genetic Variability of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Germ Plasm Around Lake Titicaca. Theses and Dissertations. 5421. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5421/
Rane, J., Pradhan, A., Aher, L.K., & Singh, N.P. (2019). Quinoa an Alternative Food Crop for Water Scarcity Zones of India. ICAR-NIASM Publications, ICAR-NIASM, Baramati. Pp-12. https://niasm.icar.gov.in/sites/default/files/ pdfs/36-Quinoa%20Technical-bulletin.pdf
Rojas, W., Pinto M., Alanoca, C., Gómez-Pando, L., León-Lobos, P., Alercia, A., Diulgheroff, S., Padulosi, S., & Bazile, D. (2013). Quinoa Genetic Resources and Ex Situ Conservation. https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122653/records/6473aa5613d110e4e7a7bd99
Saad-Allah, K., & Youssef, M.S. (2018). Phytochemical and genetic characterization of Five Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Genotypes Introduced to Egypt. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 24, 617-629. 10.1007/s12298-018-0541-4
Shah, S.S., Shi, L., Li Z., Ren, G., Zhou, B., & Qin, Z. (2020). Yield, Agronomic and Forage Quality Traits of Different Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Genotypes in Northeast China. Agronomy, 10(12), 1908. 10.3390/agronomy10121908
Silva, T.N., Moro, G.V., Moro, F.V., dos Santos, D.M.M., & Buzinaro, R. (2016). Correlation and Path Analysis of Agronomic and Morphological T raits in Maize. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 47(2): 351-357. 10.5935/1806-6690.20160041
Stanschewski, C.S., Rey, E., Fiene, G., Craine, E.B., Wellman, G., Melino, V.J., Patiranage, D.S.R, Johansen, K., Schmöckel, S.M., Bertero, D., Oakey, H., Colque-Little, C., Afzal, I., Raubach, S., Miller, N., Streich, J., Amby, D.B., Emrani, N., Warmington, M., Mousa, M.A.A, Wu D., Jacobson, D., Andreasen, C., Jung, C., Murphy, K., Bazile, D., & Tester, M. (2021). Quinoa Phenotyping Methodologies: An International Consensus. Plants, 10(9), 1759. 10.3390/plants10091759
Taaime, N., El Mejahed, K., Moussafir, M., Bouadid, R., Oukarroum, A., Choukr-Allah, R., & El Gharous, M. (2022). Early sowing of Quinoa Cultivars, Benefits from Rainy season and Enhances Quinoa Development, Growth and Yield under Arid Condition in Morocco. Sustainability, 14, 4010. 10.3390/su14074010
Taiz, L. & Zeiger, E. (2006). Fisiología vegetal. Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, España.
Tan, M., & Temel, S. (2018). Studies on the Adaptation of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. AGROFOR International Journal, 2(2). 10.7251/AGRENG1702033T
Wang, L., Li, Y., Li, C., Lu, W., Sun, D., Yin, G., Hong, B., & Wang, L. (2019). Correlation and Path Analysis of the Main Agronomic Traits and Yield per Plant of Quinoa. Crops, 35(6): 156-161. 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2019.06.025
Wang, N., Wang, F., Shock, C. C., Meng, C., & Qiao, L. (2020). Effects of Management Practices on Quinoa Growth, Seed Yield, and Quality. Agronomy, 10(3), 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030445
Weijschedé, J., Antonise, K., de Caluwe, H., de Kroon, H., & Huber, H. (2008). Effects of Cell Number and Cell Size on Petiole Length Variation in a Stoloniferous Herb. Am J Bot, 95(1), 41-9. 10.3732/ajb.95.1.41
Aman, J., Kassahun, B., Alamerew, S., & Sbhatu, D.B. (2020). Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Yield and Yield Components of Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids at Jimma, Western Ethiopia. International Journal of Agronomy. 10.1155/2020/9651537
Angeli, V., Silva, PM., Massuela, D.C., Khan, M.W., Hamar, A., Khajehei, F., Graeff-Hönninger, S., & Piatti, C. (2020). Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): An Overview of the Potentials of the “Golden Grain” and Socio-Economic and Environmental Aspects of Its Cultivation and Marketization. Foods, 9:216. doi:10.3390/foods9020216
Bhargava, A., Shukla, S., Katiyar, R.S., & Ohri, D. (2003). Selection Parameters for Genetic Improvement in Chenopodium Grain Yield in Sodic Soil. J. Appl. Hort., 5(1): 45-48. 10.37855/jah.2003.v05i01.13
Bioversity International, Fundación PROINPA, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria y Forestal, International Fund for Agricultural Development, & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2013). Descriptors for Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and Wild Relatives. Bioversity, 52 p. 10568/69165
Chapepa, B., Mubvekeri, W., Mare, M., & Kutywayo, D. (2020). Correlation and Path Coefficient Anaysis of Polygenic Traits of Upland Cotton Genotypes Grown in Zimbabwe. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 6. 10.1080/23311932.2020.1823594
Chura, E., Mujica, Á., Haussmann, B., Smith, K., Flores, S., & Flores, A.L. (2019). Agronomic Characterization of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Progeny from Close and Distant Self-Fertilized s5 Simple Crosses. Ciencia e Investigación AGRARIA, 46(2), 154-165. 10.7764/rcia.v46i2.2142
Coronado, A.C.M., Hernandez, E.H.M., & Coronado, Y.M. (2021). Phenotypic Diversity of Agromorphological Characteristics of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Germplasm in Colombia. Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.), 79(4). 10.1590/1678-992X-2021-0017
Dao, A., Alvar-Beltrán, J., Gnanda, A., Guira, A., Nebie, L., & Sanou, J. (2020). Effect of different planting techniques and sowing density rates on the development of quinoa. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 16(9): 1325-1333. 10.5555/20203467958
De Santis, G., Maddaluno, C., D’ambrosio, T., Rascio, A., Rinaldi, M., & Troisi, J. (2016). Characterisation of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Accessions for the Saponin Content in Mediterranean Environment. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 11, 774. 10.4081/ija.2016.774
Ebrahim, M.E.A., Hussin, S.A., Abdel-Ati, A.A., Ali, S.H., & Eisa, S.S. (2018). Evaluation of Some Chenopodium quinoa Cultivars under Saline Soil Conditions in Egypt. Arab Universities Journal Agricultural Sciences, 26, 1. 10.21608/ajs.2018.14020
EL-Harty, E.H., Ghazy, A., Alateeq, T.K., Al-Faifi, S.A., Khan, M.A., Afzal, M., Alghamdi, S.S., & Migdadi, H.M. (2021). Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Quinoa Genotypes. Agriculture, 11, 286. 10.3390/agriculture11040286
Fghire, R., Chraibi, A., & Wahbi, S. (2012). Does deficit irrigation be a sustainable approach for optimized quinoa production in arid and semiarid regions. Proceedings of the Water Resources in the Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Challenges and Prospects, Beni mellal, Morroco, 14-16. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/25 9741290_Does_deficit_irrigation_be_a_ sustainable_approach_for_optimized_Quinoa_ production_in_arid_and_semi-arid_regions
Galindo-Luján, R., Pont, L., Minic, Z., Berezovski, M.V., Sanz-Nebot, V., & Benavente, F. (2021). Characterization and Differentiation of Quinoa Seed Proteomes by Label-Free Mass Spectrometry-Based Shotgun Proteomics. Food Chemistry, 363. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130250
Garciá-Parra, M.A., Roa-Acosta, D.F., StehaunerRohringer, R., Garciá-Molano, F., Bazile, D., & Plazas-Leguizamón, N. (2020a). Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Development of Quinoa Plants (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A Review on a Global Scale. SYLWAN, 164(5): 411423. https://agritrop.cirad.fr/595816/
Garciá-Parra, M., Zurita-Silva, A., StechaunerRohringer, R., Roa-Acosta, D., & Jacobsen, S.E. (2020b). Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and its Relationship with Agroclimatic Characteristics: A Colombian Perspective. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 80(2). 10.4067/S0718-58392020000200290
Hayes, B. (2021). Growing Quinoa: A Complete Guide on How to Plant, Grow, & Harvest Quinoa. https://morningchores.com/growing-quinoa/
Hinojosa, L., Matanguihan, J.B., & Murphy, K.M. (2018). Effect of high temperature on pollen morphology, plant growth and seed yield in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 205(1): 33-45. 10.1111/jac.12302
Jacobsen, S.E., & Stølen, O. (1993). Quinoa Morphology, phenology and prospects for its production as a new crop in Europe. European Journal of Agronomy, 2(1): 19-29. 10.1016/S1161-0301(14)80148-2
Jancurová, M., Minarovičoca, L., & Dandár, A. (2009). Quinoa – A Review. Czech J. Food Sci., 29, 71-79. 10.5772/intechopen.101891
Khanalizadegan, A., Madandoust, M., Mohajeri, F., & Bagheri, M. (2020). Effects of Planting Date on Yield Characteristics of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.). International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research, 10(5): 290-298. 10.51847/SZPYBiuuMD
López, L.M., Capparelli, A., & Nielsen, A.E. (2011). Traditional Post-Harvest Processing to Make Quinoa Grains (Chenopodium quinoa var. quinoa) Apt for Consumption in Northern Lipez (Potosí, Bolivia): ethnoarchaeological and archaeobotanical analyses. Archaeol Anthropol Sci, 3, 49-70. 10.1007/s12520-011-0060-5
Maliro, M.F.A., & Njala, A.L. (2019). Agronomic Performance and Strategies of Promoting Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) in Malawi. Cien. Inv. Agr., 46(2): 82-89. 10.7764/rcia.v46i2.2143
Maliro, M.F.A., Guwela, V.F., Nyaika, J., & Murphy, K.M. (2017). Preliminary Studies of the Performance of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Genotypes under Irrigated and Rainfed Conditions of Central Malawi. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 227. 10.3389/fpls.2017.00227/full
Manjarres-Hernández, E.H., Arias-Moreno, D.M., Morillo-Coronado, A.C., Ojeda-Peréz, Z.Z., & Cárdena-Chaparro, A. (2021). Phenotypic Characterization of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) for the Selection of Promising Materials for Breeding Programs. Plants, 10(7), 1339. 10.3390/plants10071339
Martínez-Núnez, M., Ruiz-Rivas, M., VeraHernández, P.F., Bernal-Munoz, R., Luna-Suárez, S., & Rosas-Cárdenas, F.F. (2019). The Phenological Growth Stages of Different Amaranth Species Grown in Restricted Spaces Based in BBCH Code. South African Journal of Botany, 124, 436-443. 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.05.035
Montes-Rojas, C., Muñoz-Certuche, E.F., & Calderón-Yonda, Y. (2018). Description of Phenological Cycle of Four Ecotypes of (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) at Purace – Cauca, Colombia. Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial, 16(2). 10.18684/bsaa.v16n2.1163
Pablo, J.P., Basquial, D.A., Sagalla, E.J.C., Ayban, L.M.A., Belino, P., Rimas, L.C., Busiguit, J.S., Cariño, F.J.D., Focasan, L.C.L., Dumanni, D.T., Goyo, B.P., Togatog, E.B. (2024). Adaptability of Quinoa Genotypes in Different Locations and Planting Time. Benguet State University. In Progress Paper.
Panda, D., Sahu, N., Behera, P.K., & Lenka, K. (2020). Genetic Variability of Panicle Architecture in Indigenous Rice Landraces of Koraput Region of Eastern Ghats of India for Crop Improvements. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 26(10): 1961-1971. 10.1007/s12298-020-00871-6
Porcel, P., & Víctor, M. (2002). Analysis of Genetic Variability of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Germ Plasm Around Lake Titicaca. Theses and Dissertations. 5421. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5421/
Rane, J., Pradhan, A., Aher, L.K., & Singh, N.P. (2019). Quinoa an Alternative Food Crop for Water Scarcity Zones of India. ICAR-NIASM Publications, ICAR-NIASM, Baramati. Pp-12. https://niasm.icar.gov.in/sites/default/files/ pdfs/36-Quinoa%20Technical-bulletin.pdf
Rojas, W., Pinto M., Alanoca, C., Gómez-Pando, L., León-Lobos, P., Alercia, A., Diulgheroff, S., Padulosi, S., & Bazile, D. (2013). Quinoa Genetic Resources and Ex Situ Conservation. https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122653/records/6473aa5613d110e4e7a7bd99
Saad-Allah, K., & Youssef, M.S. (2018). Phytochemical and genetic characterization of Five Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Genotypes Introduced to Egypt. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 24, 617-629. 10.1007/s12298-018-0541-4
Shah, S.S., Shi, L., Li Z., Ren, G., Zhou, B., & Qin, Z. (2020). Yield, Agronomic and Forage Quality Traits of Different Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Genotypes in Northeast China. Agronomy, 10(12), 1908. 10.3390/agronomy10121908
Silva, T.N., Moro, G.V., Moro, F.V., dos Santos, D.M.M., & Buzinaro, R. (2016). Correlation and Path Analysis of Agronomic and Morphological T raits in Maize. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 47(2): 351-357. 10.5935/1806-6690.20160041
Stanschewski, C.S., Rey, E., Fiene, G., Craine, E.B., Wellman, G., Melino, V.J., Patiranage, D.S.R, Johansen, K., Schmöckel, S.M., Bertero, D., Oakey, H., Colque-Little, C., Afzal, I., Raubach, S., Miller, N., Streich, J., Amby, D.B., Emrani, N., Warmington, M., Mousa, M.A.A, Wu D., Jacobson, D., Andreasen, C., Jung, C., Murphy, K., Bazile, D., & Tester, M. (2021). Quinoa Phenotyping Methodologies: An International Consensus. Plants, 10(9), 1759. 10.3390/plants10091759
Taaime, N., El Mejahed, K., Moussafir, M., Bouadid, R., Oukarroum, A., Choukr-Allah, R., & El Gharous, M. (2022). Early sowing of Quinoa Cultivars, Benefits from Rainy season and Enhances Quinoa Development, Growth and Yield under Arid Condition in Morocco. Sustainability, 14, 4010. 10.3390/su14074010
Taiz, L. & Zeiger, E. (2006). Fisiología vegetal. Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, España.
Tan, M., & Temel, S. (2018). Studies on the Adaptation of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. AGROFOR International Journal, 2(2). 10.7251/AGRENG1702033T
Wang, L., Li, Y., Li, C., Lu, W., Sun, D., Yin, G., Hong, B., & Wang, L. (2019). Correlation and Path Analysis of the Main Agronomic Traits and Yield per Plant of Quinoa. Crops, 35(6): 156-161. 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2019.06.025
Wang, N., Wang, F., Shock, C. C., Meng, C., & Qiao, L. (2020). Effects of Management Practices on Quinoa Growth, Seed Yield, and Quality. Agronomy, 10(3), 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030445
Weijschedé, J., Antonise, K., de Caluwe, H., de Kroon, H., & Huber, H. (2008). Effects of Cell Number and Cell Size on Petiole Length Variation in a Stoloniferous Herb. Am J Bot, 95(1), 41-9. 10.3732/ajb.95.1.41